352:" when Congress sought to end its relationship with indigenous tribes by terminating their governments and trust protected tribal lands. During this period, National Park Service officials began efforts to evict the Shoshones from Indian Village. The service had previously forbidden Shoshones from continuing their traditional subsistence practices, including gathering firewood, plants, and hunting within Monument boundaries. It prohibited them from using sacred places in the park to conduct traditional sacred ceremonies as well. While the adobe houses at Indian Village were adequate when built by the CCC in the 1930s, by mid-century they were in dilapidated condition. An electric line ran a mere 300 feet from the village, but the Park Service did not fund an extension of the line to indigenous homes. The houses lacked electricity, air conditioning, indoor plumbing and running water. Using these conditions as a rationale, in 1957 the Park Service began a de facto removal policy for the Timbisha Shoshones still living in Indian Village. It began collecting rents, and evicting people when they failed to pay. It also limited occupancy to current residents and their relatives. Through these policies park officials hoped that the village would eventually die out. Many Shoshone men already had to move away for jobs in nearby Beatty, Nevada, or to cities in California. Existing correspondence reveals that white officials could not comprehend why Shoshones would choose to remain in such conditions. They did not understand their deep spiritual and ancestral attachment to the land. In 1958, Congress terminated "Indian Ranch", the enclave established for Panamint Bill earlier in the century and a place where some Timbisha Shoshone continued to reside.
356:
about twenty to twenty-five individuals resided there full time. Some worked for the Park
Service or at area hotels, but most were unemployed. By the late 1960s the Park Service began destroying Indian Village houses once residents had failed to pay rents or had stayed away for long periods; it did so by using high powered hoses to wash down the adobe casitas. Seeing this, Esteves began organizing her people to fight the Monument's actions. She contacted California Indian Legal Services, one of the indigenous rights organizations emerging during the decade. In 1975 the Native American Rights Fund (NARF) took the Timbisha Shoshone legal case. NARF attorneys were able to organize Esteves' people as a group of Indians with at least one-half degree Indian blood under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. Presented by tribal member Alice Eben in 1977, the Bureau of Indian Affairs approved the petition. The formal recognition gave the band certain rights and powers in fighting against Park Service eviction. The next year, Pauline Esteves entered into an agreement with the Indian Health Service and the National Park Service for a domestic water supply for the village. The band was able to secure a Bureau of Indian Affairs loan for several trailers to replace the decaying casitas at the village. During this time, the Park Service resisted efforts by tribal members to build permanent houses at the site. The band still did not own the land they lived on, and Park Service leaders feared creating a precedent if they surrendered any land to indigenous claimants. In 1979, with help from NARF, the Timbisha Shoshone band wrote and presented a petition for full federal tribal acknowledgment to the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
278:
homesteaders migrated to Death Valley, patenting the few springs and fertile plots of land in Death Valley. White settlers, using their knowledge of law, gained title to the Valley's scarce water and other resources, pushing the native
Shoshones to inferior lands. Shoshones were prohibited from using springs, while the settler's livestock destroyed plants necessary for tribal subsistence. Aboriginal lands taken from the band now include the Furnace Creek Inn and surrounding golf course. The federal government failed to recognize the Timbisha Shoshone as a tribe, and like many small rancheria bands in California, it also failed to protect the Shoshone's rights as indigenous peoples. Belatedly, the Bureau of Indian Affairs did help Hungry Bill patent 160 acres of land in a canyon bordering Death Valley in 1908. The agency later secured an allotment of land for Robert Thompson at Warm Springs in Death Valley. In 1928, federal Indian agents also created a small rancheria, "Indian Ranch" to the east of Death Valley for Timbisha Shoshone Panamint Bill and his extended family. Though band members lacked federal acknowledgment of their tribal or indigenous status, several Timbisha Shoshone attended the federal Sherman and Carson Indian Boarding Schools during the early twentieth century.
1022:
365:
1452:
172:
341:
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46:
2558:
1974:
58:
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At the time, Pauline
Esteves, a tribal member, began fighting the National Park Service's eviction plan at Indian Village in Death Valley National Monument. Residents of the village consisted primary of elderly Shoshone women of the Boland, Kennedy, Watterson, Shoshone, and Esteves families. Only
277:
Euro-Americans first made contact with the
Timbisha Shoshone during the California Gold Rush of 1849, but whites quickly moved on to the gold fields, renaming the Shoshone homeland Death Valley. Sustained contact occurred during the 1860s through the 1880s, when a stream of ranchers, miners, and
407:
in regaining more of their ancestral lands within the Park. After much tribal effort, federal politics, and mutual compromise, the
Timbisha Shoshone Homeland Act of 2000 finally returned 7,500 acres (30 km) of ancestral homelands to the Timbisha Shoshone tribe.
294:, an action that subsumed the tribe's homeland within park boundaries. Despite their long-time presence in the region, the proclamation failed to provide a homeland for the Timbisha people. After unsuccessful efforts to remove the band to nearby reservations,
1021:
585:, their name is presented as "Timbi-Sha", but this is a typographical error and ungrammatical in Timbisha. The tribe never hyphenates its name. Both the California Desert Protection Act and the Timbisha Shoshone Homeland Act spell their name correctly.
191:. The band traditionally was very small in size, and linguists estimate that fewer than 200 individuals ever spoke Panamint Shoshone. Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially.
1073:
takes place in
Ridgecrest, California, and was named one of the "10 Most Unique Autumn Festivals in the Country" by Groupon. The festival includes an intertribal powwow, street fair, and tours to the Big and Little Petroglyph Canyons.
306:
for tribal members near park headquarters at
Furnace Creek in 1938. Thereafter tribal members survived within monument boundaries, although their status was repeatedly challenged by monument officials. They also lived in the
641:) each, were traditionally linked by economic and kinship relationship (the highest population of the Timbisha was in the Little Lake Band area). The "districts" were commonly named after the most important village (
2075:
164:
1409:
372:
With the help of the
California Indian Legal Services, Timbisha Shoshone members led by Pauline Esteves and Barbara Durham began agitating for a formal reservation in the 1960s. The
1716:
1030:
1845:
Alan P.Garfinkel, Geron Marcom, and Robert A. Schiffman. 2006. "Culture Crisis and Rock Art
Intensification: Numic Ghost Dance Paintings and Coso Representational Petroglyphs"
1940:
2230:
2010:
1935:
2488:
1962:
2546:
2498:
2175:
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The
Bradshaw Foundation, American Rock Art Archive, Alan P. Garfinkel. 2006. "Paradigm Shifts, Rock Art Studies, and the "Coso Sheep Cult" of Eastern California",
2313:
403:
Despite their federal tribal recognition and diminutive 1982 reservation, the Timbisha still faced difficulty and conflict with the Death Valley National Park's
1263:
Mark Edwin Miller, "Sometimes Salvation: The Death Valley Timbisha Shoshones of California and the BIA's Federal Acknowledgment Process," in Mark Edwin Miller,
2005:
1844:
452:
area″ are names of one local group of the Little Lake Band), once commonly used, was dropped in favor of Timbisha; the Coso People were considered part of the
1573:
Ashley K. Parker & Brian F. Codding: Evaluating the Extent of the Traditional Timbisha Shoshone Homeland (Report Prepared for the Timbisha Shoshone Tribe)
2524:
2363:
2303:
2225:
2040:
337:, 1938). Significantly, when borderlands were occupied, it was in fact common that settlements would include people speaking related but different languages.
206:
at 1,500. He estimated the population of the Timbisha and Chemehuevi in 1910 as 500. Julian Steward's figures for Eastern California are about 65 persons in
3270:
2328:
2080:
2333:
265:, which has been chemically fingerprinted as belonging to the Coso culture and territory, but was discovered in coastal California prehistoric sites in
2403:
1633:
2914:
2418:
1593:
1200:
2453:
364:
440:
The Timbisha Shoshone (Tümpisa Shoshoni) have been known as the California Shoshoni, Death Valley Shoshone, Panamint Shoshone or simply Panamint.
2125:
1955:
588:
The tribe has a website with photographs, history and historical documents, starting with its 1863 treaty. The tribal government has offices in
2539:
384:, was established at this time. At first, the reservation consisted of the original 40 acre tract set aside for Indian Village. Located within
1970:
618:(in southern Death Valley), both are Numic-speaking peoples but of different branches (Western: Timbisha; Southern: Kawaiisu) which inhibited
3507:
2025:
2458:
2185:
2140:
1070:
1474:
2195:
2130:
1948:
416:
Currently the Timbisha Shoshone Tribe consists of around 300 members, usually 50 of whom live at the Death Valley Indian Community at
3522:
3260:
2532:
2115:
2015:
2428:
2160:
1936:"Tribe Can Again Call Death Valley Home", "William Booth", "Washington Post", 1/1/2001 - Article shown in PBS "Life Blooms" program
1834:
907:
376:
was recognized by the US government in 1982. In this effort, they were one of the first tribes to secure tribal status through the
1667:
1851:
Volume 33, Don Christensen and Peggy Whitehead, editors, p. 83-103. American Rock Art Research Association, Tucson, Arizona.
1800:
Thomas, David Hurst, Lorann S. A. Pendleton, and Stephen C. Cappannari. "Western Shoshone." d'Azevedo, Warren L., Volume Editor.
333:", the adjoining areas to the north were composed of almost equal numbers of Timbisha (Panamint) Shoshone and "Desert Kawaiisu" (
2957:
2100:
2000:
1931:
PBS Death Valley: Life Blooms (features a segment about the Timbisha people and an interview with tribal elder Pauline Esteves)
672:
Band / Papunna/Pupunna Band ("pool, pond, i.e. litte lake", with some local groups living at Indian Gardens, Coso Hot Springs,
2554:
400:. In 1990, the reservation remained only 40 acres (0.16 km) in size and had a population of 199 tribal member residents.
3210:
2907:
2478:
2358:
2235:
2155:
1812:
1794:
1775:
1332:
238:
128:
3328:
2892:
2413:
2070:
1921:
1696:
709:
669:
211:
3413:
3175:
3015:
2190:
1082:
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1856:
Rock Drawings of the Coso Range, Inyo County, California: An Ancient Sheep-hunting Cult Pictured in Desert Rock Carvings
3348:
2215:
2180:
1802:
1761:
829:
266:
254:
3140:
2045:
1746:
1044:
2170:
1561:
3512:
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2110:
463:(″Death Valley People″; literally: ″People from the Place of red ochre (face) paint)″) after the locative term for
250:
1538:
3438:
3403:
3275:
2398:
2145:
2120:
194:
1896:
Haberfeld, Steven (2000), "Government-to-Government Negotiations: How the Timbisha Shoshone Got Its Land Back,”
862:("People of Haüttangkatün, i.e. Warm Springs and Indian Ranch area of Panamint Valley", named after the village
3165:
3075:
2268:
2165:
2085:
1397:
291:
171:
3333:
2473:
1835:
Alan P. Garfinkel. 2006. "Paradigm Shifts, Rock Art Studies, and the "Coso Sheep Cult" of Eastern California"
1392:
Jon Philip Dayley: Tümpisa (Panamint) Shoshone Dictionary, University of California Press, 1989 - 516 pages,
1645:
3205:
2633:
2205:
2200:
2135:
2090:
1908:
1594:"Gordon L. Grosscup: VII: Notes on Boundaries and Culture of the Panamint Shoshone and Owens Valley Paiute"
579:
Indian Entities Recognized and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs
344:
Death Valley Indian Community, looking west toward the village from a hill one mile away across highway 190
3230:
3025:
3005:
2493:
2393:
1600:
1208:
983:
799:
771:
299:
151:
the population of the Village was 124. The older members still speak the ancestral language, also called
132:
3180:
2408:
2035:
1113:
1093:
Only U.S. citizens are allowed on the tours, and advance reservation is required. Related museums are:
1055:
649:- "possessing, characterized by ") and the bands were also named after the village name they occupied (
608:
Harold Driver recorded two Timbisha subgroups in Death Valley, the ″o'hya″ and the ″tu'mbica″ in 1937.
421:
385:
381:
303:
246:
1900:
24(4): 127–65. (Author, as of 2009, is exec. dir., Indian Dispute Resolution Service, Sacramento, CA.)
3467:
3393:
3318:
3130:
3110:
3020:
2055:
927:
896:(″People from Süünapatün, i.e. Wild Rose Canyon in Panamint Valley″, with the important spring named
775:
755:
593:
476:
417:
389:
349:
322:
148:
340:
3383:
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3308:
3235:
3160:
3145:
3080:
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3055:
3030:
2946:
2483:
2463:
2433:
2263:
2245:
2030:
1886:
597:
393:
377:
180:
814:- ″mountain with a lot of pine (tall timber)″) northwest of Saline Valley, which is also known as
3454:
3323:
3085:
2987:
2924:
2831:
2448:
2210:
2150:
2050:
1786:
1767:
1572:
397:
1717:"10. Mojave Art on the Rocks, in "THE GOLDEN 15: 15 places to visit to see the real California""
665:(Ko'on + kantün - "possessing, characterized by" the village Ko'on, i.e. Saline Valley People).
3408:
3388:
3338:
3195:
1078:
1063:
1048:
619:
511:
Eaters″) as a self designation (actually pejorative term which is a loan translation from the
3502:
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3303:
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3115:
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1930:
1882:
1701:
1641:
1322:
425:
404:
295:
188:
2922:
1141:
3474:
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3343:
3155:
3150:
3125:
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3065:
2995:
2503:
2468:
2348:
2343:
2323:
2308:
2293:
2283:
2105:
853:
326:
8:
3433:
3418:
3265:
3100:
3050:
3000:
2443:
2338:
2298:
2288:
2020:
1007:
852:
Band / Haüttangkatün Nookompin Band(with some local groups from Panamint Valley north of
747:
3398:
3363:
3250:
3240:
3220:
3215:
3200:
3170:
3135:
3070:
3035:
3010:
2965:
2278:
2220:
2095:
2065:
1987:
693:
589:
3497:
3423:
3378:
3313:
2438:
2383:
2368:
1808:
1790:
1771:
1742:
1393:
1328:
1118:
969:
931:
779:
570:
199:
152:
120:
88:
1866:
1539:"Eastern California Museum - Exhibit: Native American Life, Native American Baskets"
1382:
952:(″People of Tümpisakkatün″, i.e. of Furnace Creek and Death Valley; Harold Driver's
3225:
3190:
3045:
2613:
2508:
2378:
2353:
1818:
807:
729:
582:
566:
449:
83:
3358:
2747:
939:
849:
525:
The Kawaiisu (and other Indian tribes south of Timbisha territory) were known as
453:
318:
219:
187:
for over a thousand years. They were originally known as Panamints, as was their
2793:
2618:
943:
935:
926:
Band / Tümpisakka(tün) Band (with some local groups from Death Valley north of
911:
883:
873:
759:
611:
334:
287:
258:
242:
227:
2826:
550:
237:
Archaeological evidence substantiates trade between the Coso People and other
3491:
2846:
2798:
2726:
1992:
1905:
Forgotten Tribes: Unrecognized Indians and the Federal Acknowledgment Process
1754:
Forgotten Tribes: Unrecognized Indians and the Federal Acknowledgment Process
1291:
Forgotten Tribes: Unrecognized Indians and the Federal Acknowledgment Process
1278:
Forgotten Tribes: Unrecognized Indians and the Federal Acknowledgment Process
1265:
Forgotten Tribes: Unrecognized Indians and the Federal Acknowledgment Process
732:
area″, this traditional cultural and healing ritual site was either known as
315:
311:
207:
184:
51:
1069:
In 2014, an annual celebration was created in honor of the petroglyphs. The
838:(″People from Tuhu, i.e. Goldbelt Spring area in Cottonwood Canyon uplands″)
163:
2720:
2597:
1583:″Panamint″ from pakatüh/paa(ttsi)/pakatüh - "water" and nïwïnsti - ″person″
1410:
The University of Utah- The Shoshone Language Project - Shoshoni Dictionary
973:
923:
767:
561:(and other Indian tribes on the western side of the Sierras) were known as
464:
429:
231:
223:
67:
2255:
990:, former name: Surveyors Well)" in northern Death Valley; Harold Driver's
661:("People at the village Ko'on") and their "district" therefore was called
2939:
2876:
2866:
2731:
2644:
2623:
2583:
2240:
844:(″People from Napatün, i.e. Cottonwood Canyon area west of Death Valley")
701:
542:
534:
530:
512:
308:
1759:
Miller, Wick R. "Numic Languages." d'Azevedo, Warren L., Volume Editor.
321:
areas of present-day southeastern California. The Death Valley south of
139:. They shared this land with the Kawaiisue Nation They are known as the
3290:
2751:
2694:
2608:
2578:
2557:
2388:
1979:
1973:
1829:
Archaeology and Rock Art of the Eastern Sierra and Great Basin Frontier
1039:
677:
673:
653:- "people of such a place"); therefore the family groups living at the
508:
215:
203:
144:
63:
2699:
2861:
2765:
2715:
2678:
2593:
2318:
1563:
Memorandum in Support of the Timbisha Shoshone Tribe Request for ...]
788:(″People of Ko'ongkatün, i.e. Saline Valley, named after the village
468:
298:
officials entered into an agreement with tribal leaders to allow the
2628:
614:
distinguished Timbisha Shoshone (in northern Death Valley) from the
2804:
2688:
2673:
2603:
2588:
2573:
2513:
1518:
1051:, and throughout the Coso Region, dating from the prehistoric era.
615:
330:
262:
107:
103:
1324:
The Explorer's Guide to Death Valley National Park, Fourth Edition
886:
area in the Panamint Range″, the Telescope Peak was also known as
2836:
2788:
2782:
2742:
2737:
2709:
2657:
2653:
2639:
1691:
592:. A large collection of baskets made by tribal members is in the
758:
Band / Ko'ongkatün Band (with some local groups living from the
2871:
2820:
2815:
2772:
2757:
1100:, 100 E. Las Flores Ave., Ridgecrest, CA 93555; (760) 375-6900.
1054:
In 1964, the Big and Little Petroglyph Canyons were declared a
558:
380:' Federal Acknowledgment Process. The tribe's reservation, the
1783:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples.
1668:"Fall Festivals: The 10 Most Unusual Fests Across the Country"
684:- "potash, soda ash") including the Upper Centennial Springs (
2881:
2856:
2851:
2841:
2704:
2668:
2663:
1854:
Campbell Grant, James W. Baird and J. Kenneth Pringle. 1968.
1029:
798:(″People of Pawü(n)tsi, i.e. high country between Saline and
603:
281:
1877:
Crum, Steven J. (1998), "A Tripartite State of Affairs: The
549:("western people"), and their direct western neighbors, the
545:
beyond the Sierra Nevada crest to the northwest were called
202:
put the combined 1770 population of the Timbisha (Koso) and
2777:
2683:
2649:
1623:
Campbell Grant, James W. Baird and J. Kenneth Pringle. 1968
1498:
1097:
472:
1430:
1420:
The Bishop Paiute Tribe is a Mono/Timbisha Tribe also Nümü
565:("people on the other (western) side of Sierras"). Their
495:- ″red ochre, red (face) paint)″ + locative postposition
1321:
Scott Bryan, T.; Bryan, Betty Tucker (8 February 2021).
946:
as well northwest to Grapevine Mountains; eastern band)
1293:(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004), 126–130.
1280:(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004), 124–127.
1267:(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004), 132-133.
625:
Julian Steward identified four ″districts″ with bands (
348:
The decade of the 1950s was the height of the federal "
1911:, 2004). The Timbisha are one of four cases reviewed.
828:("People of Siikai, i.e. from Hunter Mountain in the
16:
Native American tribe of the California-Nevada border
444:, Koso, and Koso Shoshone (probably a derivative of
1000:("People of Maahunu", i.e. from Grapevine Canyon")
962:(″People of Naitipani, i.e. Lida Springs, Nevada")
708:), most of their territory was taken over by the
471:source for paint that can be made from a type of
137:Death Valley Timbisha Shoshone Band of California
3518:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
3489:
1320:
1058:. In 2001, they were incorporated into a larger
982:("People of Ohyü", i.e. Mesquite Flats north of
577:("Shoshoni speaking northwards people"). In the
1807:Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1986.
459:The Timbisha of Death Valley called themselves
1756:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004.
1243:Basin-Plateau Aboriginal Sociopolitical Groups
575:Sosoniammü Kwinawen (Kuinawen) Nangkwatün Nümü
2908:
2540:
1956:
1898:American Indian Culture and Research Journal,
1891:American Indian Culture and Research Journal,
475:found in the Golden Valley a little south of
1858:, second edition, Maturango Press, 145 pages
1714:
1381:, The Megalithic Portal, ed. by A. Burnham
1201:"California Indians and Their Reservations"
2915:
2901:
2547:
2533:
1963:
1949:
1831:, Maturango Museum, Ridgecrest, California
1103:Naval Air Weapons Station, (760) 939-1683.
856:eastward to Panamint Range; central band)
604:Historic Timbisha band districts or groups
282:Creation of Death Valley National Monument
241:tribes. For example, they traded with the
1491:
1355:
1353:
1142:"Timbisha Shoshone Tribe of Death Valley"
435:
1028:
1020:
976:", mixed Timbisha-Northern Paiute group)
533:people″), their northern neighbors, the
363:
339:
170:
162:
2975:
1165:The name has been widely misspelled as
1081:of California has been designated as a
676:(located immediately south of dry lake
518:However, they simply called themselves
167:Furnace Creek, Death Valley, California
3490:
1978:Indian reservations and Rancherías in
1692:"National Register Information System"
1626:
1531:
1453:"The California Desert Protection Act"
1350:
1195:
1193:
1191:
2896:
2528:
1944:
1638:National Historic Landmark Quicklinks
1511:
1136:
1134:
359:
3508:Native American tribes in California
2636:(Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki)
1741:. Berkeley, CA: Heyday Books, 1994.
1697:National Register of Historic Places
1684:
1228:
1226:
1047:. Such works have been found in the
710:Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake
633:, made up of several family groups (
424:. Many members spend the summers at
147:, near the Nevada border. As of the
38:Regions with significant populations
1205:SDSU Library and Information Access
1188:
1181:"paint" and cannot be divided into
1088:
1083:National Historic Landmark District
1060:National Historic Landmark District
481:Tümpisa", Tümpisakka, Tümpisakkatün
467:which was named after an important
325:, and the Panamint Valley south of
13:
2974:
2923:Municipalities and communities of
1871:
1803:Handbook of North American Indians
1762:Handbook of North American Indians
1131:
802:, with the important water source
535:Eastern Mono (Owens Valley Paiute)
267:San Luis Obispo County, California
14:
3534:
1915:
1223:
1045:Big and Little Petroglyph Canyons
882:(″People of Siümpüttsi, i.e. the
766:) in the west, to Saline Valley,
143:and are located in south central
3523:Native American tribes in Nevada
2563:Indigenous peoples of California
2556:
1972:
1475:"Timbisha Shoshone Homeland Act"
1327:. University Press of Colorado.
1043:, are abundantly represented in
1006:("People of Okwakai", i.e. from
782:to the east; northwestern band)
750:area″, just south of Owens Lake)
718:(″People from Little Lake area″)
688:) and Lower Centennial Springs (
257:counties. This was confirmed by
56:
44:
1731:
1708:
1660:
1617:
1586:
1577:
1566:
1555:
1467:
1445:
1423:
1414:
1403:
1386:
1371:
1362:
1341:
1314:
1305:
1296:
645:) that characterized the area (
272:
195:Population of Native California
179:The Timbisha have lived in the
2734:(Monache, Owens Valley Paiute)
1283:
1270:
1257:
1248:
1235:
1159:
1071:Ridgecrest Petroglyph Festival
1016:
499:- ″at, on" + nominal suffix -
487:- "rock (ochre) paint" - from
411:
292:Death Valley National Monument
245:, then located in present-day
1:
3281:Timbisha Shoshone Reservation
3271:Fort Independence Reservation
1519:"The Timbisha Shoshone Tribe"
1124:
906:(″People from Omakatün, i.e.
382:Death Valley Indian Community
1909:University of Nebraska Press
1839:North American Archaeologist
1822:North American Archaeologist
872:(″People of Kaikottin, i.e.
541:("north place people"), the
515:for the Timbisha Shoshone).
503:). Sometimes they used even
7:
1922:"Back to Life", Carl Hall,
1107:
1037:Notable rock art drawings,
746:(″People of Pakkwasi, i.e.
629:) each led by a headmen or
581:periodically listed in the
300:Civilian Conservation Corps
10:
3539:
1715:Susan Spano (2007-11-15).
1114:Indian Village, California
1056:National Historic Landmark
563:Toyapittam maanangkwa nümü
422:Death Valley National Park
386:Death Valley National Park
158:
3463:
3447:
3289:
3266:Bishop Paiute Reservation
3249:
3099:
2986:
2972:
2956:
2937:
2569:
2254:
1986:
1849:American Indian Rock Art,
1827:Alan P. Garfinkel. 2005.
1805:, Volume 11: Great Basin.
1764:, Volume 11: Great Basin.
1499:"Timbisha Shoshone Tribe"
1455:. Timbisha Shoshone Tribe
928:Furnace Creek, California
806:, i.e. Waucoba Spring in
594:Eastern California Museum
477:Furnace Creek, California
323:Furnace Creek, California
175:Timbisha Shoshone History
102:
97:
79:
74:
42:
37:
32:
27:
1903:Miller, Mark E. (2004),
1887:Bureau of Indian Affairs
1861:C. Michael Hogan. 2008.
1634:"Coso Rock Art District"
598:Independence, California
522:("Person" or ″People″).
378:Bureau of Indian Affairs
218:, about 100 in northern
3513:Inyo County, California
3455:Coso County, California
3016:Dixon Lane-Meadow Creek
2926:Inyo County, California
2832:Plains and Sierra Miwok
2691:(Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai)
1924:San Francisco Chronicle
1879:Timbisha Shoshone Tribe
1787:Oxford University Press
1768:Smithsonian Institution
1377:C.Michael Hogan (2008)
1254:C. Michael Hogan. 2008.
1147:. National Park Service
914:", Trona is now called
692:), at springs south of
398:Inyo County, California
374:Timbisha Shoshone Tribe
141:Timbisha Shoshone Tribe
2980:
2399:Manchester-Point Arena
1232:Kroeber (1925), p. 883
1079:Coso Rock Art District
1064:Coso Rock Art District
1049:Coso Rock Art District
1034:
1026:
968:("People of Koa, i.e.
657:village were known as
620:mutual intelligibility
436:Tribal name and groups
369:
345:
261:recovery of a kind of
176:
168:
3276:Lone Pine Reservation
3141:Death Valley Junction
2978:
2801:(Konomihu, Okwanuchu)
2634:Eel River Athapaskans
1883:National Park Service
1702:National Park Service
1642:National Park Service
1032:
1024:
792:, NW of Death Valley)
712:; southwestern band)
491:- ″rock, stone″ plus
405:National Park Service
367:
343:
296:National Park Service
210:, 150-160 persons in
174:
166:
98:Related ethnic groups
3476:United States portal
3261:Big Pine Reservation
2106:Jamul Indian Village
1865:, ed. by A. Burnham
1752:Miller, Mark Edwin.
854:Ballarat, California
830:Cottonwood Mountains
329:were predominantly "
327:Ballarat, California
189:Uto-Aztecan language
133:federally recognized
3439:White Mountain City
1781:Pritzker, Barry M.
1359:Thomas, et al, 280,
1289:Mark Edwin Miller,
1276:Mark Edwin Miller,
1245:(1938, Smithsonian)
1008:Grapevine Mountains
748:Olancha, California
456:indigenous nation.
24:
2981:
1211:on 5 February 2009
1035:
1027:
694:Darwin, California
590:Bishop, California
505:Tsakwatan Tükkatün
370:
360:Tribal recognition
346:
286:In 1933 President
214:(springs) and the
177:
169:
22:
3485:
3484:
3469:California portal
2890:
2889:
2522:
2521:
2081:Fort Independence
1813:978-0-16-004581-3
1795:978-0-19-513877-1
1776:978-0-16-004581-3
1721:Los Angeles Times
1648:on 8 October 2012
1334:978-1-64642-053-7
1119:Timbisha language
970:Silver Peak Range
932:Funeral Mountains
908:Trona, California
780:Last Chance Range
571:Northern Shoshone
493:pisappüh/pisappin
368:U.S. NPS 2009 Map
222:, 42 in northern
200:Alfred L. Kroeber
121:Timbisha language
113:
112:
33:124 (2010 census)
3530:
3477:
3470:
3206:Panamint Springs
2977:
2949:
2942:
2932:
2927:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2561:
2560:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2526:
2525:
2409:Montgomery Creek
2101:Inaja and Cosmit
1977:
1976:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1942:
1941:
1893:22(1): 117–136).
1766:Washington, DC:
1737:Hinton, Leanne.
1725:
1724:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1644:. Archived from
1630:
1624:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1599:. Archived from
1598:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1390:
1384:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1274:
1268:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1241:Julian Steward,
1239:
1233:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1207:. Archived from
1197:
1186:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1146:
1138:
1098:Maturango Museum
1089:Petroglyphs Tour
1025:Coso petroglyphs
984:Stove Pipe Wells
808:Waucoba Mountain
730:Coso Hot Springs
583:Federal Register
573:kin were called
461:Nümü Tümpisattsi
450:Coso Hot Springs
302:to construct an
230:, and 42 in the
125:Nümü Tümpisattsi
62:
60:
59:
50:
48:
47:
28:Total population
25:
21:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3468:
3459:
3443:
3285:
3252:
3245:
3231:Stovepipe Wells
3102:
3095:
3026:Homewood Canyon
3006:Charleston View
2982:
2979:Inyo County map
2970:
2952:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2891:
2886:
2748:Northern Paiute
2565:
2555:
2553:
2523:
2518:
2479:Shingle Springs
2250:
2156:Pauma and Yuima
1990:
1982:
1971:
1969:
1918:
1874:
1872:Further reading
1734:
1729:
1728:
1713:
1709:
1704:. July 9, 2010.
1690:
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1622:
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1609:
1607:
1603:
1596:
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1582:
1578:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1556:
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1545:
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1512:
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1501:
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1456:
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1424:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1404:
1400:, 9780520097544
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1284:
1275:
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1240:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1199:
1198:
1189:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1127:
1110:
1091:
1019:
940:Amargosa Valley
850:Panamint Valley
606:
557:("enemy"). The
454:Northern Paiute
448:- ″People from
438:
414:
362:
350:Termination Era
331:Desert Kawaiisu
319:Panamint Valley
284:
275:
255:San Luis Obispo
239:Native American
220:Panamint Valley
161:
129:Native American
119:("rock paint",
93:
57:
55:
45:
43:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3536:
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3257:
3255:
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3246:
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3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3181:Indian Village
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3101:Unincorporated
3097:
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2529:
2520:
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2506:
2501:
2496:
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2489:Stewarts Point
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2434:Redwood Valley
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2411:
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2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
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2138:
2133:
2128:
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2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2046:Colorado River
2043:
2038:
2036:Capitan Grande
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1984:
1983:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1917:
1916:External links
1914:
1913:
1912:
1901:
1894:
1889:, 1934–1994,"
1873:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1859:
1852:
1842:
1832:
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1816:
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1779:
1757:
1750:
1739:Flutes of Fire
1733:
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1001:
995:
977:
963:
957:
944:Beatty, Nevada
936:Amargosa Range
921:
920:
919:
912:Searles Valley
901:
891:
884:Telescope Peak
877:
874:Panamint Range
867:
847:
846:
845:
839:
833:
819:
812:Wongkotoya(pi)
800:Eureka Valleys
793:
760:Inyo Mountains
753:
752:
751:
741:
728:(″People from
719:
612:Julian Steward
605:
602:
553:were known as
437:
434:
413:
410:
361:
358:
335:Julian Steward
304:Indian village
288:Herbert Hoover
283:
280:
274:
271:
259:archaeological
243:Chumash people
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3405:
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3397:
3395:
3394:Panamint City
3392:
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3327:
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3322:
3320:
3319:Chloride City
3317:
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3157:
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3149:
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3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3131:Coso Junction
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3111:Alabama Hills
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
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3024:
3022:
3021:Furnace Creek
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2985:
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2964:
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2931:United States
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2449:Roaring Creek
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2314:Chicken Ranch
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2172:
2169:
2167:
2166:Quartz Valley
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
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2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
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2129:
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2064:
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2059:
2057:
2056:Coyote Valley
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2011:Benton Paiute
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:Agua Caliente
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1966:
1961:
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1954:
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1946:
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1934:
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1846:
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1841:27(3):203-244
1840:
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1824:27(3):203-244
1823:
1819:
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1748:
1747:0-930588-62-2
1744:
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1722:
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1698:
1693:
1687:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1620:
1606:on 2015-09-08
1602:
1595:
1589:
1580:
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1569:
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1558:
1544:
1543:inyocounty.us
1540:
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1399:
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1380:
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1356:
1354:
1344:
1336:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1317:
1311:Pritzker, 241
1308:
1302:Pritzker, 242
1299:
1292:
1286:
1279:
1273:
1266:
1260:
1251:
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1238:
1229:
1227:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1196:
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1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1169:but the word
1168:
1162:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1062:, called the
1061:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1031:
1023:
1009:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
989:
985:
981:
978:
975:
971:
967:
964:
961:
960:Naitipanittsi
958:
955:
951:
948:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
922:
917:
913:
909:
905:
902:
899:
895:
894:Süünapatüntsi
892:
889:
885:
881:
878:
875:
871:
868:
865:
861:
858:
857:
855:
851:
848:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
827:
823:
820:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
794:
791:
787:
784:
783:
781:
777:
773:
772:Eureka Valley
769:
765:
761:
757:
756:Saline Valley
754:
749:
745:
742:
739:
738:Muattan(g Ka)
735:
731:
727:
723:
720:
717:
714:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
668:
667:
666:
664:
663:"Ko'ongkatün"
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
601:
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536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
516:
514:
510:
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498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
433:
432:to the west.
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:Furnace Creek
409:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
390:Furnace Creek
387:
383:
379:
375:
366:
357:
353:
351:
342:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
317:
316:Mojave Desert
314:and northern
313:
312:Saline Valley
310:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
279:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:Santa Barbara
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
208:Saline Valley
205:
201:
198:
196:
190:
186:
185:North America
182:
173:
165:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
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130:
126:
122:
118:
109:
105:
101:
96:
90:
87:
85:
82:
81:
78:
73:
69:
65:
53:
52:United States
41:
36:
31:
26:
3503:Death Valley
3384:Noonday Camp
3369:Lookout City
3309:Burnt Wagons
3280:
3253:reservations
3236:Sandy Valley
3211:Park Village
3161:Fish Springs
3146:Deep Springs
3081:Valley Wells
3061:Round Valley
3056:Pearsonville
3031:Independence
2948:Independence
2945:
2823:(Gabrieliño)
2810:
2807:(Fernandeño)
2712:(Bear River)
2329:Cold Springs
2201:Santa Ysabel
2176:Round Valley
2096:Hoopa Valley
2076:Fort Bidwell
2061:Death Valley
2060:
1988:Reservations
1923:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1878:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1838:
1828:
1821:
1801:
1782:
1760:
1753:
1738:
1732:Bibliography
1720:
1710:
1695:
1686:
1675:. Retrieved
1671:
1662:
1650:. Retrieved
1646:the original
1637:
1628:
1619:
1608:. Retrieved
1601:the original
1588:
1579:
1568:
1557:
1546:. Retrieved
1542:
1533:
1522:. Retrieved
1513:
1502:. Retrieved
1493:
1481:. Retrieved
1469:
1457:. Retrieved
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1425:
1416:
1405:
1388:
1378:
1373:
1364:
1343:
1323:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1290:
1285:
1277:
1272:
1264:
1259:
1250:
1242:
1237:
1213:. Retrieved
1209:the original
1204:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1149:. Retrieved
1092:
1076:
1068:
1053:
1038:
1036:
1003:
997:
991:
987:
979:
974:Lida, Nevada
965:
959:
953:
949:
924:Death Valley
915:
903:
897:
893:
887:
879:
870:Kaikottantsi
869:
863:
859:
841:
835:
825:
821:
815:
811:
803:
795:
789:
785:
776:Nelson Range
768:Saline Range
763:
743:
737:
733:
725:
721:
715:
705:
697:
690:Tsiapaikwasi
689:
685:
681:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
624:
610:
607:
587:
578:
574:
562:
554:
546:
543:Western Mono
538:
537:were called
526:
524:
519:
517:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
465:Death Valley
460:
458:
445:
441:
439:
430:Owens Valley
415:
402:
394:Death Valley
373:
371:
354:
347:
285:
276:
273:Post-contact
236:
232:Belted Range
224:Death Valley
192:
181:Death Valley
178:
140:
136:
124:
116:
114:
68:Death Valley
19:Ethnic group
3324:Chrysopolis
3314:Cerro Gordo
3291:Ghost towns
3103:communities
3086:West Bishop
2941:County seat
2827:Tübatulabal
2645:Halchidhoma
2624:Coast Miwok
2584:Ahwahnechee
2484:Smith River
2474:Sheep Ranch
2459:Rohnerville
2374:Laytonville
2304:Buena Vista
2274:Berry Creek
2211:Smith River
2186:San Pasqual
2141:Mesa Grande
2126:Los Coyotes
2086:Fort Mojave
2071:Ewiiaapaayp
1863:Morro Creek
1483:3 September
1459:3 September
1437:3 September
1433:. Schat.net
1379:Morro Creek
1215:10 December
1177:"rock" and
1151:10 December
1040:petroglyphs
1017:Petroglyphs
1004:Okwakaittsi
998:Maahunuttsi
988:Tukummuttun
950:Tümpisattsi
898:Kantapettsi
826:Siikai Nümü
796:Pawüntsitsi
744:Pakkwasitsi
702:Argus Range
686:Tsianapatün
670:Little Lake
555:Waapi(ttsi)
551:Tübatulabal
531:Hummingbird
513:Mono people
412:Present day
309:Great Basin
212:Little Lake
149:2010 Census
3492:Categories
3414:San Carlos
3409:Roachville
3389:Owensville
3339:Greenwater
3196:Millspaugh
3176:Harrisburg
2752:Kucadikadi
2695:Lake Miwok
2609:Chemehuevi
2579:Acjachemen
2504:Upper Lake
2494:Susanville
2469:Santa Rosa
2404:Middletown
2389:Lower Lake
2364:Grindstone
2359:Greenville
2349:Enterprise
2344:Elk Valley
2324:Cloverdale
2309:Cedarville
2294:Big Valley
2284:Big Lagoon
2256:Rancherías
2226:Tule River
2196:Santa Ynez
2191:Santa Rosa
2181:San Manuel
2041:Chemehuevi
2026:Bridgeport
1980:California
1907:(Lincoln:
1885:, and the
1677:2015-09-02
1610:2018-03-25
1548:2021-01-02
1524:2021-01-02
1504:2021-01-02
1398:0520097548
1368:Miller, 99
1347:Hinton, 30
1167:Timbi-Sha,
1125:References
1033:Coso sheep
966:Koa Panawe
954:″tu'mbica″
880:Siümpüttsi
860:Haüttantsi
842:Napatüntsi
804:Wongko Paa
764:Nününoppüh
726:Muattantsi
700:), and in
682:Pattsiatta
678:Owens Lake
674:Coso Range
659:"Ko'ontsi"
643:katükkatün
539:Kwinawetün
509:Chuckwalla
489:tün/tümpin
479:known as "
216:Coso Range
204:Chemehuevi
183:region of
145:California
64:California
3354:Leadfield
3349:Kearsarge
3304:Beveridge
3299:Bend City
3186:Kearsarge
3116:Aspendell
3091:Wilkerson
3041:Lone Pine
2862:Wukchumni
2766:Ramaytush
2762:Costanoan
2723:(Klamath)
2716:Mechoopda
2679:Kitanemuk
2614:Chimariko
2594:Bay Miwok
2444:Resighini
2419:Northfork
2414:Mooretown
2339:Dry Creek
2299:Blue Lake
2289:Big Sandy
2206:Sebastian
2136:Mendocino
2131:Manzanita
2121:Lone Pine
2091:Fort Yuma
1926:, 7/11/99
1183:Timbi-sha
822:Siikaitsi
680:, called
639:nanümüppü
631:pokwinapi
627:süüpantün
527:Mukunnümü
469:red ochre
426:Lone Pine
75:Languages
3498:Timbisha
3374:Manzanar
3344:Gerstley
3156:Dunmovin
3151:Dolomite
3126:Ballarat
3121:Badwater
3066:Shoshone
2996:Big Pine
2811:Timbisha
2805:Tataviam
2689:Kumeyaay
2674:Kawaiisu
2604:Cahuilla
2589:Atsugewi
2574:Achomawi
2514:XL Ranch
2499:Trinidad
2454:Robinson
2429:Picayune
2424:Paskenta
2279:Big Bend
2161:Pechanga
2116:La Posta
2111:La Jolla
2016:Big Pine
1993:Colonies
1789:, 2000.
1785:Oxford:
1770:, 1986.
1652:20 March
1173:is from
1171:timbisha
1108:See also
980:Ohyüttsi
930:west to
910:area in
888:Mukutoya
816:Isam Paa
786:Ko'ontsi
722:Koosotsi
716:Kuhwitsi
706:Tüntapun
616:Kawaiisu
446:Koosotsi
290:created
263:obsidian
226:, 29 at
153:Timbisha
127:) are a
117:Timbisha
108:Comanche
104:Shoshone
89:Timbisha
23:Timbisha
3434:Swansea
3429:Sunland
3419:Schwaub
3051:Olancha
3001:Cartago
2837:Vanyume
2794:Serrano
2789:Salinan
2783:Quechan
2743:Nomlaki
2738:Nisenan
2710:Mattole
2700:Luiseño
2658:Whilkut
2654:Chilula
2640:Esselen
2619:Chumash
2439:Redding
2384:Lookout
2369:Jackson
2334:Cortina
2264:Alturas
2146:Morongo
1672:Groupon
992:″o'hya″
942:around
864:Haüttan
836:Tuhutsi
698:Tawinni
655:"Ko'on"
567:Western
485:Tümpisa
428:in the
420:within
247:Ventura
159:History
135:as the
84:English
70:region)
3404:Reward
3399:Reilly
3364:Lila C
3251:Indian
3241:Zurich
3221:Rovana
3216:Poleta
3201:Owenyo
3171:Haiwee
3136:Crater
3071:Tecopa
3036:Keeler
3011:Darwin
2966:Bishop
2872:Yokuts
2847:Washoe
2821:Tongva
2816:Tolowa
2799:Shasta
2785:(Yuma)
2773:Patwin
2758:Ohlone
2727:Mohave
2629:Cupeño
2598:Saklan
2509:Wilton
2464:Rumsey
2394:Lytton
2379:Likely
2354:Graton
2269:Auburn
2236:Washoe
2231:Viejas
2216:Sycuan
2171:Rincon
2051:Colusa
2021:Bishop
2006:Barona
1881:, the
1811:
1793:
1774:
1745:
1396:
1331:
1010:area")
904:Omatsi
778:, and
647:kantün
637:, pl:
635:nanümü
559:Yokuts
547:Panawe
253:, and
228:Beatty
131:tribe
61:
49:
3448:Other
3424:Sodan
3379:Narka
3166:Grant
3076:Trona
2882:Yurok
2857:Wiyot
2852:Wintu
2842:Wappo
2721:Modoc
2705:Maidu
2669:Cahto
2664:Karuk
2319:Chico
2246:Yurok
2241:Wiyot
2221:Tejon
2031:Campo
1604:(PDF)
1597:(PDF)
1478:(PDF)
1145:(PDF)
972:near
916:Toona
790:Ko'on
734:Kooso
193:(See
3334:Echo
3329:Coso
3226:Ryan
3191:Laws
3046:Mesa
2988:CDPs
2958:City
2877:Yuki
2867:Yana
2778:Pomo
2732:Mono
2684:Kizh
2650:Hupa
2151:Pala
2066:Elem
1991:and
1809:ISBN
1791:ISBN
1772:ISBN
1743:ISBN
1654:2012
1485:2010
1461:2010
1439:2010
1394:ISBN
1329:ISBN
1217:2009
1179:pisa
1153:2009
1077:The
934:and
651:-tsi
569:and
520:Nümü
473:clay
442:Coso
115:The
106:and
3359:Lee
1431:"?"
1175:tɨm
824:or
736:or
724:or
596:in
501:tün
497:-ka
483:" (
392:in
388:at
3494::
2944::
2929:,
2656:,
1847:,
1837:,
1719:.
1700:.
1694:.
1670:.
1640:.
1636:.
1541:.
1352:^
1225:^
1203:.
1190:^
1133:^
1085:.
1066:.
938:,
876:″)
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600:.
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507:(″
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2652:(
2600:)
2596:(
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2534:v
1964:e
1957:t
1950:v
1815:.
1797:.
1778:.
1749:.
1723:.
1680:.
1656:.
1613:.
1551:.
1527:.
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1337:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
