6945:
5659:
6343:
5674:
2171:
3372:
6361:
1253:
838:
5689:
539:
3328:
7891:
6416:
2077:
2095:
557:
6431:
7952:
2151:
8143:天佑初，王茂章征安仁义于润州，洎城陷，中十余创，以功迁左先锋都尉。从攻豫章，（郑）璠以所部发机「飞火」，烧龙沙门，率壮士突火先登入城，焦灼被体，以功授检校司徒。(Rough Translation: During the beginning of Tianyou Era (904–907), Zheng Fan followed Wang Maozhang in a campaign against Runzhou, which was guarded by rebel An Renyi. He was severely injured in the process and as the result he was promoted to Junior General of Left Vanguard. At the campaign of Yuchang, he ordered his troops to shoot off a machine to let fire fly and burn the Longsha Gate, after which he led his troops over the fire and entered the city. His body was scorched, for which he was appointed Prime Minister Inspectorate.) Records of Nine Kingdoms ch. 2
4495:
4519:
6926:
3288:
3310:
7924:
5721:
820:
7860:
3270:
6895:
521:
802:
2113:
4446:
2135:
4476:
5748:
3350:
4543:
874:
469:
1235:
4461:
894:
6911:
487:
504:
3392:
7905:
6873:
6861:
6386:
5707:
856:
6453:
6401:
7938:
5733:
4531:
7877:
2707:: Cannons are used in ship combat and a new weapon called the "No Alternative" also appears. It consists of a reed mat bundled together with gunpowder and iron pellets hung on a pole from the foremast of a ship. When an enemy ship is within range, the fuse is lit, and the bundle falls onto the enemy ship spitting iron pellets and burning their men and sails.
6944:
260:(Classified Essentials of the Mysterious Way of the True Origin of Things) contains a warning on the dangers of gunpowder: "Some have heated together sulfur, realgar (arsenic disulphide), and saltpeter with honey; smoke result, so that their hands and faces have been burnt, and even the whole house burned down."
2170:
1252:
3371:
10749:
The Diary of Samuel Pepys: Thursday 3 July 1662. "After dinner, was brought to Sir W. Compton a gun to discharge seven times, the best of all devices that ever I saw, and very serviceable, and not a bawble; for it is much approved of, and many thereof
6491:
discovers "cylinder powder", gunpowder produced using charcoal in iron cylinders, which is twice as powerful as traditional gunpowder and less likely to spoil. He also invents block trail carriages, the most advanced artillery transport of the time.
2076:
5673:
2112:
538:
968:
army puts on a firework display for the emperor including a spectacle which opened with "a noise like thunder" and explosives that light up the night. Considered by some to be the first mention of gunpowder fireworks.
2094:
837:
1873:
writes, in Arabic, recipes for gunpowder, instructions for the purification of saltpeter, and descriptions of gunpowder incendiaries. He also provides a description and illustration of the world's first
3937:
A master gunner in Europe is forced to make a pilgrimage to Rome after scaring his fellow soldiers, who accused him of satanic devilry, with an astounding rate of fire of three rounds in one day.
4494:
5658:
3287:
556:
3327:
3349:
3269:
819:
6894:
6342:
6430:
6360:
4518:
5679:
6556:
introduces the horizontal drilling technique for casting cannons, increasing their reliability and accuracy while reducing the amount of metal needed for the barrel.
3309:
801:
2150:
4542:
926:
are mentioned. Ships are equipped with trebuchets for hurling bombs. Earliest recorded usage of gunpowder artillery in ship to ship combat, first mention of the
468:
6816:
893:
486:
30:
and related topics such as weapons, warfare, and industrial applications. The timeline covers the history of gunpowder from the first hints of its origin as a
6925:
6872:
9878:
4460:
1128:
Gunpowder is referred to specifically for its military applications for the first time and is known as "fire bomb medicine" rather than "fire medicine".
11266:
5688:
12139:
2208:: Chinese gunpowder weaponry continues to advance with the development of one-piece cast iron cannons, accompanying carriages, and the addition of
12365:
11414:
Roger Bacon and His Search for a
Universal Science: A Reconsideration of the Life and Work of Roger Bacon in the Light of His Own Stated Purposes
8038:
7247:
5720:
7243:
3138:
4466:
4475:
3769:
imperial palace puts on a display of pyrotechnics involving rockets running along wires which light up lanterns, illuminating the palace.
1641:
describes a "fire-emitting lance" employing a pellet wad projectile which occludes the barrel. Some consider this to be the first bullet.
278:
utilizing gunpowder as an incendiary appear in the early 900s and possibly rocket arrows as well by the end of the century. The gunpowder
12913:
8033:
4609:
to combat heavily armoured troops. "Musket" becomes the dominant term for all shoulder arms fireweapons until the mid-19th century. The
5755:
4144:
A Chinese "thunderbomb" made of paper and bamboo wrapping two pounds of gunpowder and iron filings is mentioned to have been in use in
873:
10619:
7890:
6415:
5554:
5747:
2134:
12105:
8307:
6442:
9682:
855:
9525:
1657:
produces one to two thousand iron cased bomb shells a month and sends them in deliveries of ten to twenty thousand at a time to
520:
12512:
12449:
8975:
8028:
8023:
2082:
The 'phalanx-charging fire-gourd' forgoes the spearhead and relies solely on the force of gunpowder and projectiles. From the
12517:
12030:
11901:
11699:
11636:
11556:
11525:
Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1996), "Coming of
Gunpowder to the Islamic World and North India: Spotlight on the Role of the Mongols",
11449:
Hadden, R. Lee. 2005. "Confederate Boys and Peter
Monkeys." Armchair General. January 2005. Adapted from a talk given to the
11199:
11169:
8797:
1329:
both acquire gunpowder by the end of the century, but only in the Middle East are gunpowder weapons mentioned in any detail.
52:: Earliest stage of gunpowder development. Mentions of gunpowder ingredients and their uses in conjunction with each other.
6385:
12719:
290:, also appears, but its usage in the 10th century is uncertain and no textual evidence for it exists during this period.
4445:
4007:: Marks the rapid decline of the English longbow as they prove to be inferior to cannons in both range and rate of fire.
1234:
11911:
7951:
7904:
7206:
patents the gravitating lock, which prevents muzzle loaders from accidentally firing while the muzzle is held upward.
4633:
spreads across Europe in response to increasing effectiveness of siege artillery. The Ming dynasty uses gunpowder for
1264:. Supposedly they fired in succession, and the second one is lit automatically after the first barrel finishes firing.
589:
and production of gunpowder weapons is systematized. The Song court restricts trade of gunpowder ingredients with the
12066:
12048:
12003:
11865:
11825:
11768:
11742:
11717:
11591:
11516:
11432:
11403:
11372:
11336:
11316:
11290:
11256:
11235:
11217:
8985:
7713:
7114:
6971:
6820:
6785:
6488:
9588:
6175:, before firearm suppression policies are enacted, is conducted against an uprising of peasant-farmers and landless
503:
11154:
History of
Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in Contrast: from the Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Century
7329:
5494:
12360:
7859:
7923:
12877:
11609:
6796:
sealed in iron cylinders, which is twice as powerful as traditional gunpowder and less likely to spoil, giving
1637:
12918:
12903:
11964:
Schmidtchen, Volker (1977b), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit",
11954:
Schmidtchen, Volker (1977a), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit",
11450:
6910:
6400:
5214:
3391:
6860:
12098:
10241:
9742:
Le carrefour javanais. Essai d'histoire globale (The
Javanese Crossroads: Towards a Global History) Vol. 2
5247:
5061:
4690:" solidifies as a general term for cannons, their ammunition, support equipment, and operating personnel.
413:
to the Song dynasty, which uses fire arrows and incendiary bombs in the same year to destroy the fleet of
2400:
and three pounds of gunpowder are recorded to have been in the possession of a raiding party that sacked
1483:
1456:
1383:
1364:
1196:
1163:
1027:
1003:
6452:
12347:
11692:
War in World
History: Society, Technology, and War from Ancient Times to the Present, Volume 1, To 1500
9683:"L'Artillerie legere nousantarienne: A propos de six canons conserves dans des collections portugaises"
7377:
1842:
11761:
The Age of Wars of
Religion, 1000–1650: an Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Vol 1, A-K
11470:
6792:
refineries, and special proving houses. He also discovers "cylinder powder", gunpowder produced using
12908:
12464:
11508:
Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, & Pyrotechnics: The
History of the Explosive that Changed the World
11326:
9301:
7466:
6999:
6391:
5983:
5562:
5408:
4887:
4530:
2236:
progresses rapidly and by 1374, cannons in Europe are able to breach a city wall for the first time.
2192:
2100:
An illustration of a 'flying-cloud thunderclap-eruptor,' a cannon firing thunderclap bombs, from the
1914:
130:
5732:
12212:
9879:"Articles of 1451, Munjongsillok of Annals of Joseon Dynasty (from book 5 to 9, click 문종 for view)"
7534:
6797:
6406:
3114:
1966:
1414:
9729:. Vol. 4. Getty Research Institute. Dresden: Verein für historische Waffenkunde. p. 256.
1849:
catches fire and explodes, killing 100 guards and hurling building materials over 5 km away.
440:
and lays siege to Zitong with 100,000 troops, but fails due to the defenders' use of fire arrows.
12938:
12882:
12699:
12091:
7511:
4918:
4118:
3883:
3411:
2962:
1993:
256:
12247:
12144:
7601:
7030:
4509:
5706:
5296:
becomes obsolete due to lack of armor, but continues as the most widely used term for similar
4372:, are among the first to carry enough cannons to deliver a 'ship killing' blow at a distance.
12547:
12118:
11493:
7385:
7355:
7065:
is invented and replaces the traditional "black powder" in Europe by the end of the century.
6579:
5386:
5140:
5046:
4634:
4501:
4413:
4191:
4122:
2722:
2703:
1974:
1947:
1387:
12192:
12134:
11791:
10242:"The Rise and Fall of Distinctive Composite-Metal Cannons Cast During the Ming-Qing Period"
8745:
7575:
7515:
7403:
7359:
7188:
7022:
6421:
4361:
4087:
4046:
3423:
19:
10616:
5023:
274:: Gunpowder is utilized in Chinese warfare and an assortment of gunpowder weapons appear.
8:
12928:
12600:
12552:
12352:
7406:
uses gunpowder explosions as railway fog-signals to alert the locomotive crew of danger.
6223:
6167:
5485:
4707:
2761:
2232:
acquires gunpowder weapons by the second half of the 14th century. Cannon development in
1969:
is dated to this year based on contextual evidence and its proximity to the rebellion by
1725:
1654:
1406:
97:
11795:
11192:
The
Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History
9663:
Mayers (1876). "Chinese explorations of the Indian Ocean during the fifteenth century".
8749:
5086:
cannons in Europe become reliable enough to arm sailing ships with two full broadsides.
4935:
4833:
3185:
1413:(1038–1227) period. It is currently the oldest possible extant cannon, however like the
12933:
12768:
12415:
12332:
11662:
11422:
11395:
11296:
9724:
9705:
9302:
Seoul
National University-College of Humanities-Department of History (30 April 2005).
8761:
8757:
7937:
7835:
7351:
7292:
6882:
6848:
6641:
4629:
to their firearms. Both Europe and China develop handheld breech loading firearms. The
4254:
4003:
3922:
3684:
3382:
3057:
2462:
A "watermelon bomb" containing miniature rockets known as "ground rats" is employed by
2270:
The Armenian monk Hetoum writes about a powerful weapon having been invented in China.
2188:
1452:
1062:
6268:' diary mentions a mechanic who claimed to be able to make a machine-gun like pistol.
2994:
European gunsmiths begin testing barrels for structural integrity, improving quality.
2502:
739:
585:
by 1044. Bombs appear in the early 11th century. Gunpowder becomes more common in the
12757:
12662:
12502:
12454:
12385:
12290:
12272:
12083:
12062:
12044:
12026:
11999:
11897:
11861:
11821:
11815:
11764:
11738:
11713:
11695:
11632:
11605:
11587:
11552:
11512:
11506:
11428:
11399:
11368:
11332:
11312:
11300:
11286:
11252:
11246:
11231:
11213:
11195:
11165:
9709:
9531:
8981:
8793:
7896:
7651:
7381:
7180:
6844:
6497:
6096:
5912:
5784:
4408:
4308:
4223:
3665:
in Europe to hold matches. The resulting firearm, the hook gun, becomes known as the
2946:
2623:
1104:
986:
544:
Depiction of fire arrows known as "divine engine arrows" (shen ji jian 神機箭) from the
324:
8765:
4090:
is killed by one of his own guns, which exploded while he was standing close to it.
1699:
In Europe gunpowder in the form of a firecracker is mentioned in textual sources by
12923:
12778:
12621:
12616:
12562:
12342:
12322:
12242:
12187:
11802:
11654:
11278:
9697:
8753:
8004:
7973:
7915:
7839:
7817:
7772:
7717:
7184:
7122:
7062:
6979:
6975:
6951:
6840:
6501:
6246:
6151:
firearms with the Japanese but the new firing mechanism doesn't catch on in Japan.
5796:
5587:
before using it as a shield while they attack with a saber using their other hand.
4485:
3952:
3762:
3450:
2523:
1529:
Large bombs requiring several hundred men to hurl using trebuchets are employed by
1187:
205:: Earliest definite references to a gunpowder formula and awareness of its danger.
38:
11328:
Dangerous Energy: The archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture
11162:
Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire
7876:
6496:
invents a breechloader flintlock capable of firing 63 shots in seven minutes. The
12742:
12694:
12629:
12182:
11977:
The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618–44 (Asian States and Empires)
11913:
Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce 1450-1680. Volume Two: Expansion and Crisis
10623:
9744:. Paris: Éditions de l'École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales. p. 178.
7754:
7749:
7628:
7583:
7140:
6991:
6935:
6878:
6637:
5978:
5908:
5780:
4324:
4273:
4200:
4064:
3825:
A Chinese pole cannon found in Java is dated from this year, bearing the name of
3725:
3709:
3518:
3442:
3235:
3036:
2217:
1870:
239:, describing six parts sulfur to six parts saltpeter to one part birthwort herb.
133:. It describes experiments to create gold with heated saltpeter, pine resin, and
11854:
7976:
replaces traditional "black powder" across the globe, ending the gunpowder age.
7388:
rifle, increasing the rate of fire to six times that of muzzle loading weapons.
3712:
capable of firing 500 meter iron shots and 600 meter stone shots are mentioned.
137:
among other carbon materials, resulting in a purple powder and arsenic vapours.
12864:
12826:
12405:
12337:
11726:
11466:
10748:
8733:
7865:
7311:
7295:
fizzle out as poor performance lead to their rejection until the 20th century.
7266:
7225:
7096:
6744:
6644:, which provides the first way to accurately measure the velocity of a bullet.
5626:
5608:
4948:
4711:: Marks the first military conflict where arquebusiers played a decisive role.
4598:
4590:
4505:
4168:
4126:
3826:
3643:
3522:
3419:
2377:
Earliest extant cannon arrow projectile is dated to this year. Now kept in the
2355:
2285:
Bronze "thousand-ball thunder-cannons" on four wheeled carriages appear in the
1939:
1314:
863:
845:
827:
825:
An expendable bird carrying an incendiary receptacle around its neck. From the
809:
692:
670:
648:
581:
476:
11885:
The History and Chronology of Gunpowder and Gunpowder Weapons (c.1000 to 1850)
7499:
with resounding success, proving to be vastly superior to smoothbore muskets.
6585:
with a revolving set of chambers capable of firing 63 shots in seven minutes.
1221:
are attached to war carts, known as "at-your-desire-war-carts", for defending
12897:
12854:
12806:
12542:
12532:
12425:
12380:
12282:
12237:
12217:
11187:
10617:"Watanoha, Ishinomaki: The San Juan somehow survived" (サン・ファン号「何とか耐えた」 石巻・渡波)
7929:
7538:
7203:
6661:
6330:
6103:
6099:
5950:
5820:
5513:
5351:
4906:
414:
283:
11584:
Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity
11474:
9701:
7882:
7470:
7003:
6788:
improves gunpowder production by constructing dedicated testing ranges, new
4837:
4196:
2544:
technology becomes reliable enough to make one-piece iron cannons in China.
731:
12811:
12786:
12736:
12677:
12649:
12595:
12410:
12300:
12172:
8008:
7847:
7695:
7691:
7669:
7624:
7553:
7429:
7054:
6665:
6571:
6493:
6265:
6203:
6144:
6125:
6092:
6070:
6012:
5987:
5861:
5800:
5580:
5490:
5382:
5363:
5331:
The 'flask trail' carriage replaces solid stock trail carriages in Europe.
5266:
5144:
5027:
4914:
4883:
4594:
4451:
4172:
3864:
3789:
3766:
3688:
3446:
3275:
A "nest of bees" (yi wo feng 一窩蜂) arrow rocket launcher as depicted in the
3151:
3040:
2851:
2829:
2810:
2787:
2741:
2683:
2649:
2627:
2286:
2237:
2225:
2176:
2161:
2141:
1936:
1838:
1822:
1799:
1776:
1757:
1734:
1681:
1598:
1579:
1360:
1298:
1290:
1222:
1192:
1159:
1113:
1085:
1035:
1023:
995:
965:
884:
789:
766:
758:
712:
628:
590:
586:
456:
437:
433:
180:
9386:
5250:
invents the gunner's quadrant, an instrument which calculates trajectory.
4524:
Early arquebuses prior to the matchlock were just hand cannons with a hook
2019:, is dated to this year based on its inscription and contextual evidence.
12849:
12841:
12644:
12639:
12634:
12497:
12459:
12252:
12207:
12202:
12177:
7943:
7911:
7794:
7647:
7605:
7579:
7496:
7333:
7221:
7038:
7034:
7026:
7018:
6987:
6955:
6931:
6553:
5890:
5558:
5498:
5359:
4951:
4940:
4586:
3887:
3860:
3662:
3514:
3433:, the first firearm with a trigger mechanism, appears in Europe by 1475.
3361:
3339:
3317:
3299:
3193:
3143:
2979:
2667:
In the middle east metal-barrel guns start appearing in textual sources.
2401:
2378:
2221:
2124:
2102:
2084:
2016:
1932:
1772:
1730:
1700:
1553:
1410:
1318:
1294:
1260:
1242:
1066:
905:
762:
735:
687:
594:
528:
494:
410:
11282:
9388:
9303:
6904:
of 1718 showing various cylinders for use with round and square bullets.
2339:
Europe's oldest extant firearm, the Loshult gun, is dated to this year.
1088:
warships are outfitted with trebuchets and supplies of gunpowder bombs.
631:
court and blueprints are created for promulgation throughout the realm.
100:, mentions a combination of three powders that fly and dance violently.
12752:
12714:
12705:
12590:
12577:
12567:
12527:
12507:
12390:
12327:
12277:
12227:
12197:
11666:
7474:
7163:
7011:
6983:
6917:
6901:
6725:
6707:
6703:
6575:
6366:
6326:
6228:
6195:
5994:
5886:
5465:
5346:
5270:
5163:
5099:
4944:
4841:
4814:
A man in (Germany) accidentally shoots a prostitute in the chin with a
4671:
4219:
3785:
3499:
3216:
2783:
2561:
2213:
2064:
2034:
2012:
1862:
1821:"Eruptors," cannons firing co-viative projectiles, are employed in the
1753:
1705:
1503:
1479:
1433:
1417:
it contains no inscription and dating is based on contextual evidence.
1282:
1218:
1155:
1109:
1031:
991:
927:
785:
492:
An arrow strapped with gunpowder ready to be shot from a bow. From the
387:
368:
350:
320:
287:
279:
275:
88:
34:
7451:
Gong Zhenlin invents cast iron molds for the casting of iron cannons.
2740:
Two thousand four hundred large and small cannons are deployed by the
1022:"Molten metal bombs", suspected to contain gunpowder, are employed by
562:
Earliest known representation of a bomb and fire lance (upper right),
12859:
12831:
12816:
12801:
12796:
12762:
12585:
12557:
12522:
12487:
12477:
12436:
12400:
12267:
12232:
12222:
12167:
9871:
7957:
7843:
7798:
7776:
7433:
7425:
7270:
7042:
6995:
6789:
6767:
6748:
6685:
6619:
6615:
6582:
6535:
6480:
6476:
6370:
6348:
6307:
6303:
6148:
6121:
6074:
6034:
6016:
5954:
5808:
5804:
5738:
5697:
5694:
5664:
5584:
5442:
5316:
5313:
5187:
5183:
5136:
5115:
5083:
4985:
4796:
4731:
4727:
4687:
4630:
4614:
4610:
4570:
4242:
4149:
3986:
3537:
3496:
3427:
3277:
3239:
3078:
2975:
2912:
2806:
2679:
2577:
2557:
2541:
2507:
2463:
2397:
2324:
2209:
1891:
1658:
1557:
923:
546:
511:
347:
176:
153:
27:
11836:
Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries
11658:
6249:
carrying 60 to 120 cannons in broadside batteries appear in Europe.
12821:
12654:
12492:
12444:
12420:
12262:
12257:
12162:
12154:
8675:
7673:
7421:
7058:
6793:
5712:
5646:
5535:
5446:
5289:
5064:
applies mathematical applications to artillery trajectories in his
5005:
4860:
4622:
4602:
4481:
4246:
3724:
The customs of firing cannons and pole gun is mentioned as part of
3666:
3570:
3430:
3155:
2645:
2467:
1846:
1597:
Three hundred thirty-three "fire emitting tubes" are produced in a
1534:
1507:
1167:
563:
328:
134:
9723:
Feldhaus, F.M. (1897). "Eine Chinesische Stangenbüchse von 1421".
646:
The chemical formula for gunpowder appears in the military manual
235:
The Taoist priest Qing Xuzi mentions the gunpowder formula in his
12791:
12747:
12724:
12685:
12673:
12537:
12482:
12314:
12295:
12114:
11753:
The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane
7118:
7014:
6657:
6459:
6437:
6284:
6176:
6052:
5958:
5931:
5865:
5792:
5776:
5772:
5600:
5517:
5297:
5232:
5001:
4626:
4574:
4250:
3959:
decrees that all fire-squads should carry standardized firearms.
3257:
3212:
3119:
3013:
2765:
2444:
2229:
2157:
2042:
2038:
1910:
1875:
1780:
1602:
1530:
1511:
1487:
1306:
1200:
1039:
999:
880:
184:
126:
117:
11645:
Lu, Gwei-Djen (1988), "The Oldest Representation of a Bombard",
3974:
European walls become lower and thicker in response to cannons.
12730:
12572:
12472:
12395:
12375:
12370:
12310:
11788:
The Dawn of Science: Glimpses from History for the Curious Mind
11180:
High Energy Materials: Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics
7868:
7557:
7477:
7288:
7159:
7050:
7007:
6681:
6484:
6172:
5991:
5883:
5828:
5824:
5788:
5630:
5404:
5356:
5293:
5118:
4864:
4815:
4618:
4606:
4549:
4429:
4388:
4343:
4277:
4049:
appear, greatly improving cannon maneuverability and mobility.
4027:
4023:
4022:
A type of multiple arrow rocket launcher known as the "Munjong
3956:
3903:
3808:
3744:
3706:
3615:
3597:
3593:
3458:
3454:
3438:
3415:
3189:
3154:
artillery corps in the anti-insurrection war waged against the
3147:
3097:
3062:
3017:
3009:
2927:
2908:
2847:
2825:
2745:
2420:
2305:
2233:
2060:
1970:
1943:
1866:
1677:
1575:
1460:
1322:
1289:
are used in warfare. "Fire emitting tubes" are produced in the
1286:
1140:
Firecrackers using gunpowder are mentioned for the first time.
1058:
931:
188:
83:
31:
11267:"Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History"
6664:
in cost, ease of use, range, and rate of fire, making mounted
390:, rocket arrows, are invented by Yue Yifang and Feng Jisheng.
12059:
Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention, from Fire to Freud
8011:" is relegated to hobbyist usage. So ends the Gunpowder Age.
7632:
7314:
becomes the most widely accepted firing mechanism in Europe.
7046:
6600:
France establishes Europe's first national artillery school.
6351:
5927:
5816:
5812:
4969:"Ordnance" is used to describe artillery for the first time.
4910:
4765:
4749:
4667:
4582:
4578:
4145:
4068:
3462:
3434:
2604:
2359:
1326:
1310:
1302:
406:
11856:
Giving up the Gun, Japan's reversion to the Sword, 1543–1879
9387:
Korean Broadcasting System-News department (30 April 2005).
8736:(1987), "Chemical Technology in Arabic Military Treatises",
8566:
8564:
2828:
projectiles transition from stone to iron ammunition in the
11076:
11074:
11072:
11059:
11057:
11029:
11027:
10960:
10958:
10945:
10943:
9989:
9932:
8977:
Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia
7732:
In Europe cast iron molds are utilized in casting cannons.
5680:
Double-Barreled Wheellock Pistol Made for Emperor Charles V
5114:
Cavalry in Europe start abandoning the lance and adopt the
4988:
becomes the dominant type of defensive structure in Italy.
4818:. Considered to be the earliest recorded firearm accident.
3574:
1803:
1278:
11120:
11118:
11044:
11042:
11014:
11012:
10987:
10985:
10894:
10892:
10759:
10757:
10684:
10682:
10680:
10540:
10538:
10405:
10403:
10390:
10388:
10386:
10301:
10299:
10297:
10219:
10217:
10204:
10202:
10117:
10115:
9604:
9380:
8803:
8702:
8588:
8237:
7608:, capable of firing 200 gunpowder cartridges in a minute.
7473:
and makes the rifle a viable military firearm, ending the
6688:
to prevent the sear from catching in the half-cock notch.
6102:
capable of holding large cannons under the supervision of
5823:
only uses it in limited quantities. Gunpowder is used for
2644:
Defending garrisons fire cannons en masse at the siege of
11629:
The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb
11230:(2 ed.). West Point, New York: Thomas Publications.
9910:
9908:
9647:
9645:
9643:
9424:
9422:
9393:
Countdown Begins for Launch of South Korea's Space Rocket
9295:
9100:
9098:
9096:
9094:
9030:
9028:
9026:
8692:
8690:
8641:
8639:
8561:
8199:
8197:
8086:
5811:
flintlock in Europe by the end of the 17th century. Both
4589:
technique is implemented using matchlock firearms by the
3426:
appear, greatly improving the mobility of artillery. The
2805:
Gunpowder is corned to strengthen the explosive power of
1992:
Mongol troops of Yuan dynasty carried Chinese cannons to
1285:
are equipped with projectiles and reusable iron barrels.
627:
Shi Pu demonstrates fireballs utilizing gunpowder to the
41:
in the late 19th century (from 1884 to the present day).
11093:
11091:
11089:
11069:
11054:
11024:
10955:
10940:
10272:
10270:
10151:
10006:
10004:
9470:
9285:
9283:
9166:
9164:
9151:
9149:
8956:
8946:
8944:
8851:
8663:
8551:
8549:
8495:
8485:
8483:
8434:
8432:
8430:
8369:
8367:
8365:
8338:
8266:
8264:
8218:
8216:
8214:
8212:
8110:
8050:
6171:: In Japan the last major military engagement involving
2431:, meaning "tube," is used for the first time in Europe.
1065:, one of which is a human figure holding a gourd shaped
711:
Private trade of gunpowder ingredients is banned in the
579:: The chemical formula for gunpowder is recorded in the
455:
Tang Fu demonstrates gunpowder pots and caltrops to the
11996:
Fighting Ships Far East (2: Japan and Korea Ad 612–1639
11763:, vol. 1, Westport & London: Greenwood Press,
11115:
11103:
11039:
11009:
10982:
10889:
10865:
10781:
10754:
10718:
10694:
10677:
10665:
10653:
10641:
10629:
10586:
10574:
10535:
10511:
10487:
10475:
10451:
10427:
10400:
10383:
10371:
10323:
10294:
10255:
10214:
10199:
10163:
10112:
10100:
10088:
10076:
9849:
9847:
9832:
9820:
9796:
9784:
9628:
9616:
9569:
9545:
9494:
9458:
9370:
9368:
9331:
9329:
9327:
9325:
9281:
9279:
9277:
9275:
9273:
9271:
9269:
9267:
9265:
9263:
9045:
9043:
9013:
9011:
9009:
5803:' diary mentions a machine gun like pistol. The "true"
4067:
uses cannons as siege weapons to demolish ramparts: In
3807:
Iron shot replaces stone as the standard ammunition in
3437:
barrels also appear in the late 15th century. The term
2228:. The rest of the world catches up quickly and most of
843:
An 'igniter fire ball' and 'barbed fire ball' from the
807:
Earliest known written formula for gunpowder, from the
12113:
11683:
The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community
10997:
10970:
10928:
10916:
10904:
10877:
10853:
10841:
10805:
10730:
10439:
10016:
9941:
9905:
9893:
9640:
9557:
9506:
9419:
9353:
9248:
9236:
9224:
9212:
9188:
9122:
9110:
9091:
9055:
9023:
8994:
8919:
8917:
8902:
8892:
8890:
8827:
8714:
8687:
8651:
8636:
8600:
8534:
8524:
8522:
8468:
8456:
8403:
8379:
8276:
8194:
7676:, the first stable explosive stronger than gunpowder.
7061:, the first stable explosive stronger than gunpowder.
4625:
both appear during this period. Ottoman troops attach
3906:
projectiles transition from stone to iron ammunition.
175:(Recognition of the Recumbent Dragon) that by heating
11130:
11086:
10793:
10598:
10562:
10523:
10463:
10415:
10359:
10347:
10311:
10267:
10187:
10175:
10001:
9977:
9920:
9859:
9808:
9772:
9446:
9176:
9161:
9146:
9067:
8941:
8929:
8863:
8546:
8507:
8480:
8444:
8427:
8415:
8362:
8326:
8261:
8209:
8170:
8158:
8127:
8125:
6823:, the most advanced artillery transport of the time.
5565:, and starts training the Dutch army in volley fire.
5426:
Calivers are mentioned for the first time in Europe.
5202:
Wooden cannons are used for the last time in Europe.
4730:
appears in Europe as an expensive alternative to the
3457:
develops a mobile rocket launcher vehicle called the
3355:
Naval mine system known as the 'marine dragon-king' (
1578:
are used during a military exercise conducted by the
12077:
Machine guns: an illustrated history of their impact
11586:, Singapore, Republic of Singapore: Leong Kit Meng,
11365:
Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History
10769:
10550:
10282:
10139:
10127:
10064:
10052:
10040:
9965:
9844:
9760:
9748:
9407:
9365:
9341:
9322:
9260:
9200:
9079:
9040:
9006:
8308:"The history of gunpowder military using of Vietnam"
8249:
8146:
8098:
8062:
6982:
and British forces successfully deploy them against
4469:("Lazy Maid"), a medieval cannon from ca. 1410–1430.
2556:
Flint and wheel mechanisms are employed in igniting
1837:
A major accidental explosion occurs in China when a
1506:" with re-usable barrels are used in the defense of
930:
in battle, and the earliest possible depiction of a
10817:
10335:
10028:
9953:
9482:
9434:
8914:
8887:
8839:
8815:
8771:
8624:
8612:
8519:
8391:
11853:
10706:
10499:
9134:
8875:
8576:
8314:
8288:
8122:
8074:
3886:capable of firing 300 kg projectiles, called
3377:Oldest known European depiction of a firearm from
2128:. Small shells emitting poisonous smoke are fired.
1084:Gunpowder weapons are applied to naval warfare as
12023:The Hundred Years War (part II): Different Vistas
11712:, vol. 5 pt. 4, Cambridge University Press,
11540:Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India
10829:
8182:
7053:start using cast iron molds for casting cannons.
5726:Diagram of a 1594 Dutch musketry volley formation
5583:cavalry experiments with firing a three-barreled
3315:A bronze "thousand ball thunder cannon" from the
3170:Saltpeter plantations start appearing in Europe.
2930:breach a city wall for the first time in Europe.
1942:commander Li Ting in putting down a rebellion by
115:The ingredients of gunpowder are recorded in the
12895:
12391:Meylin M1719 Pennsylvania-Kentucky rifled musket
7560:for throwing life-lines to shipwrecked sailors.
7037:, capable of firing 200 cartridges in a minute.
4863:capable of penetrating plate armor known as the
3788:are used as mobile firearm platforms during the
3418:during the early 15th century and spread to the
3260:'s oldest extant firearm is dated to this year.
2893:, appears in European texts for the first time.
2850:made specifically for naval usage appear in the
1297:are recorded to have been used in battle by the
409:sends a group of soldiers skilled in the use of
183:of the air can be obtained, which combines with
12426:Xun Lei Chong spear five barrel revolver musket
11894:A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200–1500
11471:"Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources"
11228:A Course of Instruction in Ordnance and Gunnery
8039:Timeline of the gunpowder age in Southeast Asia
8007:is adopted nearly everywhere in the world and "
4552:assembly and disassembly illustration from the
3661:A "serpentine" lever is added to the stocks of
2622:Cannons are mentioned to have been used by the
1301:in 1287. The earliest extant cannons appear in
353:appears in China (for igniting flamethrowers).
11567:Artillery An Illustrated History of its Impact
8732:
8350:
7045:, the first single-barreled machine gun. Both
5799:carrying 60 to 120 cannons appears in Europe.
4605:is replaced by its heavier variant called the
4203:'s fortifications prior to capturing the city
3630:"Culverins" are mentioned for the first time.
3379:De Nobilitatibus Sapientii Et Prudentiis Regum
3118:: The first military conflict in Europe where
1482:barrels made of durable paper are employed by
12099:
11931:The First & Second Italian Wars 1494-1504
11916:, New Haven and London: Yale University Press
11820:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
11383:Long Range Shooting: A Historical Perspective
7010:a viable military firearm, ending the era of
6800:gunpowder a reputation as best in the world.
3414:weighing several thousand kg are produced in
1620:In India, gunpowder is used in pyrotechnics.
654:Complete Essentials for the Military Classics
152:Tao Hongjing, a Taoist alchemist, notes that
11602:Tanegashima – The Arrival of Europe in Japan
9881:. National Institute of Korean History. 1451
7698:equips his army with 15,000 foreign rifles.
6751:to reduce friction and produce more sparks.
6538:are used to aid in the aiming of artillery.
6095:dockyards start construction of multidecked
4102:"Mortars" are mentioned for the first time.
3422:. Modifiable two wheeled gun carts known as
2362:makes use of "iron pellets shot with fire."
11785:
11485:The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation
11443:Battle at Sea: 3,000 Years of Naval Warfare
8310:(in Vietnamese). Thanh Bình. 10 March 2013.
8056:
8034:Timeline of the gunpowder age in South Asia
6306:goes out of fashion in favor of the "true"
3596:firing iron fletched darts are produced in
3540:are entirely replaced by gunpowder weapons
2592:Two wheeled gun carriages appear in China.
12106:
12092:
12043:, Westport & London: Greenwood Press,
11813:
11801:
11476:History of Science and Technology in Islam
11424:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
8738:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
8681:
8570:
8116:
7654:army equips his army with foreign rifles.
7158:British forces successfully deploy 40,000
7017:. Subsequently rifles are deployed in the
6055:experiments with composite metal cannons.
5362:technique and his experience training the
5235:experiments with composite metal cannons.
4795:Portuguese "Frankish" cannons are used on
4045:Modifiable two wheeled gun carts known as
3844:In Europe gunpowder corning is practiced.
3293:A 'divine bone dissolving fire oil bomb' (
2327:cannons are mentioned in textual sources.
1756:barrels made of metal are employed by the
480:, supposedly used the gunpowder slow match
37:product in China until its replacement by
12074:
12041:The Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War
12016:, vol. III, New York: Pergamon Press
11672:
11465:
11080:
11063:
11033:
10964:
10949:
10236:
10234:
10232:
9551:
9476:
9000:
7801:, the first single-barreled machine gun.
5957:, a ship built in the style of a Spanish
5555:William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg
4295:Guns reach their classic form in Europe.
3577:cannons, increasing their effectiveness.
3096:European sailing ships are equipped with
1737:riverine relief force to repel boarders.
668:"Thunderclap bombs" are mentioned in the
12020:
12011:
11993:
11882:
11845:Firearms: The Life Story of a Technology
11264:
9722:
9610:
9289:
7846:", whereas the old mixture is known as "
5445:are implemented by Samuel Zimmermann of
4416:iron cannons are used in naval warfare.
4199:troops use cannons to blast a breach in
2526:" is used to refer to guns of any kind.
757:Trade of gunpowder ingredients with the
738:and against the Song dynasty during the
44:
11876:The Total Gun Manual (Canadian edition)
11833:
11750:
11725:
11707:
11689:
11680:
11572:
11549:Historical Dictionary of Medieval India
11456:
11324:
11186:
11177:
11159:
11124:
11109:
11048:
11018:
10991:
10898:
10871:
10787:
10763:
10736:
10724:
10700:
10688:
10671:
10659:
10647:
10635:
10626:. Kahoku Online Network. 18 March 2011.
10592:
10580:
10544:
10517:
10493:
10481:
10457:
10445:
10433:
10409:
10394:
10377:
10329:
10305:
10261:
10223:
10208:
10169:
10121:
10106:
10094:
10082:
10022:
9995:
9899:
9838:
9826:
9802:
9790:
9739:
9726:Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde
9680:
9634:
9622:
9575:
9500:
9464:
9428:
9359:
9254:
9242:
9230:
9218:
9194:
9182:
9170:
9128:
9116:
9104:
9073:
9034:
8962:
8950:
8935:
8908:
8869:
8857:
8833:
8809:
8720:
8708:
8696:
8669:
8657:
8645:
8606:
8594:
8555:
8540:
8513:
8489:
8474:
8462:
8450:
8438:
8421:
8385:
8373:
8344:
8332:
8282:
8270:
8243:
8222:
8203:
8176:
8164:
8152:
8104:
8092:
7514:produces a rifle with a self-contained
6436:A breech loading matchlock with a plug
3333:The 'self-tripped trespass land mine' (
3077:Europeans develop the means to produce
1977:, although it contains no inscription.
1798:A suicide bombing occurs in China when
1367:camp, killing 2000 men and 800 horses.
12896:
12513:Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages
12450:Artillery of France in the Middle Ages
12283:San Yan Chong three barrel hand cannon
12056:
12038:
12014:Chemistry and Technology of Explosives
11928:
11920:
11891:
11873:
11851:
11776:
11564:
11482:
11411:
11380:
11362:
11353:
11344:
11225:
11207:
11003:
10976:
10934:
10922:
10910:
10883:
10859:
10847:
10823:
10811:
10568:
10421:
10365:
10353:
10317:
10276:
10229:
10193:
10181:
10157:
10046:
10010:
9983:
9971:
9947:
9914:
9865:
9814:
9778:
9651:
9563:
9512:
9452:
9374:
9347:
9335:
9155:
9049:
9017:
8068:
8029:Timeline of the gunpowder age in Korea
8024:Timeline of the gunpowder age in Japan
7702:
7612:
7522:
7484:
7169:
7117:starts experimenting extensively with
7029:, the first reliable repeating rifle.
6648:
5897:
5615:
5569:
5472:
5277:
5221:
5182:In Japan Tanegashima Tokitaka employs
5170:
5072:
5034:
4973:
4894:
4772:
4738:
4656:
4436:is used for the first time in Europe.
4395:
4284:
4075:
3963:
3910:
3871:
3604:
3484:
3126:
3085:
3024:
2934:
2897:
2794:
2729:
2656:
2530:
2489:
2408:
2312:
1810:
1741:
1624:
1514:. Some interpret these to be rockets.
1467:
1258:A double barreled fire lance from the
1092:
861:A thunderclap bomb as depicted in the
792:court and delivered to two garrisons.
635:
12518:Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty
12087:
11974:
11842:
11817:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
11809:, Cambridge, UK: W. Heffer & Sons
11807:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
11758:
11626:
11617:
11599:
11581:
11504:
11459:Seapower and Naval Warfare, 1650–1830
11440:
11420:
11306:
11248:The Big Bang: A History of Explosives
11244:
11136:
11097:
10799:
10712:
10604:
10556:
10529:
10505:
10469:
10341:
10288:
10133:
10058:
9926:
9853:
9766:
9754:
9413:
9085:
9061:
8923:
8896:
8821:
8789:Stephen Turnbull (19 February 2013).
8777:
8630:
8618:
8528:
8501:
8409:
8397:
8320:
8294:
8255:
8188:
8131:
8080:
7187:, making it the first self-contained
6124:are used for aiming artillery in the
5961:, capable of carrying large cannons.
2443:The word "gun" is used to describe a
2118:A 'poison fog divine smoke eruptor' (
1409:, excavated in 1980, is dated to the
1034:and gunpowder bombs made by captured
899:Depiction of a' wind-and-dust bomb' (
26:This is a timeline of the history of
11983:
11936:
11909:
11779:Early Gunpowder Artillery: 1300–1600
11546:
11537:
11524:
11389:
11151:
10775:
10145:
10070:
10034:
9959:
9488:
9440:
9206:
9140:
8845:
8582:
8234:"The Genius of China", Robert Temple
7753:: The first time metallic cartridge
6500:deploys iron cased rockets known as
5753:A breech loading matchlock from the
5561:technique in a letter to his cousin
5049:firearms start appearing in Europe.
4311:" are mentioned for the first time.
3743:10,000 guns are deployed throughout
3441:is used for the first time in 1499.
1432:Co-viative projectiles are added to
1191:: Thunderclap bombs are employed by
12353:Girardoni M1780 repeating air rifle
11945:
11731:Science & Civilisation in China
11710:Science & Civilisation in China
11491:
10835:
9716:
9674:
9308:Vestige of Scientific work in Korea
8881:
5217:attempts to standardize gun types.
2869:The term "hand gun", also known as
2725:cannons start appearing in Europe.
1057:The earliest extant depiction of a
13:
12914:Warfare of the early modern period
11644:
11356:Saltpeter: The Mother of Gunpowder
11309:Firearms: A Global History to 1700
11277:(3), Aldershot: Ashgate: 785–786,
8758:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37200.x
8356:
6077:but they don't catch on in China.
5607:describing a knife attached to an
4387:Specialized hunting firearms with
4342:European oar ships start carrying
4148:; Chinese style bombs are used as
3461:. Chinese style bombs are used in
1486:troops during the Mongol siege of
1382:Iron casing bombs are employed by
1359:Thunderclap bombs are employed by
171:The Taoist Mao Kua reports in his
123:The Master Who Embraces Simplicity
96:, by Wei Boyang, who lived in the
14:
12950:
11265:Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006),
11226:Benton, Captain James G. (1862).
7775:is invented and starts replacing
7714:Winchester Repeating Arms Company
7183:invents a cartridge containing a
7115:Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet
6972:Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet
6821:Sir William Congreve, 1st Baronet
6786:Sir William Congreve, 1st Baronet
6489:Sir William Congreve, 1st Baronet
6333:uses them in limited quantities.
6198:'s rebels manage to create a two
4799:'s coastline by Chinese pirates.
4617:trigger mechanisms are invented.
3618:ships are equipped with cannons.
2485:Wooden cannons appear in Europe.
11939:Medieval Naval Warfare 1000-1500
11883:Phillips, Henry Prataps (2016),
11781:, Marlborough: The Crowood Press
11604:, Nordic Inst of Asian Studies,
11575:Renaissance War Galley 1470-1590
10742:
10610:
9938:Schmidtchen (1977b), pp. 226–228
9733:
9657:
9590:Rocket carts of the Ming Dynasty
9581:
9518:
7950:
7936:
7922:
7903:
7889:
7875:
7858:
7816:A safer and more stable form of
7424:recommends the incorporation of
7162:and ignite devastating fires in
6943:
6924:
6909:
6893:
6871:
6859:
6451:
6429:
6414:
6399:
6384:
6359:
6341:
5746:
5731:
5719:
5705:
5687:
5672:
5657:
5649:" comes to refer to the weapon.
4541:
4536:A serpentine matchlock mechanism
4529:
4517:
4493:
4474:
4459:
4444:
4226:utilizes them in siege warfare.
3390:
3370:
3348:
3326:
3308:
3286:
3268:
2224:with gunpowder weaponry, by the
2220:. Earliest recorded instance of
2169:
2156:Stone cannon balls unearthed in
2149:
2133:
2111:
2093:
2075:
2037:are used in battles between the
1601:arsenal in Jiankang Prefecture (
1251:
1233:
892:
872:
854:
836:
818:
800:
555:
537:
519:
502:
485:
467:
323:utilizing gunpowder are used by
286:. The ancestor of firearms, the
12021:Villalon, L. J. Andrew (2008),
11988:, University of Wisconsin Press
11681:McNeill, William Hardy (1992),
8968:
8792:. Osprey Publishing. pp 41–42.
8783:
8726:
8300:
8228:
7964:
7757:have a large impact in battle.
7495:Rifles are deployed during the
6962:
6467:
5953:orders the construction of the
5864:muskets are attached with plug
5763:
4601:by the end of the century. The
4561:
3402:
2447:in English for the first time.
2200:
1533:in the siege of Anfeng (modern
1269:
914:
686:A "triple-bed-crossbow" firing
571:
266:
12878:Category:Early modern firearms
12386:Kalthoff M1630 repeating rifle
12357:Hartingk M1670 repeating rifle
11737:, Cambridge University Press,
11631:, Cambridge University Press,
11427:, Cambridge University Press,
11367:, Cambridge University Press,
11311:, Cambridge University Press,
11194:, Princeton University Press,
11164:, Cambridge University Press,
8980:. Routledge. 27 January 2014.
8137:
7779:, also known as black powder.
6206:fortifications using cannons.
6073:defensive planners build some
6037:is used for mining in Europe.
3882:A 12,000 kg wrought iron
3687:are used as ammunition in the
2466:against rebels and pirates in
2183:(iron bomb), or in Chinese as
2015:, the oldest confirmed extant
1935:are employed by the troops of
1363:forces in a sneak attack on a
990:: Thunderclap bomb as well as
197:
191:, and metals other than gold.
1:
12343:Cookson M1750 repeating rifle
12323:Belton M1777 repeating musket
11986:Viêt Nam Borderless Histories
11838:, Utah State University Press
11834:Patrick, John Merton (1961),
11685:, University of Chicago Press
11551:, The Scarecrow Press, Inc.,
11451:Geological Society of America
11331:, Swindon: English Heritage,
11178:Agrawal, Jai Prakash (2010),
11145:
9681:Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1976).
9304:"History of Science in Korea"
8800:. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
7978:
7067:
6766:A waterproof pan is added to
6618:firearms completely displace
6506:
6374:
5833:
5819:reject the flintlock and the
5319:mechanism appears in Europe.
5215:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
5102:start seeing widespread use.
4890:based on Portuguese designs.
4752:acquires Portuguese cannons.
4639:
4585:by the mid-16th century. The
4117:A 16,800 kg cast bronze
3467:
2304:In Europe the depiction of a
2242:
1331:
1309:spread gunpowder weaponry to
1195:treadmill boats in sinking a
936:
765:dynasties is outlawed by the
599:
292:
237:Taishang Shengzu Jindan Mijue
207:
54:
12469:Byzantine fire tube (cannon)
12075:Willbanks, James H. (2004),
11948:Warfare in Pre-British India
11847:, Greenwood Publishing Group
11487:, Cambridge University Press
9395:. Korean Broadcasting System
8044:
7354:invents the first practical
6231:are used for the last time.
5667:firearms in the 16th century
5516:start appearing on European
5162:Japan acquires knowledge of
4913:use firearms against Sultan
2179:bombs, known in Japanese as
1293:by the mid-13th century and
94:Book of the Kinship of Three
7:
12610:Medieval large calibre guns
12258:Nock M1779 seven barrel gun
12228:Huo Qiang lance hand cannon
12061:, Harper Perennial (2006),
11860:, Boston: David R. Godine,
11786:Padmanabhan, Thanu (2019),
11547:Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008),
11538:Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2004),
11421:Ebrey, Patricia B. (1999),
9310:. Seoul National University
8017:
7842:, which is referred to as "
7269:mechanism starts replacing
5557:describes the countermarch
4573:firearms spread throughout
4071:cannons become widespread.
998:troops during the siege of
994:and fire bombs are used by
327:troops during the siege of
156:burns with a purple flame.
10:
12955:
12348:M1696 French common musket
12012:Urbanski, Tadeusz (1967),
11994:Turnbull, Stephen (2003),
11984:Tran, Nhung Tuyet (2006),
11975:Swope, Kenneth M. (2013),
11814:Partington, J. R. (1999),
11363:Crosby, Alfred W. (2002),
7716:introduces the Model 1873
7378:Johann Nicolaus von Dreyse
6015:foundries start producing
5409:breech-loading swivel guns
5385:starts producing handheld
4888:breech-loading swivel guns
4391:barrels appear in Europe.
4245:mechanism is added to the
4152:shots until at least 1500
3859:Mounted infantry carrying
3445:are used in battle by the
3188:soldiers kill the king of
2423:", derived from the Greek
1802:garrisons set off a large
17:
12873:
12840:
12777:
12691:Byzantine rocket launcher
12671:
12609:
12465:Breech-loading swivel gun
12434:
12309:
12278:Puckle Μ1717 revolver gun
12153:
12125:
11923:New Principles of Gunnery
11921:Robins, Benjamin (1742),
11874:Petzal, David E. (2014),
11759:Nolan, Cathal J. (2006),
11690:Morillo, Stephen (2008),
11542:, Oxford University Press
11492:Johnson, Norman Gardner.
11457:Harding, Richard (1999),
11358:, Oxford University Press
8684:, pp. 250, 244, 149.
7143:are produced in Britain.
7095:England starts producing
7021:with resounding success.
6887:New Principles of Gunnery
6487:both on land and at sea.
6392:HMS Sovereign of the Seas
5563:Maurice, Prince of Orange
5248:Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia
5062:Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia
4276:is built at Querfurth in
3890:, is produced in Europe.
3695:
3039:are manufactured for the
2626:in their invasion of the
2193:Mongol invasions of Japan
1915:Mongol invasions of Japan
1861:The Middle East acquires
12301:Tu Huo Qiang hand cannon
12248:Meriam kecil hand cannon
12213:Heilongjiang hand cannon
12173:Bedil tumbak hand cannon
12039:Wagner, John A. (2006),
11708:Needham, Joseph (1980),
11673:McLachlan, Sean (2010),
11627:Lorge, Peter A. (2008),
11620:Warfare in China to 1600
11527:Journal of Asian History
11483:Hobson, John M. (2004),
7535:Elswick Ordnance Company
6866:Vertical cannon drilling
6815:England begins fielding
6407:HMS Royal Charles (1673)
5629:cavalry starts carrying
4917:, therefore winning the
4783:Japan acquires cannons.
4768:are dated to this year.
3925:are used as ammunition.
3592:Battle carts armed with
3521:against the army of the
3397:Battle of Nicopolis 1398
3115:Battle of Beverhoutsveld
1967:Heilongjiang hand cannon
1841:gunpowder storehouse at
1415:Heilongjiang hand cannon
474:A flamethrower from the
125:, by Taoist philosopher
12883:Category:Early firearms
12700:Fierce-fire Oil Cabinet
11929:Romane, Julian (2020),
11751:Nicolle, David (1990),
11600:Lidin, Olaf G. (2002),
11582:Liang, Jieming (2006),
11577:, Osprey Publisher Ltd.
11573:Konstam, Angus (2002),
11498:Encyclopædia Britannica
11345:Cowley, Robert (1993),
11325:Cocroft, Wayne (2000),
11307:Chase, Kenneth (2003),
11208:Arnold, Thomas (2001),
11160:Ágoston, Gábor (2008),
11152:Adle, Chahryar (2003),
9740:Lombard, Denys (1990).
9702:10.3406/arasi.1976.1103
7820:is invented in France.
7512:Volcanic Repeating Arms
6283:European forces attach
5930:are used in warfare by
5599:The first mention of a
5024:Composite metal cannons
4919:First Battle of Panipat
4510:siege of Constantinople
3555:Europe acquires bombs.
3465:by 1468 at the latest.
3412:Large-calibre artillery
3295:lan gu huo you shen pao
2965:is produced in Europe.
2784:Crouching-tiger cannons
2140:Cannon with trunnions,
1676:A display of miniature
1459:troops in destroying a
1386:troops in the siege of
1166:fleet off the shore of
1004:Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
784:Three hundred thousand
526:Rocket arrows from the
459:court and is rewarded.
257:Zhenyuan miaodao yaolüe
12287:Shou Chong hand cannon
12145:History of the firearm
12057:Watson, Peter (2006),
12025:, Brill Academic Pub,
11971:(3): 213–237 (226–228)
11961:(2): 153–173 (153–157)
11910:Reid, Anthony (1993),
11892:Purton, Peter (2010),
11647:Technology and Culture
11412:Easton, S. C. (1952),
11381:Curtis, W. S. (2014),
11354:Cressy, David (2013),
11271:Technology and Culture
11210:The Renaissance at War
7602:Richard Jordan Gatling
7246:are manufactured with
7031:Richard Jordan Gatling
6954:used by the troops of
5464:In Europe designs for
4249:, making it the first
3192:, Che Bong Nga, using
3122:play a decisive role.
2238:Breech loading cannons
1909:Bombs are employed by
1806:, killing themselves.
1556:acquires knowledge of
1240:A fire lance from the
509:A fire arrow from the
12733:rocket arrow launcher
12727:rocket arrow launcher
12711:Fire crow rocket bomb
12338:Che Dian Chong musket
12223:Huo Chong hand cannon
11998:, Osprey Publishing,
11946:Roy, Kaushik (2015),
11852:Perrin, Noel (1979),
11843:Pauly, Roger (2004),
11777:Norris, John (2003),
11618:Lorge, Peter (2005),
11565:Kinard, Jeff (2007),
11251:, Sutton Publishing,
11245:Brown, G. I. (1998),
10622:23 March 2011 at the
9527:Handgonne Faustbüchse
7740:20 July – 10 December
7627:starts production of
7582:, the first reliable
7537:starts producing the
7436:continue to be used.
6817:block trail carriages
6668:completely obsolete.
5269:army starts fielding
5141:hydraulic engineering
4635:hydraulic engineering
4502:Great Turkish Bombard
4123:Great Turkish Bombard
3357:shui di long wang pao
2744:army at the siege of
2704:Battle of Lake Poyang
2694:30 August – 4 October
2122:) as depicted in the
1779:cavalry in combating
1388:Qi Prefecture (Hubei)
1281:gain an iron casing.
282:is used for igniting
131:Jin dynasty (266–420)
45:Pre-gunpowder formula
18:Further information:
12919:History of chemistry
12904:Historical timelines
12720:Hale rocket launcher
12411:Spanish M1752 musket
12291:Tanegashima arquebus
12193:English horse pistol
12135:History of gunpowder
11937:Rose, Susan (2002),
11505:Kelly, Jack (2004),
11441:Grant, R.G. (2011),
11390:Earl, Brian (1978),
11212:, Cassell & Co,
7576:Benjamin Tyler Henry
7467:Claude-Étienne Minié
7404:Edward Alfred Cowper
7023:Benjamin Tyler Henry
7000:Claude-Étienne Minié
6843:are deployed by the
6479:completely displace
6422:HMS Britannia (1682)
5791:are used for war by
5441:In Europe explosive
5026:are produced in the
4943:is implemented with
4764:The earliest extant
4362:Henry VII of England
4088:James II of Scotland
3863:are employed by the
3573:wadding is added to
3424:limbers and caissons
3146:is implemented with
3065:are used in battle.
2786:are employed by the
1890:Europe acquires the
788:are produced by the
690:is mentioned in the
652:, also known as the
386:Gunpowder propelled
20:History of gunpowder
12739:(Chinese petroleum)
12630:Dardanelles bombard
12601:Wuwei Bronze Cannon
12553:Obusier de vaisseau
11796:2019dsgh.book.....P
11675:Medieval Handgonnes
11467:al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.
11461:, UCL Press Limited
11283:10.1353/tech.0.0051
9998:, pp. 103–104.
8812:, pp. 293–294.
8750:1987NYASA.500..153A
8711:, pp. 209–210.
8597:, pp. 173–174.
8504:, pp. 281–285.
8246:, pp. 118–124.
8095:, pp. 113–114.
6998:trigger mechanism.
6706:are outfitted with
6287:to their firearms.
6224:Storming of Bristol
6168:Shimabara Rebellion
5889:are trained in the
5486:Battle of Nagashino
5186:in the invasion of
4867:appears in Europe.
4708:Battle of Cerignola
3728:marriage ceremony.
3238:uses bombs against
2762:Vijayanagara Empire
2063:mercenaries deploy
1726:Battle of Xiangyang
1453:Thunder crash bombs
1407:Wuwei Bronze Cannon
1317:, and possibly the
1225:mobile trebuchets.
1162:fleet in sinking a
129:, who lived in the
98:Eastern Han dynasty
12769:Thunder crash bomb
12416:Springfield musket
12333:Charleville musket
12233:Istinggar arquebus
11735:The Gunpowder Epic
11396:Trevithick Society
11392:Cornish Explosives
9534:on 14 October 2016
9389:"Science in Korea"
7970:Major developments
7836:European countries
7428:firearms into the
7352:Casimir Lefaucheux
7293:continental Europe
6994:which replace the
6968:Major developments
6916:Late 18th century
6883:ballistic pendulum
6849:East India Company
6642:ballistic pendulum
6473:Major developments
5911:are introduced by
5769:Major developments
5538:appear in Europe.
5098:In Southeast Asia
4567:Major developments
4327:" cannons appear.
4125:is created in the
4004:Battle of Formigny
3989:appear in Europe.
3646:" cannons appear.
3408:Major developments
3383:Walter de Milemete
3211:In Europe mounted
3058:Battle of Chioggia
2949:" cannons appear.
2607:acquires rockets.
2240:appear in Europe.
2206:Major developments
2189:thunder crash bomb
2120:du wu shen yan pao
1455:" are employed by
1275:Major developments
1158:are employed by a
1063:Dazu Rock Carvings
1061:appears among the
1030:army returns with
920:Major developments
879:Gunpowder pot and
577:Major developments
272:Major developments
203:Major developments
86:text known as the
50:Major developments
12891:
12890:
12779:Firing mechanisms
12758:Petroleum naphtha
12663:Pumhart von Steyr
12626:Byzantine bombard
12528:Hu Dun Pao cannon
12328:Brown Bess musket
12032:978-90-04-16821-3
11966:Technikgeschichte
11956:Technikgeschichte
11903:978-1-84383-449-6
11896:, Boydell Press,
11803:Partington, J. R.
11733:, vol. V:7:
11701:978-0-07-052584-9
11638:978-0-521-60954-8
11558:978-0-8108-5503-8
11453:on 25 March 2004.
11416:, Basil Blackwell
11347:Experience of War
11201:978-0-691-13597-7
11171:978-0-521-60391-1
10160:, pp. 75–78.
9613:, pp. 20–21.
9064:, pp. 19–37.
8965:, pp. 79–80.
8860:, pp. 52–53.
8798:978-1-4728-0045-9
8672:, pp. 50–51.
8412:, pp. 33–34.
8347:, pp. 34–35.
8015:
8014:
7897:Dreyse needle gun
7854:
7853:
7382:Dreyse needle gun
7181:Jean Samuel Pauly
6855:
6854:
6845:Kingdom of Mysore
6498:Kingdom of Mysore
6394:, 102 guns, 1637.
6337:
6336:
6147:attempt to trade
5913:Gustavus Adolphus
5785:Gustavus Adolphus
5783:is introduced by
5741:star fort in 1593
5653:
5652:
5407:starts producing
5366:army in its use.
4554:Gukjo Orye Seorye
4440:
4439:
4409:Battle of Zonchio
4224:Bahmani Sultanate
4192:Cham–Annamese War
4119:large-calibre gun
4026:" is produced in
3884:large-calibre gun
3264:
3263:
3139:Ming–Mong Mao War
3012:starts producing
2963:large-calibre gun
2911:starts producing
2682:barrels aboard a
2624:Ayutthaya Kingdom
2071:
2070:
1229:
1228:
987:Jingkang Incident
796:
795:
463:
462:
371:appear in China.
264:
263:
195:
194:
12946:
12909:Medieval weapons
12563:Pierrier a boite
12296:Toradar arquebus
12243:Jiaozhi arquebus
12168:Bajozutsu pistol
12108:
12101:
12094:
12085:
12084:
12080:
12079:, ABC-CLIO, Inc.
12071:
12053:
12035:
12017:
12008:
11989:
11980:
11951:
11942:
11933:
11925:
11917:
11906:
11888:
11879:
11870:
11859:
11848:
11839:
11830:
11810:
11798:
11782:
11773:
11755:
11747:
11722:
11704:
11686:
11677:
11669:
11641:
11623:
11614:
11596:
11578:
11569:
11561:
11543:
11534:
11521:
11501:
11488:
11479:
11462:
11446:
11437:
11417:
11408:
11394:, Cornwall: The
11386:
11377:
11359:
11350:
11341:
11321:
11303:
11261:
11241:
11222:
11204:
11183:
11174:
11156:
11140:
11134:
11128:
11122:
11113:
11107:
11101:
11095:
11084:
11078:
11067:
11061:
11052:
11046:
11037:
11031:
11022:
11016:
11007:
11001:
10995:
10989:
10980:
10974:
10968:
10962:
10953:
10947:
10938:
10932:
10926:
10920:
10914:
10908:
10902:
10896:
10887:
10881:
10875:
10869:
10863:
10857:
10851:
10845:
10839:
10833:
10827:
10821:
10815:
10809:
10803:
10797:
10791:
10785:
10779:
10773:
10767:
10761:
10752:
10746:
10740:
10734:
10728:
10722:
10716:
10710:
10704:
10698:
10692:
10686:
10675:
10669:
10663:
10657:
10651:
10645:
10639:
10633:
10627:
10614:
10608:
10602:
10596:
10590:
10584:
10578:
10572:
10566:
10560:
10554:
10548:
10542:
10533:
10527:
10521:
10515:
10509:
10503:
10497:
10491:
10485:
10479:
10473:
10467:
10461:
10455:
10449:
10443:
10437:
10431:
10425:
10419:
10413:
10407:
10398:
10392:
10381:
10375:
10369:
10363:
10357:
10351:
10345:
10339:
10333:
10327:
10321:
10315:
10309:
10303:
10292:
10286:
10280:
10274:
10265:
10259:
10253:
10252:
10250:
10248:
10238:
10227:
10221:
10212:
10206:
10197:
10191:
10185:
10179:
10173:
10167:
10161:
10155:
10149:
10143:
10137:
10131:
10125:
10119:
10110:
10104:
10098:
10092:
10086:
10080:
10074:
10068:
10062:
10056:
10050:
10044:
10038:
10032:
10026:
10020:
10014:
10008:
9999:
9993:
9987:
9981:
9975:
9969:
9963:
9957:
9951:
9945:
9939:
9936:
9930:
9924:
9918:
9912:
9903:
9897:
9891:
9890:
9888:
9886:
9875:
9869:
9863:
9857:
9851:
9842:
9836:
9830:
9824:
9818:
9812:
9806:
9800:
9794:
9788:
9782:
9776:
9770:
9764:
9758:
9752:
9746:
9745:
9737:
9731:
9730:
9720:
9714:
9713:
9687:
9678:
9672:
9665:The China Review
9661:
9655:
9649:
9638:
9632:
9626:
9620:
9614:
9608:
9602:
9601:
9600:
9598:
9585:
9579:
9573:
9567:
9561:
9555:
9549:
9543:
9542:
9541:
9539:
9530:, archived from
9522:
9516:
9510:
9504:
9498:
9492:
9486:
9480:
9474:
9468:
9462:
9456:
9450:
9444:
9438:
9432:
9426:
9417:
9411:
9405:
9404:
9402:
9400:
9384:
9378:
9372:
9363:
9357:
9351:
9345:
9339:
9333:
9320:
9319:
9317:
9315:
9299:
9293:
9287:
9258:
9252:
9246:
9240:
9234:
9228:
9222:
9216:
9210:
9209:, pp. 9–10.
9204:
9198:
9192:
9186:
9180:
9174:
9168:
9159:
9153:
9144:
9138:
9132:
9126:
9120:
9114:
9108:
9102:
9089:
9083:
9077:
9071:
9065:
9059:
9053:
9047:
9038:
9032:
9021:
9015:
9004:
8998:
8992:
8991:
8972:
8966:
8960:
8954:
8948:
8939:
8933:
8927:
8921:
8912:
8906:
8900:
8894:
8885:
8879:
8873:
8867:
8861:
8855:
8849:
8843:
8837:
8831:
8825:
8819:
8813:
8807:
8801:
8787:
8781:
8775:
8769:
8768:
8730:
8724:
8718:
8712:
8706:
8700:
8694:
8685:
8679:
8673:
8667:
8661:
8655:
8649:
8643:
8634:
8628:
8622:
8616:
8610:
8604:
8598:
8592:
8586:
8580:
8574:
8568:
8559:
8553:
8544:
8538:
8532:
8526:
8517:
8511:
8505:
8499:
8493:
8487:
8478:
8472:
8466:
8460:
8454:
8448:
8442:
8436:
8425:
8419:
8413:
8407:
8401:
8395:
8389:
8383:
8377:
8371:
8360:
8354:
8348:
8342:
8336:
8330:
8324:
8318:
8312:
8311:
8304:
8298:
8292:
8286:
8280:
8274:
8268:
8259:
8253:
8247:
8241:
8235:
8232:
8226:
8220:
8207:
8201:
8192:
8186:
8180:
8174:
8168:
8162:
8156:
8150:
8144:
8141:
8135:
8129:
8120:
8114:
8108:
8102:
8096:
8090:
8084:
8078:
8072:
8066:
8060:
8057:Padmanabhan 2019
8054:
8005:Smokeless powder
7979:
7974:Smokeless powder
7954:
7940:
7926:
7916:Winchester rifle
7907:
7893:
7879:
7862:
7840:smokeless powder
7832:
7818:smokeless powder
7813:
7791:
7773:Smokeless powder
7769:
7755:repeating rifles
7745:
7729:
7718:Winchester rifle
7710:
7688:
7666:
7644:
7620:
7598:
7572:
7550:
7530:
7508:
7492:
7463:
7448:
7418:
7400:
7374:
7348:
7330:William Bickford
7326:
7307:
7285:
7262:
7240:
7218:
7200:
7177:
7155:
7141:Congreve rockets
7137:
7123:Mysorean rockets
7111:
7092:
7068:
7063:Smokeless powder
6980:Mysorean rockets
6976:Congreve rockets
6952:Mysorean rockets
6950:Illustration of
6947:
6934:soldier using a
6928:
6913:
6897:
6875:
6863:
6841:Mysorean rockets
6836:
6812:
6782:
6763:
6740:
6721:
6700:
6677:
6634:
6612:
6597:
6568:
6550:
6531:
6507:
6502:Mysorean rockets
6455:
6433:
6418:
6403:
6388:
6379:
6376:
6363:
6345:
6322:
6299:
6280:
6262:
6247:Ship of the line
6243:
6219:
6192:
6163:
6140:
6118:
6089:
6067:
6049:
6031:
6009:
5986:cavalry defeats
5974:
5946:
5924:
5909:Paper cartridges
5905:
5880:
5858:
5834:
5797:ship of the line
5750:
5735:
5723:
5709:
5691:
5676:
5661:
5642:
5623:
5596:
5577:
5551:
5532:
5510:
5481:
5461:
5438:
5423:
5401:
5378:
5343:
5328:
5309:
5285:
5262:
5244:
5229:
5211:
5199:
5179:
5159:
5133:
5111:
5095:
5080:
5058:
5042:
5020:
5000:Earliest dated "
4997:
4981:
4966:
4936:Battle of Mohács
4931:
4903:
4879:
4856:
4830:
4811:
4792:
4780:
4761:
4746:
4723:
4703:
4683:
4664:
4640:
4545:
4533:
4521:
4497:
4486:Bombard (weapon)
4478:
4463:
4448:
4425:
4404:
4384:
4358:
4339:
4320:
4304:
4292:
4269:
4238:
4215:
4187:
4164:
4141:
4114:
4099:
4084:
4061:
4042:
4019:
3999:
3983:
3971:
3953:Sejong the Great
3949:
3934:
3918:
3899:
3879:
3856:
3841:
3822:
3804:
3781:
3763:Lantern Festival
3758:
3740:
3721:
3703:
3681:
3658:
3639:
3627:
3612:
3589:
3567:
3552:
3534:
3519:rocket launchers
3511:
3492:
3468:
3443:Rocket launchers
3394:
3374:
3352:
3330:
3312:
3290:
3272:
3254:
3232:
3215:start employing
3208:
3182:
3167:
3134:
3110:
3093:
3081:for themselves.
3074:
3053:
3037:rocket launchers
3032:
3006:
2991:
2958:
2942:
2924:
2905:
2866:
2844:
2822:
2802:
2780:
2757:
2737:
2719:
2699:
2676:
2664:
2641:
2619:
2601:
2589:
2573:
2553:
2538:
2519:
2498:
2482:
2459:
2440:
2416:
2393:
2374:
2351:
2336:
2320:
2301:
2282:
2267:
2243:
2218:rocket launchers
2191:), dated to the
2173:
2153:
2137:
2115:
2097:
2079:
2067:during a siege.
2056:
2031:
2008:
1989:
1962:
1929:
1906:
1887:
1858:
1834:
1818:
1795:
1769:
1749:
1721:
1696:
1673:
1650:
1632:
1617:
1594:
1572:
1549:
1526:
1499:
1475:
1448:
1429:
1402:
1379:
1356:
1332:
1255:
1237:
1215:
1188:Battle of Caishi
1183:
1152:
1137:
1125:
1100:
1081:
1054:
1026:troops when the
1019:
982:
961:
937:
896:
876:
858:
840:
822:
804:
781:
754:
727:
708:
683:
665:
643:
624:
600:
559:
541:
523:
506:
489:
471:
452:
429:
402:
383:
365:
343:
317:
293:
254:The Taoist text
251:
232:
208:
168:
149:
121:, also known as
112:
79:
55:
39:smokeless powder
12954:
12953:
12949:
12948:
12947:
12945:
12944:
12943:
12894:
12893:
12892:
12887:
12869:
12836:
12773:
12743:Mysorean rocket
12695:Congreve rocket
12667:
12605:
12430:
12305:
12183:Combination gun
12149:
12121:
12119:thermal weapons
12112:
12069:
12051:
12033:
12006:
11904:
11868:
11828:
11771:
11745:
11727:Needham, Joseph
11720:
11702:
11694:, McGraw-Hill,
11659:10.2307/3105275
11639:
11612:
11594:
11559:
11519:
11511:, Basic Books,
11445:, DK Publishing
11435:
11406:
11375:
11339:
11319:
11293:
11259:
11238:
11220:
11202:
11172:
11148:
11143:
11135:
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11123:
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11104:
11096:
11087:
11079:
11070:
11062:
11055:
11047:
11040:
11032:
11025:
11017:
11010:
11002:
10998:
10990:
10983:
10975:
10971:
10963:
10956:
10948:
10941:
10933:
10929:
10921:
10917:
10909:
10905:
10897:
10890:
10882:
10878:
10870:
10866:
10858:
10854:
10846:
10842:
10834:
10830:
10822:
10818:
10810:
10806:
10798:
10794:
10786:
10782:
10774:
10770:
10762:
10755:
10747:
10743:
10735:
10731:
10723:
10719:
10711:
10707:
10699:
10695:
10687:
10678:
10670:
10666:
10658:
10654:
10646:
10642:
10634:
10630:
10624:Wayback Machine
10615:
10611:
10603:
10599:
10591:
10587:
10579:
10575:
10567:
10563:
10555:
10551:
10543:
10536:
10528:
10524:
10516:
10512:
10504:
10500:
10492:
10488:
10480:
10476:
10468:
10464:
10456:
10452:
10444:
10440:
10432:
10428:
10420:
10416:
10408:
10401:
10393:
10384:
10376:
10372:
10364:
10360:
10352:
10348:
10340:
10336:
10328:
10324:
10316:
10312:
10304:
10295:
10287:
10283:
10275:
10268:
10260:
10256:
10246:
10244:
10240:
10239:
10230:
10222:
10215:
10207:
10200:
10192:
10188:
10180:
10176:
10168:
10164:
10156:
10152:
10144:
10140:
10132:
10128:
10120:
10113:
10105:
10101:
10093:
10089:
10081:
10077:
10069:
10065:
10057:
10053:
10045:
10041:
10033:
10029:
10021:
10017:
10009:
10002:
9994:
9990:
9982:
9978:
9970:
9966:
9958:
9954:
9946:
9942:
9937:
9933:
9925:
9921:
9913:
9906:
9898:
9894:
9884:
9882:
9877:
9876:
9872:
9864:
9860:
9852:
9845:
9837:
9833:
9825:
9821:
9813:
9809:
9801:
9797:
9789:
9785:
9777:
9773:
9765:
9761:
9753:
9749:
9738:
9734:
9721:
9717:
9690:Arts Asiatiques
9685:
9679:
9675:
9662:
9658:
9650:
9641:
9633:
9629:
9621:
9617:
9609:
9605:
9596:
9594:
9593:, 14 April 2015
9587:
9586:
9582:
9574:
9570:
9562:
9558:
9550:
9546:
9537:
9535:
9524:
9523:
9519:
9511:
9507:
9499:
9495:
9487:
9483:
9475:
9471:
9463:
9459:
9451:
9447:
9439:
9435:
9427:
9420:
9412:
9408:
9398:
9396:
9385:
9381:
9373:
9366:
9358:
9354:
9346:
9342:
9334:
9323:
9313:
9311:
9300:
9296:
9288:
9261:
9253:
9249:
9241:
9237:
9229:
9225:
9217:
9213:
9205:
9201:
9193:
9189:
9181:
9177:
9169:
9162:
9154:
9147:
9139:
9135:
9127:
9123:
9115:
9111:
9103:
9092:
9084:
9080:
9072:
9068:
9060:
9056:
9048:
9041:
9033:
9024:
9016:
9007:
8999:
8995:
8988:
8974:
8973:
8969:
8961:
8957:
8949:
8942:
8934:
8930:
8922:
8915:
8907:
8903:
8895:
8888:
8880:
8876:
8868:
8864:
8856:
8852:
8844:
8840:
8832:
8828:
8820:
8816:
8808:
8804:
8788:
8784:
8776:
8772:
8731:
8727:
8719:
8715:
8707:
8703:
8695:
8688:
8682:Partington 1960
8680:
8676:
8668:
8664:
8656:
8652:
8644:
8637:
8629:
8625:
8617:
8613:
8605:
8601:
8593:
8589:
8581:
8577:
8571:Partington 1960
8569:
8562:
8554:
8547:
8539:
8535:
8527:
8520:
8512:
8508:
8500:
8496:
8488:
8481:
8473:
8469:
8461:
8457:
8449:
8445:
8437:
8428:
8420:
8416:
8408:
8404:
8396:
8392:
8384:
8380:
8372:
8363:
8355:
8351:
8343:
8339:
8331:
8327:
8319:
8315:
8306:
8305:
8301:
8293:
8289:
8281:
8277:
8269:
8262:
8254:
8250:
8242:
8238:
8233:
8229:
8221:
8210:
8202:
8195:
8187:
8183:
8175:
8171:
8163:
8159:
8151:
8147:
8142:
8138:
8130:
8123:
8117:Partington 1960
8115:
8111:
8103:
8099:
8091:
8087:
8079:
8075:
8067:
8063:
8055:
8051:
8047:
8020:
7967:
7960:
7955:
7946:
7941:
7932:
7927:
7918:
7908:
7899:
7894:
7885:
7880:
7871:
7863:
7830:
7811:
7789:
7767:
7750:Siege of Plevna
7743:
7727:
7708:
7686:
7664:
7642:
7629:percussion caps
7618:
7596:
7584:repeating rifle
7570:
7548:
7528:
7506:
7490:
7461:
7446:
7416:
7398:
7372:
7358:firearm with a
7346:
7324:
7305:
7283:
7260:
7238:
7226:percussion caps
7216:
7198:
7175:
7153:
7135:
7109:
7097:shrapnel shells
7090:
6992:percussion caps
6965:
6958:
6948:
6939:
6938:as a flag staff
6936:Mysorean rocket
6929:
6920:
6914:
6905:
6898:
6889:
6879:Benjamin Robins
6876:
6867:
6864:
6834:
6810:
6780:
6761:
6738:
6719:
6698:
6675:
6638:Benjamin Robins
6632:
6610:
6595:
6566:
6548:
6529:
6470:
6463:
6456:
6447:
6434:
6425:
6419:
6410:
6404:
6395:
6389:
6380:
6377:
6364:
6355:
6346:
6325:India acquires
6320:
6297:
6278:
6260:
6241:
6217:
6190:
6161:
6138:
6116:
6087:
6065:
6047:
6029:
6007:
5979:Battle of Sarhu
5972:
5944:
5922:
5903:
5878:
5856:
5781:paper cartridge
5766:
5759:
5751:
5742:
5736:
5727:
5724:
5715:
5710:
5701:
5692:
5683:
5677:
5668:
5662:
5640:
5621:
5594:
5575:
5549:
5530:
5508:
5479:
5468:are completed.
5459:
5436:
5421:
5399:
5376:
5355:describing the
5341:
5326:
5307:
5283:
5260:
5242:
5227:
5209:
5197:
5177:
5157:
5131:
5109:
5093:
5078:
5056:
5040:
5018:
4995:
4979:
4964:
4929:
4901:
4877:
4854:
4828:
4809:
4790:
4778:
4759:
4744:
4721:
4701:
4681:
4662:
4564:
4557:
4546:
4537:
4534:
4525:
4522:
4513:
4498:
4489:
4479:
4470:
4464:
4455:
4449:
4423:
4402:
4382:
4356:
4337:
4318:
4302:
4290:
4274:artillery tower
4267:
4236:
4213:
4185:
4162:
4139:
4112:
4097:
4082:
4065:Malwa Sultanate
4059:
4040:
4017:
3997:
3981:
3969:
3947:
3932:
3916:
3897:
3877:
3854:
3839:
3820:
3802:
3779:
3756:
3738:
3719:
3701:
3679:
3656:
3637:
3625:
3610:
3587:
3565:
3550:
3532:
3509:
3490:
3405:
3398:
3395:
3386:
3375:
3366:
3353:
3344:
3331:
3322:
3313:
3304:
3291:
3282:
3273:
3252:
3236:Delhi Sultanate
3230:
3206:
3180:
3165:
3132:
3108:
3091:
3072:
3051:
3030:
3004:
2989:
2956:
2940:
2922:
2903:
2864:
2842:
2820:
2800:
2778:
2755:
2735:
2717:
2697:
2674:
2662:
2639:
2617:
2599:
2587:
2571:
2551:
2536:
2517:
2503:Battle of Crécy
2496:
2480:
2457:
2438:
2414:
2391:
2372:
2358:army besieging
2349:
2334:
2318:
2299:
2280:
2265:
2203:
2196:
2174:
2165:
2154:
2145:
2138:
2129:
2116:
2107:
2098:
2089:
2080:
2054:
2029:
2006:
1987:
1960:
1927:
1904:
1885:
1871:Hasan al-Rammah
1856:
1832:
1816:
1793:
1767:
1747:
1719:
1694:
1671:
1648:
1638:History of Song
1630:
1615:
1592:
1570:
1547:
1524:
1497:
1473:
1446:
1427:
1400:
1377:
1354:
1272:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1213:
1181:
1150:
1135:
1123:
1098:
1079:
1052:
1017:
980:
959:
917:
910:
897:
888:
877:
868:
859:
850:
841:
832:
823:
814:
805:
779:
752:
725:
706:
681:
663:
641:
622:
574:
567:
560:
551:
542:
533:
524:
515:
507:
498:
490:
481:
472:
450:
427:
400:
381:
363:
341:
315:
269:
249:
230:
200:
166:
147:
110:
77:
47:
22:
12:
11:
5:
12952:
12942:
12941:
12939:Weapon history
12936:
12931:
12926:
12921:
12916:
12911:
12906:
12889:
12888:
12886:
12885:
12880:
12874:
12871:
12870:
12868:
12867:
12865:Wujing Zongyao
12862:
12857:
12852:
12846:
12844:
12838:
12837:
12835:
12834:
12829:
12827:Snap matchlock
12824:
12819:
12814:
12809:
12804:
12799:
12794:
12789:
12783:
12781:
12775:
12774:
12772:
12771:
12766:
12760:
12755:
12750:
12745:
12740:
12734:
12728:
12722:
12717:
12712:
12709:
12708:(rocket arrow)
12703:
12702:(flamethrower)
12697:
12692:
12689:
12682:
12680:
12669:
12668:
12666:
12665:
12660:
12657:
12652:
12647:
12642:
12637:
12632:
12627:
12624:
12619:
12613:
12611:
12607:
12606:
12604:
12603:
12598:
12593:
12588:
12583:
12580:
12575:
12570:
12565:
12560:
12555:
12550:
12545:
12540:
12535:
12530:
12525:
12520:
12515:
12510:
12505:
12500:
12495:
12490:
12485:
12480:
12475:
12470:
12467:
12462:
12457:
12452:
12447:
12441:
12439:
12432:
12431:
12429:
12428:
12423:
12418:
12413:
12408:
12406:Potzdam musket
12403:
12398:
12393:
12388:
12383:
12378:
12373:
12368:
12366:Jazayer musket
12363:
12358:
12355:
12350:
12345:
12340:
12335:
12330:
12325:
12319:
12317:
12307:
12306:
12304:
12303:
12298:
12293:
12288:
12285:
12280:
12275:
12270:
12265:
12260:
12255:
12250:
12245:
12240:
12235:
12230:
12225:
12220:
12215:
12210:
12205:
12200:
12195:
12190:
12185:
12180:
12175:
12170:
12165:
12159:
12157:
12151:
12150:
12148:
12147:
12142:
12140:Historiography
12137:
12132:
12126:
12123:
12122:
12115:Early firearms
12111:
12110:
12103:
12096:
12088:
12082:
12081:
12072:
12067:
12054:
12049:
12036:
12031:
12018:
12009:
12004:
11991:
11981:
11972:
11962:
11952:
11943:
11934:
11926:
11918:
11907:
11902:
11889:
11887:, Notion Press
11880:
11871:
11866:
11849:
11840:
11831:
11826:
11811:
11799:
11783:
11774:
11769:
11756:
11748:
11743:
11723:
11718:
11705:
11700:
11687:
11678:
11670:
11653:(3): 594–605,
11642:
11637:
11624:
11615:
11610:
11597:
11592:
11579:
11570:
11562:
11557:
11544:
11535:
11522:
11517:
11502:
11489:
11480:
11463:
11454:
11447:
11438:
11433:
11418:
11409:
11404:
11387:
11378:
11373:
11360:
11351:
11342:
11337:
11322:
11317:
11304:
11291:
11262:
11257:
11242:
11236:
11223:
11218:
11205:
11200:
11188:Andrade, Tonio
11184:
11175:
11170:
11157:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11141:
11139:, p. 232.
11129:
11127:, p. 294.
11114:
11112:, p. 467.
11102:
11100:, p. 202.
11085:
11081:Willbanks 2004
11068:
11064:Willbanks 2004
11053:
11051:, p. 544.
11038:
11034:Willbanks 2004
11023:
11021:, p. 537.
11008:
11006:, p. 123.
10996:
10994:, p. 465.
10981:
10979:, p. 134.
10969:
10965:Willbanks 2004
10954:
10950:Willbanks 2004
10939:
10937:, p. 121.
10927:
10925:, p. 119.
10915:
10913:, p. 126.
10903:
10901:, p. 518.
10888:
10886:, p. 109.
10876:
10874:, p. 252.
10864:
10862:, p. 116.
10852:
10850:, p. 115.
10840:
10828:
10816:
10814:, p. 107.
10804:
10802:, p. 201.
10792:
10790:, p. 413.
10780:
10778:, p. 137.
10768:
10766:, p. 410.
10753:
10741:
10729:
10727:, p. 262.
10717:
10705:
10703:, p. 469.
10693:
10691:, p. 412.
10676:
10674:, p. 204.
10664:
10662:, p. 212.
10652:
10650:, p. 535.
10640:
10638:, p. 187.
10628:
10609:
10607:, p. 132.
10597:
10595:, p. 183.
10585:
10583:, p. 456.
10573:
10561:
10549:
10547:, p. 444.
10534:
10532:, p. 148.
10522:
10520:, p. 145.
10510:
10498:
10496:, p. 205.
10486:
10484:, p. 202.
10474:
10472:, p. 174.
10462:
10460:, p. 380.
10450:
10438:
10436:, p. 173.
10426:
10414:
10412:, p. 429.
10399:
10397:, p. 428.
10382:
10380:, p. 171.
10370:
10358:
10346:
10334:
10332:, p. 543.
10322:
10310:
10308:, p. 169.
10293:
10281:
10266:
10264:, p. 457.
10254:
10228:
10226:, p. 334.
10213:
10211:, p. 201.
10198:
10186:
10174:
10172:, p. 149.
10162:
10150:
10148:, p. 107.
10138:
10126:
10124:, p. 141.
10111:
10109:, p. 430.
10099:
10097:, p. 140.
10087:
10085:, p. 167.
10075:
10073:, p. 131.
10063:
10051:
10039:
10027:
10015:
10000:
9988:
9976:
9964:
9952:
9950:, p. 202.
9940:
9931:
9929:, p. 131.
9919:
9917:, p. 392.
9904:
9892:
9870:
9858:
9843:
9841:, p. 211.
9831:
9829:, p. 164.
9819:
9807:
9805:, p. 411.
9795:
9793:, p. 106.
9783:
9771:
9759:
9747:
9732:
9715:
9673:
9656:
9654:, p. 390.
9639:
9637:, p. 264.
9627:
9625:, p. 425.
9615:
9603:
9580:
9578:, p. 311.
9568:
9566:, p. 400.
9556:
9552:Willbanks 2004
9544:
9517:
9515:, p. 185.
9505:
9503:, p. 260.
9493:
9481:
9477:McLachlan 2010
9469:
9467:, p. 157.
9457:
9445:
9433:
9431:, p. 516.
9418:
9416:, p. 173.
9406:
9379:
9364:
9362:, p. 289.
9352:
9340:
9321:
9294:
9259:
9257:, p. 296.
9247:
9245:, p. 105.
9235:
9233:, p. 110.
9223:
9221:, p. 313.
9211:
9199:
9197:, p. 366.
9187:
9175:
9160:
9158:, p. 201.
9145:
9133:
9131:, p. 323.
9121:
9119:, p. 463.
9109:
9107:, p. 466.
9090:
9088:, p. 144.
9078:
9066:
9054:
9039:
9037:, p. 514.
9022:
9005:
9001:McLachlan 2010
8993:
8986:
8967:
8955:
8940:
8928:
8913:
8911:, p. 319.
8901:
8886:
8884:, p. 115.
8874:
8862:
8850:
8848:, p. 220.
8838:
8836:, p. 293.
8826:
8814:
8802:
8782:
8770:
8744:(1): 153–66 ,
8734:Ahmad Y Hassan
8725:
8723:, p. 259.
8713:
8701:
8699:, p. 267.
8686:
8674:
8662:
8660:, p. 228.
8650:
8648:, p. 227.
8635:
8623:
8611:
8609:, p. 509.
8599:
8587:
8575:
8573:, p. 246.
8560:
8545:
8543:, p. 511.
8533:
8518:
8506:
8494:
8479:
8477:, p. 230.
8467:
8465:, p. 330.
8455:
8443:
8426:
8414:
8402:
8390:
8388:, p. 222.
8378:
8361:
8349:
8337:
8325:
8313:
8299:
8287:
8285:, p. 154.
8275:
8260:
8258:, p. 138.
8248:
8236:
8227:
8208:
8206:, p. 148.
8193:
8181:
8169:
8157:
8145:
8136:
8121:
8119:, p. 286.
8109:
8097:
8085:
8073:
8071:, p. 220.
8061:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8042:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8019:
8016:
8013:
8012:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7993:
7992:
7989:
7986:
7983:
7966:
7963:
7962:
7961:
7956:
7949:
7947:
7942:
7935:
7933:
7928:
7921:
7919:
7909:
7902:
7900:
7895:
7888:
7886:
7881:
7874:
7872:
7866:Percussion cap
7864:
7857:
7852:
7851:
7838:transition to
7833:
7828:
7826:
7822:
7821:
7814:
7809:
7807:
7803:
7802:
7792:
7787:
7785:
7781:
7780:
7770:
7765:
7763:
7759:
7758:
7746:
7741:
7738:
7734:
7733:
7730:
7725:
7722:
7721:
7711:
7706:
7704:
7700:
7699:
7689:
7684:
7682:
7678:
7677:
7667:
7662:
7660:
7656:
7655:
7645:
7640:
7637:
7636:
7621:
7616:
7614:
7610:
7609:
7599:
7594:
7592:
7588:
7587:
7573:
7568:
7566:
7562:
7561:
7551:
7546:
7543:
7542:
7531:
7526:
7524:
7520:
7519:
7509:
7504:
7501:
7500:
7493:
7488:
7486:
7482:
7481:
7464:
7459:
7457:
7453:
7452:
7449:
7444:
7442:
7438:
7437:
7419:
7414:
7412:
7408:
7407:
7401:
7396:
7394:
7390:
7389:
7386:breech loading
7375:
7370:
7368:
7364:
7363:
7356:breech loading
7349:
7344:
7342:
7338:
7337:
7327:
7322:
7320:
7316:
7315:
7312:percussion cap
7308:
7303:
7301:
7297:
7296:
7286:
7281:
7279:
7275:
7274:
7267:percussion cap
7263:
7258:
7256:
7252:
7251:
7241:
7236:
7234:
7230:
7229:
7219:
7214:
7212:
7208:
7207:
7201:
7196:
7193:
7192:
7178:
7173:
7171:
7167:
7166:
7156:
7151:
7149:
7145:
7144:
7138:
7133:
7131:
7127:
7126:
7112:
7107:
7105:
7101:
7100:
7093:
7088:
7086:
7082:
7081:
7078:
7075:
7072:
6964:
6961:
6960:
6959:
6949:
6942:
6940:
6930:
6923:
6921:
6915:
6908:
6906:
6899:
6892:
6890:
6881:describes the
6877:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6858:
6853:
6852:
6837:
6832:
6829:
6825:
6824:
6819:, invented by
6813:
6808:
6806:
6802:
6801:
6783:
6778:
6776:
6772:
6771:
6764:
6759:
6757:
6753:
6752:
6745:roller bearing
6741:
6736:
6734:
6730:
6729:
6722:
6717:
6715:
6711:
6710:
6701:
6696:
6694:
6690:
6689:
6678:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6646:
6645:
6635:
6630:
6628:
6624:
6623:
6613:
6608:
6606:
6602:
6601:
6598:
6593:
6591:
6587:
6586:
6580:breech loading
6569:
6564:
6562:
6558:
6557:
6551:
6546:
6544:
6540:
6539:
6532:
6527:
6525:
6521:
6520:
6517:
6514:
6511:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6462:from the 1650s
6457:
6450:
6448:
6435:
6428:
6426:
6420:
6413:
6411:
6405:
6398:
6396:
6390:
6383:
6381:
6365:
6358:
6356:
6347:
6340:
6335:
6334:
6323:
6318:
6316:
6312:
6311:
6300:
6295:
6293:
6289:
6288:
6281:
6276:
6274:
6270:
6269:
6263:
6258:
6255:
6251:
6250:
6244:
6239:
6237:
6233:
6232:
6220:
6215:
6212:
6208:
6207:
6193:
6188:
6185:
6181:
6180:
6164:
6159:
6157:
6153:
6152:
6141:
6136:
6134:
6130:
6129:
6119:
6114:
6112:
6108:
6107:
6090:
6085:
6083:
6079:
6078:
6068:
6063:
6061:
6057:
6056:
6050:
6045:
6043:
6039:
6038:
6032:
6027:
6025:
6021:
6020:
6010:
6005:
6003:
5999:
5998:
5975:
5970:
5967:
5963:
5962:
5947:
5942:
5940:
5936:
5935:
5925:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5906:
5901:
5899:
5895:
5894:
5881:
5876:
5874:
5870:
5869:
5859:
5854:
5852:
5848:
5847:
5844:
5841:
5838:
5775:spread across
5765:
5762:
5761:
5760:
5752:
5745:
5743:
5737:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5718:
5716:
5711:
5704:
5702:
5693:
5686:
5684:
5678:
5671:
5669:
5663:
5656:
5651:
5650:
5643:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5624:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5612:
5603:occurs in the
5597:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5578:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5566:
5552:
5547:
5544:
5540:
5539:
5533:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5521:
5514:Trigger guards
5511:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5497:troops employ
5482:
5477:
5474:
5470:
5469:
5462:
5457:
5455:
5451:
5450:
5439:
5434:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5424:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5412:
5402:
5397:
5395:
5391:
5390:
5387:breech-loading
5379:
5374:
5372:
5368:
5367:
5349:publishes his
5344:
5339:
5337:
5333:
5332:
5329:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5310:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5286:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5274:
5263:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5251:
5245:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5230:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5218:
5212:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5200:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5180:
5175:
5172:
5168:
5167:
5160:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5134:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5122:
5112:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5096:
5094:Southeast Asia
5091:
5088:
5087:
5081:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5059:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5047:breech-loading
5043:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5031:
5021:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5009:
4998:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4982:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4955:
4932:
4927:
4923:
4922:
4904:
4899:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4880:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4857:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4831:
4829:Southeast Asia
4826:
4824:
4820:
4819:
4812:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4793:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4781:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4769:
4762:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4747:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4735:
4724:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4712:
4704:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4684:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4665:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4599:Dutch Republic
4563:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4547:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4516:
4514:
4506:Ottoman Empire
4504:, used by the
4499:
4492:
4490:
4488:built in 1449.
4480:
4473:
4471:
4465:
4458:
4456:
4452:Breech loading
4450:
4443:
4438:
4437:
4426:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4414:Breech-loading
4405:
4400:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4385:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4373:
4364:'s ships, the
4359:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4340:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4321:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4305:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4270:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4239:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4216:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4188:
4186:Southeast Asia
4183:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4169:shoulder stock
4165:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4153:
4142:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4127:Ottoman Empire
4115:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4085:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4062:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4043:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4020:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3984:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3950:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3919:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3900:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3880:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3857:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3827:Yongle Emperor
3823:
3821:Southeast Asia
3818:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3805:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3782:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3759:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3741:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3722:
3720:Southeast Asia
3717:
3714:
3713:
3704:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3682:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3659:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3640:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3613:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3590:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3568:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3535:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3523:Yongle Emperor
3512:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3495:In Europe the
3493:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3420:Ottoman Empire
3404:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3389:
3387:
3376:
3369:
3367:
3354:
3347:
3345:
3332:
3325:
3323:
3314:
3307:
3305:
3292:
3285:
3283:
3274:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3255:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3233:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3209:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3183:
3181:Southeast Asia
3178:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3135:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3094:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3075:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3033:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2961:A 900 kg
2959:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2943:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2925:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2823:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2803:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2758:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2723:Breech loading
2720:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2686:ship explode.
2677:
2675:Southeast Asia
2672:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2620:
2618:Southeast Asia
2615:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2602:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2574:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2554:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2499:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2441:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2175:
2168:
2166:
2155:
2148:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2130:
2117:
2110:
2108:
2099:
2092:
2090:
2081:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1988:Southeast Asia
1985:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1733:are used by a
1722:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1680:frightens the
1674:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1661:and Yingzhou.
1651:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1315:Southeast Asia
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1257:
1250:
1248:
1239:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1184:
1179:
1178:26–27 November
1176:
1172:
1171:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1105:Siege of De'an
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1007:
983:
978:
975:
971:
970:
962:
957:
955:
951:
950:
947:
944:
941:
916:
913:
912:
911:
898:
891:
889:
878:
871:
869:
864:Wujing Zongyao
860:
853:
851:
846:Wujing Zongyao
842:
835:
833:
828:Wujing Zongyao
824:
817:
815:
810:Wujing Zongyao
806:
799:
794:
793:
782:
777:
775:
771:
770:
755:
750:
748:
744:
743:
728:
723:
721:
717:
716:
709:
704:
702:
698:
697:
693:Wujing Zongyao
684:
679:
676:
675:
671:Wujing Zongyao
666:
661:
658:
657:
649:Wujing Zongyao
644:
639:
637:
633:
632:
625:
620:
618:
614:
613:
610:
607:
604:
582:Wujing Zongyao
573:
570:
569:
568:
561:
554:
552:
543:
536:
534:
525:
518:
516:
508:
501:
499:
491:
484:
482:
477:Wujing Zongyao
473:
466:
461:
460:
453:
448:
446:
442:
441:
430:
425:
423:
419:
418:
403:
398:
396:
392:
391:
384:
379:
377:
373:
372:
366:
361:
359:
355:
354:
344:
339:
337:
333:
332:
318:
313:
311:
307:
306:
303:
300:
297:
284:flame throwers
268:
265:
262:
261:
252:
247:
245:
241:
240:
233:
228:
226:
222:
221:
218:
215:
212:
199:
196:
193:
192:
169:
164:
162:
158:
157:
150:
145:
143:
139:
138:
113:
108:
106:
102:
101:
80:
75:
73:
69:
68:
65:
62:
59:
46:
43:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12951:
12940:
12937:
12935:
12932:
12930:
12927:
12925:
12922:
12920:
12917:
12915:
12912:
12910:
12907:
12905:
12902:
12901:
12899:
12884:
12881:
12879:
12876:
12875:
12872:
12866:
12863:
12861:
12858:
12856:
12855:Jixiao Xinshu
12853:
12851:
12848:
12847:
12845:
12843:
12839:
12833:
12830:
12828:
12825:
12823:
12820:
12818:
12815:
12813:
12810:
12808:
12807:Miquelet lock
12805:
12803:
12800:
12798:
12795:
12793:
12790:
12788:
12785:
12784:
12782:
12780:
12776:
12770:
12767:
12764:
12761:
12759:
12756:
12754:
12751:
12749:
12746:
12744:
12741:
12738:
12735:
12732:
12729:
12726:
12723:
12721:
12718:
12716:
12713:
12710:
12707:
12704:
12701:
12698:
12696:
12693:
12690:
12687:
12684:
12683:
12681:
12679:
12675:
12670:
12664:
12661:
12659:Orban bombard
12658:
12656:
12653:
12651:
12648:
12646:
12643:
12641:
12638:
12636:
12633:
12631:
12628:
12625:
12623:
12620:
12618:
12615:
12614:
12612:
12608:
12602:
12599:
12597:
12594:
12592:
12589:
12587:
12584:
12581:
12579:
12576:
12574:
12571:
12569:
12566:
12564:
12561:
12559:
12556:
12554:
12551:
12549:
12546:
12544:
12541:
12539:
12536:
12534:
12533:Korean cannon
12531:
12529:
12526:
12524:
12521:
12519:
12516:
12514:
12511:
12509:
12506:
12504:
12501:
12499:
12496:
12494:
12491:
12489:
12486:
12484:
12481:
12479:
12476:
12474:
12471:
12468:
12466:
12463:
12461:
12458:
12456:
12453:
12451:
12448:
12446:
12443:
12442:
12440:
12438:
12433:
12427:
12424:
12422:
12419:
12417:
12414:
12412:
12409:
12407:
12404:
12402:
12399:
12397:
12394:
12392:
12389:
12387:
12384:
12382:
12381:Kabyle musket
12379:
12377:
12374:
12372:
12371:Jezail musket
12369:
12367:
12364:
12362:
12359:
12356:
12354:
12351:
12349:
12346:
12344:
12341:
12339:
12336:
12334:
12331:
12329:
12326:
12324:
12321:
12320:
12318:
12316:
12312:
12308:
12302:
12299:
12297:
12294:
12292:
12289:
12286:
12284:
12281:
12279:
12276:
12274:
12271:
12269:
12266:
12264:
12261:
12259:
12256:
12254:
12251:
12249:
12246:
12244:
12241:
12239:
12238:Java arquebus
12236:
12234:
12231:
12229:
12226:
12224:
12221:
12219:
12218:Howdah pistol
12216:
12214:
12211:
12209:
12206:
12204:
12201:
12199:
12196:
12194:
12191:
12189:
12186:
12184:
12181:
12179:
12176:
12174:
12171:
12169:
12166:
12164:
12161:
12160:
12158:
12156:
12152:
12146:
12143:
12141:
12138:
12136:
12133:
12131:
12128:
12127:
12124:
12120:
12116:
12109:
12104:
12102:
12097:
12095:
12090:
12089:
12086:
12078:
12073:
12070:
12068:0-06-093564-2
12064:
12060:
12055:
12052:
12050:0-313-32736-X
12046:
12042:
12037:
12034:
12028:
12024:
12019:
12015:
12010:
12007:
12005:1-84176-478-7
12001:
11997:
11992:
11987:
11982:
11978:
11973:
11970:
11967:
11963:
11960:
11957:
11953:
11949:
11944:
11940:
11935:
11932:
11927:
11924:
11919:
11915:
11914:
11908:
11905:
11899:
11895:
11890:
11886:
11881:
11877:
11872:
11869:
11867:0-87923-773-2
11863:
11858:
11857:
11850:
11846:
11841:
11837:
11832:
11829:
11827:0-8018-5954-9
11823:
11819:
11818:
11812:
11808:
11804:
11800:
11797:
11793:
11789:
11784:
11780:
11775:
11772:
11770:0-313-33733-0
11766:
11762:
11757:
11754:
11749:
11746:
11744:0-521-30358-3
11740:
11736:
11732:
11728:
11724:
11721:
11719:0-521-08573-X
11715:
11711:
11706:
11703:
11697:
11693:
11688:
11684:
11679:
11676:
11671:
11668:
11664:
11660:
11656:
11652:
11648:
11643:
11640:
11634:
11630:
11625:
11621:
11616:
11613:
11607:
11603:
11598:
11595:
11593:981-05-5380-3
11589:
11585:
11580:
11576:
11571:
11568:
11563:
11560:
11554:
11550:
11545:
11541:
11536:
11532:
11528:
11523:
11520:
11518:0-465-03718-6
11514:
11510:
11509:
11503:
11499:
11495:
11490:
11486:
11481:
11478:
11477:
11472:
11468:
11464:
11460:
11455:
11452:
11448:
11444:
11439:
11436:
11434:0-521-43519-6
11430:
11426:
11425:
11419:
11415:
11410:
11407:
11405:0-904040-13-5
11401:
11397:
11393:
11388:
11384:
11379:
11376:
11374:0-521-79158-8
11370:
11366:
11361:
11357:
11352:
11348:
11343:
11340:
11338:1-85074-718-0
11334:
11330:
11329:
11323:
11320:
11318:0-521-82274-2
11314:
11310:
11305:
11302:
11298:
11294:
11292:0-7546-5259-9
11288:
11284:
11280:
11276:
11272:
11268:
11263:
11260:
11258:0-7509-1878-0
11254:
11250:
11249:
11243:
11239:
11237:1-57747-079-6
11233:
11229:
11224:
11221:
11219:0-304-35270-5
11215:
11211:
11206:
11203:
11197:
11193:
11189:
11185:
11181:
11176:
11173:
11167:
11163:
11158:
11155:
11150:
11149:
11138:
11133:
11126:
11121:
11119:
11111:
11106:
11099:
11094:
11092:
11090:
11083:, p. 17.
11082:
11077:
11075:
11073:
11066:, p. 12.
11065:
11060:
11058:
11050:
11045:
11043:
11036:, p. 15.
11035:
11030:
11028:
11020:
11015:
11013:
11005:
11000:
10993:
10988:
10986:
10978:
10973:
10967:, p. 11.
10966:
10961:
10959:
10952:, p. 14.
10951:
10946:
10944:
10936:
10931:
10924:
10919:
10912:
10907:
10900:
10895:
10893:
10885:
10880:
10873:
10868:
10861:
10856:
10849:
10844:
10837:
10832:
10825:
10820:
10813:
10808:
10801:
10796:
10789:
10784:
10777:
10772:
10765:
10760:
10758:
10751:
10745:
10739:, p. 38.
10738:
10733:
10726:
10721:
10714:
10709:
10702:
10697:
10690:
10685:
10683:
10681:
10673:
10668:
10661:
10656:
10649:
10644:
10637:
10632:
10625:
10621:
10618:
10613:
10606:
10601:
10594:
10589:
10582:
10577:
10571:, p. 99.
10570:
10565:
10559:, p. 96.
10558:
10553:
10546:
10541:
10539:
10531:
10526:
10519:
10514:
10507:
10502:
10495:
10490:
10483:
10478:
10471:
10466:
10459:
10454:
10448:, p. 33.
10447:
10442:
10435:
10430:
10424:, p. 72.
10423:
10418:
10411:
10406:
10404:
10396:
10391:
10389:
10387:
10379:
10374:
10368:, p. 74.
10367:
10362:
10356:, p. 33.
10355:
10350:
10343:
10338:
10331:
10326:
10320:, p. 98.
10319:
10314:
10307:
10302:
10300:
10298:
10291:, p. 71.
10290:
10285:
10279:, p. 69.
10278:
10273:
10271:
10263:
10258:
10243:
10237:
10235:
10233:
10225:
10220:
10218:
10210:
10205:
10203:
10196:, p. 45.
10195:
10190:
10184:, p. 75.
10183:
10178:
10171:
10166:
10159:
10154:
10147:
10142:
10136:, p. 76.
10135:
10130:
10123:
10118:
10116:
10108:
10103:
10096:
10091:
10084:
10079:
10072:
10067:
10061:, p. 88.
10060:
10055:
10048:
10043:
10037:, p. 96.
10036:
10031:
10025:, p. 10.
10024:
10019:
10013:, p. 54.
10012:
10007:
10005:
9997:
9992:
9986:, p. 37.
9985:
9980:
9973:
9968:
9962:, p. 32.
9961:
9956:
9949:
9944:
9935:
9928:
9923:
9916:
9911:
9909:
9902:, p. 51.
9901:
9896:
9880:
9874:
9868:, p. 61.
9867:
9862:
9856:, p. 66.
9855:
9850:
9848:
9840:
9835:
9828:
9823:
9817:, p. 37.
9816:
9811:
9804:
9799:
9792:
9787:
9781:, p. 52.
9780:
9775:
9769:, p. 68.
9768:
9763:
9757:, p. 61.
9756:
9751:
9743:
9736:
9728:
9727:
9719:
9711:
9707:
9703:
9699:
9695:
9691:
9684:
9677:
9670:
9666:
9660:
9653:
9648:
9646:
9644:
9636:
9631:
9624:
9619:
9612:
9611:Turnbull 2003
9607:
9592:
9591:
9584:
9577:
9572:
9565:
9560:
9553:
9548:
9533:
9529:
9528:
9521:
9514:
9509:
9502:
9497:
9491:, p. 75.
9490:
9485:
9479:, p. 20.
9478:
9473:
9466:
9461:
9455:, p. 58.
9454:
9449:
9443:, p. 15.
9442:
9437:
9430:
9425:
9423:
9415:
9410:
9394:
9390:
9383:
9377:, p. 35.
9376:
9371:
9369:
9361:
9356:
9350:, p. 34.
9349:
9344:
9338:, p. 53.
9337:
9332:
9330:
9328:
9326:
9309:
9305:
9298:
9291:
9290:Phillips 2016
9286:
9284:
9282:
9280:
9278:
9276:
9274:
9272:
9270:
9268:
9266:
9264:
9256:
9251:
9244:
9239:
9232:
9227:
9220:
9215:
9208:
9203:
9196:
9191:
9185:, p. 60.
9184:
9179:
9173:, p. 66.
9172:
9167:
9165:
9157:
9152:
9150:
9143:, p. 63.
9142:
9137:
9130:
9125:
9118:
9113:
9106:
9101:
9099:
9097:
9095:
9087:
9082:
9076:, p. 83.
9075:
9070:
9063:
9058:
9052:, p. 32.
9051:
9046:
9044:
9036:
9031:
9029:
9027:
9020:, p. ix.
9019:
9014:
9012:
9010:
9002:
8997:
8989:
8987:9781135459321
8983:
8979:
8978:
8971:
8964:
8959:
8953:, p. 75.
8952:
8947:
8945:
8938:, p. 76.
8937:
8932:
8926:, p. 29.
8925:
8920:
8918:
8910:
8905:
8899:, p. 59.
8898:
8893:
8891:
8883:
8878:
8872:, p. 45.
8871:
8866:
8859:
8854:
8847:
8842:
8835:
8830:
8824:, p. 32.
8823:
8818:
8811:
8806:
8799:
8795:
8791:
8786:
8780:, p. 23.
8779:
8774:
8767:
8763:
8759:
8755:
8751:
8747:
8743:
8739:
8735:
8729:
8722:
8717:
8710:
8705:
8698:
8693:
8691:
8683:
8678:
8671:
8666:
8659:
8654:
8647:
8642:
8640:
8633:, p. 25.
8632:
8627:
8621:, p. 58.
8620:
8615:
8608:
8603:
8596:
8591:
8585:, p. 18.
8584:
8579:
8572:
8567:
8565:
8558:, p. 51.
8557:
8552:
8550:
8542:
8537:
8531:, p. 22.
8530:
8525:
8523:
8516:, p. 47.
8515:
8510:
8503:
8498:
8492:, p. 46.
8491:
8486:
8484:
8476:
8471:
8464:
8459:
8453:, p. 42.
8452:
8447:
8441:, p. 39.
8440:
8435:
8433:
8431:
8424:, p. 40.
8423:
8418:
8411:
8406:
8400:, p. 31.
8399:
8394:
8387:
8382:
8376:, p. 38.
8375:
8370:
8368:
8366:
8358:
8353:
8346:
8341:
8335:, p. 34.
8334:
8329:
8322:
8317:
8309:
8303:
8296:
8291:
8284:
8279:
8273:, p. 41.
8272:
8267:
8265:
8257:
8252:
8245:
8240:
8231:
8225:, p. 32.
8224:
8219:
8217:
8215:
8213:
8205:
8200:
8198:
8190:
8185:
8179:, p. 35.
8178:
8173:
8167:, p. 85.
8166:
8161:
8155:, p. 31.
8154:
8149:
8140:
8134:, p. 32.
8133:
8128:
8126:
8118:
8113:
8107:, p. 97.
8106:
8101:
8094:
8089:
8083:, p. 74.
8082:
8077:
8070:
8065:
8059:, p. 59.
8058:
8053:
8049:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8021:
8010:
8006:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7994:
7990:
7987:
7984:
7981:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7971:
7959:
7953:
7948:
7945:
7939:
7934:
7931:
7930:Armstrong gun
7925:
7920:
7917:
7913:
7906:
7901:
7898:
7892:
7887:
7884:
7878:
7873:
7870:
7867:
7861:
7856:
7855:
7849:
7845:
7841:
7837:
7834:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7823:
7819:
7815:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7804:
7800:
7796:
7793:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7782:
7778:
7774:
7771:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7760:
7756:
7752:
7751:
7747:
7742:
7739:
7736:
7735:
7731:
7726:
7724:
7723:
7719:
7715:
7712:
7707:
7705:
7701:
7697:
7693:
7690:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7679:
7675:
7671:
7668:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7646:
7641:
7639:
7638:
7634:
7630:
7626:
7622:
7617:
7615:
7611:
7607:
7603:
7600:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7589:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7574:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7563:
7559:
7555:
7552:
7547:
7545:
7544:
7540:
7539:Armstrong Gun
7536:
7532:
7527:
7525:
7521:
7517:
7513:
7510:
7505:
7503:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7489:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7476:
7472:
7468:
7465:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7454:
7450:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7439:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7423:
7420:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7409:
7405:
7402:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7376:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7350:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7328:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7298:
7294:
7290:
7287:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7276:
7272:
7268:
7264:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7253:
7249:
7248:bouched vents
7245:
7242:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7220:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7209:
7205:
7204:Joseph Manton
7202:
7197:
7195:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7179:
7174:
7172:
7168:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7142:
7139:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7128:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7113:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7083:
7079:
7076:
7073:
7070:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7013:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6974:develops the
6973:
6969:
6957:
6953:
6946:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6927:
6922:
6919:
6912:
6907:
6903:
6896:
6891:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6874:
6869:
6862:
6857:
6856:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6833:
6830:
6827:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6784:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6712:
6709:
6705:
6702:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6667:
6666:horse archers
6663:
6662:composite bow
6660:overtake the
6659:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6636:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6614:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6603:
6599:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6584:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6570:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6555:
6552:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6522:
6518:
6515:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6461:
6454:
6449:
6445:
6444:
6439:
6432:
6427:
6423:
6417:
6412:
6408:
6402:
6397:
6393:
6387:
6382:
6372:
6368:
6362:
6357:
6353:
6350:
6344:
6339:
6338:
6332:
6331:Mughal Empire
6328:
6324:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6267:
6264:
6259:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6248:
6245:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6225:
6221:
6216:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6194:
6189:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6169:
6165:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6120:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6105:
6104:Zheng Zhilong
6101:
6100:sailing ships
6098:
6094:
6091:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6069:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6051:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6036:
6033:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6011:
6006:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5980:
5976:
5971:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5951:Date Masamune
5948:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5926:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5907:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5885:
5882:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5860:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5845:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5821:Mughal Empire
5818:
5814:
5810:
5807:replaces the
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5758:
5757:
5749:
5744:
5740:
5734:
5729:
5722:
5717:
5714:
5708:
5703:
5699:
5696:
5690:
5685:
5681:
5675:
5670:
5666:
5660:
5655:
5654:
5648:
5644:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5625:
5620:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5579:
5574:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5553:
5548:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5537:
5534:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5512:
5507:
5505:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5478:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5403:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5354:
5353:
5352:Jixiao Xinshu
5348:
5345:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5315:
5311:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5292:known as the
5291:
5287:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5249:
5246:
5241:
5239:
5238:
5234:
5231:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5213:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5201:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5176:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5135:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5113:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5082:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5066:Nova Scientia
5063:
5060:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5022:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4900:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4832:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4555:
4551:
4544:
4539:
4532:
4527:
4520:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4496:
4491:
4487:
4484:, a medieval
4483:
4477:
4472:
4468:
4462:
4457:
4454:cannon, 1410.
4453:
4447:
4442:
4441:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4272:A four layer
4271:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4121:known as the
4120:
4116:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2978:are added to
2977:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2648:and defeat a
2647:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:. Europe and
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1263:
1262:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1199:fleet on the
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
988:
984:
979:
976:
973:
972:
967:
963:
958:
956:
953:
952:
948:
945:
942:
939:
938:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
908:
907:
902:
901:feng chen pao
895:
890:
886:
882:
875:
870:
866:
865:
857:
852:
848:
847:
839:
834:
830:
829:
821:
816:
812:
811:
803:
798:
797:
791:
787:
783:
778:
776:
773:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
749:
746:
745:
742:(1075–1077).
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
719:
718:
714:
710:
705:
703:
700:
699:
695:
694:
689:
685:
680:
678:
677:
673:
672:
667:
662:
660:
659:
655:
651:
650:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
621:
619:
616:
615:
611:
608:
605:
602:
601:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
583:
578:
565:
558:
553:
549:
548:
540:
535:
531:
530:
522:
517:
514:
513:
505:
500:
497:
496:
488:
483:
479:
478:
470:
465:
464:
458:
454:
449:
447:
444:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
424:
421:
420:
416:
415:Southern Tang
412:
408:
405:The state of
404:
399:
397:
394:
393:
389:
385:
380:
378:
375:
374:
370:
367:
362:
360:
357:
356:
352:
349:
345:
340:
338:
335:
334:
330:
326:
322:
319:
314:
312:
309:
308:
304:
301:
298:
295:
294:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
259:
258:
253:
248:
246:
243:
242:
238:
234:
229:
227:
224:
223:
219:
216:
213:
210:
209:
206:
204:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
160:
159:
155:
151:
146:
144:
141:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
119:
114:
109:
107:
104:
103:
99:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
76:
74:
71:
70:
66:
63:
60:
57:
56:
53:
51:
42:
40:
36:
33:
29:
24:
21:
16:
12812:Muzzleloader
12787:Breechloader
12765:rocket arrow
12737:Meng Huo You
12688:rocket arrow
12678:incendiaries
12650:Grose Bochse
12596:Wankou Chong
12129:
12076:
12058:
12040:
12022:
12013:
11995:
11985:
11976:
11968:
11965:
11958:
11955:
11947:
11938:
11930:
11922:
11912:
11893:
11884:
11878:, WeldonOwen
11875:
11855:
11844:
11835:
11816:
11806:
11787:
11778:
11760:
11752:
11734:
11730:
11709:
11691:
11682:
11674:
11650:
11646:
11628:
11619:
11601:
11583:
11574:
11566:
11548:
11539:
11530:
11526:
11507:
11497:
11484:
11475:
11458:
11442:
11423:
11413:
11391:
11385:, WeldenOwen
11382:
11364:
11355:
11346:
11327:
11308:
11274:
11270:
11247:
11227:
11209:
11191:
11179:
11161:
11153:
11132:
11125:Andrade 2016
11110:Needham 1986
11105:
11049:Needham 1986
11019:Needham 1986
10999:
10992:Needham 1986
10972:
10930:
10918:
10906:
10899:Needham 1986
10879:
10872:Andrade 2016
10867:
10855:
10843:
10838:, p. 9.
10831:
10819:
10807:
10795:
10788:Needham 1986
10783:
10771:
10764:Needham 1986
10744:
10737:Harding 1999
10732:
10725:Needham 1986
10720:
10708:
10701:Needham 1986
10696:
10689:Needham 1986
10672:Andrade 2016
10667:
10660:Andrade 2016
10655:
10648:Needham 1986
10643:
10636:Andrade 2016
10631:
10612:
10600:
10593:Andrade 2016
10588:
10581:Needham 1986
10576:
10564:
10552:
10545:Needham 1986
10525:
10518:Andrade 2016
10513:
10501:
10494:Needham 1986
10489:
10482:Needham 1986
10477:
10465:
10458:Needham 1986
10453:
10446:Needham 1986
10441:
10434:Andrade 2016
10429:
10417:
10410:Needham 1986
10395:Needham 1986
10378:Andrade 2016
10373:
10361:
10349:
10344:, p. 4.
10337:
10330:Needham 1986
10325:
10313:
10306:Andrade 2016
10284:
10262:Needham 1986
10257:
10245:. Retrieved
10224:Needham 1986
10209:Andrade 2016
10189:
10177:
10170:Andrade 2016
10165:
10153:
10141:
10129:
10122:Andrade 2016
10107:Needham 1986
10102:
10095:Andrade 2016
10090:
10083:Andrade 2016
10078:
10066:
10054:
10049:, p. 5.
10042:
10030:
10023:Konstam 2002
10018:
9996:Andrade 2016
9991:
9979:
9974:, p. 5.
9967:
9955:
9943:
9934:
9922:
9900:Needham 1986
9895:
9883:. Retrieved
9873:
9861:
9839:Andrade 2016
9834:
9827:Andrade 2016
9822:
9810:
9803:Needham 1986
9798:
9791:Andrade 2016
9786:
9774:
9762:
9750:
9741:
9735:
9725:
9718:
9693:
9689:
9676:
9668:
9664:
9659:
9635:Needham 1986
9630:
9623:Needham 1986
9618:
9606:
9595:, retrieved
9589:
9583:
9576:Needham 1986
9571:
9559:
9554:, p. 6.
9547:
9536:, retrieved
9532:the original
9526:
9520:
9508:
9501:Needham 1986
9496:
9484:
9472:
9465:Andrade 2016
9460:
9448:
9436:
9429:Needham 1986
9409:
9397:. Retrieved
9392:
9382:
9360:Needham 1986
9355:
9343:
9312:. Retrieved
9307:
9297:
9255:Needham 1986
9250:
9243:Andrade 2016
9238:
9231:Andrade 2016
9226:
9219:Needham 1986
9214:
9202:
9195:Needham 1986
9190:
9183:Andrade 2016
9178:
9171:Andrade 2016
9136:
9129:Needham 1986
9124:
9117:Needham 1986
9112:
9105:Needham 1986
9081:
9074:Andrade 2016
9069:
9057:
9035:Needham 1986
9003:, p. 8.
8996:
8976:
8970:
8963:Andrade 2016
8958:
8951:Andrade 2016
8936:Andrade 2016
8931:
8909:Needham 1986
8904:
8877:
8870:Needham 1986
8865:
8858:Andrade 2016
8853:
8841:
8834:Needham 1986
8829:
8817:
8810:Needham 1986
8805:
8790:
8785:
8773:
8741:
8737:
8728:
8721:Needham 1986
8716:
8709:Needham 1986
8704:
8697:Needham 1986
8677:
8670:Andrade 2016
8665:
8658:Needham 1986
8653:
8646:Needham 1986
8626:
8614:
8607:Needham 1986
8602:
8595:Needham 1986
8590:
8578:
8556:Andrade 2016
8541:Needham 1986
8536:
8514:Andrade 2016
8509:
8497:
8490:Andrade 2016
8475:Needham 1986
8470:
8463:Andrade 2016
8458:
8451:Andrade 2016
8446:
8439:Andrade 2016
8422:Andrade 2016
8417:
8405:
8393:
8386:Needham 1986
8381:
8374:Andrade 2016
8352:
8345:Andrade 2016
8340:
8333:Andrade 2016
8328:
8323:, p. 2.
8316:
8302:
8297:, p. 4.
8290:
8283:Needham 1986
8278:
8271:Andrade 2016
8251:
8244:Needham 1986
8239:
8230:
8223:Andrade 2016
8204:Needham 1986
8184:
8177:Andrade 2016
8172:
8165:Needham 1986
8160:
8153:Andrade 2016
8148:
8139:
8112:
8105:Needham 1986
8100:
8093:Needham 1986
8088:
8076:
8064:
8052:
8009:black powder
7969:
7968:
7965:20th century
7848:black powder
7797:invents the
7748:
7696:Qing dynasty
7692:Li Hongzhang
7670:Alfred Nobel
7625:Qing dynasty
7604:invents the
7578:invents the
7554:Edward Boxer
7469:invents the
7380:invents the
7332:invents the
7291:programs in
7244:British guns
7055:Alfred Nobel
7041:invents the
7033:invents the
7025:invents the
7002:invents the
6967:
6966:
6963:19th century
6886:
6847:against the
6747:is added to
6684:is added to
6640:invents the
6574:invents the
6572:James Puckle
6494:James Puckle
6483:firearms in
6472:
6471:
6468:18th century
6441:
6266:Samuel Pepys
6227:: In Europe
6222:
6199:
6166:
6126:Ming dynasty
5977:
5801:Samuel Pepys
5768:
5767:
5764:17th century
5754:
5604:
5491:Oda Nobunaga
5484:
5383:Ming dynasty
5350:
5145:Ming dynasty
5139:is used for
5065:
5028:Ming dynasty
4934:
4915:Ibrahim Lodi
4884:Ming dynasty
4706:
4595:Ming dynasty
4566:
4565:
4562:16th century
4553:
4433:
4407:
4369:
4365:
4190:
4173:hand cannons
4171:is added to
4002:
3861:hand cannons
3790:Hussite Wars
3689:Ming dynasty
3663:hand cannons
3447:Ming dynasty
3407:
3406:
3403:15th century
3378:
3360:
3356:
3338:
3334:
3316:
3298:
3294:
3276:
3194:hand cannons
3137:
3113:
3061:: In Europe
3056:
3035:"Wasp nest"
2980:hand cannons
2890:
2886:
2882:
2879:vasam scolpi
2878:
2874:
2870:
2852:Ming dynasty
2830:Ming dynasty
2811:Ming dynasty
2702:
2628:Khmer Empire
2501:
2428:
2424:
2287:Yuan dynasty
2226:Ming dynasty
2205:
2204:
2201:14th century
2195:(1271–1284).
2184:
2180:
2177:Yuan dynasty
2162:Yuan Dynasty
2142:Yuan Dynasty
2123:
2119:
2101:
2083:
1994:Java in 1293
1933:Hand cannons
1823:Yuan dynasty
1775:are used by
1724:
1704:
1653:The city of
1636:
1605:, Jiangsu).
1299:Yuan dynasty
1295:hand cannons
1291:Song dynasty
1274:
1273:
1270:13th century
1259:
1241:
1186:
1112:are used by
1103:
985:
922:: Gunpowder
919:
918:
915:12th century
904:
900:
885:Yuan dynasty
862:
844:
826:
808:
713:Song dynasty
691:
669:
653:
647:
587:Song dynasty
580:
576:
575:
572:11th century
545:
527:
510:
493:
475:
438:Song dynasty
436:attacks the
434:Liao dynasty
271:
270:
267:10th century
255:
236:
202:
201:
172:
122:
116:
93:
87:
49:
48:
25:
23:
15:
12850:Huolongjing
12842:Literatures
12645:Faule Mette
12640:Faule Grete
12635:Dulle Griet
12498:Ekor lotong
12460:Baton a feu
12361:Jäger rifle
12253:Muff pistol
12208:Hand mortar
12203:Hand cannon
12178:Blunderbuss
11979:, Routledge
11950:, Routledge
11941:, Routledge
11622:, Routledge
11494:"Explosive"
11182:, Wiley-VCH
11004:Kinard 2007
10977:Kinard 2007
10935:Kinard 2007
10923:Kinard 2007
10911:Kinard 2007
10884:Kinard 2007
10860:Kinard 2007
10848:Kinard 2007
10824:Robins 1742
10812:Kinard 2007
10569:Kinard 2007
10422:Kinard 2007
10366:Kinard 2007
10354:Kinard 2007
10318:Arnold 2001
10277:Kinard 2007
10247:19 December
10194:Arnold 2001
10182:Kinard 2007
10158:Arnold 2001
10047:Curtis 2014
10011:Kinard 2007
9984:Arnold 2001
9972:Petzal 2014
9948:Purton 2010
9915:Purton 2010
9885:15 November
9866:Kinard 2007
9815:Kinard 2007
9779:Kinard 2007
9696:: 233–268.
9652:Purton 2010
9564:Purton 2010
9513:Purton 2010
9453:Kinard 2007
9375:Kinard 2007
9348:Wagner 2006
9336:Kinard 2007
9156:Purton 2010
9050:Kinard 2007
9018:Kinard 2007
8069:Romane 2020
7944:Gatling gun
7912:Henry rifle
7883:Minié balls
7795:Hiram Maxim
7648:Li Xiucheng
7606:Gatling gun
7580:Henry rifle
7497:Crimean War
7334:safety fuse
7273:in Europe.
7222:Joshua Shaw
7039:Hiram Maxim
7035:Gatling gun
7027:Henry rifle
7019:Crimean War
6988:Joshua Shaw
6956:Tipu Sultan
6932:Tipu Sultan
6839:Iron-cased
6622:in Europe.
6554:Jean Maritz
6378: 1620
6310:in Europe.
6229:fire lances
5969:14–18 April
5893:technique.
5891:volley fire
5622:Middle East
5595:Middle East
5559:volley fire
5499:volley fire
5495:tanegashima
5489:: In Japan
5466:naval mines
5360:volley fire
5300:in Europe.
4952:Janissaries
4941:Volley fire
4587:volley fire
4577:, reaching
4500:The bronze
4175:in Europe.
4113:Middle East
3888:Dulle Griet
3761:During the
3515:Li Jinglong
3453:kingdom of
3362:Huolongjing
3359:) from the
3340:Huolongjing
3337:) from the
3318:Huolongjing
3300:Huolongjing
3297:) from the
3227:17 December
3217:fire lances
3144:Volley fire
2663:Middle East
2562:naval mines
2402:Southampton
2379:Eltz Castle
2222:volley fire
2214:naval mines
2185:Zhentianlei
2164:(1271–1368)
2144:(1271–1368)
2125:Huolongjing
2103:Huolongjing
2085:Huolongjing
2065:fire arrows
2035:Fire lances
2030:Middle East
2017:hand cannon
1863:fire lances
1857:Middle East
1773:Fire lances
1731:Fire lances
1701:Roger Bacon
1554:Middle East
1548:Middle East
1504:fire-lances
1434:fire lances
1411:Western Xia
1321:as well as
1319:Middle East
1283:Fire lances
1279:Bomb shells
1261:Huolongjing
1243:Huolongjing
1219:Fire lances
1170:peninsula.
1156:Fire arrows
1110:Fire lances
1067:hand cannon
1032:fire arrows
992:fire arrows
906:Huolongjing
903:) from the
813:of 1044 AD.
786:fire arrows
763:Western Xia
740:Lý–Song War
736:fire arrows
688:fire arrows
597:dynasties.
595:Western Xia
529:Huolongjing
495:Huolongjing
411:fire arrows
388:fire arrows
369:Fire lances
325:Southern Wu
321:Fire arrows
276:Fire arrows
198:9th century
173:Pinglongren
12929:Ammunition
12898:Categories
12753:Pen Huo Qi
12715:Greek fire
12706:Fire arrow
12591:Xanadu Gun
12578:Swivel gun
12568:Pot de fer
12508:Fauconneau
12198:Fire lance
11611:8791114128
11500:. Chicago.
11146:References
11137:Kelly 2004
11098:Chase 2003
10800:Chase 2003
10713:Swope 2013
10605:Kelly 2004
10557:Chase 2003
10530:Chase 2003
10506:Pauly 2004
10470:Chase 2003
10342:Lidin 2002
10289:Chase 2003
10134:Kelly 2004
10059:Grant 2011
9927:Chase 2003
9854:Kelly 2004
9767:Chase 2003
9755:Chase 2003
9597:18 October
9538:17 October
9414:Chase 2003
9086:Chase 2003
9062:Kelly 2004
8924:Kelly 2004
8897:Chase 2003
8822:Chase 2003
8778:Kelly 2004
8631:Kelly 2004
8619:Chase 2003
8529:Kelly 2004
8502:Lorge 2005
8410:Lorge 2008
8398:Chase 2003
8321:Kelly 2004
8295:Kelly 2004
8256:Ebrey 1999
8189:Liang 2006
8132:Lorge 2008
8081:Liang 2006
7475:smoothbore
7471:Minié ball
7434:matchlocks
7271:flintlocks
7164:Copenhagen
7012:smoothbore
7004:Minié ball
6984:Copenhagen
6902:Puckle gun
6900:Flier for
6768:flintlocks
6749:flintlocks
6728:" appear.
6726:Carronades
6708:flintlocks
6704:Naval guns
6686:flintlocks
6620:matchlocks
6576:Puckle gun
6536:telescopes
6534:In Europe
6477:Flintlocks
6424:, 100 guns
6367:Louis XIII
6327:flintlocks
6202:breach in
6196:Li Zicheng
6187:20 January
6162:Sinosphere
6139:Sinosphere
6122:Telescopes
6075:star forts
5995:musketeers
5973:Sinosphere
5945:Sinosphere
5887:musketeers
5879:Sinosphere
5645:The term "
5546:8 December
5480:Sinosphere
5400:Sinosphere
5389:firearms.
5347:Qi Jiguang
5288:The large
5271:matchlocks
5184:matchlocks
5178:Sinosphere
5174:27 January
5164:matchlocks
5158:Sinosphere
5100:matchlocks
5004:" made in
4945:matchlocks
4842:matchlocks
4838:Lê dynasty
4779:Sinosphere
4686:The term "
4672:matchlocks
4467:Faule Magd
4220:land mines
4197:Lê dynasty
4140:Sinosphere
4018:Sinosphere
3948:Sinosphere
3921:In Europe
3803:Sinosphere
3786:war wagons
3784:In Europe
3739:Sinosphere
3702:Sinosphere
3611:Sinosphere
3588:Sinosphere
3538:Springalds
3500:slow match
3335:zi fan pao
3005:Sinosphere
2976:Flash pans
2904:Sinosphere
2807:land mines
2578:organ guns
2564:in China.
2558:land mines
2522:The term "
2510:are used.
2508:Organ guns
2427:and Latin
2419:The word "
2210:land mines
2013:Xanadu Gun
1905:Sinosphere
1754:fire lance
1706:Opus Majus
1537:, Anhui).
1480:fire lance
1042:is taken.
1038:artisans.
928:fire lance
732:Lý dynasty
730:Vietnam's
726:Sinosphere
351:slow match
288:fire lance
280:slow match
89:Cantong qi
35:alchemical
12934:Gunpowder
12860:Wubei Zhi
12832:Wheellock
12817:Snaphance
12802:Matchlock
12797:Flintlock
12763:Singijeon
12586:Veuglaire
12582:Tarasnice
12558:Organ gun
12523:Hongyipao
12488:Chongtong
12478:Carronade
12437:artillery
12401:Musketoon
12268:Pepperbox
11301:111173101
10776:Khan 2004
10146:Tran 2006
10071:Khan 2004
10035:Rose 2002
9960:Khan 2004
9710:191565174
9671:: p. 178.
9489:Tran 2006
9441:Rose 2002
9207:Khan 2004
9141:Khan 2008
8846:Reid 1993
8583:Khan 2004
8045:Citations
8001:Worldwide
7958:Maxim gun
7844:gunpowder
7799:Maxim gun
7777:gunpowder
7516:cartridge
7432:army but
7426:flintlock
7360:cartridge
7189:cartridge
7121:based on
7043:Maxim gun
7006:, making
6996:flintlock
6978:based on
6918:carronade
6790:saltpeter
6654:Worldwide
6616:Flintlock
6583:flintlock
6481:matchlock
6440:from the
6409:, 100 gun
6371:flintlock
6349:Wheellock
6308:flintlock
6304:snaphance
6149:flintlock
6097:broadside
6035:Gunpowder
6017:Hongyipao
5984:Later Jin
5955:Date Maru
5949:In Japan
5809:snaphance
5805:flintlock
5739:Palmanova
5698:flintlock
5695:Snaphance
5665:Matchlock
5585:matchlock
5536:Revolvers
5317:flintlock
5314:snaphance
5188:Yakushima
5137:Gunpowder
5116:wheellock
5084:Cast iron
5045:Handheld
4986:star fort
4926:29 August
4886:produces
4859:A larger
4797:Guangdong
4732:matchlock
4728:wheellock
4688:artillery
4670:acquires
4631:star fort
4623:revolvers
4615:flintlock
4611:wheellock
4571:Matchlock
4434:moschetto
4428:The term
4399:25 August
4370:Sovereign
4309:Falconets
4243:matchlock
4218:In India
4150:trebuchet
3987:Trunnions
3902:European
3502:appears.
3497:gunpowder
3428:matchlock
3278:Wubei Zhi
3240:Tamerlane
3079:saltpeter
2972:Worldwide
2913:gunpowder
2871:handgonne
2764:acquires
2680:Gunpowder
2576:In China
2542:Cast iron
2493:26 August
2464:Liu Bowen
2398:organ gun
2325:Andalusia
2308:appears.
2059:In India
1894:formula.
1892:gunpowder
1752:Reusable
1703:, in his
1684:empress.
1659:Xiangyang
1558:gunpowder
1478:Reusable
1463:warship.
934:appears.
924:fireworks
883:from the
566:, 950 AD.
547:Wubei Zhi
512:Wubei Zhi
348:gunpowder
177:saltpeter
154:saltpeter
92:, or the
28:gunpowder
12822:Snaplock
12655:Mons Meg
12503:Falconet
12493:Culverin
12455:Basilisk
12421:Wall gun
12263:Petronel
12163:Arquebus
12155:Firearms
12130:Timeline
11805:(1960),
11729:(1986),
11469:(2001),
11349:, Laurel
11190:(2016),
10836:Roy 2015
10620:Archived
8882:Roy 2015
8766:84287076
8018:See also
7674:dynamite
7672:invents
7422:Wei Yuan
7224:invents
7059:dynamite
7057:invents
6990:invents
6831:22 April
6794:charcoal
6658:Firearms
6285:bayonets
5866:bayonets
5773:Bayonets
5756:Shenqipu
5713:Revolver
5647:howitzer
5611:musket.
5605:Shenqipu
5518:firearms
5447:Augsburg
5298:firearms
5290:arquebus
5006:Augsburg
4909:Emperor
4898:21 April
4861:arquebus
4840:produce
4834:Đại Việt
4698:28 April
4627:bayonets
4603:arquebus
4591:Ottomans
4512:in 1453.
4482:Mons Meg
4247:arquebus
4222:appear;
4079:3 August
3994:15 April
3726:Javanese
3667:arquebus
3571:Ironwood
3449:and the
3431:arquebus
3186:Đại Việt
3156:Mong Mao
2947:Basilisk
2766:firearms
2646:Shaoxing
2580:appear.
2468:Zhejiang
2181:Tetsuhau
1847:Yangzhou
1655:Qingzhou
1535:Shouxian
1510:against
1508:Bianjing
1502:"Flying
1168:Shandong
1116:troops.
1014:December
977:February
881:caltrops
564:Dunhuang
135:charcoal
12924:Alchemy
12792:Doglock
12748:Naphtha
12725:Huo Che
12686:Bo-hiya
12674:rockets
12622:Basilic
12617:Bombard
12538:Lantaka
12483:Cetbang
12315:muskets
11792:Bibcode
11667:3105275
9399:27 July
9314:27 July
8746:Bibcode
8357:Lu 1988
7694:of the
7652:Taiping
7650:of the
7558:rockets
7160:rockets
7119:rockets
7015:muskets
6885:in the
6798:British
6460:bayonet
6446:, 1606.
6438:bayonet
6214:26 July
6177:samurai
6173:muskets
6053:Holland
5959:galleon
5932:Denmark
5793:Denmark
5777:Eurasia
5700:firearm
5631:pistols
5627:Ottoman
5609:Ottoman
5601:bayonet
5476:28 June
5233:Gujarat
5143:in the
5002:carbine
4949:Ottoman
4619:Pistols
4575:Eurasia
4508:in the
4344:cannons
4255:trigger
4253:with a
4251:firearm
4047:limbers
3710:mortars
3594:cannons
3385:(1326).
3258:Germany
3213:knights
3150:by the
3148:cannons
3120:cannons
3098:cannons
3063:rockets
3048:24 June
3018:rockets
3014:cannons
2928:Cannons
2875:gunnies
2848:Cannons
2809:in the
2524:bombard
2445:firearm
2230:Eurasia
2158:Shangdu
2043:Muslims
2039:Mongols
1973:prince
1946:prince
1940:Jurchen
1913:in the
1911:Mongols
1876:torpedo
1867:rockets
1843:Weiyang
1781:Mongols
1678:rockets
1603:Nanjing
1576:Rockets
1531:Mongols
1512:Mongols
1488:Kaifeng
1307:Mongols
1287:Rockets
1201:Yangtze
1040:Kaifeng
1002:by the
1000:Kaifeng
769:court.
329:Yuzhang
185:sulphur
127:Ge Hong
118:Baopuzi
12731:Hwacha
12672:Early
12573:Prangi
12548:Mortar
12473:Cannon
12435:Early
12396:Musket
12376:Jingal
12311:Rifles
12273:Pistol
12188:Dragon
12065:
12047:
12029:
12002:
11900:
11864:
11824:
11767:
11741:
11716:
11698:
11665:
11635:
11608:
11590:
11555:
11533:: 41–5
11515:
11431:
11402:
11371:
11335:
11315:
11299:
11289:
11255:
11234:
11216:
11198:
11168:
10750:made."
9708:
8984:
8796:
8764:
7991:Event
7988:Region
7869:pistol
7633:rifles
7478:musket
7289:Rocket
7185:primer
7080:Event
7077:Region
7051:Europe
7008:rifles
6682:detent
6519:Event
6516:Region
6485:Europe
6443:Binglu
6354:, 1618
6257:3 July
5992:Joseon
5928:Rifles
5884:Joseon
5846:Event
5843:Region
5829:Europe
5825:mining
5789:Rifles
5682:, 1540
5405:Joseon
5357:musket
5294:musket
5119:pistol
4907:Mughal
4865:musket
4816:pistol
4766:rifles
4652:Event
4649:Region
4607:musket
4597:, and
4556:, 1474
4550:hwacha
4430:musket
4389:rifled
4366:Regent
4325:Minion
4278:Saxony
4201:Vijaya
4028:Joseon
4024:Hwacha
3957:Joseon
3923:shells
3904:cannon
3867:army.
3809:Joseon
3765:, the
3745:Joseon
3707:Joseon
3685:Shells
3616:Joseon
3598:Joseon
3480:Event
3477:Region
3459:hwacha
3455:Joseon
3451:Korean
3439:musket
3435:Rifled
3416:Europe
3190:Champa
3043:army.
3010:Goryeo
2909:Goryeo
2891:testes
2889:, and
2887:capita
2826:Cannon
2790:army.
2746:Suzhou
2652:army.
2421:cannon
2356:Nasrid
2350:Iberia
2306:cannon
2255:Event
2252:Region
2234:Europe
2061:Mongol
1971:Mongol
1944:Mongol
1760:army.
1582:navy.
1461:Mongol
1344:Event
1341:Region
1323:Europe
1305:. The
1059:cannon
949:Event
946:Region
932:cannon
612:Event
609:Region
305:Event
302:Region
220:Event
217:Region
189:carbon
179:, the
84:Taoist
67:Event
64:Region
32:Taoist
11663:JSTOR
11297:S2CID
9706:S2CID
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