116:, and determined that the right to practice a profession was not among these privileges. The case is also notable for being an early 14th Amendment challenge to sex discrimination in the United States. In this case, the United States Supreme Court held that Illinois constitutionally denied law licenses to women because the right to practice law was not one of the privileges and immunities guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. The Illinois Supreme Court affirmed.
223:
206:
could not be a lawyer. This case came about because although a law firm was willing to enroll Wookey as an articled clerk, the Cape Law
Society refused to register her articles. Wookey then applied to the Cape Supreme Court, which ordered the Cape Law Society to register her. The Cape Law Society
1152:
Hazel Fox, ‘Williams, Ivy (1877–1966)’, Oxford
Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2006 accessed 20 July 2012; England's First Woman Barrister. Miss Ivy Williams "Called.", The Times, Thursday, May 11, 1922; pg. 7; Issue 43028; col
590:
and three of her peers became the first Saudi
Arabian women granted a license to practice law. Although female Saudi Arabian law students had begun graduating from schools five years earlier, they had been forbidden from court appearances until
507:(1984), the United States Supreme Court ruled that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 bans discrimination by employers in the context of any contractual employer/employee relationship, including but not limited to law partnerships.
1162:
Richard J Evans (1979). Kvinnorörelsens historia i Europa, USA, Australien och Nya
Zeeland 1840–1920 (The Feminists: Women's Emancipation Movements in Europe, America and Australasia, 1840–1920) Helsingborg: LiberFörlag Stockholm.
824:
Die erste Frau, die in
Deutschland an der Universität in Leipzig am 21. 2. 1873 zum Dr. jur. promovierte, war die Russin Johanna von Evreinov; sie war als "Gasthörerin" in Leipzig zugelassen worden.
355:), received her commission on May 26, 1928, and took her oath of office in the Cleveland Federal Building on June 5, 1928, thus becoming the first American woman appointed to the federal bench.
1506:
1545:
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218:
58:
became the first woman to graduate from law school in the United States; she graduated from
Chicago University Law School, predecessor to Union College of Law, later known as
1204:
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202:, 1912 AD 623, the Appellate Division found that the word "persons" used in the statute concerning admission of attorneys to the bar included only men, and thus
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480:
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1249:
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141:. Here, Sorabji became the first woman to sit the Civil Law exams but was not able to graduate as women could not be awarded degrees until 1920.
1347:
1183:"Out of the Archive Talk- Helena Normanton: first woman barrister, The Women's Library, Old Castle Street London E1 7NT - General London Event"
680:
624:
1549:
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352:
1017:
1018:"Memeorandum, Re:Exclusion of women from the legal profession in the United States of America, the United Kingdom, and South Africa"
793:
1094:
Biographical dictionary of women's movements and feminisms in
Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe: 19th and 20th centuries
1573:
Bus Ride to
Justice: Changing the System by the System : the Life and Works of Fred D. Gray, Preacher, Attorney, Politician
1881:
40:
became the first female lawyer and attorney in Serbia, doing exclusively pro bono work for charity throughout her whole career
1746:
1581:
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1463:
1106:
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then appealed this to the
Appellate Division, claiming that Wookey could not be admitted as a lawyer because she was female.
495:
1436:
1278:
105:
1168:
817:
159:
became the first female lawyer in New
Zealand and the first to appear as counsel for any case in the British Empire.
646:
119:
1879 – A law was enacted allowing qualified female attorneys to practice in any federal court in the United States.
333:
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1834:"El CGPJ elige por 16 votos a la progresista Isabel Perelló como nueva presidenta del Poder Judicial"
1098:
1092:
610:
583:
became the first Hispanic and Latina female to serve as a Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
526:
426:
325:(née Newmark) became the first female lawyer in South Africa when she was admitted to the bar in the
987:
304:
became the first woman elected to a U.S. state supreme court (specifically, the Ohio Supreme Court).
936:
555:
484:
252:
91:(Dr. jur.) degree in Germany on 21 February 1873, after having been admitted as a guest student at
620:
became the first African-American woman to serve as a Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
599:
587:
515:
322:
263:
59:
1640:
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1066:
Jimenez-David, Rina (8 September 2012). "The CJ and the trailblazer". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
1886:
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650:
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573:
469:
462:
448:
436:
became the first woman chief justice of any U.S. state (specifically, she was chief justice of
415:
211:
1863:"Historic: Bar Association elects Ghartey and Barth as first female president, vice-president"
1571:
1546:"First woman president of National Bar Association installed | African American Registry"
1453:
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became the first woman to practice law in India. After she received a first class degree from
1480:
961:
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248:
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37:
1407:"Women in History: Lawyers and Judges | In Custodia Legis: Law Librarians of Congress"
1047:"Women in History: Lawyers and Judges | In Custodia Legis: Law Librarians of Congress"
166:, originally called the Women Lawyers' Club, was founded by a group of 18 women lawyers in
138:
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362:
became the first woman to argue a free speech case before the U.S. Supreme Court in 1929 (
8:
1780:"Ministry welcomes the appointment of Justice Mandisa Maya as Chief Justice, 25 Jul 2024"
1386:
569:
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544:
244:
1182:
547:
became the first Jewish female to serve as a Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
1623:
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911:
The First Women Lawyers: A Comparative Study of Gender, Law and the Legal Professions
843:
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540:, thus becoming the first African-American woman to serve on a state's highest court.
444:
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864:"20,000 Women Strike for Worker's Rights / Women 's Leadership in America History"
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47:
became the first female lawyer in the United States when she was admitted to the
1721:"Dame Sue Carr is first Lady Chief Justice, the top judge for England and Wales"
318:
became the first woman from Western Australia to be admitted to the English bar.
1805:"Isabel Perelló se convierte en la primera mujer en presidir el Poder Judicial"
458:
192:
156:
149:
1696:"Dame Sue Carr appointed first female lord chief justice in England and Wales"
1875:
1758:
1674:
1624:"Frequently Asked Questions on Justices - Supreme Court of the United States"
1507:"Nettie and Florence Cronise, Ohio's first female lawyers, honored in Tiffin"
491:
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393:
382:
277:
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became the first woman to win a case before the U.S. Supreme Court in 1923 (
311:
became the first woman to argue a patent case before the U.S. Supreme Court.
1112:
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511:
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becoming the first Indigenous Australian magistrate in Western Australia.
370:
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418:
was called to the bar, becoming the first female lawyer in Sierra Leone.
1809:
1720:
1321:
522:
374:
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126:
became the first woman to argue before the United States Supreme Court.
55:
1482:
Progressive Lawyers under Siege: Moral Panic during the McCarthy Years
656:
2024 – Efua Ghartey was elected as the first female president of the
1205:"Judge Florence Allen: First female justice of a state supreme court"
1091:. In de Haan, Francisca; Daskalova, Krassimira; Loutfi, Anna (eds.).
805:
773:
408:
185:
69:
became the first African-American female lawyer in the United States.
1525:"Sandra Day O'Connor Institute | Sandra Day O'Connor Biography"
963:
The Shield of the Weak: Feminism and the State in Uruguay, 1903-1933
454:
1971 – Barring women from practicing law was prohibited in the U.S.
237:
1097:. Budapest, Hungary: Central European University Press. pp.
935:
Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.
437:
389:
233:
746:"First Women Lawyers | Women's Bar Association Of Illinois"
494:
Advocate and first female Human Rights Activist who established
411:
in the British Isles when she was called to the Irish Inner Bar.
347:
won U.S. Senate confirmation on May 25, 1928, as a judge of the
1641:"Law School Commencement - Featured Events - Lewis & Clark"
1180:
378:
1130:[Ella Negruzzi first woman lawyer in Eastern Europe].
1747:"Britain's most senior judge to be called Lady Chief Justice"
1348:"To the High Court: Olive Rabe Representing Rosika Schwimmer"
676:
List of first women lawyers and judges in the United States
638:
was appointed as South Africa’s first female Chief Justice.
48:
1478:
1270:
Female Well-Being: Toward a Global Theory of Social Change
400:
became the first three women admitted to the bar in Japan.
839:
Gilded Age Richmond: Gaiety, Greed & Lost Cause Mania
794:"Clara Hapgood Nash: A Woman of Her Time and Ahead of It"
465:
barrister in NSW. She would go on to become a magistrate.
297:
became the first female barrister to practice in England.
385:, became the first woman judge in the Anglo-Saxon world.
23:. Much more information on the subject can be found at:
1778:
Development, Department of Justice and Constitutional.
1267:
Billson, Janet Mancini; Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (2005).
290:
1922 – Women were allowed to become lawyers in Belgium.
287:
became the first woman to be called to the English bar.
1134:(in Romanian). Bucharest, Romania: Ping Pong Media SRL
1128:"Ella Negruzzi, prima femeie avocat din Estul Europei"
1075:
Magnus Ullman: Kvinnliga pionjärer verksamma i Sverige
631:
since the inception of the office in the 13th century.
671:
List of first women lawyers and judges by nationality
25:
List of first women lawyers and judges by nationality
1509:. Associated Press. 10 November 2013. Archived from
1374:
1266:
1156:
514:
became the first woman to serve as a Justice of the
483:
became the first female president of the (American)
472:
became the first woman to serve as a justice of the
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became the first female president of the (American)
429:. She would go on to serve as Chief Justice in 1976.
251:
became the first two female lawyers admitted to the
1451:
1429:
The Krio of Sierra Leone: an interpretative history
809:
Marburger Abhandlungen zur Politischen Wissenschaft
425:became the first woman appointed as a judge to the
1326:A Room at a Time: How Women Entered Party Politics
1229:"Biographical Search | Women's Legal History"
1086:
796:. Acton Historical Society website, June 17, 2018.
714:
214:became the first female lawyer in the Philippines.
137:in 1888, British supporters helped to send her to
907:
148:became the first female lawyer in Canada and the
1873:
1472:
959:
885:"Clara Brett Martin | The Canadian Encyclopedia"
262:became the first female lawyer admitted to the
108:case that solidified the narrow reading of the
16:Landmark events in the practice of law by women
1479:Colin Wark; John F. Galliher (23 April 2015).
1398:
1181:The Kolberg Partnership, London (2008-03-06).
806:Margrit Twellmann, Wolfgang Abendroth (1972).
721:Philosophical Interventions: Reviews 1986-2011
681:Timeline of women lawyers in the United States
76:became the first woman admitted to the bar in
1458:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 129–.
598:became the first female Chief Justice of the
1569:
1548:. Aaregistry.org. 1981-07-31. Archived from
1223:
1221:
1125:
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1008:
1006:
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645:became the first woman to preside over the
273:became Australia's first female magistrate.
1771:
1635:
1633:
953:
724:. Oxford University Press. pp. 400–.
280:became the first female lawyer in Romania.
195:became the first female lawyer in Uruguay.
1861:Asare, Wilberforce (September 11, 2024).
1831:
1445:
1218:
572:became the first female president of the
554:became the first female president of the
1693:
1563:
1404:
1328:, 2002: Rowman and Littlefield, p. 216 (
1304:, 1990: Kent State Univ. Press, p. 854 (
1044:
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914:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 159–.
829:
1802:
1777:
1630:
1618:
1616:
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1832:Martialay, Ángela (3 September 2024).
1452:Zachary Alden Smith (1 January 2002).
768:
766:
764:
762:
1860:
1744:
1660:
1455:Politics and Public Policy in Arizona
1084:
842:. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 108–.
164:National Association of Women Lawyers
1611:
1426:
1420:
988:"Incorporated Law Society v. Wookey"
787:
1803:Jiménez, Pedro (3 September 2024).
1796:
759:
627:became the first woman to head the
525:was appointed as magistrate to the
496:Human Rights Commission of Pakistan
87:became the first woman to obtain a
13:
1663:"Saudi Women Realize Their Rights"
1345:
1126:Agrigoroaie, Mircea (7 May 2014).
934:
200:Incorporated Law Society v. Wookey
198:1912 – In the South African case,
14:
1898:
1694:Siddique, Haroon (15 June 2023).
1576:. NewSouth Books. pp. 308–.
1485:. Lexington Books. pp. 31–.
908:Mary Jane Mossman (31 May 2006).
228:became the first female judge in
1598:"Hishon v. King & Spaulding"
1431:. C Hurst & Co. p. 39.
1405:Buchanan, Kelly (6 March 2015).
1045:Buchanan, Kelly (6 March 2015).
812:(in German). Hain. p. 112.
647:General Council of the Judiciary
1854:
1825:
1738:
1713:
1687:
1661:Zoepf, Katherine (2016-01-03).
1654:
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1538:
1517:
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1339:
1315:
1302:Cleveland: the Making of a City
1294:
1260:
1242:
1203:Feather, Carl E. (2014-07-25).
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1060:
1038:
980:
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110:Privileges or Immunities Clause
30:
1527:. Oconnorhouse.org. 1930-03-26
889:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca
877:
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629:judiciary of England and Wales
504:Hishon v. King & Spaulding
1:
1882:Timelines of women in history
1745:Hymas, Charles (2023-09-26).
1390:. 4 June 2016. Archived from
691:
538:Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
219:Praskovya Danilova-Plotnikova
101:Bradwell v. State of Illinois
1427:Wyse, Akintola J.G. (1989).
1088:"Negruzzi, Ella (1876–1948)"
353:Court of International Trade
232:. The first female judge in
104:, 83 U.S. 130 (1873), was a
7:
966:. UNM Press. pp. 95–.
664:
474:United States Supreme Court
349:United States Customs Court
106:United States Supreme Court
10:
1903:
1273:. Zed Books. p. 245.
407:became the first woman to
364:United States v. Schwimmer
960:Christine Ehrick (2005).
937:"Benjamin, Ethel Rebecca"
611:Chief Justice of Malaysia
427:Family Court of Australia
21:timeline of women lawyers
1643:. Lclark.edu. 2010-05-29
1600:. Casebriefs. 1984-05-22
1256:. No. 28 June 1923.
609:became the first female
556:American Bar Association
485:National Bar Association
253:American Bar Association
184:became the first female
600:High Court of Australia
588:Bayan Mahmoud Al-Zahran
516:High Court of Australia
323:Irene Antoinette Geffen
264:Swedish Bar Association
162:1899 – The (American)
60:Northwestern University
1382:"'Manu and the 'muse'"
1250:"Of Interest to Women"
1231:. Wlh.law.stanford.edu
651:Supreme Court of Spain
607:Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat
574:American Law Institute
527:Perth Children's Court
449:National Lawyers Guild
212:Natividad Almeda-Lopez
1570:Fred D. Gray (2002).
1300:William Ganson Rose,
1254:The Nevada Daily Mail
1085:Bucur, Maria (2006).
658:Ghana Bar Association
618:Ketanji Brown Jackson
536:was appointed to the
463:Indigenous Australian
249:Mary Florence Lathrop
1513:on 11 November 2013.
836:Brian Burns (2017).
114:Fourteenth Amendment
85:Johanna von Evreinov
1387:The Telegraph India
1185:. Allinlondon.co.uk
1027:. November 25, 2012
718:(24 January 2012).
570:Roberta Cooper Ramo
552:Roberta Cooper Ramo
545:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
470:Sandra Day O'Connor
245:Mary Belle Grossman
1784:www.justice.gov.za
1366:has generic name (
1025:Cornell University
776:. NAWL. 1923-08-28
716:Martha C. Nussbaum
534:Juanita Kidd Stout
351:(now known as the
146:Clara Brett Martin
124:Belva Ann Lockwood
93:Leipzig University
74:Clara Hapgood Nash
45:Arabella Mansfield
38:Marija Milutinović
1583:978-1-58838-113-2
1492:978-0-7391-9561-1
1465:978-0-275-97118-2
1108:978-9-637-32639-4
973:978-0-8263-3468-8
921:978-1-84731-095-8
849:978-1-62585-851-1
748:. Wbaillinois.org
731:978-0-19-977785-3
461:became the first
445:Doris Brin Walker
434:Lorna E. Lockwood
302:Florence E. Allen
139:Oxford University
135:Bombay University
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