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to maintain his hard line against
America with the hopes that Jefferson would resort to even more extreme measures, which would ultimately effect a political suicide for the Republicans. Pickering also published his open letter to the Massachusetts Republican governor, which he refused even to read;
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to search North Salem for contraband artillery. Leslie's men were thwarted from crossing the North River bridge and searching the outlying farms by
Pickering's militia and citizens of Salem. Many of these "citizens" were members of Salem's North Church, which was just a short distance from the North
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famously left his pulpit that morning to meet the
British troops at the bridge. A fast rider from Marblehead had ridden ahead of the British to warn Mr. Barnard. Barnard is credited with convincing Col. Leslie to retreat in peace. If he had not, Pickering's troops would have fired the "shot heard
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On
February 26, 1775, men under Pickering's command were involved in one of the earliest military engagements in the American Revolution, a confrontation locally referred to as "Leslie's Retreat." A detachment of British regulars under British Army Lt. Colonel Alexander Leslie was dispatched from
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it contained harsh criticism of the
Embargo Act, claimed that Jefferson had presented no real arguments for its enactment, and called for its nullification by the state legislators. Pickering was charged with reading confidential documents in an open Senate session before an
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895:. In 1804, Pickering and a band of Federalists, agitated at the lack of support for Federalists, attempted to gain support for the secession of New England and New York from the Jeffersonian United States. The plan was abandoned following
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After the end of the
American Revolution, Pickering made several failed attempts at financial success. In 1783, he embarked on a mercantile partnership with Samuel Hodgdon that failed two years later. In 1786, he moved to the
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In
January 1766, Pickering was commissioned a lieutenant in the Essex County militia. He was promoted to captain three years later. In 1769, he published his ideas on drilling soldiers in the
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register of deeds. Pickering was admitted to the
Massachusetts Bar in 1768 and, in 1774, he succeeded Higginson as register of deeds. Soon after, he was elected to represent Salem in the
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591:, Pickering became the Secretary of State in 1795, and remained in that office after President Adams was inaugurated. As Secretary of State, Pickering favored close relations with
923:, reviving his plan for a convention of the New England states to oppose the act and potentially secede from the union. He held several conferences with the special British envoy
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settlers living in the area, Pickering was captured and held hostage for nineteen days. In 1787, he was part of the
Pennsylvania convention held to consider ratification of the
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Bridge. Col. Leslie chose a Sunday morning to raid Salem knowing that the citizens would be attending church. They were, of course, but the Rev. Thomas
Barnard Jr. of the
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903:. The irony of a Federalist moving against the national government was not lost among his dissenters. Pickering opposed the American seizure and annexation of Spanish
752:. The chain blocked the Royal Navy from proceeding up the Hudson River past West Point and protected that important fort from attack for the duration of the conflict.
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Wilbur, William Allan. "Crisis in Leadership: Alexander Hamilton, Timothy Pickering and the Politics of Federalism, 1795–1804." Ph.D. diss, Syracuse University, 1969.
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Almog, Asaf. “Looking Backward in a New Republic: Conservative New Englanders and American Nationalism, 1793-1833.” Ph.D. diss, University of Virginia, 2020.
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attachments to British causes, even willingness to wage war with France in service of these causes during the Adams administration. In 1799 Pickering hired
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to Deacon Timothy and Mary Wingate Pickering. He was one of nine children and the younger brother of John Pickering (not to be confused with the
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Guidorizzi, Richard Peter. "Timothy Pickering: Opposition Politics in the Early Years of the Republic" Ph.D. diss, St. John's University, 1968.
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1211:(Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1980), 47–144; Edward Hake Phillips, "Salem, Timothy Pickering, and the American Revolution,"
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Clarfield, Gerard H. "Victory in the West: A Study of the Role of Timothy Pickering in the Successful Consummation of Pinckney's Treaty,"
688:. These were published in 1775 as "An Easy Plan for a Militia." The manual was used as the Continental Army drill book until replaced by
618:, famously describing the country as "The World's last hope – Britain's Fast-anchored Isle." He left the Senate in 1811 but served in the
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in 1791. He remained in Washington's cabinet and then that of John Adams for nine years, serving as postmaster general until 1795,
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Phillips, Edward Hake. "The Public Career of Timothy Pickering, Federalist, 1745–1802." Ph.D. diss, Harvard University, 1952.
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634:. The fallout from the convention ended Pickering's political career. He lived as a farmer in Salem until his death in 1829.
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1973:
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McCurdy, John Gilbert. "'Your Affectionate Brother': Complementary Manhoods in the Letters of John and Timothy Pickering."
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but arrived too late to play a major role. They then became part of the New England army assembling outside Boston to lay
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and served as a justice in the Essex County Court of Common Pleas. On April 8, 1766, he married Rebecca White of Salem.
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After graduating from Harvard, Pickering returned to Salem where he began working for John Higginson, the town clerk and
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He was widely praised for his work in supplying the troops during the remainder of the conflict. In August 1780, the
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and proposed the creation of a pro-British party in New England and urged Rose to persuade British Foreign Secretary
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Clarfield, Gerard H. "Postscript to the Jay Treaty: Timothy Pickering and Anglo-American Relations, 1795–1797,"
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120, 3 (1984): 149–63. Note: hyperlink is going to an early access non-authoritative version available on
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In December 1776, he led a well-drilled regiment of the Essex County militia to New York, where General
716:'round the world" and started the war. Two months later, Pickering's troops marched to take part in the
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noted on Pickering: "From his youth his townsmen proclaim him assuming, turbulent, & headstrong."
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and served as a county judge. He also became an officer in the colonial militia and served in the
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Wilentz, Sean "The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln" W.W. Norton. New York. 2005.
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History of the United States of America: The second administration of Thomas Jefferson, 1805-1809
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Encyclopedia of Historic Forts: The Military, Pioneer, and Trading Posts of the United States
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Wilbur, W. Allan. "Timothy Pickering: Federalist, Politician, An Historical Perspective,"
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Federalist Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
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Phillips, Edward Hake. "Timothy Pickering at His Best: Indian Commissioner, 1790–1794."
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1492:"Timothy Pickering and the Haitian Slave Revolt: A Letter to Thomas Jefferson in 1806,"
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History of the United States of America during the administrations of Thomas Jefferson
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1501:. The letter is also available on Internet Archive as archived on December 31, 2019.
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After the first of Pickering's two successful attempts to make money speculating in
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The Diary of William Bentley, D.D., Pastor of the East Church, Salem, Massachusetts
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in 1777 with the rank of colonel. In this capacity he oversaw the building of the
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Mary Pickering, sister of Timothy, was married to Salem Congregational minister
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from 1795 to 1800. As Secretary of State he is most remembered for his strong
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List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States
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Near the end of his only term as a senator, Pickering challenged Jefferson's
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Joseph Dennie: Editor of "The Port Folio," and author of "The Lay Preacher."
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2151:
2081:
2041:
2006:
1986:
1607:
1003:
904:
796:
573:
39:
1466:
Clarfield, Gerard H. "Timothy Pickering and French Diplomacy, 1795–1796."
7187:
6910:
6855:
6205:
6195:
6155:
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5995:
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5335:
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3592:
3194:
3079:
2959:
2939:
2661:
2526:
2324:
2181:
2036:
1959:
1484:, vol. 17, "Pickering, Timothy". New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
1162:
1104:, for whom Salem's Leavitt Street is named. A Harvard-educated native of
961:
957:
920:
785:
745:
627:
623:
803:; and Pickering represented the United States in the negotiation of the
7929:
7836:
7603:
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7399:
7384:
7365:
7350:
7110:
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4510:
4355:
4095:
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3497:
3417:
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3179:
3019:
3004:
2919:
2736:
2606:
2471:
2406:
1682:
1286:. New York: Literary Classics of the United States. pp. 409, 428.
896:
883:, Pickering was dismissed from office in May 1800. He was named to the
876:
514:
151:
88:
7740:
799:
frontier land, President Washington appointed him commissioner to the
6650:
5670:
5260:
4105:
3577:
1555:
Timothy Pickering as the Leader of New England Federalism, 1800–1815.
600:
576:
and took part in the then colony's 1787 ratifying convention for the
776:
in Pennsylvania where he assumed a series of offices at the head of
7765:
7505:
7253:
4100:
3492:
3283:
800:
2365:
505:(July 17, 1745 – January 29, 1829) was the third
7921:
4148:
Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts
1014:
984:, where he lived as a farmer until his death in 1829, aged 83.
880:
707:
596:
980:
After Pickering was denied re-election in 1816, he retired to
3785:
1503:
To Thomas Jefferson from Timothy Pickering, 24 February 1806
1020:
Until the 1990s, Pickering's ancestral home, the circa 1651
583:
President Washington appointed Pickering to the position of
1270:
Massachusetts Historical Society (1896), pp.463 & 562.
780:. When he attempted to settle a controversy generated by
662:. He attended grammar school in Salem and graduated from
1580:
1524:
Timothy Pickering and the Age of the American Revolution.
1427:
936:
had been removed. In response to that charge, the Senate
606:
Pickering won election to represent Massachusetts in the
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7202:
7167:
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7015:
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5275:
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4840:
4585:
4385:
4155:
1217:
Timothy Pickering and the Age of the American Revolution
324:
317:
19:"Senator Pickering" redirects here. For other uses, see
838:
In 1799 Pickering sailed to England on the merchantman
544:, Pickering began a legal career after graduating from
3259:
1139:, 4 vols. (Boston: Little Brown, 1867–73), 1:7–15, 31.
1880:
8117:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1588:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
1454:
Timothy Pickering and American Diplomacy, 1795–1800.
1435:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
1207:, 1:34–139, 251–522; 2:69–508; Gerard H. Clarfield,
815:
Washington brought Pickering into the government as
8132:
Massachusetts militiamen in the American Revolution
1232:, 1:532–35; 2:140–73, 182–325, 369–445; Clarfield,
1044:
List of United States senators expelled or censured
911:and an act of aggression against a friendly power.
1166:
1126:, 4 vols. (Gloucester, Mass.: Smith, 1962), 3:352.
736:took notice and offered Pickering the position of
1463:Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1980.
8142:Quartermasters General of the United States Army
8063:
940:Pickering by a vote of 20–7 on January 2, 1811.
560:. Later in the war, he was Adjutant General and
658:) who would eventually serve as Speaker of the
16:American statesman and secessionist (1745–1829)
8092:Censured or reprimanded United States senators
1173:Negro President: Jefferson and the Slave Power
7907:
7726:
7269:
4132:
3771:
3245:
2351:
1866:
1456:Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1969.
695:
8097:Continental Army officers from Massachusetts
1461:Timothy Pickering and the American Republic.
610:in 1803, becoming an ardent opponent of the
133:January 2, 1795 – December 10, 1795
8087:Adjutants general of the United States Army
1529:Pickering, Octavius, and Charles W. Upham.
1308:Timothy Pickering and the American Republic
1209:Timothy Pickering and the American Republic
1161:
1089:Timothy Pickering and the American Republic
996:in Salem, Massachusetts was named for him.
914:
630:secession movement and helped organize the
7914:
7900:
7733:
7719:
7276:
7262:
4139:
4125:
3778:
3764:
3252:
3238:
2358:
2344:
1873:
1859:
1833:Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district
1801:Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district
1751:U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Massachusetts
529:. In 1795, he was elected a member of the
184:August 12, 1791 – January 1, 1795
72:December 10, 1795 – May 12, 1800
38:
8167:Washington administration cabinet members
8162:United States senators from Massachusetts
8127:John Adams administration cabinet members
3787:United States senators from Massachusetts
1403:. New York: Macmillan. pp. 407–408.
1135:Octavius Pickering and Charles W. Upham,
614:. He continued to support Britain in the
75:Ad interim: August 20 – December 10, 1795
1510:Historical Index to the Pickering Papers
1508:Massachusetts Historical Society (1896)
1155:
863:
641:
568:. After the war, Pickering moved to the
8107:Federalist Party United States senators
1533:4 vols. Boston: Little Brown, 1867–73.
1398:
1380:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1375:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter P"
8064:
1548:Essex Institute Historical Collections
1541:Essex Institute Historical Collections
1495:Essex Institute Historical Collections
1475:Essex Institute Historical Collections
1468:Essex Institute Historical Collections
1213:Essex Institute Historical Collections
950:United States House of Representatives
660:Massachusetts House of Representatives
620:United States House of Representatives
285:March 4, 1813 – March 3, 1817
239:March 4, 1803 – March 3, 1811
8137:Politicians from Salem, Massachusetts
7895:
7714:
7257:
4120:
3759:
3233:
2339:
1854:
1480:Garraty, John A. and Mark C. Carnes.
1319:
1279:
1249:
970:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
943:
879:over Adams's plan to make peace with
868:Rebecca White Pickering, portrait by
844:. On October 24 the French privateer
7283:
1367:
1350:"U.S. Senate: Expulsion and Censure"
1215:111, 1 (1975): 65–78; David McLean,
907:in 1810, which he believed was both
901:1804 New York gubernatorial election
948:Pickering was later elected to the
856:succeeded in repelling the attack.
727:
13:
8152:United States secretaries of state
3261:United States Secretaries of State
1421:
1326:. C. Scribner's. pp. 402–404.
968:). He was elected a Fellow of the
587:in 1791. After briefly serving as
21:Senator Pickering (disambiguation)
14:
8188:
8177:19th-century American politicians
8172:18th-century American politicians
8147:United States postmasters general
1882:United States Postmasters General
1583:"Timothy Pickering (id: P000324)"
1574:
1430:"Timothy Pickering (id: P000324)"
810:
700:
646:Coat of Arms of Timothy Pickering
8157:United States secretaries of war
7962:
7793:
4375:
4369:
3944:
3292:
2876:
2869:
2367:United States Secretaries of War
1916:
1717:United States Secretary of State
1663:United States Postmaster General
1013:was launched. She was lost off
766:
718:Battles of Lexington and Concord
507:United States Secretary of State
429:
172:United States Postmaster General
60:United States Secretary of State
8102:Continental Army staff officers
7318:Presidency of George Washington
1392:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1313:
1300:
1273:
1264:
1256:. John Wilson and Son. p.
1250:Clapp, William Warland (1880).
1243:
875:After a quarrel with President
859:
823:for a brief time in 1795, then
556:during the early stages of the
1690:United States Secretary of War
1531:The Life of Timothy Pickering.
1449:3d ser., 23, 1 (1966): 106–20.
1222:
1197:
1142:
1129:
1117:
1094:
1081:
1056:
1034:France–United States relations
975:
622:from 1813 to 1817. During the
531:American Philosophical Society
121:United States Secretary of War
1:
1829:U.S. House of Representatives
1797:U.S. House of Representatives
1780:U.S. House of Representatives
1631:Adjutant Generals of the Army
1557:New York: DaCapo Press, 1972.
1219:(New York: Arno Press, 1982).
1137:The Life of Timothy Pickering
1049:
637:
542:Province of Massachusetts Bay
271:U.S. House of Representatives
3269:Secretary of Foreign Affairs
626:, he became a leader of the
7:
1526:New York: Arno Press, 1982.
1482:American National Biography
1399:Roberts, Robert B. (1988).
1027:
891:in 1803 as a member of the
807:with the Iroquois in 1794.
679:Massachusetts General Court
550:Massachusetts General Court
10:
8193:
4367:
1553:Prentiss, Harvey Pittman.
1519:4, 2 (Fall 2006): 512–545.
1447:William and Mary Quarterly
1234:Pickering and the Republic
835:as his private secretary.
790:United States Constitution
696:American Revolutionary War
578:United States Constitution
558:American Revolutionary War
491:American Revolutionary War
18:
8122:Harvard University alumni
8040:
8021:
7996:
7973:Secretary of the Treasury
7971:
7960:
7937:
7858:
7827:
7804:Secretary of the Treasury
7802:
7791:
7756:
7683:
7638:
7593:
7556:
7495:
7486:
7439:
7334:
7291:
7231:
7201:
7166:
7136:
7079:
7014:
6949:
6874:
6784:
6629:
6439:
6174:
5919:
5689:
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5274:
5059:
4839:
4584:
4384:
4154:
3953:
3942:
3793:
3744:
3301:
3290:
3267:
3038:
2898:
2885:
2867:
2835:
2690:
2390:
2377:
2250:
1968:
1925:
1914:
1888:
1839:
1825:
1817:
1807:
1793:
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1679:
1669:
1660:
1652:
1647:
1637:
1628:
1620:
1615:
1600:at Quartermaster-Generals
1230:Life of Timothy Pickering
1205:Life of Timothy Pickering
1150:Life of Timothy Pickering
987:
548:. He won election to the
496:
486:
476:
468:
450:
442:
437:
425:
410:
403:John Pickering (linguist)
396:
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369:
342:
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289:
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106:
94:
80:
65:
57:
53:
37:
30:
7325:Presidency of John Adams
1581:United States Congress.
1428:United States Congress.
1238:Northwest Ohio Quarterly
1177:Houghton Mifflin Company
960:secession movement (see
915:Attacking Embargo policy
748:which was forged at the
666:in 1763. Salem minister
1550:102, 3 (1966): 163–202.
1106:Stratham, New Hampshire
1974:Post Office Department
1598:Biography and portrait
1517:Early American Studies
1477:101, 4 (1965): 333–53.
872:
650:Pickering was born in
647:
517:. He also represented
8042:Secretary of the Navy
7460:Jonathan Trumbull Jr.
2692:Assistant Secretaries
1567:34, 2 (1972): 278–92.
1543:111, 1 (1975): 65–78.
1470:104, 1 (1965): 58–74.
1452:Clarfield, Gerard H.
1320:Adams, Henry (1893).
1280:Adams, Henry (1986).
1240:53, 4 (1982): 117–32.
1228:Pickering and Upham,
1203:Pickering and Upham,
1148:Pickering and Upham,
934:injunction of secrecy
867:
805:Treaty of Canandaigua
784:who was antagonizing
761:Quartermaster General
645:
562:Quartermaster General
469:Years of service
455:Massachusetts militia
262:Joseph Bradley Varnum
222:United States Senator
46:Charles Willson Peale
7452:Frederick Muhlenberg
1068:search.amphilsoc.org
1064:"APS Member History"
885:United States Senate
757:Continental Congress
652:Salem, Massachusetts
608:United States Senate
380:Salem, Massachusetts
8082:American Unitarians
2252:U.S. Postal Service
1459:Clarfield, Gerard.
966:Hartford Convention
750:Stirling Iron Works
656:New Hampshire judge
632:Hartford Convention
612:Embargo Act of 1807
525:as a member of the
7981:Oliver Wolcott Jr.
7939:Secretary of State
7818:Oliver Wolcott Jr.
7812:Alexander Hamilton
7758:Secretary of State
7575:Oliver Wolcott Jr.
7567:Alexander Hamilton
7311:First Party System
3306:1789–present
3303:Secretary of State
1757:Served alongside:
1648:Political offices
1641:Alexander Scammell
1490:Hickey, Donald R.
944:Member of Congress
887:as a senator from
873:
825:Secretary of State
817:Postmaster General
759:elected Pickering
648:
585:Postmaster General
521:in both houses of
463:United States Army
274:from Massachusetts
8059:
8058:
8050:Benjamin Stoddert
7947:Timothy Pickering
7889:
7888:
7843:Timothy Pickering
7784:Timothy Pickering
7749:George Washington
7708:
7707:
7704:
7703:
7694:Benjamin Stoddert
7612:Timothy Pickering
7522:Timothy Pickering
7476:Theodore Sedgwick
7251:
7250:
6241:H. A. S. Dearborn
5816:J. M. S. Williams
4114:
4113:
3753:
3752:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3040:Under Secretaries
2865:
2864:
2837:Under Secretaries
2333:
2332:
1849:
1848:
1843:Nathaniel Silsbee
1840:Succeeded by
1808:Succeeded by
1769:Succeeded by
1760:John Quincy Adams
1755:1803–1811
1724:Succeeded by
1697:Succeeded by
1670:Succeeded by
1638:Succeeded by
1616:Military offices
1604:Timothy Pickering
1010:Timothy Pickering
734:George Washington
722:siege to the city
690:Baron von Steuben
511:George Washington
509:under Presidents
503:Timothy Pickering
500:
499:
360:Massachusetts Bay
308:Nathaniel Silsbee
192:George Washington
141:George Washington
85:George Washington
32:Timothy Pickering
8184:
8023:Attorney General
7998:Secretary of War
7966:
7965:
7916:
7909:
7902:
7893:
7892:
7874:William Bradford
7860:Attorney General
7829:Secretary of War
7797:
7796:
7772:Thomas Jefferson
7735:
7728:
7721:
7712:
7711:
7697:
7676:
7668:
7660:
7657:William Bradford
7652:
7640:Attorney General
7631:
7623:
7615:
7607:
7586:
7578:
7570:
7549:
7541:
7533:
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7517:
7509:
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7432:
7417:
7402:
7387:
7372:
7357:
7327:
7320:
7313:
7306:
7299:
7285:Federalist Party
7278:
7271:
7264:
7255:
7254:
7236:
7206:
7171:
7141:
7084:
7019:
6954:
6879:
6789:
6634:
6444:
6179:
5924:
5694:
5474:
5279:
5064:
4844:
4589:
4466:B. Crowninshield
4431:J. Crowninshield
4389:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4372:
4159:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4118:
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3254:
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2896:
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2388:
2387:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2337:
2336:
1920:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1852:
1851:
1818:Preceded by
1786:Preceded by
1741:Preceded by
1707:Preceded by
1680:Preceded by
1673:Joseph Habersham
1653:Preceded by
1621:Preceded by
1613:
1612:
1592:
1512:. (The Society).
1439:
1415:
1414:
1396:
1390:
1389:
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1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1098:
1092:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1060:
1039:Federalist Party
909:unconstitutional
893:Federalist Party
829:Federalist Party
821:Secretary of War
742:Continental Army
738:adjutant general
728:Adjutant general
589:Secretary of War
566:Continental Army
527:Federalist Party
459:Continental Army
438:Military service
433:
376:
373:January 29, 1829
352:
350:
338:Personal details
328:
321:
304:
292:
283:
258:
246:
237:
215:Joseph Habersham
211:
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182:
160:
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131:
109:
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42:
28:
27:
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8055:
8036:
8017:
7992:
7967:
7963:
7958:
7933:
7920:
7890:
7885:
7868:Edmund Randolph
7854:
7823:
7798:
7794:
7789:
7778:Edmund Randolph
7752:
7739:
7709:
7700:
7692:
7679:
7671:
7663:
7655:
7649:Edmund Randolph
7647:
7634:
7626:
7618:
7610:
7602:
7589:
7581:
7573:
7565:
7552:
7544:
7536:
7528:
7520:
7514:Edmund Randolph
7512:
7504:
7482:
7474:
7468:Jonathan Dayton
7466:
7458:
7450:
7442:
7435:
7420:
7405:
7390:
7375:
7360:
7345:
7337:
7330:
7323:
7316:
7309:
7304:American School
7302:
7295:
7287:
7282:
7252:
7247:
7227:
7197:
7162:
7132:
7075:
7010:
6945:
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6625:
6435:
6170:
5915:
5685:
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4835:
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4376:
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4150:
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4115:
4110:
3949:
3940:
3789:
3784:
3754:
3749:
3740:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3272:1781–1789
3271:
3263:
3258:
3228:
3219:
3041:
3034:
2901:
2891:
2888:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2861:
2838:
2831:
2693:
2686:
2393:
2383:
2380:
2373:
2364:
2334:
2329:
2246:
1972:
1964:
1921:
1912:
1884:
1879:
1845:
1836:
1831:
1823:
1813:
1811:Jeremiah Nelson
1804:
1799:
1791:
1774:
1756:
1754:
1746:
1729:
1720:
1712:
1710:Edmund Randolph
1702:
1693:
1685:
1675:
1666:
1658:
1643:
1634:
1626:
1577:
1522:McLean, David.
1499:Founders Online
1424:
1422:Further reading
1419:
1418:
1411:
1397:
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1381:
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1118:
1099:
1095:
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1082:
1072:
1070:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1030:
1022:Pickering House
990:
978:
946:
917:
862:
813:
769:
730:
703:
698:
668:William Bentley
664:Harvard College
640:
616:Napoleonic Wars
554:siege of Boston
546:Harvard College
461:
457:
415:Harvard College
387:Political party
378:
374:
364:British America
354:
348:
346:
323:
302:
290:
284:
279:
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256:
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107:
101:Edmund Randolph
95:
87:
74:
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71:
66:
49:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8190:
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7297:Federalist Era
7292:
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5123:
5121:L. Lincoln Jr.
5118:
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4908:
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4883:
4878:
4876:L. Lincoln Sr.
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2892:(1947–present)
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2079:
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2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1827:Member of the
1824:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1806:
1795:Member of the
1792:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1775:
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1617:
1611:
1610:
1601:
1594:
1593:
1576:
1575:External links
1573:
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1561:
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1391:
1366:
1354:www.senate.gov
1341:
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1299:
1292:
1272:
1263:
1242:
1221:
1196:
1189:
1154:
1141:
1128:
1116:
1102:Dudley Leavitt
1093:
1080:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1029:
1026:
994:Fort Pickering
989:
986:
977:
974:
945:
942:
929:George Canning
916:
913:
899:defeat in the
870:Gilbert Stuart
861:
858:
812:
811:Cabinet member
809:
782:John Armstrong
778:Luzerne County
774:Wyoming Valley
768:
765:
729:
726:
702:
701:Salem incident
699:
697:
694:
639:
636:
570:Wyoming Valley
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451:Branch/service
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377:(aged 83)
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8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8069:
8067:
8051:
8048:
8047:
8045:
8043:
8039:
8032:
8029:
8028:
8026:
8024:
8020:
8013:
8012:Samuel Dexter
8010:
8007:
8006:James McHenry
8004:
8003:
8001:
7999:
7995:
7988:
7987:Samuel Dexter
7985:
7982:
7979:
7978:
7976:
7974:
7970:
7954:
7953:John Marshall
7951:
7948:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7940:
7936:
7931:
7928:
7924:
7917:
7912:
7910:
7905:
7903:
7898:
7897:
7894:
7881:
7878:
7875:
7872:
7869:
7866:
7865:
7863:
7861:
7857:
7850:
7849:James McHenry
7847:
7844:
7841:
7838:
7835:
7834:
7832:
7830:
7826:
7819:
7816:
7813:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7805:
7801:
7785:
7782:
7779:
7776:
7773:
7770:
7767:
7764:
7763:
7761:
7759:
7755:
7750:
7747:
7743:
7736:
7731:
7729:
7724:
7722:
7717:
7716:
7713:
7695:
7691:
7690:
7688:
7686:
7682:
7674:
7670:
7666:
7662:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7646:
7645:
7643:
7641:
7637:
7629:
7628:Samuel Dexter
7625:
7621:
7620:James McHenry
7617:
7613:
7609:
7605:
7601:
7600:
7598:
7596:
7592:
7584:
7583:Samuel Dexter
7580:
7576:
7572:
7568:
7564:
7563:
7561:
7559:
7555:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7538:John Marshall
7535:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7498:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7485:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7448:
7446:
7444:
7438:
7431:
7427:
7423:
7419:
7416:
7412:
7408:
7404:
7401:
7397:
7393:
7389:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7344:
7343:
7341:
7339:
7333:
7326:
7322:
7319:
7315:
7312:
7308:
7305:
7301:
7298:
7294:
7293:
7290:
7286:
7279:
7274:
7272:
7267:
7265:
7260:
7259:
7256:
7244:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7230:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7204:20th district
7200:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7169:19th district
7165:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7139:18th district
7135:
7129:
7126:
7125:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7082:17th district
7078:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7017:16th district
7013:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6952:15th district
6948:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6877:14th district
6873:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6787:13th district
6783:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6632:12th district
6628:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6496:J. Richardson
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6442:11th district
6438:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6326:J. E. Russell
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6177:10th district
6173:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5918:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5688:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5468:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5273:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5058:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4891:W. Richardson
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4838:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4583:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4383:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4153:
4149:
4142:
4137:
4135:
4130:
4128:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3776:
3774:
3769:
3767:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3748:
3743:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3648:
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2003:
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1970:Cabinet level
1967:
1961:
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1956:
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1798:
1790:
1789:Leonard White
1784:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1772:Joseph Varnum
1766:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1744:Dwight Foster
1739:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:John Marshall
1719:
1718:
1711:
1705:
1701:
1700:James McHenry
1692:
1691:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1656:Samuel Osgood
1651:
1646:
1642:
1633:
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1624:Morgan Connor
1619:
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1412:
1410:0-02-926880-X
1406:
1402:
1395:
1376:
1370:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1339:, pp. 147–148
1338:
1337:McDonald,1976
1333:
1325:
1324:
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1309:
1303:
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1239:
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1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1192:
1190:0-618-34398-9
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1168:"Before 1800"
1164:
1158:
1151:
1145:
1138:
1132:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1090:
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1032:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1002:
1001:United States
997:
995:
985:
983:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
954:1812 election
951:
941:
939:
935:
930:
926:
922:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
889:Massachusetts
886:
882:
878:
871:
866:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
842:
836:
834:
833:Joseph Dennie
830:
826:
822:
818:
808:
806:
802:
798:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
767:Rise to power
764:
762:
758:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
725:
723:
719:
714:
709:
693:
691:
687:
686:Essex Gazette
682:
680:
676:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
644:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
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575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
519:Massachusetts
516:
512:
508:
504:
495:
492:
489:
485:
482:
479:
475:
471:
467:
464:
460:
456:
453:
449:
446:United States
445:
441:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
413:
409:
404:
401:
400:
399:
395:
392:
389:
385:
381:
372:
368:
365:
361:
357:
353:July 17, 1745
345:
341:
336:
332:
327:
320:
316:
312:
309:
306:
300:
297:
296:Leonard White
294:
288:
282:
277:
272:
268:Member of the
266:
263:
260:
254:
251:
250:Dwight Foster
248:
242:
236:
231:
228:
227:Massachusetts
223:
219:
216:
213:
207:
204:
203:Samuel Osgood
201:
195:
191:
187:
181:
176:
173:
168:
165:
164:James McHenry
162:
156:
153:
150:
144:
140:
136:
130:
125:
122:
117:
114:
113:John Marshall
111:
105:
102:
99:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
69:
64:
61:
56:
52:
47:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
7946:
7842:
7783:
7673:Richard Rush
7611:
7546:Richard Rush
7521:
7488:U.S. Cabinet
7336:Presidential
6936:Wigglesworth
6861:Wigglesworth
5922:9th district
5692:8th district
5472:7th district
5277:6th district
5062:5th district
4842:4th district
4771:J. A. Thayer
4756:J. R. Thayer
4640:
4587:3rd district
4450:
4387:2nd district
4157:1st district
3980:
3322:
3065:A. Alexander
2970:C. Alexander
2757:Breckinridge
2411:
1939:
1826:
1821:William Reed
1794:
1758:
1749:
1715:
1688:
1661:
1629:
1608:Find a Grave
1586:
1564:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1494:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1433:
1400:
1394:
1382:. Retrieved
1369:
1357:. Retrieved
1353:
1344:
1332:
1322:
1315:
1307:
1302:
1282:
1275:
1266:
1252:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1172:
1157:
1149:
1144:
1136:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1096:
1088:
1083:
1071:. Retrieved
1067:
1058:
1019:
1009:
1004:Liberty ship
998:
991:
979:
947:
918:
905:West Florida
897:Aaron Burr's
874:
860:Middle years
853:
849:
845:
840:
837:
814:
797:Pennsylvania
794:
770:
754:
731:
713:North Church
704:
685:
683:
675:Essex County
672:
649:
605:
582:
574:Pennsylvania
535:
502:
501:
487:Battles/wars
375:(1829-01-29)
326:2nd district
319:3rd district
314:Constituency
303:Succeeded by
280:
257:Succeeded by
234:
210:Succeeded by
179:
159:Succeeded by
128:
108:Succeeded by
67:
44:Portrait by
25:
8077:1829 deaths
8072:1745 births
8052:(1798–1801)
8033:(1797–1801)
8031:Charles Lee
8014:(1800–1801)
8008:(1797–1800)
7983:(1797–1800)
7955:(1800–1801)
7949:(1797–1800)
7932:(1797–1801)
7882:(1795–1797)
7880:Charles Lee
7876:(1794–1795)
7870:(1789–1794)
7851:(1796–1797)
7839:(1789–1794)
7820:(1795–1797)
7814:(1789–1795)
7786:(1795–1797)
7780:(1794–1795)
7774:(1790–1793)
7768:(1789–1790)
7751:(1789–1797)
7696:(1798–1801)
7675:(1814–1817)
7667:(1795–1801)
7665:Charles Lee
7659:(1794–1795)
7651:(1789–1794)
7630:(1800–1801)
7622:(1796–1800)
7606:(1789–1795)
7577:(1795–1801)
7569:(1789–1795)
7540:(1800–1801)
7530:Charles Lee
7524:(1795–1800)
7516:(1794–1795)
7508:(1789–1790)
7478:(1799–1801)
7470:(1795–1799)
7462:(1791–1793)
7454:(1789–1791)
7396:C. Pinckney
7381:C. Pinckney
7370:C. Pinckney
7355:T. Pinckney
7026:S. Thatcher
6931:Frothingham
6886:G. Thatcher
6821:J. Reed Jr.
6726:F. Rockwell
6656:S. Thatcher
6641:H. Dearborn
6506:J. Reed Jr.
6256:H. Williams
6126:T. H. Eliot
6066:G. Williams
6026:W. Washburn
5986:H. Williams
5961:J. Reed Jr.
5951:J. Reed Jr.
5841:C. H. Allen
5746:J. Reed Jr.
5726:L. Williams
5706:G. Thatcher
5561:J. Rockwell
5426:A.P. Andrew
5296:J. Reed Sr.
5286:G. Thatcher
5146:W. Appleton
5136:W. Appleton
5086:L. Williams
5051:Auchincloss
5046:Kennedy III
4861:G. Thatcher
4766:C. Washburn
4481:Saltonstall
4336:G. Lawrence
4306:T. D. Eliot
4296:T. D. Eliot
4286:W. Appleton
4271:N. Appleton
4261:A. Lawrence
4251:A. Lawrence
4241:N. Appleton
4081:Saltonstall
3623:Christopher
3618:Eagleburger
3558:G. Marshall
3328:J. Marshall
3042:of the Army
2902:of the Army
2900:Secretaries
2889:of the Army
2507:G. Crawford
2447:W. Crawford
2392:Secretaries
2384:(1789–1947)
2217:Summerfield
1764:James Lloyd
1735:U.S. Senate
1359:October 11,
1306:Clarfield.
1179:. pp.
1163:Garry Wills
1087:Clarfield.
999:In 1942, a
976:Later years
962:Essex Junto
958:New England
925:George Rose
921:Embargo Act
786:Connecticut
746:Great chain
628:New England
624:War of 1812
599:during the
291:Preceded by
245:Preceded by
198:Preceded by
147:Preceded by
96:Preceded by
8066:Categories
7930:John Adams
7837:Henry Knox
7604:Henry Knox
7441:U.S. House
7223:E. Lincoln
6701:L. Bigelow
6541:Whiting II
6486:J. Russell
6471:A. Bigelow
6381:Fitzgerald
6246:W. Baylies
6116:R. Russell
6076:Fitzgerald
5901:Kennedy II
5846:Greenhalge
5656:L. Connery
5651:W. Connery
5626:W. Everett
5611:W. Russell
5451:Torkildsen
5441:Harrington
5256:N. Tsongas
5236:P. Tsongas
5141:Burlingame
4911:E. Everett
4826:N. Tsongas
4506:Buffington
4311:Buffington
3921:E. Kennedy
3911:J. Kennedy
3548:Stettinius
3075:E. Johnson
2887:Department
2812:L. Johnson
2777:Wainwright
2742:Meiklejohn
2577:R. Lincoln
2562:J. Cameron
2532:S. Cameron
2402:B. Lincoln
2379:Department
1997:F. Granger
1950:G. Granger
1890:Confederal
1837:1815–1817
1805:1813–1815
1721:1795–1800
1683:Henry Knox
1667:1791–1795
1635:1777–1778
1293:0940450348
1050:References
1006:named the
877:John Adams
854:Washington
850:Washington
841:Washington
638:Early life
515:John Adams
443:Allegiance
391:Federalist
349:1745-07-17
152:Henry Knox
89:John Adams
7927:President
7746:President
7415:Ingersoll
7178:J. Parker
7158:J. Parker
6961:Wadsworth
6901:J. Holmes
6796:Wadsworth
6766:McCormack
6646:I. Parker
6361:O'Connell
6336:McEttrick
6331:J. Walker
6281:Dickinson
6231:F Baylies
6146:McCormack
6136:Nicholson
6106:Underhill
6021:A. Walker
6011:E. Thayer
5966:H. Dwight
5891:Macdonald
5876:Dallinger
5871:H. Thayer
5866:Dallinger
5836:W Russell
5791:Wentworth
5666:Macdonald
5541:H. Dwight
5446:Mavroules
5221:E. Rogers
5216:J. Rogers
5091:T. Dwight
5071:Partridge
5026:P. Holmes
4971:J. Abbott
4921:Parmenter
4866:Wadsworth
4746:J. Andrew
4711:Whiting I
4671:A. Abbott
4641:Pickering
4631:Livermore
4551:Granfield
4536:Churchill
4451:Pickering
4071:Lodge Jr.
3981:Pickering
3906:Lodge Jr.
3891:Lodge Sr.
3705:Tillerson
3588:Kissinger
3433:Washburne
3358:Van Buren
3323:Pickering
3313:Jefferson
3215:Camarillo
3210:McPherson
3130:Augustine
3110:McGiffert
3070:Bendetsen
2847:Patterson
2817:Patterson
2677:Patterson
2622:Dickinson
2542:Schofield
2492:J. Porter
2462:P. Porter
2437:Armstrong
2412:Pickering
2305:Henderson
2227:Gronouski
2212:Donaldson
2167:Hitchcock
2157:Cortelyou
2122:Wanamaker
2117:Dickinson
2002:Wickliffe
1945:Habersham
1940:Pickering
1565:Historian
1310:p.246-247
1110:Haverhill
1073:March 31,
1017:in 1943.
972:in 1815.
848:attacked
601:Quasi-War
472:1766–1785
426:Signature
411:Education
329:(1815–17)
322:(1813–15)
281:In office
235:In office
189:President
180:In office
138:President
129:In office
81:President
68:In office
7766:John Jay
7558:Treasury
7506:John Jay
7443:speakers
7234:At-large
7096:Chandler
7041:S. Davis
6981:Bradbury
6906:Lovering
6846:Mitchell
6831:Simpkins
6761:Gallivan
6741:Lovering
6736:E. Morse
6721:Robinson
6716:J. Adams
6621:Donnelly
6596:Flaherty
6586:Douglass
6571:Sullivan
6551:Coolidge
6536:Robinson
6516:Goodrich
6501:J. Adams
6481:B. Adams
6456:Bartlett
6451:Bradbury
6426:Delahunt
6391:Douglass
6316:Norcross
6271:Grinnell
6211:J. Allen
6201:Hastings
6046:T. Lyman
5981:Hastings
5861:Deitrick
5781:J. Adams
5681:Pressley
5621:Cogswell
5581:Boutwell
5566:Goodrich
5551:Grennell
5546:S. Allen
5506:Mitchell
5486:Ward Sr.
5436:W. Bates
5431:G. Bates
5406:Cogswell
5396:Lovering
5381:Thompson
5356:T. Davis
5346:G. Davis
5326:Grennell
5311:S. Allen
5301:J. Smith
5226:B. Morse
5196:Sh. Hoar
5181:L. Morse
5131:C. Allen
5116:J. Davis
5006:Mitchell
4996:Weymouth
4976:L. Morse
4936:Thompson
4926:Thompson
4916:Sa. Hoar
4881:Hastings
4856:Dearborn
4851:Sedgwick
4821:McGovern
4741:L. Morse
4706:Twichell
4691:C. Adams
4611:S. Lyman
4576:McGovern
4526:E. Morse
4476:Phillips
4421:W. Lyman
4416:Ward Sr.
4411:Sedgwick
4406:W. Lyman
4346:Heselton
4341:Treadway
4321:R. Davis
4281:S. Eliot
4276:Winthrop
4266:Winthrop
4256:Fletcher
4216:Ward Jr.
4201:J. Bacon
4196:Sedgwick
4186:Sedgwick
4076:S. Weeks
4066:Coolidge
4051:J. Weeks
4036:Boutwell
4026:Rockwell
3966:Sedgwick
3881:Washburn
3866:Winthrop
3635:Albright
3393:Buchanan
3318:Randolph
3205:McCarthy
3190:Westphal
3175:Brownlee
3170:Dahlberg
3100:Ignatius
3085:Finucane
3060:Voorhees
3025:McCarthy
2965:Hoffmann
2960:Callaway
2955:Froehlke
2827:Petersen
2807:Woodring
2787:MacNider
2782:D. Davis
2772:Williams
2762:Ingraham
2667:Woodring
2647:D. Davis
2632:Garrison
2582:Endicott
2517:J. Davis
2477:Poinsett
2427:Dearborn
2371:the Army
2207:Hannegan
2192:W. Brown
2172:Burleson
2067:Marshall
2062:Creswell
2052:Dennison
2032:A. Brown
2027:Campbell
2012:Collamer
1898:Franklin
1384:July 28,
1165:(2003).
1028:See also
992:In 1799
964:and the
938:censured
801:Iroquois
536:Born in
523:Congress
397:Children
7923:Cabinet
7742:Cabinet
7411:Clinton
7338:tickets
7213:Hubbard
7193:Cushman
7153:T. Rice
7128:Kinsley
7116:J. Carr
7106:F. Carr
7101:Gannett
7071:Gifford
7061:Thacher
7036:Tallman
7006:Gifford
6986:Whitman
6976:Widgery
6971:Whitman
6921:Gilmore
6911:E. Foss
6896:C. King
6826:Randall
6806:Ruggles
6706:Baylies
6696:Kendall
6686:Hulbert
6671:Bidwell
6661:Skinner
6611:O'Neill
6606:Kennedy
6591:Higgins
6581:Tinkham
6561:Sprague
6546:Wallace
6521:Trafton
6511:Burnell
6476:Brigham
6466:Stedman
6431:Keating
6416:Heckler
6396:Tinkham
6346:Barrows
6321:W. Rice
6306:Stevens
6301:Crocker
6286:Chaffee
6276:Scudder
6266:Burnell
6221:Wheaton
6216:Brigham
6186:Goodhue
6166:Keating
6156:Moakley
6131:Gifford
6096:Roberts
6086:Keliher
6061:Candler
6056:Burnett
6041:W. Rice
6036:G. Hoar
6031:Crocker
6006:De Witt
5976:Jackson
5946:Wheaton
5941:J. Dean
5906:Capuano
5896:O'Neill
5886:Goodwin
5851:Stevens
5831:Candler
5826:Claflin
5811:G. Hoar
5806:Baldwin
5776:Calhoun
5766:Lathrop
5756:Sampson
5751:Baylies
5736:Gardner
5711:F. Ames
5676:Capuano
5646:Maloney
5636:Roberts
5631:Barrett
5596:E. Hoar
5531:Hulbert
5526:Baylies
5516:Baylies
5496:Bullock
5491:Leonard
5481:Leonard
5461:Moulton
5456:Tierney
5416:Gardner
5321:Kendall
5306:Taggart
5291:Leonard
5241:Shannon
5211:B. Ames
5201:Stevens
5106:Lathrop
5081:Freeman
5031:Donohue
5016:Winslow
5001:Tirrell
4981:Collins
4956:A. Rice
4931:Palfrey
4901:Stearns
4806:Donohue
4796:Philbin
4786:F. Foss
4761:R. Hoar
4726:B. Dean
4701:A. Rice
4686:Damrell
4681:Edmands
4666:Cushing
4616:Mattoon
4561:Furcolo
4531:Gillett
4511:O. Ames
4501:Crocker
4491:Rantoul
4486:D. King
4461:Barstow
4456:Silsbee
4446:W. Reed
4441:Pickman
4426:Shepard
4396:Goodhue
4326:Randall
4291:Scudder
4231:Webster
4191:Skinner
4176:Goodhue
4166:F. Ames
4091:Tsongas
4061:Gillett
4021:Everett
4001:Silsbee
3954:Class 2
3871:Rantoul
3861:Webster
3851:Webster
3811:Goodhue
3794:Class 1
3729:Blinken
3676:Clinton
3563:Acheson
3538:Stimson
3533:Kellogg
3518:Lansing
3483:Sherman
3473:Gresham
3408:Everett
3403:Webster
3398:Clayton
3388:Calhoun
3378:Webster
3373:Forsyth
3333:Madison
3165:Rostker
3150:Shannon
3140:Ambrose
3135:LaBerge
3030:Wormuth
3015:Fanning
2990:Caldera
2930:Brucker
2925:Stevens
2792:Robbins
2767:Crowell
2717:Wolcott
2672:Stimson
2627:Stimson
2612:W. Taft
2587:Proctor
2567:McCrary
2557:A. Taft
2552:Belknap
2547:Rawlins
2537:Stanton
2497:Wilkins
2487:Spencer
2457:Barbour
2452:Calhoun
2417:McHenry
2320:Brennan
2315:Donahoe
2265:Klassen
2232:O'Brien
2127:Bissell
2102:Gresham
2087:Maynard
2057:Randall
2022:Hubbard
2007:Johnson
1987:Kendall
1927:Federal
1152:, 1:85.
952:in the
846:Bellona
740:of the
593:Britain
564:of the
540:in the
481:Colonel
7989:(1801)
7845:(1795)
7614:(1795)
7585:(1801)
7548:(1817)
7532:(1800)
7430:Howard
7218:Parris
7183:Conner
7148:Wilson
7121:Wilson
7001:Martin
6991:Greene
6966:Ilsley
6941:Martin
6916:Harris
6851:Carter
6836:Greene
6816:Eustis
6801:Seaver
6776:Studds
6756:Curley
6746:Powers
6731:Crosby
6711:Hodges
6691:Strong
6666:Larned
6601:Curley
6576:Peters
6566:Powers
6556:Draper
6531:Chapin
6491:Hobart
6461:Cutler
6421:Studds
6411:Martin
6406:Curtis
6401:Herter
6371:Murray
6366:Curley
6356:McNary
6351:Naphen
6341:Atwood
6311:Seelye
6291:Delano
6261:Borden
6251:Borden
6236:Bailey
6226:Morton
6191:Sewall
6101:Fuller
6091:Murray
6071:O'Neil
6016:Bailey
6001:Little
5996:Fowler
5971:Briggs
5956:Folger
5936:Bishop
5931:Varnum
5881:Healey
5856:McCall
5821:Warren
5761:Hobart
5721:Eustis
5671:Markey
5641:Phelan
5606:Butler
5601:Tarbox
5586:Brooks
5556:Briggs
5521:Turner
5511:Barker
5501:Bishop
5421:Lufkin
5386:Loring
5376:Butler
5341:Ashmun
5331:Alvord
5261:Markey
5251:Meehan
5246:Atkins
5231:Cronin
5186:Hayden
5176:Bowman
5161:Butler
5151:Hooper
5126:Hudson
5111:Sibley
5076:Bourne
5036:Drinan
5021:Stobbs
5011:Wilder
4991:Apsley
4986:O'Neil
4961:Hooper
4951:Comins
4946:Walley
4941:Sabine
4906:Fuller
4886:Varnum
4871:Foster
4831:Trahan
4801:Drinan
4776:Wilder
4751:Walker
4736:Ranney
4716:Pierce
4696:Thomas
4676:Duncan
4661:Osgood
4656:Nelson
4651:Varnum
4646:Nelson
4626:Nelson
4621:Cutler
4606:Coffin
4601:Bourne
4566:Boland
4556:Clason
4546:Kaynor
4541:Bowles
4516:Harris
4471:Choate
4401:Foster
4331:Wright
4246:Gorham
4236:Gorham
4226:Gorham
4211:Quincy
4206:Eustis
4181:Holten
4171:Dexter
4106:Markey
4086:Brooke
4031:Wilson
3986:Varnum
3976:Foster
3971:Dexter
3961:Strong
3936:Warren
3896:Butler
3876:Sumner
3856:Choate
3841:Mellen
3836:Ashmun
3801:Dalton
3717:Pompeo
3681:tenure
3664:tenure
3647:Powell
3608:Shultz
3598:Muskie
3583:Rogers
3573:Herter
3568:Dulles
3553:Byrnes
3528:Hughes
3468:Foster
3463:Blaine
3458:Bayard
3448:Blaine
3443:Evarts
3428:Seward
3383:Upshur
3368:McLane
3343:Monroe
3200:Murphy
3195:Carson
3160:Walker
3155:Reeder
3125:Staudt
3120:BeLieu
3090:Milton
3080:Slezak
3050:Draper
3010:McHugh
3000:Harvey
2910:Royall
2857:Draper
2852:Royall
2839:of War
2822:McCloy
2797:Hurley
2752:Oliver
2747:Sanger
2727:Eckert
2712:Tucker
2707:Watson
2694:of War
2682:Royall
2657:Hurley
2617:Wright
2597:Lamont
2592:Elkins
2572:Ramsey
2512:Conrad
2442:Monroe
2432:Eustis
2422:Dexter
2394:of War
2381:of War
2310:Potter
2300:Runyon
2280:Carlin
2275:Bolger
2270:Bailar
2260:Blount
2242:Blount
2237:Watson
2202:Walker
2197:Farley
2132:Wilson
2107:Hatton
2072:Jewell
1960:McLean
1935:Osgood
1908:Hazard
1407:
1290:
1187:
1015:Sicily
988:Legacy
881:France
708:Boston
597:France
382:, U.S.
48:, 1792
7497:State
7366:Adams
7351:Adams
7091:Bruce
7066:Walsh
7046:Brown
6996:Leach
6926:Olney
6891:Cutts
6866:Burke
6841:Weeks
6811:Dowse
6771:Keith
6751:Weeks
6681:Dewey
6676:Bacon
6616:Burke
6526:Dawes
6386:Tague
6376:Tague
6296:Dawes
6206:Upham
6161:Lynch
6151:Hicks
6141:Keith
6081:Conry
5911:Lynch
5801:Train
5796:Knapp
5771:Bates
5741:Green
5731:Green
5701:Grout
5616:Stone
5576:Gooch
5571:Banks
5411:Moody
5401:Lodge
5391:Stone
5371:Banks
5366:Gooch
5361:Alley
5351:Upham
5336:Baker
5316:Locke
5266:Clark
5191:Banks
5171:Banks
5166:Gooch
5156:Alley
5101:Mills
5041:Frank
4966:Frost
4816:Blute
4811:Early
4791:Casey
4781:Paige
4731:Field
4721:Field
4636:White
4596:Gerry
4436:Story
4356:Olver
4351:Conte
4316:Crapo
4221:Mason
4101:Cowan
4096:Kerry
4056:Walsh
4046:Crane
4016:Davis
4011:Bates
4006:Davis
3996:Lloyd
3931:Brown
3916:Smith
3901:Walsh
3886:Dawes
3846:Mills
3826:Lloyd
3821:Adams
3816:Mason
3806:Cabot
3734:trips
3722:trips
3710:trips
3698:trips
3693:Kerry
3686:trips
3669:trips
3652:trips
3640:trips
3628:trips
3613:Baker
3593:Vance
3523:Colby
3513:Bryan
3503:Bacon
3478:Olney
3423:Black
3413:Marcy
3348:Adams
3338:Smith
3180:Geren
3145:Stone
3105:Resor
3095:Ailes
3020:Esper
3005:Geren
2995:White
2980:Stone
2975:Marsh
2950:Resor
2945:Ailes
2940:Vance
2935:Stahr
2802:Payne
2732:Grant
2702:Scott
2642:Weeks
2637:Baker
2602:Alger
2522:Floyd
2502:Marcy
2467:Eaton
2325:DeJoy
2295:Frank
2290:Tisch
2285:Casey
2162:Meyer
2152:Wynne
2147:Payne
2142:Smith
2112:Vilas
2092:James
2077:Tyner
2047:Blair
1992:Niles
1982:Barry
1955:Meigs
1903:Bache
1694:1795
1378:(PDF)
1181:20–21
1091:p.246
982:Salem
538:Salem
356:Salem
225:from
7685:Navy
7426:King
7422:1816
7407:1812
7400:King
7392:1808
7385:King
7377:1804
7362:1800
7347:1796
7243:Cobb
7188:Gage
7111:Wood
7056:Hill
7031:Cook
6856:Luce
6196:Read
6121:Luce
6111:Luce
5991:Hale
5786:Mann
5716:Otis
5661:Lane
5591:Esty
5536:Shaw
5206:Knox
4896:Dana
4571:Neal
4521:Long
4361:Neal
4301:Hall
4041:Hoar
3991:Otis
3926:Kirk
3831:Gore
3659:Rice
3603:Haig
3578:Rusk
3543:Hull
3508:Knox
3498:Root
3438:Fish
3418:Cass
3353:Clay
3185:Ford
3115:Beal
3055:Gray
2985:West
2920:Pace
2915:Gray
2722:Dana
2662:Dern
2652:Good
2607:Root
2527:Holt
2482:Bell
2472:Cass
2407:Knox
2369:and
2182:Work
2177:Hays
2137:Gary
2097:Howe
2042:King
2037:Holt
2017:Hall
1405:ISBN
1386:2014
1361:2015
1288:ISBN
1185:ISBN
1075:2021
513:and
477:Rank
370:Died
343:Born
170:5th
119:2nd
58:3rd
7925:of
7744:of
7595:War
7051:Orr
6651:Lee
6051:Ely
5096:Ely
4496:Fay
3493:Hay
3488:Day
3284:Jay
2737:Doe
2222:Day
2187:New
2082:Key
1606:at
1008:SS
572:of
8068::
7424::
7409::
7394::
7379::
7364::
7349::
1762:,
1585:.
1432:.
1352:.
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419:BA
362:,
358:,
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7383:/
7368:/
7353:/
7277:e
7270:t
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4140:e
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3246:t
3239:v
2359:e
2352:t
2345:v
1874:e
1867:t
1860:v
1591:.
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