Timur - Knowledge

668: 2241: 6942:"In Temür's government, as in those of most nomad dynasties, it is impossible to find a clear distinction between civil and military affairs, or to identify the Persian bureaucracy as solely civil or the Turko-Mongolian solely with military government. In fact, it is difficult to define the sphere of either side of the administration and we find Persians and Chaghatays sharing many tasks. (In discussing the settled bureaucracy and the people who worked within it I use the word Persian in a cultural rather than ethnological sense. In almost all the territories which Temür incorporated into his realm Persian was the primary language of administration and literary culture. Thus the language of the settled 'diwan' was Persian and its scribes had to be thoroughly adept in Persian culture, whatever their ethnic origin.) Temür's Chaghatay emirs were often involved in civil and provincial administration and even in financial affairs, traditionally the province of Persian bureaucracy." 2723: 6273:

Cities occasionally mention'd, as Schiras, Samarkand, Bokara, &c. Manners and Customs of those People, Persian Worshippers of Fire; Plants, Beasts, Product, and Trade. With many instructive and pleasant digressions, being remarkable Stories or Passages, occasionally occurring, as Strange Burials; Burning of the Dead; Liquors of several Countries; Hunting; Fishing; Practice of Physick; famous Physicians in the East; Actions of Tamerlan, &c. To which is added, an abridgment of the lives of the kings of Harmuz, or Ormuz. The Persian history written in Arabick, by Mirkond, a famous Eastern Author that of Ormuz, by Torunxa, King of that Island, both of them translated into Spanish, by Antony Teixeira, who liv'd several Years in Persia and India; and now render'd into English.

1478:; he treated it with relative mercy as he normally did with cities that surrendered (unlike Herat). However, after Isfahan revolted against Timur's taxes by killing the tax collectors and some of Timur's soldiers, he ordered the massacre of the city's citizens; the death toll is reckoned at between 100,000 and 200,000. An eye-witness counted more than 28 towers constructed of about 1,500 heads each. This has been described as a "systematic use of terror against towns...an integral element of Tamerlane's strategic element", which he viewed as preventing bloodshed by discouraging resistance. His massacres were selective and he spared the artistic and educated. This would later influence the next great Persian conqueror: 563: 1789:

and hay as they could carry. When the war elephants charged, Timur set the hay on fire and prodded the camels with iron sticks, causing them to charge at the elephants, howling in pain: Timur had understood that elephants were easily panicked. Faced with the strange spectacle of camels flying straight at them with flames leaping from their backs, the elephants turned around and stampeded back toward their own lines. Timur capitalized on the subsequent disruption in the forces of Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq, securing an easy victory. Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq fled with remnants of his forces.

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occur, causing a retaliatory bloody massacre within the city walls. After three days of citizens uprising within Delhi, it was said that the city reeked of the decomposing bodies of its citizens with their heads being erected like structures and the bodies left as food for the birds by Timur's soldiers. Timur's invasion and destruction of Delhi continued the chaos that was still consuming India, and the city would not be able to recover from the great loss it suffered for almost a century.

1205: 4354:, "Timur Leng (Tamerlane) Timur, known as the lame (1336–1405) was a Muslim Turk. He aspired to recreate the empire of his ancestors. He was a military genius who loved to play chess in his spare time to improve his military tactics and skill. And although he wielded absolute power, he never called himself more than an emir.", "Timur Leng (Tamerlane) Timur, known as the lame (1336–1405) was a Muslim Turk from the Umus of Chagatai who saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir." 87: 1806: 7644: 2194: 2128: 7910: 2252: 1541: 1052:, the Khan of the Eastern Chagatai Khanate, another descendant of Genghis Khan, invaded, interrupting this infighting. Timur was sent to negotiate with the invader but joined with him instead and was rewarded with Transoxania. At about this time, his father died and Timur also became chief of the Barlas. Tughlugh then attempted to set his son 2803:, my capitals and residences; and you, pitiful creature, would exchange these two cities for a mole." Hafez, undaunted, replied, "It is by similar generosity that I have been reduced, as you see, to my present state of poverty." It is reported that the King was pleased by the witty answer and the poet departed with magnificent gifts. 5060:, p. 320: "One of his followers was Timur of the Barlas tribe. This Mongol tribe had settled in the valley of Kashka Darya, intermingling with the Turkic population, adopting their religion (Islam) and gradually giving up its own nomadic ways, like a number of other Mongol tribes in Transoxania ..." 1091:

while he ruled in their name. Also during this period, Timur and his brother-in-law Amir Husayn, who were at first fellow fugitives and wanderers, became rivals and antagonists. The relationship between them became strained after Husayn abandoned efforts to carry out Timur's orders to finish off Ilya

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in many aspects. His father, Taraghai was described as a minor noble of this tribe. However, Manz believes that Timur may have later understated the social position of his father, so as to make his own successes appear more remarkable. She states that though he is not believed to have been especially

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Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq and the army of Mallu Iqbal had war elephants armored with chain mail and poison on their tusks. As his Tatar forces were afraid of the elephants, Timur ordered his men to dig a trench in front of their positions. Timur then loaded his camels with as much wood

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to Moscow. Along the way people prayed kneeling: "O Mother of God, save the land of Russia!". Suddenly, Timur's armies retreated. In memory of this miraculous deliverance of the Russian land from Timur on 26 August, the all-Russian celebration in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Most

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and had a withered right arm due to his injuries. His right thighbone had knitted together with his kneecap, and the configuration of the knee joint suggests that he kept his leg bent at all times and therefore would have had a pronounced limp. He appears to have been broad-chested and his hair and

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Timur is regarded as a military genius and as a brilliant tactician with an uncanny ability to work within a highly fluid political structure to win and maintain a loyal following of nomads during his rule in Central Asia. He was also considered extraordinarily intelligent – not only

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His other wives and concubines included: Dawlat Tarkan Agha, Burhan Agha, Jani Beg Agha, Tini Beg Agha, Durr Sultan Agha, Munduz Agha, Bakht Sultan Agha, Nowruz Agha, Jahan Bakht Agha, Nigar Agha, Ruhparwar Agha, Dil Beg Agha, Dilshad Agha, Murad Beg Agha, Piruzbakht Agha, Khoshkeldi Agha, Dilkhosh

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In his childhood, Timur and a small band of followers raided travelers for goods, especially animals such as sheep, horses, and cattle. Around 1363, it is believed that Timur tried to steal a sheep from a shepherd but was shot by two arrows, one in his right leg and another in his right hand, where

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The history of Persia. Containing, the lives and memorable actions of its kings from the first erecting of that monarchy to this time; an exact Description of all its Dominions; a curious Account of India, China, Tartary, Kermon, Arabia, Nixabur, and the Islands of Ceylon and Timor; as also of all

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in June 1401. After the capture of the city, 20,000 of its citizens were massacred. Timur ordered that every soldier should return with at least two severed human heads to show him. When they ran out of men to kill, many warriors killed prisoners captured earlier in the campaign, and when they ran

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Timur gained followers in Balkh, consisting of merchants, fellow tribesmen, Muslim clergy, aristocracy and agricultural workers, because of his kindness in sharing his belongings with them. This contrasted Timur's behavior with that of Husayn, who alienated these people, took many possessions from

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There is a shared view that Timur's real motive for his campaigns was his imperialistic ambition, as expressed by his statement: "The whole expanse of the inhabited part of the world is not large enough to have two kings." However, besides Iran, Timur simply plundered the states he invaded with a

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was a messianic title, implying that Timur might potentially be the "awaited messiah descended from the prophetic line" who would "inaugurate a new era, possibly the last one before the end of time." Otherwise he depicted himself as a spiritual descendant of Ali, thus claiming the lineage of both

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was one of Timur's largest and most devastating victories as at that time, Delhi was one of the richest cities in the world. The city of Delhi was sacked and reduced to ruins, with the population enslaved. After the fall of the city, uprisings by its citizens against the Turkic-Mongols began to

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Timur spent the next 35 years in various wars and expeditions. He not only consolidated his rule at home by the subjugation of his foes, but sought extension of territory by encroachments upon the lands of foreign potentates. His conquests to the west and northwest led him to the lands near the

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Timur preferred to fight his battles in the spring. However, he died en route during an uncharacteristic winter campaign. In December 1404, Timur began military campaigns against Ming China and detained a Ming envoy. He became ill while encamped on the farther side of the Syr Daria and died at

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In the first phase of the conflict with Tokhtamysh, Timur led an army of over 100,000 men north for more than 700 miles into the steppe. He then rode west about 1,000 miles advancing in a front more than 10 miles wide. During this advance, Timur's army got far enough north to be in a region of

1646:. The village was prepared for the attack, evidenced by its fortress and system of tunnels. Undeterred, Timur's soldiers flooded the tunnels by cutting into a channel overhead. Timur's reasons for attacking this village are not yet well understood. However, it has been suggested that his 529:

in China. Timur's armies were inclusively multi-ethnic and were feared throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe, sizable parts of which his campaigns laid waste. Scholars estimate that his military campaigns caused the deaths of millions of people. Of all the areas he conquered,

364:. An undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history, as well as one of the most brutal and deadly. Timur is also considered a great patron of art and architecture as he interacted with intellectuals such as 1453:

Timur then went north to begin his Georgian and Golden Horde campaigns, pausing his full-scale invasion of Persia. When he returned, he found his generals had done well in protecting the cities and lands he had conquered in Persia. Though many rebelled, and his son

3305:, because they believed he was saving Christianity from the Turkic Empire in the Middle East. Those two kings also praised him because his victory at Ankara allowed Christian merchants to remain in the Middle East and allowed for their safe return home to both 1016:

By about 1360, Timur had gained prominence as a military leader whose troops were mostly Turkic tribesmen of the region. He took part in campaigns in Transoxiana with the Khan of the Chagatai Khanate. Allying himself both in cause and by family connection with

2768:, Timur was "the product of an Islamized and Iranized society", and not steppe nomadic. More importantly, Timur was characterized as an opportunist. Taking advantage of his Turco-Mongolian heritage, Timur frequently used either the Islamic religion or the 5031:) Quotation: "Timur's tribe, the Barlas, had Mongol origins but had become Turkic-speaking ... However, the Barlus tribe is considered one of the original Mongol tribes and there are "Barlus Ovogton" people who belong to Barlus tribe in modern Mongolia." 3407:

in modern terms. An anthropologic study of Timur's cranium shows that he belonged predominately to the "South Siberian Mongoloid type". At 5 feet 8 inches (173 centimeters), Timur was tall for his era. The examinations confirmed that Timur was

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In the meantime, years of insulting letters had passed between Timur and Bayezid. Both rulers insulted each other in their own way while Timur preferred to undermine Bayezid's position as a ruler and play down the significance of his military successes.

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ruler. Due to the distance between Yemen and Timur's base in Transoxiana and the lack of any other evidence of the originals, most historians consider the story highly implausible, and suspect Hosayni of inventing both the text and its origin story.

2776:, and traditions of the Mongol Empire to achieve his military goals or domestic political aims. Timur was a learned king, and enjoyed the company of scholars; he was tolerant and generous to them. He was a contemporary of the Persian poet 1497:

were annexed. Shortly after Georgia was devastated so that the Golden Horde could not use it to threaten northern Iran. In the same year, Timur caught Baghdad by surprise in August by marching there in only eight days from Shiraz. Sultan

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The birthdate commonly ascribed to Tīmūr, 25 S̲h̲aʿbān 736/8 April 1336, is probably an invention from the time of his successor S̲h̲āh Ruk̲h̲ , the day chosen for astrological meaning and the year to coincide with the death of the last

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It is alleged that Timur's tomb was inscribed with the words, "When I rise from the dead, the world shall tremble". It is also said that when Gerasimov exhumed the body, an additional inscription inside the casket was found, which read,

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on his father's side, though some authors have suggested his mother may have been a descendant of the Khan. He clearly sought to invoke the legacy of Genghis Khan's conquests during his lifetime. Timur envisioned the restoration of the

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Believe me, you are but pismire ant: don't seek to fight the elephants for they'll crush you under their feet. Shall a petty prince such as you are contend with us? But your rodomontades (braggadocio) are not extraordinary; for a

594:. These histories also state that Genghis Khan later established the "bond of fatherhood and sonship" by marrying Chagatai's daughter to Qarachar. Through his alleged descent from this marriage, Timur claimed kinship with the 2227:

Pir Muhammad was unable to gain sufficient support from his relatives and a bitter civil war erupted amongst Timur's descendants, with multiple princes pursuing their claims. It was not until 1409 that Timur's youngest son,

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them via his heavy tax laws and selfishly spent the tax money building elaborate structures. Around 1370, Husayn surrendered to Timur and was later assassinated, which allowed Timur to be formally proclaimed sovereign at

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since 1320 had declined. Most of the provincial governors had asserted their independence, and the Sultanate was reduced to only a part of its former extent. This anarchy drew the attention of Timur, who in 1398 invaded

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Timur the Lame, from the effects of an early wound, a name which some European writers have converted into Tamerlane, or Tamberlaine. He was of Mongol origin, and a direct descendant, by the mother's side, of Genghis

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Timur was a member of the Turkicized Barlas tribe, a Mongol subgroup that had settled in Transoxania (now roughly corresponding to Uzbekistan) after taking part in Genghis Khan's son Chagatai's campaigns in that

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The Shah Jahan Nama of 'Inayat Khan: An Abridged History of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, Compiled by His Royal Librarian: the Nineteenth-century Manuscript Translation of A.R. Fuller (British Library, Add.

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European views of Timur were mixed throughout the fifteenth century, with some European countries calling him an ally and others seeing him as a threat to Europe because of his rapid expansion and brutality.

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The battle took place on 17 December 1398. Before the battle, Timur slaughtered some 100,000 slaves who had been captured previously in the Indian campaign. This was done out of fear that they might revolt.

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prisoner, it is no wonder that he has been misrepresented by the historians of those nations, who, in despite of truth, and against the dignity of history, have fallen into great excesses on this subject.

1662:. A group of locals in the region was dissatisfied with this and, Khwandamir writes, these locals assembled and brought up their complaint with Timur, possibly provoking his attack on the Ismailis there. 1116:

Timur's Turco-Mongolian heritage provided opportunities and challenges as he sought to rule the Mongol Empire and the Muslim world. According to the Mongol traditions, Timur could not claim the title of

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To legitimize his conquests, Timur relied on Islamic symbols and language, referring to himself as the "Sword of Islam". He was a patron of educational and religious institutions. He styled himself as a

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Timur had forty-three wives and concubines, all of these women were also his consorts. Timur made dozens of women his wives and concubines as he conquered their fathers' or erstwhile husbands' lands.

2096:, produced tributary states of many Central Asian countries. In 1394, the Hongwu Emperor's ambassadors eventually presented Timur with a letter addressing him as a subject. Timur had the ambassadors 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 2220:, had died from battle wounds in 1403. After the latter's death, Timur did nothing to replace him. It was only when he was on his own death-bed that he appointed Muhammad Sultan's younger brother, 764:, which states that Timur later returning to his birthplace following the death of his father in 1360, suggesting concern over his estate. Taraghai's social significance is further hinted at by 2048:

assaulted Baghdad and captured it in 1402. Timur returned to Persia and sent his grandson Abu Bakr ibn Miran Shah to reconquer Baghdad, which he proceeded to do. Timur then spent some time in

4224:. Eighth International Congress of Mongolists being convened under the patronage of N. Bagabandi, president of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar: OUMSKh-ny Nariĭn bichgiĭn darga naryn gazar. p. 377. 1575:. After the battle Tokhtamysh and some of his army were allowed to escape. After Tokhtamysh's initial defeat, Timur invaded Muscovy to the north of Tokhtamysh's holdings. Timur's army burned 3235:

remarked that the former presented Timur as a "liberal, benevolent and illustrious prince" while the latter painted him as "deformed and impious, of a low birth and detestable principles".

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The title was referring to the conjunction of the two "superior planets", Saturn and Jupiter, which was held to be an auspicious sign and the mark of a new era. According to A. Azfar Moin,

829: 1442:. He ordered heavy taxation of the people, which was collected by Adil Aqa, who was also given control over Soltaniyeh. Adil was later executed because Timur suspected him of corruption. 731:

Later Timurid dynastic histories claim that Timur was born on 8 April 1336, but most sources from his lifetime give ages that are consistent with a birthdate in the late 1320s. Historian

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peasantry, who would loot caravans and then disappear in the forests. He had thousands of Jats killed and many taken captive. But the Sultanate at Delhi did nothing to stop his advance.

3423:] opens my tomb shall unleash an invader more terrible than I." Even though people close to Gerasimov claim that this story is a fabrication, the legend, which became known as the 3343:

tells us, that there are calumnies and impostures, which have been published by authors of romances, and Turkish writers who were his enemies, and envious at his glory: among whom is

667: 2100:, Guo Ji, and Liu Wei detained. Neither the Hongwu Emperor's next ambassador, Chen Dewen (1397), nor the delegation announcing the accession of the Yongle Emperor fared any better. 1891:, in his "The Mongol Warlords", quotes an anonymous contemporary historian who compared Timur's army to "ants and locusts covering the whole countryside, plundering and ravaging." 4196:

Eighth International Congress of Mongolists being convened under the patronage of N. Bagabandi, president of Mongolia (Ulaanbaatar city 2002.VIII.5-11): Summary of presentations

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Other Europeans viewed Timur as a barbaric enemy who presented a threat to both European culture and the religion of Christianity. His rise to power moved many leaders, such as

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after a siege of six months. His invasion was unopposed as most of the nobility surrendered without a fight, however he did encounter resistance by a force of 2,000 under Malik

3073:. In addition, during his reign, some contributions to Turkic literature were penned, with Turkic cultural influence expanding and flourishing as a result. A literary form of 7246: 1610:, concluding the struggle between the two monarchs. Tokhtamysh was unable to restore his power or prestige, and he was killed about a decade later in the area of present-day 6720:

Roemer, H. R. "Timur in Iran." The Cambridge History of Iran, edited by Peter Jackson and Lawrence Lockhart, vol. 6, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986, pp. 86–87.

1379:. With the capture of Herat the Kartid kingdom surrendered and became vassals of Timur; it would later be annexed outright less than a decade later in 1389 by Timur's son 4562: 2240: 2807:

purpose of enriching his native Samarqand and neglected the conquered areas, which may have resulted in a relatively quick disintegration of his Empire after his death.

2060:, a number of captives. Subsequently, he marched to Khorasan and then to Samarkhand, where he spent nine months celebrating and preparing to invade Mongolia and China. 1462:, was forced to annex rebellious vassal dynasties, his holdings remained. So he proceeded to capture the rest of Persia, specifically the two major southern cities of 1160:". Therefore, Timur reacted to the challenge by creating a myth and image of himself as a "supernatural personal power" ordained by God. Timur's most famous title was 2694:. Timur was also noted for attacking the Shia with Sunni apologism, while at other times he attacked Sunnis on religious grounds as well. In contrast, Timur held the 822: 1029:

at the head of a thousand horsemen. This was the second military expedition that he led, and its success led to further operations, among them the subjugation of

590:. Though there are not many mentions of Qarachar in 13th and 14th century records, later Timurid sources greatly emphasized his role in the early history of the 6482:

William Bayne Fisher, Peter Jackson, Peter Avery, Lawrence Lockhart, John Andrew Boyle, Ilya Gershevitch, Richard Nelson Frye, Charles Melville, Gavin Hambly,

2889:, with two other ambassadors, Alfonso Paez and Gomez de Salazar. On their return, Timur affirmed that he regarded the king of Castile "as his very own son". 815: 1406:

revolted one year later, so Timur destroyed Isfizar, and the prisoners were cemented into the walls alive. The next year the kingdom of Sistan, under the

4191:Монгол Улсын Ерөнхийлөгч Н. Багабандийн ивээлд болж буй Олон Улсын Монголч Эрдэмтний VIII их хурал (Улаанбаатар хот 2002.VIII.5-11): Илтгэлүүдийн товчлол 6874: 3587: 2892:

According to Clavijo, Timur's good treatment of the Spanish delegation contrasted with the disdain shown by his host toward the envoys of the "lord of

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culture and early modern Europe. His achievements both fascinated and horrified Europeans from the fifteenth century to the early nineteenth century.

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Agha, Barat Bey Agha, Sevinch Malik Agha, Arzu Bey Agha, Yadgar Sultan Agha, Khudadad Agha, Bakht Nigar Agha, Qutlu Bey Agha, and another Nigar Agha.

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intuitively but also intellectually. In Samarkand and his many travels, Timur, under the guidance of distinguished scholars, was able to learn the

2761:). However, it was Persian which was held in distinction by Timur as it was the language not only of his court, but also that of his chancellery. 8842: 5428: 3607: 3580: 3253:, supposedly Timur's own autobiography, are almost certainly 17th-century fabrications. The scholar Abu Taleb Hosayni presented the texts to the 6224:

The History of the Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem: Styled Afterwards, the Knights of Rhodes, and at Present, the Knights of Malta

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and V. Ia. Zezenkova. Gerasimov reconstructed the likeness of Timur from his skull and found that his facial characteristics displayed "typical

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he lost two fingers. Both injuries disabled him for life. Some believe that these injuries occurred while serving as a mercenary to the khan of

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to scout out Timur, learn about his people, make alliances with him, and try to convince him to convert to Christianity in order to avoid war.

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Timur upbraided him for this verse and said, "By the blows of my well tempered sword I have conquered the greater part of the world to enlarge

2896:" (i.e., the Yongle Emperor), the Chinese ruler. Clavijo's visit to Samarkand allowed him to report to the European audience on the news from 1129:, as the nominal ruler of Balkh as he pretended to act as a "protector of the member of a Chinggisid line, that of Genghis Khan's eldest son, 8475: 3637: 2878:, two Spanish ambassadors were already with Timur: Pelayo de Sotomayor and Fernando de Palazuelos. Later, Timur sent to the court of the 2578: 7668: 4067: 7659: 6785: 3012:

praises Timur for having unified much of the Muslim world when other conquerors of the time could not. The next great conqueror of the

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Sultan Bakht Begum (died 1429/30) – by Oljay Turkhan Agha. Married first Muhammad Mirke Apardi, married second, 1389/90, Sulayman Shah

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in August 1401 to Timur, to pay his respect and propose paying tribute to him instead of the Turks, once he managed to defeat them.

7990: 4968:, Online Edition, 2007. (Quotation:"Under his leadership, Timur united the Mongol tribes located in the basins of the two rivers.") 3956:

Manz, Beatrice F. (24 April 2012). "Tīmūr Lang". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).

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Lady travelling. Samarkand or Central Asian painting, circa 1400. Possibly depicting the wedding of Timur with Dilshad Aqa in 1375.

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In the second phase of the conflict, Timur took a different route against the enemy by invading the realm of Tokhtamysh via the

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Masters, Bruce (1999). "Aleppo:the Ottoman Empire's caravan city". In Eldem, Edhem; Goffman, Daniel; Master, Bruce (eds.).

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suffered the most from his expeditions, as it rose several times against him. Timur's campaigns have been characterized as

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The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate: Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia, from the Moslem Conquest to the Time of Timur

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acted as Timur's vassal. Unlike other princes, Mehmed minted coins that had Timur's name stamped as "Demur han Gürgân" (

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and advanced on Moscow. He was pulled away before reaching the Oka River by Tokhtamysh's renewed campaign in the south.

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Timur had twice previously appointed an heir apparent to succeed him, both of whom he had outlived. The first, his son

2037:, Timur had already begun preparations for his return to Central Asia, and took no further steps to interfere with the 513:

in the last years of his life. By the end of his reign, Timur had gained complete control over all the remnants of the

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Knobler, Adam (2001). "Timur the (Terrible/Tartar) Trope: a Case of Repositioning in Popular Literature and History".

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cities were sacked and destroyed and their populations massacred. Thus, while Timur still retains a positive image in

1264:. However, Timur still supported him against the Russians, and in 1382, Tokhtamysh invaded the Muscovite dominion and 8468: 7511: 4320:

translated by A.M. Berrett, Transaction Publishers, 2004. translated by A.M. Berrett. Transaction Publishers, p. 75.

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Ibn Khaldūn in Egypt: His Public Functions and His Historical Research, 1382–1406; a Study in Islamic Historiography

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The Mulfuzat Timury, Or, Autobiographical Memoirs of the Moghul Emperor Timur: Written in the Jagtay Turky Language

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Teaching About Genocide: A Guidebook for College and University Teachers: Critical Essays, Syllabi, and Assignments

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First of all, Timur's genealogy gives him a common ancestor with Chinggis Khan in Tumbinai – sechen or Tumanay Khan

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and diplomatic exchanges with various European states, especially Spain and France. Relations between the court of

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Timur eventually planned to invade China. To this end, Timur made an alliance with surviving Mongol tribes in the

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as they had been granted rule by Mongol conquerors, illustrating again Timur's interest with Genghizid legitimacy.

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Shterenshis, Michael V. "Approach to Tamerlane: Tradition and Innovation." Central Asia and the Caucasus 2 (2000).

7028:"So Despicable a Vessel: Representations of Tamerlane in Printed Books of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries" 4985:, Online Edition, 2007. Quotation: "Timur (Tamerlane) was of Mongol descent and he aimed to restore Mongol power." 8374: 8293: 8133: 8078: 7299: 3647: 2974: 2900:(China), which few Europeans had been able to visit directly in the century that had passed since the travels of 2378: 2265: 2213: 1850: 1320: 842: 256: 6584: 6318: 2958: 8832: 8574: 6121: 5057: 4850: 4519: 4464: 4347: 4325: 3940: 3392: 2505: 1942:

on 20 July 1402. Bayezid was captured in battle and subsequently died in captivity, initiating the twelve-year

1419: 1355:. In 1383, Timur started his lengthy military conquest of Persia, though he already ruled over much of Persian 92: 5993: 1489:. In 1393, Shiraz was captured after surrendering, and the Muzaffarids became vassals of Timur, though prince 8432: 8121: 8048: 6886: 4435: 3596: 2851: 2837: 1596: 1572: 1244:

One of the most formidable of Timur's opponents was another Mongol ruler, a descendant of Genghis Khan named

899: 6929: 6379: 8707: 8461: 8364: 8325: 7983: 6284: 2855: 2297:

Touman Agha (m. 1377), daughter of Amir Musa and his wife Arzu Mulk Agha, daughter of Amir Bayezid Jalayir;

911: 562: 4806: 2655:

school, which was influential in Transoxiana. His chief official religious counsellor and adviser was the

2155:, in his introduction to the narrative of Clavijo's embassy, states that, after Timur died, his body "was 2140:

on 17–18 February 1405, before ever reaching the Chinese border. After his death, the Ming envoys such as

8630: 8240: 8158: 8143: 8083: 4198:] (in Mongolian). OUMSKh-ny Nariĭn bichgiĭn darga naryn gazar. p. 377 – via Google Books. 3232: 3202: 3192: 2727: 1698: 761: 673: 603: 6138:

Exploring Ottoman Sovereignty: Tradition, Image and Practice in the Ottoman Imperial Household 1400–1800

2922:

A May 1403 letter. This is a Latin transcription of a letter from Timur to Charles VI, and another from

8827: 8498: 8230: 8204: 5076: 3020:, was greatly influenced by Timur and almost re-enacted Timur's conquests and battle strategies in his 2885:

In return, Henry III of Castile sent a famous embassy to Timur's court in Samarkand in 1403–06, led by

2879: 2443: 2119:, also known as "Buyanshir Khan" after he converted to Islam while at the court of Timur in Samarkand. 935: 486:

in the 16th and 17th centuries. Timur was of both Turkic and Mongol descent, and, while probably not a

7408: 5902: 5121: 4982: 4965: 3434:. Timur was re-buried with full Islamic ritual in November 1942 just before the Soviet victory at the 2886: 1946:

period. Timur's stated motivation for attacking Bayezid and the Ottoman Empire was the restoration of

8347: 8220: 8193: 8173: 8163: 8126: 8018: 7955: 7738:

Narrative of the Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez De Clavijo to the Court of Timour, at Samarcand, A.D. 1403–6

4918: 4666: 4601: 4215: 2746: 2595: 2221: 1607: 1173: 904: 736: 7726:, translated by Guy Le Strange, with a new Introduction by Caroline Stone (Hardinge Simpole, 2009). 8852: 8837: 8265: 8215: 8183: 8115: 7856: 7230: 5041: 3025: 2957:

Timur's legacy is a mixed one. While Central Asia blossomed under his reign, other places, such as

2733: 2621: 1876: 1568: 1423: 1148:

As with the title of Khan, Timur similarly could not claim the supreme title of the Islamic world,

980: 928: 892: 432: 7120:

Anthropological composition of the population of Central Asia: and the ethnogenesis of its peoples

5028: 3561:) in which Timur is the deposed, blind former King of Tartary and father of the protagonist Calaf. 1879:. The city's inhabitants were massacred, except for the artisans, who were deported to Samarkand. 1591:. It was then that Tokhtamysh's army was boxed in against the east bank of the Volga River in the 8569: 8400: 8225: 8198: 8093: 7976: 7537: 4085: 3632: 3313:. Timur was also praised because it was believed that he helped restore the right of passage for 3197: 3044: 3029: 2409: 1861: 1475: 1315:

Emir Timur's army attacks the survivors of the town of Nerges, in Georgia, in the spring of 1396.

1271: 918: 885: 607:

merely states her name without giving any information regarding her background. Writing in 1403,

8774: 8655: 7188: 7004: 4371:

Chann, Naindeep Singh (2009). "Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction: Origins of the Ṣāḥib-Qirān".

2810:

Timur used Persian expressions in his conversations often, and his motto was the Persian phrase

1931: 671:

Depiction of Timur granting audience on the occasion of his accession, in the near-contemporary

8584: 8395: 8053: 7914: 7655: 7064:

Knobler, Adam (November 1995). "The Rise of Timur and Western Diplomatic Response, 1390–1405".

6999: 5196: 4567: 3527: 3491: 3475: 2626: 2614: 1737: 1275: 1265: 956: 608: 341: 34: 6939: 6734: 6389: 6333: 6222: 6151: 5875: 5850: 5821: 5763: 4456: 1108:, a descendant of Genghis Khan, allowing him to become imperial ruler of the Chaghatay tribe. 8786: 8691: 8442: 8354: 8330: 8250: 8245: 8235: 8210: 8178: 8109: 8088: 7541: 7135: 6594: 6288: 6243:

The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402–1413

6195: 6178: 5567: 4773: 4756: 4717: 4511: 4351: 4339: 4159: 2500: 2282: 2217: 2116: 1872: 1535: 1295: 1069: 975: 871: 26: 7162: 4640:

The Ocean and the Steppe: The Life and Times of the Mongol Conqueror Genghis Khan, 1155–1227

1248:. After having been a refugee in Timur's court, Tokhtamysh became ruler both of the eastern 8822: 8817: 8754: 8743: 8733: 8723: 8701: 8635: 8610: 8405: 8369: 8255: 8148: 6730: 6458:

Tombs of Paradise: The Shah-e Zende in Samarkand and Architectural Ceramics of Central Asia

4452: 3435: 3431: 3325: 3314: 3298: 3103:

Statue of Tamerlane in Uzbekistan. In the background are the ruins of his summer palace in

2942: 2912: 2867: 2847: 2765: 2535: 2474: 1779: 1490: 961: 732: 8589: 6827:. "Often known as Tamerlane chess, is traditionally attributed to the conqueror himself." 6258:

Osmanlılarda madenî paralar: Yapı ve Kredi Bankasının Osmanlı madenî paraları kolleksiyonu

4134: 8: 8737: 8579: 8564: 8554: 8518: 8484: 8427: 8415: 8188: 8168: 8068: 4263: 3454: 3302: 2842: 2372: 2361: 2311: 1979: 1966: 1943: 1919: 1904: 1717: 1311: 942: 800:, which is the origin of Tamerlane, the name by which he is generally known in the West. 377: 251: 8764: 5936: 2726:

Timur leading his troops at the 1393 Conquest of Baghdad. Near-contemporary portrait in

1887:

out of prisoners to kill, many resorted to beheading their own wives. British historian

1375:

ordered its reconstruction around 1415. Timur then sent a general to capture rebellious

1327:, in 1335, there was a power vacuum in Persia. In the end, Persia was split amongst the 1184:

to designate themselves. In that regard, he simply pursued an existing tradition in the

1075: 8847: 8713: 8549: 8390: 8298: 8153: 8063: 8058: 7801: 7793: 7563: 7448: 7081: 5282: 4943: 4396: 4259: 3884: 3347:... As Timur-Bec had conquered the Turks and Arabians of Syria, and had even taken the 3344: 3207: 3187: 3176: 3085: 2754: 2590: 2530: 1987: 1975:

or "Warrior of Islam". A mass beheading was carried out in Smyrna by Timur's soldiers.

1835: 1816: 1675: 1328: 1283: 866: 765: 644: 464: 8681: 8650: 7751: 7431:

Knobler, Adam (1995). "The Rise of Tīmūr and Western Diplomatic Response, 1390–1405".

6524: 5071: 3210:

wrote a much less favorable history in Arabic. Arabshah's history was translated into

635:

recounted that Timur himself described to him his mother's descent from the legendary

500: 8768: 8260: 8073: 8038: 7883: 7844: 7817: 7805: 7785: 7727: 7702: 7630: 7620: 7601: 7580: 7567: 7553: 7507: 7488: 7452: 7359: 7209: 7168: 7141: 7085: 6957: 6916: 6820: 6765: 6740: 6648: 6503: 6298: 6294: 6201: 6157: 6117: 5908: 5881: 5854: 5825: 5796: 5769: 5704: 5677: 5650: 5571: 5560: 5499: 5460: 5392: 5355: 5345: 5322: 5312: 5286: 5190: 5085: 5053: 5020: 4999: 4935: 4887: 4856: 4846: 4779: 4723: 4693: 4617: 4605: 4515: 4460: 4418: 4388: 4384: 4343: 4321: 4297: 4273: 4165: 4138: 4093: 4009: 3936: 3858:. Vol. 9. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 1847. p. 377. 3719: 3522: 3510: 3404: 3262: 3127: 3093: 3078: 3074: 2780:, and a story of their meeting explains that Timur summoned Hafiz, who had written a 2278: 2104: 2025:). This was probably an attempt on Mehmed's part to justify to Timur his conquest of 1983: 1857: 1843: 1486: 1105: 706: 546:, who ruled Central Asia from 1411 to 1449, and the great-great-great-grandfather of 487: 483: 456: 235: 202: 8749: 8625: 5342:

The Mongol Empire between Myth and Reality : Studies in Anthropological History

4176:

Timur was of both Turkish and Mongol descent and claimed Genghis Khan as an ancestor

2324:

Toghay Turkhan Agha, lady from the Kara Khitai, widow of Amir Husain, and mother of

1684: 1445: 1064: 651:

identify her as the daughter of 'Sadr al-Sharia', which is believed to refer to the

8695: 8665: 8559: 8528: 8359: 8138: 7894:

Yüksel, Musa Şamil. "Timur'un Yükselişi ve Batı'nın Diplomatik Cevabı, 1390–1405."

7875: 7836: 7777: 7694: 7545: 7469: 7440: 7379: 7073: 7039: 6908: 6836:

Document preserved at Le Musée de l'Histoire de France, code AE III 204. Mentioned

5274: 4927: 4879: 4572: 4380: 3809: 3776: 3695: 3601: 3592: 3568: 3533: 3515: 3470: 3157: 3056: 2916: 2875: 2871: 2750: 2742: 2607: 2152: 2030: 1939: 1900: 1693:

Map of Timur's invasion of India in 1398-1399, and painting of Timur defeating the

1658:

explains that an Ismaili presence was growing more politically powerful in Persian

1403: 1387: 1356: 1299: 1157: 1138: 1084: 1026: 999: 923: 797: 717: 694: 595: 514: 468: 404: 158: 22: 8780: 5759: 4883: 4775:

The Legendary Biographies of Tamerlane: Islam and Heroic Apocrypha in Central Asia

4492: 3172: 2403:

Aka Begi (died 1382) – by Turmish Agha. Married to Muhammad Beg, son of Amir Musa

2179:, still stands in Samarkand, though it has been heavily restored in recent years. 807: 455:, which fragmented shortly after his death. He spoke several languages, including 8615: 8544: 8410: 8342: 8275: 7929: 7736: 7595: 7531: 7482: 7118: 6096: 5790: 5698: 5671: 5644: 5493: 5412: 5386: 5306: 4687: 4670: 4638: 4609: 4330: 4267: 4219: 4189: 4127: 4003: 3877: 3550: 3538: 3503: 3498: 3161: 2946: 2825: 2461: 2453: 1971: 1958: 1793: 1712: 1708: 1694: 1004: 994: 539: 509: 479: 440: 424: 361: 299: 6977: 3261:, a distant descendant of Timur, in 1637–1638, supposedly after discovering the 2863: 2002:, the Italians preferred the enemy they could handle to the one they could not. 792:. Timur's injuries and disability gave rise to the nickname "Timur the Lame" or 760:

powerful, Taraghai was reasonably wealthy and influential. This is shown in the

8812: 8043: 7999: 7945: 7840: 7768:

Manz, Beatrice Forbes (1998). "Temür and the Problem of a Conqueror's Legacy".

6606:"The Descendants of Sayyid Ata and the Rank of Naqīb in Central Asia" by Devin 3554: 3463: 3424: 3396: 3361: 3221: 3147: 3139: 2938:

A copy has been kept of the answer of Charles VI to Timur, dated 15 June 1403.

2525: 2271:

Oljay Turkhan Agha (m. 1357/58), daughter of Amir Mashlah and granddaughter of

2188: 2093: 2089: 1947: 1926: 1922:

never spake with judgement. If you don't follow our counsels you will regret it

1045: 1022: 861: 710: 636: 579: 482:, and his empire set the stage for the rise of the more structured and lasting 475: 460: 452: 436: 345: 104: 8620: 7879: 7781: 7444: 7077: 7044: 7027: 6669:

The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, A Search for Salvation

6429:

Beyond the Architecture of Death: Shrine of the Shah-i Zinda in Samarqand

5740:

The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, A Search for Salvation

4931: 3297:, he was often praised and seen as a trusted ally by European rulers, such as 3099: 2690:" stance. However, he also punished Shias for desecrating the memories of the 2288:

Islam Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Amir Bayan Salduz;

2068: 1755:. Jasrat was defeated and taken away as captive. Next he captured the fort of 1394:. During his travel through the north of Persia, he captured the then town of 8806: 8640: 8437: 8318: 8023: 7960: 7887: 7848: 7789: 7672:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 994–995. 7663: 7650: 7634: 7190:

Russian Translation Series of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology

5359: 5326: 5116: 4939: 4392: 4029: 3575: 3558: 3254: 3021: 2982: 2962: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2664: 2636: 2517: 2291:

Ulus Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Amir Khizr Yasuri;

2272: 2145: 1913:

This is the excerpt from one of Timur's letters addressed to Ottoman sultan:

1888: 1864:

were captured as slaves, and many districts were depopulated. He also sacked

1515: 1499: 1229:. Conquests in the south and south-West encompassed almost every province in 1204: 756: 591: 583: 571: 551: 496: 388: 137: 7473: 6360: 4916:

Manz, Beatrice Forbes (1988). "Tamerlane and the Symbolism of Sovereignty".

4860: 4675:. Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies. p. 9. 4187: 3366: 8337: 7742: 7686: 7277:"Facial Reconstruction, Nazis, and Siberia: The story of Mikhail Gerasimov" 7232:

Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the United States Congress

6978:"Nestorianism | Definition, History, & Churches | Britannica" 5792:

The Making of Medieval Panjab: Politics, Society and Culture, c.1000–c.1500

4614:

Intellectual Studies on Islam: Essays Written in Honor of Martin B. Dickson

4335: 3914: 3428: 3389: 3215: 3150: 3135: 3089: 2989: 2882:

a Chagatai ambassador named Hajji Muhammad al-Qazi with letters and gifts.

2699: 2448: 2332: 2085: 2081: 1995: 1732:

and massacred its inhabitants. He sent an advance guard under his grandson

1615: 1587:

causing complaints by his Muslim soldiers about keeping a long schedule of

1584: 1560: 1549: 1545: 1523: 1368: 1253: 1185: 1126: 1122: 785: 769: 724: 575: 526: 522: 491: 448: 428: 416: 408: 373: 357: 30: 7698: 7549: 5278: 4543: 3622:(2019): a video game containing a six-chapter campaign titled "Tamerlane". 3427:, persists. In any case, three days after Gerasimov began the exhumation, 2232:

was able to overcome his rivals and take the throne as Timur's successor.

1176:, the paternal uncle of Muhammad and which was taken by the Mamluk Sultan 1141:

ruler of Transoxania. To reinforce this position, Timur claimed the title

8717: 8660: 8422: 8313: 7827:

Novosel'tsev, A. P. (1973). "On the Historical Evaluation of Tamerlane".

6913:

The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant

3652: 3448: 3279: 3218: 3048: 3013: 3009: 2683: 2304: 2294:

Dilshad Agha (m. 1374), daughter of Shams ed-Din and his wife Bujan Agha;

1725: 1434:, which he had previously captured but instead turned north and captured 1407: 1291: 1274:

tradition states that later, in 1395, having reached the frontier of the

1249: 1218: 1056:

over Transoxania, but Timur repelled this invasion with a smaller force.

1053: 789: 773: 744: 632: 587: 396: 365: 349: 325: 86: 8685: 7797: 4978: 4961: 4400: 4068:"Counterview: Taimur's actions were uniquely horrific in Indian history" 3092:

but afterwards became largely confined to a small area now known as the

1805: 1040:

Following Qazaghan's murder, disputes arose among the many claimants to

8758: 8308: 7325: 4947: 4761:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 37. 4499: 3889: 3382: 3371: 3258: 3112: 3104: 3017: 2923: 2901: 2769: 2687: 2672: 2652: 2585: 2384: 2318: 2205: 2197: 2176: 2164: 2112: 2073: 2053: 2045: 1838:. Bayezid began annexing the territory of Turkmen and Muslim rulers in 1655: 1643: 1564: 1552: 1519: 1494: 1479: 1455: 1431: 1427: 1399: 1391: 1380: 1348: 1261: 1245: 1222: 1088: 686: 682: 624: 616: 612: 412: 400: 261: 186: 154: 121: 8453: 7303: 6764:. New Delhi: Westminster, Archibald Constable and Co. pp. 47–48. 5847:

History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period

3231:

s present a dramatically different picture from Arabshah's chronicle.

1430:

as he had when trying to capture the Zagros. He went near the city of

1398:, which surrendered and was thus treated mercifully. He laid siege to 1256:. After his accession, he quarreled with Timur over the possession of 647:

suggested that she was a descendant of Genghis Khan. The 18th century

8790: 8508: 8033: 8028: 7764:. Ed. J. S. Cunningham. Manchester University Press, Manchester 1981. 6805:(Second Printing, 1962 ed.). Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 59–60. 3606:(2006): Russian film in which Tamerlane in his youth is portrayed by 3482: 3400: 3375: 3348: 3329: 3318: 3290: 3120: 3070: 2927: 2796: 2569: 2404: 2390: 2325: 2256: 2229: 2201: 2057: 1827: 1626:. The Golden Horde no longer held power after their losses to Timur. 1623: 1619: 1485:

Timur then began a five-year campaign to the west in 1392, attacking

1415: 1372: 1352: 1340: 1324: 1181: 1169: 1041: 772:. In addition to this, the father of the great Amir Hamid Kereyid of 740: 690: 640: 543: 518: 266: 190: 3196:, which was written during Timur's lifetime. Between 1424 and 1428, 2193: 72: 8727: 8605: 8303: 7816:, Andrew Roberts (editor), London: Quercus Military History, 2008. 6069:

The Ottoman City Between East and West: Aleppo, Izmir, and Istanbul

5105:[Son of Bek Taragai from the Turkified Mongol Barlas tribe] 3545: 3116: 3060: 3008:, where some of his greatest atrocities were carried out. However, 2978: 2926:, his son, to the Christian princes, announcing their victory over 2686:

in high regard and has been noted by various scholars for his "pro-

2417: 2156: 2008: 1951: 1839: 1752: 1603: 1592: 1507: 1376: 1360: 1336: 1093: 1030: 1018: 582:

was a minister for the emperor who later assisted the latter's son

535: 531: 420: 7814:

The Art of War: great commanders of the ancient and medieval world

7649:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

6030: 5734: 5732: 5717: 5366: 2175:

coffin and sent to Samarkand, where it was buried". His tomb, the

735:

suspects the 1336 date was designed to tie Timur to the legacy of

601:

The origins of Timur's mother, Tekina Khatun, are less clear. The

8645: 8503: 7968: 5265:

Manz, Beatrice Forbes (2002). "Tamerlane's Career and Its Uses".

5080:(in Russian). Vol. 32: Televizionnaya bashnya - Ulan-Bator. 4689:

Indo-Central Asian Relations: From Early Times to Medieval Period

4272:. Translated by M. M. Khorramia. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 4. 4157: 3856:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

3762: 3310: 3052: 2800: 2711: 2546: 2108: 2049: 1883: 1853: 1756: 1729: 1639: 1635: 1511: 1471: 1463: 1439: 1344: 1332: 1287: 1238: 1234: 1177: 1153: 1049: 1034: 752: 656: 384: 294: 6114:

The Mongol Warlords Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane

5308:

The Millennial Sovereign: Sacred Kingship and Sainthood in Islam

4874:

Sinor, Denis (1990). "Introduction: The concept of Inner Asia".

4030:"Timur | Biography, Conquests, Empire, & Facts | Britannica" 3051:, and, in most of the territories that he incorporated into his 2945:

who was a regent during his uncle's absence in the West, sent a

7909: 5729: 5081: 5049: 4507: 4090:

After Tamerlane: the rise and fall of global empires, 1400–2000

3642: 3306: 3294: 3001: 2993: 2986: 2931: 2897: 2893: 2781: 2758: 2691: 2660: 2656: 2648: 2127: 1991: 1962: 1831: 1813: 1810: 1760: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1654:

may have contributed to his motivations. The Persian historian

1611: 1576: 1503: 1467: 1459: 1435: 1411: 1395: 1279: 1230: 1209: 1149: 781: 748: 652: 628: 392: 65: 7203: 6791:(via Google Books). London: MacMillan & Co., 1874, p. 252. 3791: 3710: 3385:

from his tomb on 19 June 1941 and his remains examined by the

1571:. In the initial stage of the war, Timur won a victory at the 7167:. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company. p. 3. 3487: 3266: 3211: 3143: 3065: 3005: 2966: 2777: 2668: 2540: 2172: 2168: 2141: 2137: 2097: 2026: 1930:

Painting depicting Bayezid I being held captive by Timur, by

1865: 1820: 1614:. During the course of Timur's campaigns, his army destroyed 1588: 1364: 1257: 1226: 1130: 1121:

or rule the Mongol Empire because he was not a descendant of

1101: 768:, who described him as a magnate in the court of Amir Husayn 547: 444: 369: 174: 127: 7594:

Riasanovsky, Nicholas Valentine; Steinberg, Mark D. (2005).

6197:

Medusas Gaze: The Extraordinary Journey of the Tazza Farnese

5593:

Fisher, W.B.; Jackson, P.; Lockhart, L.; Boyle, J.A. :

2915:, suggesting that he send traders to Asia. It is written in 1938:

Finally, Timur invaded Anatolia and defeated Bayezid in the

681:

Timur was born in Transoxiana near the city of Kesh (modern

21:"Tamerlane" and "Tamerlan" redirect here. For the poem, see 7387: 7333: 7116: 4480:(Second Printing ed.). Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 61. 4258: 3797: 3409: 3386: 2997: 2970: 2773: 2160: 1950:

authority. Timur saw the Seljuks as the rightful rulers of

1766:

While on his march towards Delhi, Timur was opposed by the

1659: 1363:

dynasty surrendered. Timur began his Persian campaign with

1134: 702: 353: 340:(8 April 1336 – 17–18 February 1405), was a 100: 7687:"Timur (Tamerlane) and the Timurid Empire in Central Asia" 6401:

James Louis Garvin, Franklin Henry Hooper, Warren E. Cox,

6153:

The Human Journey: A Concise Introduction to World History

6011: 5600: 5536: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 4047: 3077:

came into use alongside Persian as both a cultural and an

2663:, he had come under the influence of his spiritual mentor 2144:

and the remaining entourage were released by his grandson

623:, written decades later, says that she was related to the 407:

by 1370. From that base, he led military campaigns across

7717:

Timur's Legacy: The Architecture of Bukhara and Samarkand

5103:Сын бека Тарагая из тюркизированного монг. племени барлас 4722:. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific. p. 20. 4547:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Online Academic Edition. 2007. 3785: 3701: 3579:(1973): Azerbaijani film in which Timur was portrayed by 3419: 2679: 2251: 2088:. The Ming dynasty during the reigns of its founder, the 1767: 1651: 1642:

village only a year after his assault on the Ismailis in

1540: 949: 58: 6525:"Biography of Tamerlane, 14th Century Conqueror of Asia" 5243: 3903:

A Century of Princes: Sources on Timurid History and Art

3146:. He also gives important details on the then incumbent 1701:, in the winter of 1397–1398 (painting dated 1595–1600). 1506:

protected him and killed Timur's envoys. Timur left the

570:

Through his father, Timur claimed to be a descendant of

566:

Genealogical relationship between Timur and Genghis Khan

7857:"Nationality or Religion: Views of Central Asian Islam" 6711:, University of California Press, 1967, p. 51, footnote 6559: 6499:

Peerless images : Persian painting and its sources

6050: 6048: 5624: 5612: 5452: 5311:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 40–43. 5210: 4736: 2870:

and that of Timur played an important part in medieval

1990:, as their ships ferried the Ottoman army to safety in 1728:

on 30 September 1398 with a force of 90,000, he sacked

1665: 6502:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 201–203. 6240: 5947: 5512: 5473: 3915:ʻInāyat Khān; Muḥammad Ṭāhir Āšnā ʿInāyat Ḫān (1990). 3518:

which also portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur.

2063: 7691:

The Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of Central Asia

6686: 5524: 5453:

Wescoat, James L.; Wolschke-Bulmahn, Joachim (1996).

5231: 5167: 4239:. Vol. 14. P. F. Collier & son. p. 46. 4188:

International Association for Mongol Studies (2002).

3800: 3684:'royal son-in-law') to a princess of Chinggisid line. 3335:

In the introduction to a 1723 translation of Yazdi's

3111:

Timur is officially recognized as a national hero in

2076:

was strengthened due to fear of an invasion by Timur.

1414:

was destroyed. Timur then returned to his capital of

1145:(royal son-in-law) to a princess of Chinggisid line. 1125:. Therefore, Timur set up a puppet Chaghatayid Khan, 7593: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6045: 5765:

The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia

5723: 5562:

The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda

5372: 3867: 3865: 3794: 3782: 3698: 2216:, died of illness in 1376. The second, his grandson 1526:; he fled again in 1399, this time to the Ottomans. 403:) in the 1320s, Timur gained control of the western 7530:Melville, Charles (2020). Melville, Charles (ed.). 7297: 6993: 6991: 6872: 6803:

Four studies on the History of Central Asia, vol. 1

6739:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 173–. 6674: 6579:

Four Studies on the History of Central Asia, Vol. 2

6445:

Four Studies on the History of Central Asia, Vol. 2

6236: 6234: 6193: 5557: 5553: 5551: 5498:. Cambridge University Press. pp. vii–xxxvii. 4845:(Rev. ed.). Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. 4647: 4478:

Four studies on the History of Central Asia, vol. 1

4459:(page 174), Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1971, 4415:

Atrocitology: Humanity's 100 Deadliest Achievements

3788: 3779: 3707: 3704: 1567:. The inevitable response by Timur resulted in the 837: 7896:Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 7358:(Spanish ed.). Planeta Colombiana Editorial. 6970: 6671:(New York: Oxford University Press), 2007, p. 114. 6083:Empires of Islam in Renaissance Historical Thought 5844: 5742:(New York: Oxford University Press), 2007, p. 116. 5559: 4542: 4126: 2019:), alongside his own as "Mehmed bin Bayezid han" ( 1871:Then Timur turned his attention to Syria, sacking 1606:region. In 1395, Timur defeated Tokhtamysh in the 7504:Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, Conqueror of the World 7235:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. A7238. 6610:, Vol. 115, No. 4 (Oct. – Dec. 1995), pp. 612–634 6439: 6437: 6187: 6176: 5333: 4234: 4129:Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, Conqueror of the World 4106: 3955: 3862: 3164:follows a fictionalized version of Timur's life. 2791:I would give the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara. 2347:Sultan Agha, mother of a son who died in infancy; 2300:Chulpan Mulk Agha, daughter of Haji Beg of Jetah; 2281:(m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of 1826:Before the end of 1399, Timur started a war with 1111: 490:on either side, he shared a common ancestor with 8804: 7826: 7533:The Timurid Century: The Idea of Iran, Volume IX 7521:May, Timothy. "Timur ("the Lame") (1336–1405)". 7098: 7059: 7057: 7055: 6988: 6622:, Volume 1 By Vasilij Vladimirovič Bartold p. 19 6608:DeWeese Journal of the American Oriental Society 6231: 6220: 5815: 5548: 4829:The Story of the Turks: From Empire to Democracy 4608:; Michel M. Mazzaoui; Vera Basch Moreen (eds.). 4560: 3676:To legitimize his rule, Timur claimed the title 2303:Tukal Khanum (m. 1397), daughter of Mongol Khan 1860:. Of the surviving population, more than 60,000 1563:, turned against his patron and in 1385 invaded 1518:returned. Ahmad was unpopular but got help from 747:, who died in that year. He was a member of the 7353: 6762:The Mogul Emperors of Hindustan (1398–1707 A.D) 5388:Icons and Saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church 4254: 4252: 4250: 3355: 3278:Timur arguably had a significant impact on the 1137:meaning general, and acting in the name of the 1092:Khoja (former governor of Mawarannah) close to 471:, in which he wrote diplomatic correspondence. 7247:"Uzbekistan: On the bloody trail of Tamerlane" 7137:Diverging Paths of Development in Central Asia 6873:Frances Carney Gies (September–October 1978). 6815:Cazaux, Jean-Louis and Knowlton, Rick (2017). 6434: 6347:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire 5260: 5258: 3088:, which had previously been a major branch of 2432: 2005:During the early interregnum, Bayezid I's son 1544:Emir Timur and his forces advance against the 1172:a title that was used before him to designate 8469: 7984: 7409:"Age of Empires 2: Definitive Edition review" 7052: 6997: 6723: 6663: 6661: 5188: 4878:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–18. 4630: 4596: 4594: 4001: 3816: 3747: • Historically best known as 3506:, portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur. 2815: 2020: 2014: 2006: 1982:in February 1402, Timur was furious with the 1622:, subsequently disrupting the Golden Horde's 1559:In the meantime, Tokhtamysh, now khan of the 1168:, 'Lord of Conjunction'), which is rooted in 823: 91:Facial reconstruction from Timur's skull, by 7617:Perpetual Happiness: the Ming Emperor Yongle 6471:Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran 6227:. J.W. Leonard & Company. pp. 104–. 6149: 4797: 4795: 4318:Nomadic Empires: From Mongolia to the Danube 4247: 4158:Donald M. Seekins; Richard F. Nyrop (1986). 3494:, in Italian, based on the 1675 Pradon play. 3186:The earliest known history of his reign was 2824:). He is credited with the invention of the 2428:Qutlugh Sultan Agha – by Toghay Turkhan Agha 987: 968: 689:), some 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of 619:, claimed that she was of lowly origin. The 427:, defeating in the process the Khans of the 7619:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 7133: 6703: 6701: 6620:Four studies on the history of Central Asia 6522: 6156:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 164–. 6143: 6111: 5849:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 489– 5795:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 374, 390. 5642: 5255: 4312: 4310: 4118: 3831: 3761:'Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction'), his 3758: 3732: 3681: 3638:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent 3043:Timur's short-lived empire also melded the 3024:. Like Timur, Nader Shah conquered most of 8476: 8462: 7991: 7977: 7868:Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 7577:The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453 7123:. Vol. 2. Peabody Museum. p. 39. 7019: 6784:Cowell, Professor (first name not given). 6658: 6358: 6170: 6095:ʻArabshāh, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad Ibn (1976). 5566:. University of California Press. p. 5070:Kravets, S. L.; et al., eds. (2016). 4778:. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. 4679: 4591: 4294:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World 3920:. Oxford University Press. pp. 11–17. 3823: 3724: 3537:(published 1827): first published poem of 2563: 2344:Khand Malik Agha, mother of Ibrahim Mirza; 1800: 1773: 830: 816: 447:, becoming the most powerful ruler in the 85: 7756:(Hardback). London: Thorndon Butterworth. 7043: 7025: 6794: 6277: 6255: 6200:. Oxford University Press. pp. 88–. 6094: 6071:. Cambridge University Press. p. 20. 5768:. Rutgers University Press. p. 444. 5184: 5182: 4876:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia 4792: 4706: 4636: 3567:(The Lame Man; published 1932): story by 3206:drawing heavily on Shami's earlier work. 1449:Timur's empire and his military campaigns 1152:, because the "office was limited to the 7654: 7529: 7110: 6907: 6809: 6800: 6729: 6698: 6548: 6484:The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume VI 6283: 6085:, (Harvard University Press, 2008), 207. 5934: 5758: 5630: 5542: 5518: 5479: 5225: 5046:History of Civilizations of Central Asia 4765: 4475: 4307: 4210: 4208: 3930: 3365: 3227:As Timurid-sponsored histories, the two 3171: 3098: 3063:of administration and literary culture ( 2841: 2831: 2721: 2710:, and Timur's own attack on Ismailis at 2250: 2239: 2192: 2126: 2067: 2021: 2015: 1925: 1842:. As Timur claimed sovereignty over the 1830:, sultan of the Ottoman Empire, and the 1804: 1539: 1444: 1426:invasion. In 1386, Timur passed through 1310: 1203: 1074: 1063: 666: 627:tribe, whose lands bordered that of the 561: 525:, and had even attempted to restore the 8483: 7501: 7459: 7430: 7384: – Full Cast & Crew" 7204:Mikhail Mikhailovich Gerasimov (1971). 7063: 6692: 6214: 6066: 6017: 5953: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5669: 5606: 5417:. Moscow Patriarchate. 1989. p. 3. 5384: 5249: 5237: 5173: 5069: 4754: 4748: 4124: 4065: 4053: 3989: 3892:, Vol I, p. 49. Printed in Lahore, 1985 3289:When Timur captured the Ottoman Sultan 2235: 2131:Timurid Empire at Timur's death in 1405 1894: 1763:chief Rai Dul Chand and demolished it. 1618:, the capital of the Golden Horde, and 1529: 1502:fled to Syria, where the Mamluk Sultan 878: 451:. From these conquests, he founded the 29:. For people named Timur or Temur, see 8843:Royalty and nobility with disabilities 8805: 7715:Forbes, Andrew, & Henley, David: " 7684: 6759: 6290:The Great Wall of China 221 BC–1644 AD 6112:Nicolle, David; Hook, Richard (1998). 5935:Phillips, Charles (10 December 2023). 5820:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 5696: 5649:. Psychology Press. pp. 144–189. 5558:Chaliand, Gerard; Arnaud Blin (2007). 5179: 4840: 4685: 4084: 3964:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 2659:scholar 'Abdu 'l-Jabbar Khwarazmi. In 2317:Mengli Agha, concubine, and mother of 2033:. After Mehmed established himself in 1634:In May 1393, Timur's army invaded the 1386:Timur then headed west to capture the 1282:and started advancing towards Moscow. 1199: 574:, a male-line ancestor he shared with 503:, saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir. 8457: 7972: 7865: 7574: 7253:. London. 9 July 2006. Archived from 6565: 6352: 6140:; published by Continium, 2008; p. 58 6054: 5900: 5788: 5491: 5339: 5300: 5298: 5296: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4873: 4712: 4665: 4653: 4600: 4556: 4554: 4370: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4269:Tamerlane: The Life of the Great Amir 4214: 4205: 4092:. Bloomsbury Press. pp. 29, 92. 3619:Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition 3167: 3134:. The book begins with the praise of 3084:Tamerlane virtually exterminated the 2511: 2397: 2310:Tolun Agha, concubine, and mother of 1359:by 1381, after Khwaja Mas'ud, of the 1306: 811: 776:is stated as a friend of Taraghai's. 542:sultan, astronomer and mathematician 8122:Battle of the Kondurcha River (1391) 7770:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 7767: 7749: 7614: 7480: 7433:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 7228: 7107:Punctuation and spelling modernized. 7066:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 6935: 6680: 6590: 6549:Nogueira, Adeilson (28 March 2020). 6523:Szczepanski, Kallie (21 July 2019). 6495: 6385: 6329: 6260:. Yapı ve Kredi Bankası. p. 64. 6098:Tamerlane: Or, Timur, the Great Amir 5994:"Battle of Delhi | 17 December 1398" 5745: 5618: 5530: 5304: 5264: 4915: 4771: 4742: 4490: 4112: 4066:Shahane, Girish (28 December 2016). 3871: 3737: • Sometimes spelled 3663: 3238: 3138:, Timur, and particularly the first 2911:A 30 July 1402 letter from Timur to 2874:diplomacy. In 1402, the time of the 2255:Emir Timur feasts in the gardens of 1666:Campaign against the Delhi Sultanate 1303:Holy Mother of God was established. 1208:Timur besieges the historic city of 8514:Siege of Constantinople (1394–1402) 7300:"Timurid Architecture in Samarkand" 7164:Southeast Asia: The Long Road Ahead 7160: 6951: 6736:The History of the Mongol Conquests 6116:. Brockhampton Press. p. 161. 5983:Ibn Tagrîbirdi, 1956, XII: 262–263. 5873: 5867: 5838: 5391:. Getty Publications. p. 177. 4457:The history of the Mongol conquests 3813: 2816: 2494: 2084:collapsed and was succeeded by the 2064:Attempts to attack the Ming dynasty 2044:While Timur was still in Anatolia, 1493:rebelled but was defeated, and the 1470:. When he arrived with his army at 1438:with little resistance, along with 1133:". Timur instead used the title of 13: 8241:Revolt of Abdal-Latif Mirza (1449) 8159:Battle of the Chirciq River (1488) 7998: 7866:Sykes, P. M. (1915). "Tamerlane". 7812:Marozzi, Justin. "Tamerlane", in: 7678: 7354:Enrique Serrano (2 January 2011). 6555:. Clube de Autores. pp. 9–10. 5809: 5293: 4900: 4551: 4357: 2828:variant, played on a 10×11 board. 2642: 1418:, where he began planning for his 1410:, was ravaged, and its capital at 1083:In this period, Timur reduced the 855: 803: 655:scholar Ubayd Allah al-Mahbubi of 360:, becoming the first ruler of the 16:Turco-Mongol conqueror (1336–1405) 14: 8864: 8375:Khanqah of Baha ad-Din Naqshbandi 7902: 7099:ad-DīnʿAlī Yazdī, Sharaf (1723). 6577:Vasilii Vladimirovitch Barthold, 6443:Vasilii Vladimirovitch Barthold, 6101:. Progressive Books. p. 168. 5676:. University Press. p. 235. 4998:, Oxford University Press, 2005, 4436:"The Rehabilitation of Tamerlane" 3273: 2736:in 1424–28. Published in 1435–36. 2702:in high regard for attacking the 2671:who is buried alongside Timur in 1969:, thus he referred to himself as 1021:, the dethroner and destroyer of 578:. Tumanay's great-great-grandson 25:. For people named Tamerlan, see 8194:Battle of Qalat-i-Ghilzai (1505) 8134:Invasions of Georgia (1386-1403) 7908: 7642: 7401: 7372: 7347: 7318: 7291: 7269: 7239: 7222: 7197: 7181: 7154: 7127: 7117:Lev Vasil'evich Oshanin (1964). 7092: 6945: 6901: 6866: 6854: 6842: 6830: 6778: 6753: 6714: 6637: 6625: 6613: 6600: 6571: 6542: 6516: 6489: 6476: 6463: 6450: 6421: 6408: 6395: 6339: 6264: 6249: 6130: 6105: 6088: 6075: 6060: 5877:Ganga: The Many Pasts of a River 5724:Riasanovsky & Steinberg 2005 5373:Riasanovsky & Steinberg 2005 4616:. University of Utah Press: 97. 4385:10.1163/160984909X12476379007927 4296:A–L, Macmillan Reference, 2004, 3775: 3694: 2422:Sa'adat Sultan – by Dilshad Agha 2366: 2341:Malikanshah Agha, a Filuni lady; 1965:, a stronghold of the Christian 1722:Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq 1683: 1674: 1059: 538:. He was the grandfather of the 474:Timur was the last of the great 241: 8675:Neighbouring rulers and leaders 8294:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi 8184:Battle of Ab Darrah Pass (1511) 8127:Battle of the Terek River(1395) 8079:Ibrahim Mirza bin Ala-ud-Daulah 7741: – Full text at 7724:Embassy to Tamerlane, 1403–1406 7520: 7105:. Vol. 1. pp. xii–ix. 6241:Dimitris J. Kastritsis (2007). 6023: 5986: 5977: 5968: 5959: 5928: 5894: 5782: 5703:. Routledge. pp. 167–184. 5690: 5663: 5636: 5587: 5485: 5446: 5421: 5405: 5378: 5192:A brief history of eastern Asia 5154: 5141: 5109: 5063: 5034: 5009: 4988: 4971: 4954: 4867: 4834: 4821: 4659: 4571:. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). 4535: 4484: 4469: 4446: 4428: 4407: 4286: 4228: 4181: 4151: 4078: 4059: 4022: 3995: 3949: 3648:Timurid conquests and invasions 2820:, meaning "truth is safety" or 2788:For the black mole on thy cheek 2732:, commissioned by his grandson 2338:Sultan Aray Agha, a Nukuz lady; 2268:, Jahanshah Mirza and Aka Begi; 1846:, they took refuge behind him. 1647: 1510:prince Khwaja Mas'ud to govern 1294:. The clergy brought the famed 1290:and halted at the banks of the 8575:Siege of Constantinople (1411) 7615:Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry (2002). 7579:. Cambridge University Press. 7487:. Cambridge University Press. 7484:The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane 7481:Manz, Beatrice Forbes (1999). 6349:, see: "Northern Yuan Dynasty" 5974:Ibn Hacer, 1994, pp. II: 9–10. 5880:. Penguin Random House India. 5816:Kenneth Pletcher, ed. (2010). 5344:. Leiden: Brill. p. 132. 5084:: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 4805:. AsianHistory. Archived from 3924: 3908: 3895: 3848: 3768: 3687: 3670: 3460:Tamerlan ou la mort de Bajazet 3453:(English, 1563–1594): play by 3441: 3265:originals in the library of a 2907:The French archives preserve: 2717: 2355: 1707:In the late 14th century, the 1196:Genghis Khan and the Quraysh. 1112:Legitimization of Timur's rule 114:9 April 1370 – 93:Mikhail Mikhaylovich Gerasimov 1: 8433:Timurid relations with Europe 8365:Blue Mosque of Mazar-i-Sharif 8049:Sultan Muhammad bin Baysonqor 7302:. Oxuscom.com. Archived from 5643:Shterenshis, Michael (2002). 5595:The Cambridge History of Iran 5027:, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2007. ( 4884:10.1017/chol9780521243049.002 4843:The new encyclopedia of Islam 4643:. Vantage Press. p. 322. 4005:Medieval Islamic Civilization 3658: 3119:now occupies the place where 2852:Timurid relations with Europe 2838:Timurid relations with Europe 2647:Timur was a practising Sunni 2331:Tughdi Bey Agha, daughter of 2182: 1597:Battle of the Kondurcha River 1573:Battle of the Kondurcha River 1514:, but he was driven out when 1180:and by various rulers of the 662: 376:and his reign introduced the 8708:Demetrios Laskaris Leontares 6194:Marina Belozerskaya (2012). 6183:. P.F.Collier. pp. 51–. 6031:"The Turco-Mongol Invasions" 4637:Mackenzie, Franklin (1963). 4498:. In Freedman-Apsel, Joyce; 3841: 3526:(1811): equestrian drama by 3356:Exhumation and alleged curse 2992:, he is vilified by many in 2651:, possibly belonging to the 2107:and prepared all the way to 1759:which was being defended by 1595:region and destroyed at the 693:, part of what was then the 550:(1483–1530), founder of the 7: 8599:Ottoman princes and leaders 8256:Battle of Farhadgerd (1449) 8149:Siege of Shahrukhiya (1461) 8144:Battle of Nakhchivan (1406) 8084:Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara 7753:Tamerlane: The Earth Shaker 7600:. Oxford University Press. 7356:Tamerlan (Biblioteca Breve) 7208:. Hutchinson. p. 135. 7193:. Harvard University. 1964. 6875:"The Man Who Met Tamerlane" 6760:Holden, Edward S. (2004) . 5965:Ibn Arabşah, 1986: 164–166. 5907:. Harman Publishing House. 5845:Henry Miers Elliot (2013). 4755:Fischel, Walter J. (1952). 4164:. The Studies. p. 11. 4161:Afghanistan A Country Study 3817: 3626: 3132:The Travels of Dean Mahomet 3130:published his travel book, 2880:Kingdom of León and Castile 2541:Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur 2433:Sons of Umar Shaikh Mirza I 1720:during the reign of Sultan 1711:which had been ruling over 1699:Nasir Al-Din Mahmud Tughluq 1629: 1104:. He married Husayn's wife 557: 10: 8869: 8499:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 8231:Occupation of Balkh (1447) 8205:Timurid wars of succession 8189:Battle of Ghazdewan (1512) 8169:Battle of Sar-e-Pul (1501) 7841:10.2753/RSH1061-1983120337 7722:González de Clavijo, Ruy; 7423: 7026:Milwright, Marcus (2006). 6956:. I.B. Tauris. p. 7. 6405:, Volume 22 (1929), p. 233 6363:The Last Great Nomad Power 6177:Henry Cabot Lodge (1913). 5125:. 5 September 2023. § Life 5077:Great Russian Encyclopedia 5074:[Timúr Tamerlan]. 4996:The Turks in World History 4960:"Central Asia, history of 4235:Henry Cabot Lodge (1916). 4174:– via Google Books. 4008:. Routledge. p. 812. 3822: 3723: 3595:novel by Colombian writer 3359: 2835: 2784:with the following verse: 2393:– with Toghay Turkhan Agha 2359: 2186: 1898: 1777: 1751:river between Tulamba and 1650:and view of himself as an 1533: 433:Mamluks of Egypt and Syria 344:conqueror who founded the 20: 8674: 8598: 8537: 8491: 8383: 8286: 8276:Battle of Akhsi (1502-03) 8271:Siege of Samarkand (1494) 8221:Battle of Nishapur (1447) 8174:Siege of Samarkand (1501) 8164:Siege of Samarkand (1497) 8102: 8019:Pir Muhammad ibn Jahangir 8006: 7956:Pir Muhammad ibn Jahangir 7952: 7943: 7937: 7923: 7880:10.1080/03068371508724717 7829:Soviet Studies in History 7782:10.1017/S1356186300016412 7575:Nicol, Donald M. (1993). 7506:. London: HarperCollins. 7445:10.1017/S135618630000660X 7298:Mark & Ruth Dickens. 7229:Congress, United States. 7134:Berna Özcan, Gül (2018). 7078:10.1017/s135618630000660x 7045:10.1163/22118993-90000105 6361:"Tamerlane (1336–1405) – 6221:Vertot (abbé de) (1856). 5890:– via Google Books. 5700:Medieval Persia 1040–1797 5385:Tradigo, Alfredo (2006). 5160:Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi, 5147:Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi, 4932:10.1080/00210868808701711 4758:Ibn Khaldun and Tamerlane 4561:Beatrice F. Manz (2000). 4417:, Canongate Books, 2011, 4133:. Da Capo Press. p. 3935:. Routledge. p. 27. 3890:Khafi Khan Nizam-ul-Mulki 3451:the Great, Parts I and II 2952: 2586:Ghiyath-al-Din Baysunghur 1608:Battle of the Terek River 1188:to designate conquerors. 1174:Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib 852: 709:, his mother-tongue (cf. 677:(1424–1428), 1467 edition 484:Islamic gunpowder empires 348:in and around modern-day 321: 313: 305: 293: 284: 279: 275: 234: 208: 198: 181: 164: 147: 143: 133: 120: 110: 99: 84: 49: 44: 8266:Battle of Sarakhs (1459) 8261:Urdu Bazar Revolt (1447) 8216:Battle of Damghan (1447) 8154:Battle of Qarabagh(1469) 7502:Marozzi, Justin (2004). 7102:The History of Timur-Bec 5789:Singh, Surinder (2023). 5670:Strange, Guy Le (1905). 5267:Journal of World History 5042:Clifford Edmund Bosworth 4692:. Manohar. p. 126. 4686:Haidar, Mansura (2004). 4125:Marozzi, Justin (2006). 3571:in which Timour appears. 3432:invaded the Soviet Union 3339:, the translator wrote: 2757:, Timur could not speak 2753:languages (according to 2678:Timur was known to hold 2633:Mirza Soyurghatmïsh Khan 2425:Bikijan – by Mengli Agha 2264:Turmish Agha, mother of 2122: 1957:In December 1402, Timur 1221:and to the banks of the 1079:Timur enthroned at Balkh 739:, the last ruler of the 459:, an ancestor of modern 8401:Turco-Persian tradition 8226:Battle of Tarnab (1448) 8199:Battle of Bajaur (1519) 8139:Battle of Ankara (1402) 7669:Encyclopædia Britannica 7656:Goldsmid, Frederic John 7538:University of Cambridge 7523:The Encyclopedia of War 7474:10.1163/157006701X00102 7161:Yah, Lim Chong (2001). 6801:Barthold, V.V. (1962). 6707:Walter Joseph Fischel, 6634:By Barbara Brend p. 130 6403:Encyclopædia Britannica 5901:Singh, Raj Pal (1988). 5305:Moin, A. Azfar (2012). 5122:Encyclopædia Britannica 5052:Regional Office, 1998, 4983:Encyclopædia Britannica 4966:Encyclopædia Britannica 4476:Barthold, V.V. (1962). 4373:Iran & the Caucasus 4221:Timur and Chinggis Khan 3931:Johanson, Lars (1998). 3633:List of largest empires 3328:, to send embassies to 3198:Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi 3045:Turko-Persian tradition 2941:In addition, Byzantine 2887:Ruy González de Clavijo 2570:Mirza Muhammad Taraghay 2564:Sons of Shah Rukh Mirza 2410:Sultan Husayn Tayichiud 1801:Campaigns in the Levant 1774:Capture of Delhi (1398) 1652:executor of divine will 1476:immediately surrendered 844:conquests and invasions 586:in the governorship of 8631:Çandarlızade Ali Pasha 8406:Indo-Persian tradition 8396:Turco-Mongol tradition 8054:Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza 7760:Marlowe, Christopher. 7685:Abazov, Rafis (2008). 6998:Hameed ud-Din (2011). 6645:Tamerlane and the Jews 6496:Sims, Eleanor (2002). 6469:Beatrice Forbes Manz, 6456:Marthe Bernus-Taylor, 6180:The History of Nations 5697:Morgan, David (2014). 5646:Tamerlane and the Jews 5469:– via google.ca. 5340:Aigle, Denise (2014). 5195:. T.F. Unwin. p. 5189:Ian C. Hannah (1900). 4841:Glassé, Cyril (2001). 4606:Martin Bernard Dickson 4568:Encyclopaedia of Islam 4237:The History of Nations 4002:Josef W. Meri (2005). 3492:George Frideric Handel 3378: 3353: 3183: 3123:'s statue once stood. 3108: 2859: 2737: 2615:Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza 2462:Sultan Husayn Bayqarah 2260: 2245: 2209: 2132: 2077: 2007: 1935: 1924: 1823: 1556: 1450: 1316: 1276:Principality of Ryazan 1213: 1080: 1072: 737:Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan 723:). It is cognate with 678: 567: 439:, as well as the late 35:Timur (disambiguation) 33:. For other uses, see 8833:Genocide perpetrators 8714:Nasireddin Mehmed Bey 8692:Manuel II Palaiologos 8443:Karsakpay inscription 8355:Great Mosque of Herat 8343:Herat Musalla Complex 8331:Ulugh Beg Observatory 8304:Registan of Samarkand 8251:Siege of Herat (1448) 8246:Siege of Balkh (1447) 8236:Siege of Herat (1448) 8211:Siege of Balkh (1447) 8179:Siege of Kabul (1504) 8110:Siege of Balkh (1370) 8103:Battles and conflicts 8089:Yadgar Muhammad Mirza 7898:1.18 (2005): 231–243. 7762:Tamburlaine the Great 7750:Lamb, Harold (1929). 7699:10.1057/9780230610903 7550:10.5040/9781838606169 7542:Bloomsbury Publishing 6952:Roy, Olivier (2007). 6787:MacMillan's Magazine, 6367:. Silkroad Foundation 6150:Kevin Reilly (2012). 5904:Rise of the Jat power 5874:Sen, Sudipta (2019). 5279:10.1353/jwh.2002.0017 4512:Human Rights Internet 4493:"Genocide in History" 3610:, and in maturity by 3417:"Whomsoever [ 3369: 3341: 3175: 3102: 2850:, 1402, a witness to 2845: 2832:Exchanges with Europe 2725: 2501:Muhammad Sultan Mirza 2254: 2243: 2196: 2130: 2071: 2000:The Ottoman Centuries 1929: 1915: 1808: 1724:. After crossing the 1648:religious persuasions 1585:very long summer days 1543: 1536:Karsakpay inscription 1448: 1314: 1296:Theotokos of Vladimir 1286:went with an army to 1207: 1078: 1068:Timur commanding the 1067: 784:in what is today the 670: 565: 391:confederation of the 27:Tamerlan (given name) 8734:Philibert de Naillac 8702:John VII Palaiologos 8656:Mihaloğlu Mehmed Bey 8636:Imamzade Halil Pasha 8519:Crusade of Nicopolis 8116:Tokhtamysh–Timur war 8094:Badi' al-Zaman Mirza 7917:at Wikimedia Commons 7005:Encyclopædia Iranica 6954:The new Central Asia 6819:, p. 31. McFarland. 6667:Virani, Shafique N. 6643:Michael Shterenshis 6245:. Brill. p. 49. 5818:The History of India 5738:Virani, Shafique N. 5414:Moscow Church Herald 4491:Foss, Clive (1992). 4264:McChesney, Robert D. 3933:The Turkic Languages 3436:Battle of Stalingrad 3393:Mikhail M. Gerasimov 3326:Henry III of Castile 3299:Charles VI of France 2943:John VII Palaiologos 2913:Charles VI of France 2868:Henry III of Castile 2848:Charles VI of France 2766:John Joseph Saunders 2714:was equally brutal. 2622:Sultan Ibrahim Mirza 2536:Umar Shaikh Mirza II 2475:Muhammad Zaman Mirza 2236:Wives and concubines 1932:Stanisław Chlebowski 1895:Invasion of Anatolia 1809:Timur defeating the 1780:Sack of Delhi (1398) 1569:Tokhtamysh–Timur war 1530:Tokhtamysh–Timur war 1458:, who may have been 893:Tokhtamysh–Timur war 755:tribe that had been 733:Beatrice Forbes Manz 8580:Treaty of Selymbria 8565:Battle of Kosmidion 8555:Treaty of Gallipoli 8485:Ottoman Interregnum 8428:Timurid Renaissance 8069:Sultan Mahmud Mirza 7597:A History of Russia 7462:Medieval Encounters 7415:. 12 November 2019. 7257:on 20 December 2013 7000:"Abū Ṭāleb Ḥosaynī" 6885:(5). Archived from 6838:Dossier II, 7, J936 6416:Muslims in the USSR 6020:, pp. 269–274. 5998:History on this day 5621:, pp. 123–125. 5609:, pp. 267–287. 4994:Carter V. Findley, 4745:, pp. 164–165. 4672:The Timurid dynasty 4610:"Timur's Genealogy" 4292:Richard C. Martin, 4056:, pp. 341–342. 3455:Christopher Marlowe 3345:Ahmed Bin Arabschah 3303:Henry IV of England 3059:became the primary 2862:Timur had numerous 2856:Archives Nationales 2846:Letter of Timur to 2381:– with Turmish Agha 2373:Umar Shaikh Mirza I 2362:Timurid family tree 2312:Umar Shaikh Mirza I 2305:Khizr Khawaja Oglan 2092:, and his son, the 1980:Treaty of Gallipoli 1967:Knights Hospitalers 1944:Ottoman Interregnum 1905:Ottoman Interregnum 1862:of the local people 1792:The capture of the 1718:Indian subcontinent 1319:After the death of 1241:and Northern Iraq. 1200:Period of expansion 1156:, the tribe of the 1087:to the position of 378:Timurid Renaissance 252:Umar Shaikh Mirza I 8710:(Byzantine Empire) 8704:(Byzantine Empire) 8550:Battle of Tripolje 8299:Bibi-Khanym Mosque 8064:Sultan Ahmed Mirza 7693:. pp. 56–57. 6982:www.britannica.com 6879:Saudi Aramco World 6486:(1986), pp. 99–101 6418:(1980), pp. 63–64. 6414:Abdulla Vakhabov, 6256:Nuri Pere (1968). 6081:Margaret Meserve, 5941:www.britannica.com 5545:, pp. 97–100. 5459:. Dumbarton Oaks. 5164:(1424–1428), p. 75 5151:(1424–1428), p. 35 5040:M.S. Asimov & 5015:G. R. Garthwaite, 4772:Sela, Ron (2011). 4719:The Turks in India 4579:on 7 February 2015 4442:. 17 January 1999. 4260:Ahmad ibn Arabshah 4034:www.britannica.com 3885:Muntakhab-al Lubab 3379: 3315:Christian pilgrims 3208:Ahmad ibn Arabshah 3188:Nizam al-Din Shami 3184: 3177:Ahmad ibn Arabshah 3168:Historical sources 3115:. His monument in 3109: 3086:Church of the East 2860: 2755:Ahmad ibn Arabshah 2738: 2591:Ala al-Dawla Mirza 2572:– better known as 2512:Sons of Miran Shah 2398:Daughters of Timur 2387:– with Mengli Agha 2261: 2246: 2224:as his successor. 2210: 2133: 2115:sent his grandson 2078: 2022:محمد بن بايزيد خان 1936: 1836:Nasir-ad-Din Faraj 1824: 1817:Nasir-ad-Din Faraj 1557: 1474:in 1387, the city 1451: 1408:Mihrabanid dynasty 1390:, passing through 1317: 1307:Conquest of Persia 1284:Vasily I of Moscow 1278:, Timur had taken 1214: 1081: 1073: 679: 568: 476:nomadic conquerors 285:Shuja-ud-din Timur 218:Aljaz Turkhan Agha 8828:Founding monarchs 8800: 8799: 8590:Battle of Çamurlu 8585:Battle of İnceğiz 8451: 8450: 8326:Ulugh Beg Madrasa 8074:Mirza Shah Mahmud 8039:Abdal-Latif Mirza 7967: 7966: 7953:Succeeded by 7913:Media related to 7708:978-1-4039-7542-3 7607:978-0-19-515394-1 7279:. 25 January 2011 6909:Axworthy, Michael 6862:Dossier II, 7 ter 6850:Dossier II, 7 bis 6568:, pp. 17–19. 6295:Osprey Publishing 6285:Turnbull, Stephen 5937:"Battle of Delhi" 5802:978-1-032-65440-9 5775:978-0-8135-1304-1 5533:, pp. 67–71. 5398:978-0-89236-845-7 5351:978-90-04-27749-6 5252:, pp. 41–42. 5091:978-5-85270-369-9 5072:"ТИМУ́Р ТАМЕРЛАН" 4809:on 5 October 2011 4425:, section "Timur" 4316:Gérard Chaliand, 3901:W. M. Thackston, 3664:Explanatory notes 3565:Lord of Samarkand 3549:(1924): opera by 3523:Timour the Tartar 3514:(1772): opera by 3511:Il gran Tamerlano 3502:(1735): opera by 3381:Timur's body was 3370:Tomb of Timur in 3263:Chagatai language 3249:and the appended 3247:Malfuzat-i Timurī 3240:Malfuzat-i Timuri 3128:Sake Dean Mahomed 3094:Assyrian Triangle 3079:official language 3069:), regardless of 2553:Jahangir Mirza II 2375:– with Tolun Agha 2279:Saray Mulk Khanum 2198:Timur's mausoleum 2105:Mongolian Plateau 1959:besieged and took 1487:Persian Kurdistan 1420:Georgian campaign 1367:, capital of the 1106:Saray Mulk Khanum 1013: 1012: 727:'s birth name of 707:Chagatai language 499:and according to 488:direct descendant 331: 330: 289: 288: 215:Chulpan Mulk Agha 203:Saray Mulk Khanum 8860: 8765:Stefan Lazarević 8696:Byzantine Empire 8666:Sheikh Bedreddin 8570:Battle of Edirne 8560:Battle of Ulubad 8529:Battle of Ankara 8478: 8471: 8464: 8455: 8454: 8360:Goharshad Mosque 7993: 7986: 7979: 7970: 7969: 7938:Preceded by 7921: 7920: 7912: 7891: 7852: 7809: 7757: 7712: 7673: 7648: 7646: 7645: 7638: 7611: 7590: 7571: 7526: 7517: 7498: 7477: 7456: 7435:. Third Series. 7417: 7416: 7405: 7399: 7398: 7396: 7394: 7376: 7370: 7369: 7351: 7345: 7344: 7342: 7340: 7322: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7311: 7295: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7273: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7262: 7243: 7237: 7236: 7226: 7220: 7219: 7201: 7195: 7194: 7185: 7179: 7178: 7158: 7152: 7151: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7114: 7108: 7106: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7068:. Third Series. 7061: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7023: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7012: 6995: 6986: 6985: 6974: 6968: 6967: 6949: 6943: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6905: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6840: 6834: 6828: 6817:A World of Chess 6813: 6807: 6806: 6798: 6792: 6782: 6776: 6775: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6727: 6721: 6718: 6712: 6705: 6696: 6690: 6684: 6678: 6672: 6665: 6656: 6641: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6617: 6611: 6604: 6598: 6588: 6582: 6575: 6569: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6546: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6520: 6514: 6513: 6493: 6487: 6480: 6474: 6467: 6461: 6454: 6448: 6441: 6432: 6425: 6419: 6412: 6406: 6399: 6393: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6359:Adela C.Y. Lee. 6356: 6350: 6343: 6337: 6327: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6281: 6275: 6268: 6262: 6261: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6238: 6229: 6228: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6191: 6185: 6184: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6147: 6141: 6136:Rhoads Murphey, 6134: 6128: 6127: 6109: 6103: 6102: 6092: 6086: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6064: 6058: 6052: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6033:. 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Archived from 4558: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4497: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4473: 4467: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4432: 4426: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4368: 4355: 4314: 4305: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4256: 4245: 4244: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4212: 4203: 4202: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4132: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4026: 4020: 4019: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3972: 3971: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3912: 3906: 3899: 3893: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3860: 3859: 3852: 3835: 3834:'Timur the Lame' 3833: 3826: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3807: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3734: 3727: 3726: 3717: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3691: 3685: 3683: 3674: 3593:Spanish-language 3569:Robert E. Howard 3516:Josef Myslivecek 3474:(1701): play by 3462:(1675): play by 3413:beard were red. 3403:features", i.e. 3036:along with also 2876:Battle of Ankara 2819: 2818: 2667:, a leader from 2608:Yadigar Muhammad 2495:Sons of Jahangir 2481:Muzaffar Hussein 2385:Miran Shah Mirza 2333:Aq Sufi Qongirat 2153:Clements Markham 2117:Öljei Temür Khan 2072:The fortress at 2056:, leader of the 2052:, where he gave 2031:Battle of Ulubad 2024: 2023: 2018: 2017: 2012: 1940:Battle of Ankara 1901:Battle of Ankara 1834:sultan of Egypt 1687: 1678: 1638:, crippling the 1388:Zagros Mountains 1272:Russian Orthodox 1158:Prophet Muhammad 847: 845: 832: 825: 818: 809: 808: 695:Chagatai Khanate 515:Chagatai Khanate 405:Chagatai Khanate 336:, also known as 277: 276: 257:Jahangir Mirza I 245: 177:, Timurid Empire 171: 168:18 February 1405 159:Chagatai Khanate 116:18 February 1405 89: 42: 41: 23:Tamerlane (poem) 8868: 8867: 8863: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8858: 8857: 8853:Timurid dynasty 8838:Muslim monarchs 8803: 8802: 8801: 8796: 8775:Đurađ Branković 8744:Íñigo de Alfaro 8670: 8651:Pasha Yiğit Bey 8611:Süleyman Çelebi 8594: 8545:Siege of Smyrna 8533: 8487: 8482: 8452: 8447: 8411:Timurid dynasty 8379: 8282: 8098: 8059:Abu Sa'id Mirza 8002: 7997: 7963: 7958: 7949: 7941: 7933: 7930:Timurid dynasty 7926: 7905: 7709: 7681: 7679:Further reading 7676: 7643: 7641: 7627: 7608: 7587: 7560: 7514: 7495: 7426: 7421: 7420: 7407: 7406: 7402: 7392: 7390: 7378: 7377: 7373: 7366: 7352: 7348: 7338: 7336: 7324: 7323: 7319: 7309: 7307: 7296: 7292: 7282: 7280: 7275: 7274: 7270: 7260: 7258: 7251:The Independent 7245: 7244: 7240: 7227: 7223: 7216: 7206:The face finder 7202: 7198: 7187: 7186: 7182: 7175: 7159: 7155: 7148: 7132: 7128: 7115: 7111: 7097: 7093: 7062: 7053: 7024: 7020: 7010: 7008: 6996: 6989: 6976: 6975: 6971: 6964: 6950: 6946: 6934: 6930: 6923: 6906: 6902: 6892: 6890: 6871: 6867: 6859: 6855: 6847: 6843: 6835: 6831: 6814: 6810: 6799: 6795: 6783: 6779: 6772: 6758: 6754: 6747: 6731:Saunders, J. J. 6728: 6724: 6719: 6715: 6706: 6699: 6691: 6687: 6679: 6675: 6666: 6659: 6642: 6638: 6630: 6626: 6618: 6614: 6605: 6601: 6589: 6585: 6576: 6572: 6564: 6560: 6547: 6543: 6533: 6531: 6521: 6517: 6510: 6494: 6490: 6481: 6477: 6468: 6464: 6455: 6451: 6442: 6435: 6426: 6422: 6413: 6409: 6400: 6396: 6384: 6380: 6370: 6368: 6357: 6353: 6344: 6340: 6328: 6319: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6282: 6278: 6270:Stevens, John. 6269: 6265: 6254: 6250: 6239: 6232: 6219: 6215: 6208: 6192: 6188: 6175: 6171: 6164: 6148: 6144: 6135: 6131: 6124: 6110: 6106: 6093: 6089: 6080: 6076: 6065: 6061: 6053: 6046: 6036: 6034: 6029: 6028: 6024: 6016: 6012: 6002: 6000: 5992: 5991: 5987: 5982: 5978: 5973: 5969: 5964: 5960: 5952: 5948: 5933: 5929: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5899: 5895: 5888: 5872: 5868: 5861: 5843: 5839: 5832: 5814: 5810: 5803: 5787: 5783: 5776: 5757: 5746: 5737: 5730: 5722: 5718: 5711: 5695: 5691: 5684: 5668: 5664: 5657: 5641: 5637: 5629: 5625: 5617: 5613: 5605: 5601: 5592: 5588: 5578: 5556: 5549: 5541: 5537: 5529: 5525: 5517: 5513: 5506: 5490: 5486: 5478: 5474: 5467: 5451: 5447: 5437: 5435: 5427: 5426: 5422: 5411: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5383: 5379: 5371: 5367: 5352: 5338: 5334: 5319: 5303: 5294: 5263: 5256: 5248: 5244: 5236: 5232: 5224: 5211: 5201: 5199: 5187: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5159: 5155: 5146: 5142: 5128: 5126: 5115: 5114: 5110: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5068: 5064: 5039: 5035: 5014: 5010: 4993: 4989: 4976: 4972: 4959: 4955: 4919:Iranian Studies 4914: 4901: 4894: 4872: 4868: 4853: 4839: 4835: 4826: 4822: 4812: 4810: 4801: 4800: 4793: 4786: 4770: 4766: 4753: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4730: 4711: 4707: 4700: 4684: 4680: 4664: 4660: 4652: 4648: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4599: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4559: 4552: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4495: 4489: 4485: 4474: 4470: 4451: 4447: 4440:Chicago Tribune 4434: 4433: 4429: 4413:Matthew White: 4412: 4408: 4369: 4358: 4331:Limited preview 4315: 4308: 4291: 4287: 4280: 4257: 4248: 4233: 4229: 4213: 4206: 4186: 4182: 4172: 4156: 4152: 4145: 4123: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4083: 4079: 4064: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4016: 4000: 3996: 3988: 3975: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3929: 3925: 3913: 3909: 3900: 3896: 3882: 3878: 3870: 3863: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3838: 3778: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3746: 3736: 3697: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3629: 3597:Enrique Serrano 3551:Giacomo Puccini 3539:Edgar Allan Poe 3504:Antonio Vivaldi 3444: 3390:anthropologists 3364: 3358: 3276: 3243: 3200:wrote a second 3179:'s work on the 3170: 3162:Edgar Allan Poe 3075:Chagatai Turkic 2955: 2947:Dominican friar 2840: 2834: 2826:Tamerlane chess 2822:"veritas salus" 2720: 2645: 2643:Religious views 2603:Sultan Muhammad 2566: 2531:Abu Sa'id Mirza 2514: 2497: 2484:Ibrahim Hussein 2471:Muhammed Mu'min 2435: 2400: 2391:Shah Rukh Mirza 2369: 2364: 2358: 2238: 2218:Muhammad Sultan 2191: 2185: 2125: 2066: 2016:تيمور خان كركان 1907: 1899:Main articles: 1897: 1868:in Asia Minor. 1849:In 1400, Timur 1844:Turkoman rulers 1803: 1794:Delhi Sultanate 1782: 1776: 1713:Delhi Sultanate 1709:Tughlaq dynasty 1705: 1704: 1703: 1702: 1695:Sultan of Delhi 1690: 1689: 1688: 1680: 1679: 1668: 1632: 1538: 1532: 1323:, ruler of the 1309: 1202: 1167: 1114: 1062: 1014: 1009: 900:Kondurcha River 848: 843: 838: 836: 806: 804:Military leader 743:descended from 665: 621:Mu'izz al-Ansab 560: 501:Gérard Chaliand 480:Eurasian Steppe 441:Delhi Sultanate 435:, the emerging 425:Southern Russia 399:(in modern-day 362:Timurid dynasty 271: 239: 238: 230: 194: 173: 169: 152: 115: 95: 78: 38: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8866: 8856: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8798: 8797: 8795: 8794: 8784: 8778: 8772: 8762: 8752: 8750:İsfendiyar Bey 8747: 8746:(Hospitallers) 8741: 8731: 8721: 8711: 8705: 8699: 8689: 8678: 8676: 8672: 8671: 8669: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8626:Mustafa Çelebi 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8602: 8600: 8596: 8595: 8593: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8541: 8539: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8495: 8493: 8489: 8488: 8481: 8480: 8473: 8466: 8458: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8419: 8418: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8387: 8385: 8381: 8380: 8378: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8351: 8350: 8340: 8335: 8334: 8333: 8323: 8322: 8321: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8290: 8288: 8284: 8283: 8281: 8280: 8279: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8130: 8129: 8124: 8112: 8106: 8104: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8044:Abdallah Mirza 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8010: 8008: 8004: 8003: 8000:Timurid Empire 7996: 7995: 7988: 7981: 7973: 7965: 7964: 7954: 7951: 7946:Timurid Empire 7942: 7939: 7935: 7934: 7927: 7924: 7919: 7918: 7904: 7903:External links 7901: 7900: 7899: 7892: 7863: 7860: 7855:Paksoy, H. B. 7853: 7824: 7822:978-1847242594 7810: 7765: 7758: 7747: 7746: 7745: 7732:978-1843821984 7720: 7713: 7707: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7674: 7664:Chisholm, Hugh 7639: 7626:978-0295981246 7625: 7612: 7606: 7591: 7586:978-0521439916 7585: 7572: 7559:978-1838606152 7558: 7527: 7518: 7512: 7499: 7494:978-0521633840 7493: 7478: 7468:(1): 101–112. 7457: 7439:(3): 341–349. 7427: 7425: 7422: 7419: 7418: 7400: 7371: 7365:978-9584205407 7364: 7346: 7317: 7306:on 2 July 2013 7290: 7268: 7238: 7221: 7215:978-0091055103 7214: 7196: 7180: 7174:978-9813105843 7173: 7153: 7147:978-1351739429 7146: 7126: 7109: 7091: 7072:(3): 341–349. 7051: 7018: 6987: 6984:. 2 June 2023. 6969: 6963:978-1845115524 6962: 6944: 6928: 6922:978-1850437062 6921: 6915:. I.B.Tauris. 6900: 6889:on 8 July 2011 6865: 6853: 6841: 6829: 6825:978-0786494279 6808: 6793: 6777: 6771:978-8120618831 6770: 6752: 6746:978-0812217667 6745: 6722: 6713: 6697: 6685: 6673: 6657: 6653:978-1136873669 6636: 6624: 6612: 6599: 6583: 6570: 6558: 6541: 6515: 6509:978-0300090383 6508: 6488: 6475: 6462: 6449: 6433: 6431:(1991), p. 238 6427:Roya Marefat, 6420: 6407: 6394: 6378: 6351: 6345:C. P. Atwood. 6338: 6317: 6304:978-1846030048 6303: 6297:. p. 23. 6276: 6263: 6248: 6230: 6213: 6207:978-0199876426 6206: 6186: 6169: 6163:978-1442213845 6162: 6142: 6129: 6122: 6104: 6087: 6074: 6059: 6057:, p. 314. 6044: 6022: 6010: 5985: 5976: 5967: 5958: 5956:, p. 267. 5946: 5927: 5914:978-8185151052 5913: 5893: 5887:978-9353054489 5886: 5866: 5860:978-1108055857 5859: 5837: 5831:978-1615301225 5830: 5808: 5801: 5781: 5774: 5760:Grousset, René 5744: 5728: 5716: 5710:978-1317871408 5709: 5689: 5683:978-1107600140 5682: 5662: 5656:978-0700716968 5655: 5635: 5633:, p. 109. 5623: 5611: 5599: 5586: 5582:isfahan Timur. 5577:978-0520247093 5576: 5547: 5535: 5523: 5511: 5505:978-1108056021 5504: 5492:Timur (2013). 5484: 5472: 5466:978-0884022350 5465: 5456:Mughal Gardens 5445: 5420: 5404: 5397: 5377: 5365: 5350: 5332: 5318:978-0231504713 5317: 5292: 5254: 5242: 5230: 5228:, p. 994. 5209: 5178: 5166: 5153: 5140: 5108: 5090: 5062: 5033: 5025:978-1557868602 5008: 5004:978-0195177268 4987: 4970: 4953: 4899: 4893:978-0521243049 4892: 4866: 4851: 4833: 4820: 4791: 4785:978-1139498340 4784: 4764: 4747: 4735: 4729:978-0898755343 4728: 4705: 4699:978-8173045080 4698: 4678: 4667:Woods, John E. 4658: 4646: 4629: 4623:978-0874803426 4622: 4602:Woods, John E. 4590: 4550: 4534: 4520: 4514:. p. 27. 4483: 4468: 4445: 4427: 4423:978-0857861252 4406: 4356: 4306: 4302:978-0028656045 4285: 4279:978-1784531706 4278: 4246: 4227: 4216:Woods, John E. 4204: 4180: 4171:978-0160239298 4170: 4150: 4144:978-0306814655 4143: 4117: 4105: 4099:978-1596917606 4098: 4077: 4058: 4046: 4021: 4015:978-0415966900 4014: 3994: 3973: 3948: 3941: 3923: 3907: 3905:(1989), p. 239 3894: 3876: 3861: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3818:Temūr(-i) Lang 3767: 3686: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3615: 3612:Gani Kulzhanov 3599: 3584: 3572: 3562: 3555:Giuseppe Adami 3542: 3530: 3519: 3507: 3495: 3479: 3467: 3464:Jacques Pradon 3457: 3443: 3440: 3425:Curse of Timur 3397:Lev V. Oshanin 3362:Curse of Timur 3360:Main article: 3357: 3354: 3349:Sultan Bajazet 3275: 3274:European views 3272: 3251:Tuzūk-i Tīmūrī 3242: 3237: 3222:Jacobus Golius 3169: 3166: 3148:Mughal Emperor 3140:Mughal emperor 2954: 2951: 2936: 2935: 2920: 2836:Main article: 2833: 2830: 2793: 2792: 2789: 2734:Ibrahim Sultan 2719: 2716: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2629: 2627:Abdullah Mirza 2619: 2618: 2617: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2583: 2582: 2581: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2560: 2559: 2558: 2557: 2556: 2555: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2549: 2526:Muhammad Mirza 2523: 2520: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2490: 2489: 2488: 2487: 2486: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2477: 2472: 2467:Badi' al-Zaman 2451: 2446: 2441: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2412: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2379:Jahangir Mirza 2376: 2368: 2365: 2357: 2354: 2349: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2329: 2322: 2315: 2308: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2276: 2269: 2266:Jahangir Mirza 2237: 2234: 2200:is located in 2189:Timurid Empire 2187:Main article: 2184: 2181: 2124: 2121: 2094:Yongle Emperor 2090:Hongwu Emperor 2065: 2062: 1896: 1893: 1882:Timur invaded 1802: 1799: 1778:Main article: 1775: 1772: 1692: 1691: 1682: 1681: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1631: 1628: 1531: 1528: 1369:Kartid dynasty 1308: 1305: 1201: 1198: 1166:صَاحِبِ قِرَان 1165: 1113: 1110: 1085:Chagatai khans 1070:Siege of Balkh 1061: 1058: 1046:Tughlugh Timur 1023:Volga Bulgaria 1011: 1010: 1008: 1007: 1002: 997: 984: 983: 978: 965: 964: 959: 946: 945: 936:North Caucasia 932: 931: 926: 921: 908: 907: 902: 889: 888: 875: 874: 869: 864: 853: 850: 849: 835: 834: 827: 820: 812: 805: 802: 794:Temūr(-i) Lang 664: 661: 649:Books of Timur 596:Chagatai Khans 580:Qarachar Noyan 559: 556: 453:Timurid Empire 437:Ottoman Empire 383:Born into the 346:Timurid Empire 329: 328: 323: 319: 318: 315: 311: 310: 307: 303: 302: 297: 291: 290: 287: 286: 282: 281: 273: 272: 270: 269: 264: 259: 254: 248: 246: 232: 231: 229: 228: 225: 222: 219: 216: 212: 210: 206: 205: 200: 196: 195: 185: 183: 179: 178: 172:(aged 68) 166: 162: 161: 149: 145: 144: 141: 140: 135: 131: 130: 126:9 April 1370, 124: 118: 117: 112: 108: 107: 105:Timurid Empire 97: 96: 90: 82: 81: 77: 76: 69: 62: 52: 47: 46: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8865: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8810: 8808: 8792: 8788: 8785: 8782: 8781:Vuk Lazarević 8779: 8776: 8773: 8770: 8766: 8763: 8760: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8745: 8742: 8739: 8735: 8732: 8729: 8725: 8722: 8719: 8715: 8712: 8709: 8706: 8703: 8700: 8697: 8693: 8690: 8687: 8683: 8680: 8679: 8677: 8673: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8641:Bayezid Pasha 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8603: 8601: 8597: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8536: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8496: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8479: 8474: 8472: 8467: 8465: 8460: 8459: 8456: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8438:Mughal Empire 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8417: 8414: 8413: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8388: 8386: 8382: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8332: 8329: 8328: 8327: 8324: 8320: 8319:Dorut Tilavat 8317: 8316: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8291: 8289: 8285: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8208: 8207: 8206: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8118: 8117: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8101: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8024:Khalil Sultan 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8011: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7994: 7989: 7987: 7982: 7980: 7975: 7974: 7971: 7962: 7961:Khalil Sultan 7957: 7948: 7947: 7936: 7932: 7931: 7922: 7916: 7911: 7907: 7906: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7864: 7861: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7825: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7766: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7754: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7739: 7735: 7734: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7719:" (CPA Media) 7718: 7714: 7710: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7683: 7682: 7671: 7670: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7652: 7651:public domain 7640: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7622: 7618: 7613: 7609: 7603: 7599: 7598: 7592: 7588: 7582: 7578: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7534: 7528: 7524: 7519: 7515: 7513:9780306815430 7509: 7505: 7500: 7496: 7490: 7486: 7485: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7429: 7428: 7414: 7410: 7404: 7389: 7385: 7383: 7375: 7367: 7361: 7357: 7350: 7335: 7331: 7329: 7321: 7305: 7301: 7294: 7278: 7272: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7242: 7234: 7233: 7225: 7217: 7211: 7207: 7200: 7192: 7191: 7184: 7176: 7170: 7166: 7165: 7157: 7149: 7143: 7140:. Routledge. 7139: 7138: 7130: 7122: 7121: 7113: 7104: 7103: 7095: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7046: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7022: 7007: 7006: 7001: 6994: 6992: 6983: 6979: 6973: 6965: 6959: 6955: 6948: 6941: 6937: 6932: 6924: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6904: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6869: 6863: 6857: 6851: 6845: 6839: 6833: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6812: 6804: 6797: 6790: 6788: 6781: 6773: 6767: 6763: 6756: 6748: 6742: 6738: 6737: 6732: 6726: 6717: 6710: 6704: 6702: 6694: 6689: 6683:, p. 16. 6682: 6677: 6670: 6664: 6662: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6640: 6633: 6628: 6621: 6616: 6609: 6603: 6596: 6592: 6587: 6581:(1963), p. 31 6580: 6574: 6567: 6562: 6554: 6553: 6545: 6530: 6526: 6519: 6511: 6505: 6501: 6500: 6492: 6485: 6479: 6473:(2007), p. 16 6472: 6466: 6460:(2003), p. 27 6459: 6453: 6446: 6440: 6438: 6430: 6424: 6417: 6411: 6404: 6398: 6391: 6387: 6382: 6366: 6364: 6355: 6348: 6342: 6335: 6331: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6306: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6291: 6286: 6280: 6274: 6267: 6259: 6252: 6244: 6237: 6235: 6226: 6225: 6217: 6209: 6203: 6199: 6198: 6190: 6182: 6181: 6173: 6165: 6159: 6155: 6154: 6146: 6139: 6133: 6125: 6119: 6115: 6108: 6100: 6099: 6091: 6084: 6078: 6070: 6063: 6056: 6051: 6049: 6032: 6026: 6019: 6014: 5999: 5995: 5989: 5980: 5971: 5962: 5955: 5950: 5942: 5938: 5931: 5916: 5910: 5906: 5905: 5897: 5889: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5870: 5862: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5841: 5833: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5812: 5804: 5798: 5794: 5793: 5785: 5777: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5741: 5735: 5733: 5726:, p. 94. 5725: 5720: 5712: 5706: 5702: 5701: 5693: 5685: 5679: 5675: 5674: 5666: 5658: 5652: 5648: 5647: 5639: 5632: 5631:Melville 2020 5627: 5620: 5615: 5608: 5603: 5596: 5590: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5569: 5564: 5563: 5554: 5552: 5544: 5543:Melville 2020 5539: 5532: 5527: 5521:, p. 56. 5520: 5519:Melville 2020 5515: 5507: 5501: 5497: 5496: 5488: 5482:, p. 32. 5481: 5480:Melville 2020 5476: 5468: 5462: 5458: 5457: 5449: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5416: 5415: 5408: 5400: 5394: 5390: 5389: 5381: 5375:, p. 93. 5374: 5369: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5347: 5343: 5336: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5314: 5310: 5309: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5261: 5259: 5251: 5246: 5240:, p. 40. 5239: 5234: 5227: 5226:Goldsmid 1911 5222: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5198: 5194: 5193: 5185: 5183: 5176:, p. 31. 5175: 5170: 5163: 5157: 5150: 5144: 5137: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5112: 5104: 5093: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5078: 5073: 5066: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5012: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4984: 4980: 4979:Islamic world 4974: 4967: 4963: 4957: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4920: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4895: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4870: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4844: 4837: 4831:(1959), p. 24 4830: 4824: 4808: 4804: 4798: 4796: 4787: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4768: 4760: 4759: 4751: 4744: 4739: 4731: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4709: 4701: 4695: 4691: 4690: 4682: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4662: 4656:, p. 90. 4655: 4650: 4642: 4641: 4633: 4625: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4595: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4569: 4564: 4557: 4555: 4545: 4538: 4523: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4494: 4487: 4479: 4472: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4453:J.J. Saunders 4449: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4379:(1): 93–110. 4378: 4374: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4313: 4311: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4281: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4243: 4238: 4231: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4211: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4184: 4177: 4173: 4167: 4163: 4162: 4154: 4146: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4130: 4121: 4114: 4109: 4101: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4081: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4055: 4050: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4017: 4011: 4007: 4006: 3998: 3991: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3960: 3952: 3944: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3919: 3911: 3904: 3898: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3880: 3874:, p. 14. 3873: 3868: 3866: 3857: 3851: 3847: 3829: 3819: 3811: 3805: 3771: 3764: 3756: 3755: 3754:Sahib-i-Qiran 3750: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3721: 3715: 3690: 3679: 3673: 3669: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3608:Emir Baygazin 3605: 3604: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3582: 3581:Yusif Veliyev 3578: 3577: 3573: 3570: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3559:Renato Simoni 3556: 3553:(libretto by 3552: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3529: 3528:Matthew Lewis 3525: 3524: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3477: 3476:Nicholas Rowe 3473: 3472: 3468: 3465: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3421: 3414: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3340: 3338: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3281: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3241: 3236: 3234: 3233:William Jones 3230: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3189: 3182: 3181:Life of Timur 3178: 3174: 3165: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3039: 3038:sacking Delhi 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3022:own campaigns 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2888: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2764:According to 2762: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2735: 2731: 2730: 2724: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2665:Sayyid Baraka 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2638: 2637:Muhammad Juki 2635: 2632: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2613: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2596:Ibrahim Mirza 2594: 2593: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2537: 2534: 2533: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2518:Khalil Sultan 2516: 2515: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2469: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2401: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2370: 2367:Sons of Timur 2363: 2353: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2320: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2273:Amir Qazaghan 2270: 2267: 2263: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2242: 2233: 2231: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2171:, laid in an 2170: 2167:, wrapped in 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2147: 2146:Khalil Sultan 2143: 2139: 2129: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2080:In 1368, the 2075: 2070: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2041:in Anatolia. 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2011: 2010: 2009:Mehmed Çelebi 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1914: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1892: 1890: 1889:David Nicolle 1885: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1822: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1807: 1798: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1771: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1700: 1696: 1686: 1677: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1516:Ahmad Jalayir 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1500:Ahmad Jalayir 1496: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1447: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1313: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1267: 1266:burned Moscow 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1211: 1206: 1197: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1127:Suyurghatmish 1124: 1120: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1097: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1077: 1071: 1066: 1060:Rise to power 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1025:, he invaded 1024: 1020: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 992: 991: 990: 989: 982: 979: 977: 974: 973: 972: 971: 970: 963: 960: 958: 955: 954: 953: 952: 951: 944: 941: 940: 939: 938: 937: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 916: 915: 914: 913: 906: 903: 901: 898: 897: 896: 895: 894: 887: 884: 883: 882: 881: 880: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 859: 858: 857: 851: 846: 841: 833: 828: 826: 821: 819: 814: 813: 810: 801: 799: 795: 791: 788:in southwest 787: 783: 777: 775: 771: 767: 763: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 719: 715: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 676: 675: 669: 660: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 605: 599: 597: 593: 592:Mongol Empire 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 572:Tumbinai Khan 564: 555: 553: 552:Mughal Empire 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 511: 504: 502: 498: 497:Mongol Empire 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 472: 470: 466: 463:, as well as 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 381: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 327: 324: 320: 317:Tekina Khatun 316: 312: 309:Amir Taraghai 308: 304: 301: 298: 296: 292: 283: 278: 274: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 249: 247: 244: 243: 237: 233: 226: 224:Dil Shad Agha 223: 220: 217: 214: 213: 211: 207: 204: 201: 197: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 167: 163: 160: 156: 150: 146: 142: 139: 138:Khalil Sultan 136: 132: 129: 125: 123: 119: 113: 109: 106: 102: 98: 94: 88: 83: 80: 75: 74: 70: 68: 67: 63: 61: 60: 56: 55: 54: 51: 48: 43: 40: 36: 32: 28: 24: 19: 8738:Hospitallers 8523: 8370:Green Mosque 8338:Shah-i-Zinda 8287:Architecture 8203: 8114: 8013: 7944: 7928: 7895: 7874:(1): 17–33. 7871: 7867: 7835:(3): 37–70. 7832: 7828: 7813: 7776:(1): 21–41. 7773: 7769: 7761: 7752: 7743:Google Books 7737: 7723: 7690: 7667: 7616: 7596: 7576: 7532: 7522: 7503: 7483: 7465: 7461: 7436: 7432: 7412: 7403: 7391:. Retrieved 7381: 7374: 7355: 7349: 7337:. Retrieved 7327: 7320: 7308:. Retrieved 7304:the original 7293: 7281:. Retrieved 7271: 7259:. Retrieved 7255:the original 7250: 7241: 7231: 7224: 7205: 7199: 7189: 7183: 7163: 7156: 7136: 7129: 7119: 7112: 7101: 7094: 7069: 7065: 7035: 7031: 7021: 7011:17 September 7009:. Retrieved 7003: 6981: 6972: 6953: 6947: 6931: 6912: 6903: 6891:. Retrieved 6887:the original 6882: 6878: 6868: 6856: 6844: 6832: 6816: 6811: 6802: 6796: 6786: 6780: 6761: 6755: 6735: 6725: 6716: 6708: 6695:, p. 9. 6693:Marozzi 2004 6688: 6676: 6668: 6644: 6639: 6631: 6627: 6619: 6615: 6607: 6602: 6586: 6578: 6573: 6561: 6551: 6544: 6532:. Retrieved 6528: 6518: 6498: 6491: 6483: 6478: 6470: 6465: 6457: 6452: 6444: 6428: 6423: 6415: 6410: 6402: 6397: 6381: 6369:. Retrieved 6362: 6354: 6346: 6341: 6308:. Retrieved 6289: 6279: 6271: 6266: 6257: 6251: 6242: 6223: 6216: 6196: 6189: 6179: 6172: 6152: 6145: 6137: 6132: 6113: 6107: 6097: 6090: 6082: 6077: 6068: 6062: 6035:. Retrieved 6025: 6018:Marozzi 2004 6013: 6003:28 September 6001:. Retrieved 5997: 5988: 5979: 5970: 5961: 5954:Marozzi 2004 5949: 5940: 5930: 5918:. Retrieved 5903: 5896: 5876: 5869: 5846: 5840: 5817: 5811: 5791: 5784: 5764: 5739: 5719: 5699: 5692: 5672: 5665: 5645: 5638: 5626: 5614: 5607:Strange 1905 5602: 5594: 5589: 5581: 5561: 5538: 5526: 5514: 5494: 5487: 5475: 5455: 5448: 5436:. Retrieved 5432: 5423: 5413: 5407: 5387: 5380: 5368: 5341: 5335: 5307: 5270: 5266: 5250:Marozzi 2004 5245: 5238:Marozzi 2004 5233: 5200:. Retrieved 5191: 5174:Marozzi 2004 5169: 5161: 5156: 5148: 5143: 5134: 5127:. Retrieved 5120: 5111: 5102: 5095:. Retrieved 5075: 5065: 5045: 5036: 5017:The Persians 5016: 5011: 4995: 4990: 4973: 4956: 4923: 4917: 4875: 4869: 4842: 4836: 4828: 4823: 4811:. Retrieved 4807:the original 4774: 4767: 4757: 4750: 4738: 4718: 4714:Keene, H. G. 4708: 4688: 4681: 4671: 4661: 4649: 4639: 4632: 4613: 4581:. Retrieved 4577:the original 4566: 4563:"Tīmūr Lang" 4537: 4525:. Retrieved 4503: 4486: 4477: 4471: 4448: 4439: 4430: 4414: 4409: 4376: 4372: 4336:Google Books 4329: 4317: 4293: 4288: 4268: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4220: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4183: 4175: 4160: 4153: 4128: 4120: 4115:, p. 1. 4108: 4089: 4086:Darwin, John 4080: 4071: 4061: 4054:Marozzi 2004 4049: 4039:28 September 4037:. 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His name 633:Ibn Khaldun 588:Transoxiana 397:Transoxiana 366:Ibn Khaldun 350:Afghanistan 326:Sunni Islam 227:Touman Agha 8807:Categories 8682:Junayd Bey 8616:İsa Çelebi 8492:Background 8391:Persianate 8309:Gur-e-Amir 7950:1370–1405 7283:9 November 6938:, p. 6860:Mentioned 6848:Mentioned 6647:Routledge 6593:, p. 6566:Woods 1991 6388:, p. 6123:1860194079 6055:Nicol 1993 5438:5 February 5129:26 October 5097:26 October 5058:9231034677 5019:, Malden, 4852:0759101892 4813:1 November 4654:Woods 1990 4521:189584200X 4465:0812217667 4348:076580204X 4326:076580204X 3959:Tīmūr Lang 3942:0415082005 3749:Amir Timur 3659:References 3405:East Asian 3372:Gur-e-Amir 3259:Shah Jahan 3156:The poem " 3113:Uzbekistan 3105:Shahrisabz 3018:Nader Shah 2969:and other 2924:Miran Shah 2902:Marco Polo 2864:epistolary 2817:راستی رستی 2770:sharia law 2673:Gur-e-Amir 2653:Naqshbandi 2360:See also: 2319:Miran Shah 2283:Qazan Khan 2206:Uzbekistan 2183:Succession 2177:Gur-e-Amir 2165:rose water 2113:Engke Khan 2074:Jiayu Pass 2054:Ali Safavi 2046:Qara Yusuf 2039:status quo 2029:after the 1656:Khwandamir 1644:Mazandaran 1565:Azerbaijan 1553:Tokhtamysh 1534:See also: 1520:Qara Yusuf 1495:Muzafarids 1480:Nader Shah 1456:Miran Shah 1432:Soltaniyeh 1428:Mazandaran 1400:Soltaniyeh 1392:Mazandaran 1381:Miran Shah 1349:Jalayirids 1298:icon from 1262:Azerbaijan 1246:Tokhtamysh 1000:2nd Ankara 995:1st Ankara 687:Uzbekistan 683:Shahrisabz 663:Early life 617:Sultaniyya 613:Archbishop 521:, and the 401:Uzbekistan 389:Turkicized 262:Miran Shah 187:Gur-e-Amir 122:Coronation 8848:Samarkand 8791:Wallachia 8755:Mehmed II 8509:Bayezid I 8034:Ulugh Beg 8029:Shah Rukh 7888:0035-8789 7849:0038-5867 7806:154734091 7790:1356-1863 7658:(1911). " 7635:870409962 7568:242682831 7453:162421202 7393:31 August 7382:Day Watch 7339:31 August 7086:162421202 6936:Manz 1999 6681:Manz 1999 6591:Manz 1999 6529:ThoughtCo 6386:Tsai 2002 6330:Tsai 2002 5619:Manz 1999 5531:Manz 1999 5360:994352727 5327:967261884 5287:143436772 5162:Zafarnama 5149:Zafarnama 5006:, p. 101. 4940:0021-0862 4743:Manz 1999 4716:(2001) . 4393:1609-8498 4304:, p. 134. 4113:Manz 1999 4072:Scroll.in 3969:Il-K̲h̲ān 3872:Manz 1999 3842:Citations 3814:تيمور لنگ 3603:Day Watch 3534:Tamerlane 3483:Tamerlano 3478:(English) 3471:Tamerlane 3401:Mongoloid 3376:Samarkand 3337:Zafarnama 3330:Samarkand 3319:Holy Land 3229:Zafarnama 3224:in 1636. 3203:Zafarnama 3193:Zafarnama 3158:Tamerlane 3126:In 1794, 3121:Karl Marx 3071:ethnicity 2928:Bayezid I 2872:Castilian 2797:Samarkand 2747:Mongolian 2729:Zafarnama 2574:Ulugh Beg 2454:Bayqara I 2405:Tayichiud 2326:Shah Rukh 2257:Samarkand 2230:Shah Rukh 2202:Samarkand 2058:Safaviyya 1988:Venetians 1978:With the 1828:Bayezid I 1624:Silk Road 1620:Astrakhan 1416:Samarkand 1402:in 1384. 1373:Shah Rukh 1353:Sarbadars 1341:Chobanids 1325:Ilkhanate 1321:Abu Sa'id 1292:Oka River 1182:Ilkhanate 1170:astrology 1042:sovereign 943:Uskhudzhe 770:Qara'unas 762:Zafarnama 757:turkified 753:Mongolian 741:Ilkhanate 705:" in the 691:Samarkand 674:Zafarnama 641:Manuchehr 604:Zafarnama 544:Ulugh Beg 536:genocidal 519:Ilkhanate 385:Mongolian 338:Tamerlane 267:Shah Rukh 191:Samarkand 134:Successor 8787:Mircea I 8783:(Serbia) 8777:(Serbia) 8728:Germiyan 8724:Yakup II 8718:Dulkadir 8606:Mehmed I 8384:See also 8348:Minarets 8007:Emperors 7798:25183464 7413:PC Gamer 7261:17 April 7032:Muqarnas 6911:(2006). 6789:vol. 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