221:
244:
432:
Tonga developed as a spoken language and was not put into written form until missionaries arrived in the area in the 19th century. Although there are a growing number of publications in the language, it is not completely standardized, and speakers of the same dialect may have different spellings for
1353:
language, with high and low-toned syllables. The placement of the tones is complex and differs from that of other Bantu languages; for example, a syllable which is low in Tonga may be high in the cognate word in other Bantu languages and vice versa. Several scholars, beginning with
1476:, have analysed Tonga as having both tones and accents (the accents in Tonga being mainly on low-toned syllables). Others, such as Pulleyblank, analyse the same data purely in terms of tonal rules, without the need to introduce accents.
380:
among others, as well as many bilingual
Zambians and Zimbabweans. In Zambia Tonga is taught in schools as first language in the whole of Southern Province, Lusaka and Central Provinces.
2956:
1722:
1400:
The above example of a noun is relatively easy to explain. However, the tones of the verbal system are more complex. An example of one of the puzzles discussed by both
1361:
One feature of the tonal system is that high tones tend to get disassociated from their original place and move to the left, as is illustrated in these examples:
2949:
1681:
4439:
2687:
1171:. A single word may incorporate a subject-marker, a tense-marker, a direct object, and even an indirect object, combined with the verb root itself.
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
2942:
2494:
1547:
Mweenzu
Wafwulwe Ulalila Bowa (An Advanced Chitonga Language Course), R.N. Moonga and F.W. Wafer, Zambia Educational Publishing House, 1997, p. v
2149:
2067:
2035:
2008:
1986:
1949:
1886:
1864:
4387:
2970:
1729:
880:
391:
314:
1527:
17:
2680:
1002:
2487:
928:
874:
357:
78:
2142:
1738:
1701:
421:. There are two distinctive dialects of Tonga: Valley Tonga and Plateau Tonga. Valley Tonga is mostly spoken in the
4449:
2673:
783:
585:
2934:
1116:
1111:
762:
35:
4459:
2480:
1017:
Post-alveolar affricates /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, ⁿd͡ʒ/ can also be heard as palatal stops in free variation among dialects.
1646:
1616:
994:
838:
634:
1660:
Carter, Hazel (1971) and (1972). "Morphotonology of
Zambian Tonga: Some Developments of Meeussen's System".
4454:
2135:
1538:
A Practical
Introduction to Chitonga, C.R. Hopgood, 1992 Edition, Zambia Educational Publishing House, p. x
1130:
1125:
817:
769:
328:
115:
4469:
3465:
3459:
3453:
2756:
1083:
1078:
794:
399:
4444:
1151:
1146:
921:
831:
776:
576:
567:
498:
364:) who live mainly in the Southern province, Lusaka province, Central Province and Western province of
2592:
2552:
1782:
1755:
1473:
1405:
824:
810:
591:
475:
120:
109:
1168:
4464:
3271:
3070:
2923:
1715:
1097:
1092:
855:
3336:
3040:
2741:
2696:
2567:
1469:
625:
616:
598:
395:
31:
3934:
3324:
2993:
1746:
847:
729:
720:
710:
699:
692:
686:
677:
668:
658:
640:
468:
4390:
is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them.
4378:
4091:
4085:
3922:
3423:
2710:
2503:
2375:
2289:
2108:
2043:
1297:
521:
512:
456:
3064:
1929:
1030:
1026:/sʲ, zʲ/ are heard as voiceless and breathy palatal approximants in the Northern dialects.
647:
532:
8:
3910:
3904:
2654:
2441:
2294:
2158:
1967:
1587:
4279:
4273:
4255:
4249:
4243:
3998:
3980:
2517:
2269:
1909:
1791:
1350:
539:
463:
451:
303:
296:
4179:
3700:
3652:
3512:
2806:
2446:
2304:
1837:
904:
803:
661:
609:
485:
387:
135:
125:
3736:
3706:
3694:
3676:
3407:
3371:
3348:
3200:
3129:
3111:
3099:
3052:
2902:
2897:
2851:
2826:
2801:
2791:
2786:
2746:
2649:
2639:
2542:
2532:
2451:
2436:
2416:
2406:
2401:
2391:
2319:
2264:
2223:
2172:
1972:
864:
425:
valley and southern areas of the
Batonga while Plateau Tonga is spoken more around
2964:
4208:
4162:
4156:
4150:
4144:
4132:
4120:
4073:
4067:
3963:
3916:
3771:
3759:
3753:
3670:
3640:
3606:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3564:
3558:
3518:
3506:
3389:
3300:
3294:
3247:
3229:
3005:
2966:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2831:
2821:
2781:
2634:
2577:
2572:
2456:
2431:
2426:
2411:
2396:
2334:
2329:
2314:
2309:
2284:
2254:
2244:
2208:
2193:
2075:
1872:
1855:
1819:
506:
480:
384:
130:
101:
1696:
1691:
333:
4371:
4332:
4308:
4291:
4285:
4261:
4226:
4220:
4214:
4191:
4185:
4138:
4126:
4114:
4039:
4033:
4027:
4021:
4015:
3992:
3986:
3940:
3928:
3887:
3881:
3875:
3869:
3857:
3849:
3844:
3821:
3815:
3799:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3688:
3682:
3664:
3658:
3646:
3530:
3524:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3413:
3401:
3395:
3383:
3377:
3354:
3342:
3330:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3277:
3265:
3241:
3206:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3123:
3022:
2999:
2907:
2856:
2846:
2836:
2816:
2796:
2776:
2771:
2761:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2644:
2608:
2587:
2582:
2562:
2557:
2537:
2522:
2461:
2421:
2354:
2349:
2339:
2324:
2299:
2279:
2274:
2259:
2239:
2213:
2203:
2188:
2116:
2085:
2080:
2053:
2048:
1962:
1934:
1924:
1919:
1904:
1899:
1845:
1809:
1804:
1401:
1355:
426:
410:
353:
189:
1505:
1491:
4433:
4314:
4267:
4097:
4079:
3946:
3863:
3838:
3809:
3805:
3623:
3447:
3419:
3259:
3253:
3235:
3212:
3176:
3164:
3105:
3046:
3028:
2876:
2841:
2766:
2751:
2618:
2613:
2527:
2344:
2198:
2021:
1994:
1914:
1894:
1827:
1799:
1768:
1763:
1686:
1060:
965:
957:
939:
753:
713:
560:
414:
406:
201:
4344:
4338:
4320:
3765:
3058:
3034:
2881:
2811:
2547:
2359:
2249:
1957:
1707:
196:
2665:
279:
270:
3117:
3087:
1676:
1358:
in 1963, have tried to discover the rules for where to place the tones.
1072:
1055:
2472:
1510:
1496:
1138:
1065:
1023:/f, v/ can also be heard as glottal fricatives in the Plateau dialect.
373:
2127:
394:. Despite similar names, Zambian Tonga is not closely related to the
4350:
1105:
976:
898:
747:
554:
289:
263:
82:
1193:
First person "ndi" doing something s/he shouldn't be doing "kukuta"
1020:/w/ can also be heard as a labio-palatal when occurring before /i/.
30:"Chitonga" redirects here. For the chiTonga language of Malawi, see
377:
369:
226:
68:
1461:, it is hard to see why it does not also appear in the 1st person
3600:
3576:
3570:
3170:
3093:
2016:
549:
422:
1603:
Tenses taken from Peace Corps Zambia
Trainee's Book: Tonga, 2003
4395:
Narrow Bantu languages by
Guthrie classification zone templates
1457:
in the fourth verb is puzzling. If it comes from the verb root
418:
365:
249:
64:
1632:
Meeussen, A.E. (1963) "Morphotonology of the Tonga Verb",
1014:/l/ can also be heard as a tap sound in free variation.
1592:
Features, Segmental
Structure & Harmony Processes,
1385:In these words, the original high tone of the root
1677:Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Chitonga
4431:
1651:, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, p. 191.
1754:
1697:OLAC resources in and about the Dombe language
1692:OLAC resources in and about the Tonga language
2950:
2681:
2488:
2143:
1723:
1332:Extended Future (Tomorrow or after tomorrow)
1737:
1033:where neighboring dialects have /mw/, as in
4419:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)
4414:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)
4409:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)
4404:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)
4399:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B)
2695:
1682:Glossary of Chitonga, in English and German
433:the same words once put into written text.
2957:
2943:
2688:
2674:
2495:
2481:
2150:
2136:
1730:
1716:
1190:Subject-(tense marker)-verb root-(ending)
34:. For other languages called "Tonga", see
2502:
4440:Tonga ethnic group (Zambia and Zimbabwe)
1619:. In Clements, G. N. and John Goldsmith
1556:
429:and the northern areas of the Batonga.
2157:
1623:. Dordrecht, Foris Publications, p. 48.
1576:. Lusaka, Zambia: Bookworld Publishers.
1167:Tonga or Chitonga follows the standard
14:
4432:
1611:
1609:
1571:
1520:
2938:
2669:
2476:
2131:
1863:
1711:
448:
376:. The language is also spoken by the
27:Bantu language of Zambia and Zimbabwe
1704:, Lubuto Library Special Collections
1621:Autosegmental Studies in Bantu Tone
1606:
94:1.5 million (2001–2010 census)
24:
4377:Languages between parentheses are
1485:
1453:The high tone on the tense-marker
390:group and is classified as M64 by
25:
4481:
1670:
1150:
1145:
1129:
1124:
1115:
1110:
1096:
1091:
1082:
1077:
1001:
993:
964:
956:
927:
920:
879:
873:
854:
846:
837:
830:
823:
816:
809:
793:
782:
775:
768:
761:
728:
719:
698:
691:
685:
676:
667:
646:
639:
633:
624:
615:
597:
590:
584:
575:
566:
538:
531:
520:
511:
1559:A dialectological study of Tonga
383:The language is a member of the
242:
219:
1654:
1639:
1626:
1528:New Updated Guthrie List Online
1344:
36:Tonga language (disambiguation)
4381:of the language on their left.
1634:Journal of African Linguistics
1597:
1580:
1574:An outline of Chitonga grammar
1565:
1550:
1541:
1532:
1029:At least some speakers have a
13:
1:
1479:
1397:has not affected the prefix.
441:
1242:Recent Past (Past of Today)
1136:
1103:
1070:
436:
400:Tonga language of Mozambique
7:
10:
4486:
1617:"Tone and Accent in Tonga"
1393:, whereas the low tone of
372:, with a few in northwest
29:
4363:
4300:
4235:
4200:
4171:
4106:
4059:
4052:
4007:
3972:
3955:
3896:
3830:
3791:
3784:
3745:
3632:
3615:
3550:
3543:
3498:
3363:
3286:
3221:
3138:
3079:
3014:
2985:
2978:
2916:
2890:
2719:
2703:
2627:
2601:
2510:
2384:
2368:
2232:
2181:
2165:
2107:
2066:
2034:
2007:
1985:
1948:
1885:
1854:
1836:
1818:
1790:
1781:
1745:
1648:Tone in Lexical Phonology
1275:Habitual Past Continuous
1045:
897:
863:
746:
684:
632:
583:
548:
505:
484:
479:
474:
467:
462:
455:
450:
409:in Zambia, together with
378:Iwe, Toka and Leya people
327:
311:
287:
261:
256:
232:
214:Official language in
212:
207:
186:
159:
98:
88:
74:
60:
53:
48:
43:
2924:Mozambican Sign Language
1739:Languages of the Pygmies
1662:African Language Studies
1557:Sibajene, Alick (2013).
1526:Jouni Filip Maho, 2009.
1389:has moved to the prefix
1169:Bantu language structure
1162:
356:primarily spoken by the
4450:Languages of Mozambique
2697:Languages of Mozambique
1702:Chitonga language books
1664:12: 1-30 and 14: 36-52.
1615:Goldsmith, John (1984)
1561:. University of Zambia.
1516:(subscription required)
1502:(subscription required)
1468:Some scholars, such as
1264:Recent Past Continuous
1231:Habitual Present Tense
405:It is one of the major
32:Tonga language (Malawi)
18:Tonga (Zambia) language
4388:Guthrie classification
2971:Guthrie classification
1572:Carter, Hazel (2002).
1278:-akali-ku-(verb root)
307: Toka-Leya-Dombe
4460:Languages of Zimbabwe
2504:Languages of Zimbabwe
2376:Zambian Sign Language
1427:'they are looking at'
1313:-ya-ku-(verb root)-a
1245:-ali-(verb root)-ide
2720:Indigenous languages
2602:Unofficial languages
2233:Indigenous languages
1324:-niku-(verb root)-a
1267:-ali-ku-(verb root)
1031:bilabial nasal click
4455:Languages of Zambia
2891:Immigrant languages
2628:Immigrant languages
2385:Immigrant languages
2159:Languages of Zambia
1645:Pulleyblank (1983)
1588:Harry van der Hulst
1408:can be seen below:
1220:Present Continuous
1212:-a-(verb root)-ide
234:Recognised minority
4470:Tone (linguistics)
2518:Zimbabwean English
2511:Official languages
2182:Regional languages
1234:-la-(verb root)-a
368:, and in northern
283: – Dombe
4445:Botatwe languages
4427:
4426:
4372:extinct languages
4359:
4358:
4048:
4047:
3780:
3779:
3772:Totela of Namibia
3539:
3538:
2932:
2931:
2704:Official language
2663:
2662:
2470:
2469:
2166:Official language
2125:
2124:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2062:
2061:
2030:
2029:
2003:
2002:
1981:
1980:
1944:
1943:
1881:
1880:
1777:
1776:
1687:Chitonga Glossary
1514:(18th ed., 2015)
1500:(18th ed., 2015)
1415:'I am looking at'
1342:
1341:
1160:
1159:
1011:
1010:
979:
942:
907:
806:
756:
716:
664:
612:
563:
501:
494:
348:), also known as
339:
338:
168:Valley Tonga (We)
16:(Redirected from
4477:
4057:
4056:
3789:
3788:
3548:
3547:
2983:
2982:
2969:(Zones J–M) (by
2959:
2952:
2945:
2936:
2935:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2667:
2666:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2474:
2473:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2064:
2063:
2032:
2031:
2005:
2004:
1983:
1982:
1946:
1945:
1883:
1882:
1861:
1860:
1788:
1787:
1752:
1751:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1709:
1708:
1665:
1658:
1652:
1643:
1637:
1630:
1624:
1613:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1503:
1489:
1321:Future Habitual
1209:Present Perfect
1174:
1173:
1154:
1149:
1133:
1128:
1119:
1114:
1100:
1095:
1086:
1081:
1050:
1049:
1005:
997:
975:
968:
960:
938:
931:
924:
903:
883:
877:
858:
850:
841:
834:
827:
820:
813:
802:
797:
786:
779:
772:
765:
752:
732:
723:
709:
702:
695:
689:
680:
671:
657:
650:
643:
637:
628:
619:
608:
601:
594:
588:
579:
570:
559:
542:
535:
524:
515:
497:
492:
446:
445:
402:(Gitonga: S62).
323:
317:
306:
299:
282:
276:Individual code:
274:– inclusive code
273:
266:
248:
246:
245:
236:language in
225:
223:
222:
199:(Tonga alphabet)
192:
104:
41:
40:
21:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4465:Tonal languages
4430:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4355:
4296:
4231:
4196:
4167:
4102:
4044:
4003:
3968:
3951:
3892:
3826:
3776:
3741:
3628:
3611:
3535:
3494:
3359:
3282:
3217:
3134:
3075:
3010:
2974:
2967:Bantu languages
2963:
2933:
2928:
2912:
2886:
2715:
2699:
2694:
2664:
2659:
2623:
2597:
2506:
2501:
2471:
2466:
2380:
2364:
2228:
2177:
2161:
2156:
2126:
2121:
2095:
2058:
2026:
1999:
1977:
1940:
1877:
1850:
1832:
1814:
1773:
1756:Central Sudanic
1741:
1736:
1673:
1668:
1659:
1655:
1644:
1640:
1631:
1627:
1614:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1585:
1581:
1570:
1566:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1504:
1501:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1449:'they will see'
1347:
1335:-yaku-(verb)-a
1198:Present Simple
1165:
1048:
553:
470:
458:
444:
439:
396:Tonga of Malawi
321:
318:
313:
302:
301:
295:
278:
277:
275:
269:
262:
252:
243:
241:
237:
235:
220:
218:
215:
208:Official status
200:
193:
188:
155:
105:
102:Language family
100:
91:
90:Native speakers
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4483:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4383:
4382:
4375:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4347:
4341:
4335:
4329:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4288:
4282:
4276:
4270:
4264:
4258:
4252:
4246:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4223:
4217:
4211:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4188:
4182:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4159:
4153:
4147:
4141:
4135:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4070:
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2917:Sign languages
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2369:Sign languages
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2019:
2013:
2011:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1979:
1978:
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1975:
1970:
1965:
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1954:
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1671:External links
1669:
1667:
1666:
1653:
1638:
1636:Vol.2, Part I.
1625:
1605:
1596:
1586:Norval Smith,
1579:
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1540:
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1519:
1483:
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1478:
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1383:
1382:
1376:
1356:A. E. Meeussen
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1340:
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1336:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1310:Simple Future
1307:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1281:Ndakalikukuta
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427:Monze District
407:lingua francas
354:Bantu language
337:
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331:
325:
324:
319:
312:
309:
308:
293:
285:
284:
267:
259:
258:
257:Language codes
254:
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240:
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216:
213:
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194:
190:Writing system
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116:Atlantic–Congo
108:
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72:
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62:
61:Native to
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3201:Talinga-Bwisi
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2593:Zimbabwe Sign
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2164:
2160:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1663:
1657:
1650:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1629:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1610:
1600:
1594:vol. 1 p. 198
1593:
1589:
1583:
1575:
1568:
1560:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1413:ndi-la-lang-a
1411:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1201:-(verb root)
1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1180:Tense marker
1179:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
978:
974:
973:
970:
967:
963:
959:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
941:
937:
936:
933:
930:
926:
923:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
906:
902:
900:
896:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
882:
876:
872:
870:
868:
866:
862:
857:
852:
849:
845:
843:
840:
836:
833:
829:
826:
822:
819:
815:
812:
808:
805:
801:
800:
796:
792:
790:
788:
785:
781:
778:
774:
771:
767:
764:
760:
758:
755:
751:
749:
745:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
731:
727:
725:
722:
718:
715:
712:
708:
707:
704:
701:
697:
694:
688:
682:
679:
675:
673:
670:
666:
663:
660:
656:
655:
652:
649:
645:
642:
636:
630:
627:
623:
621:
618:
614:
611:
607:
606:
603:
600:
596:
593:
587:
581:
578:
574:
572:
569:
565:
562:
558:
556:
551:
547:
544:
541:
537:
534:
530:
528:
526:
523:
519:
517:
514:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
490:
487:
482:
477:
472:
465:
460:
453:
447:
434:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
398:(N15) or the
397:
393:
389:
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:Bantu Batonga
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
335:
332:
330:
326:
320:
316:
310:
305:
298:
294:
292:
291:
286:
281:
272:
268:
265:
260:
255:
251:
239:
231:
228:
217:
211:
206:
203:
202:Tonga Braille
198:
195:
191:
185:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
165:Plateau Tonga
164:
163:
162:
158:
142:
139:
138:
137:
134:
133:
132:
129:
128:
127:
124:
123:
122:
119:
118:
117:
114:
113:
111:
107:
103:
97:
93:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70:
66:
63:
59:
56:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
4367:
4326:
3923:Luba-Katanga
3424:Suba-Simbiti
2290:Mambwe-Lungu
2218:
2109:Unclassified
2090:
2044:Luba-Katanga
1747:Nilo-Saharan
1661:
1656:
1647:
1641:
1633:
1628:
1620:
1599:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1567:
1558:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1522:
1509:
1495:
1487:
1467:
1463:ndi-la-bon-a
1462:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1444:
1442:
1436:
1433:'I will see'
1431:ndi-la-bon-a
1430:
1425:ba-la-lang-a
1424:
1421:'I am awake'
1418:
1412:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1348:
1345:Tonal system
1338:ndiyakukuta
1327:ndinikukuta
1316:Ndiyakukuta
1286:Remote Past
1270:ndalikukuta
1253:Simple Past
1248:ndalikutide
1166:
1038:
1037:'child' and
1034:
431:
404:
382:
361:
358:Tonga people
349:
345:
341:
340:
315:Guthrie code
300: Tonga
288:
140:
54:
4333:Lukanga Twa
1783:Niger–Congo
1349:Tonga is a
1298:Near Future
1041:'to drink'.
121:Benue–Congo
110:Niger–Congo
4434:Categories
3905:Luba-Kasai
2711:Portuguese
2655:Portuguese
2442:Portuguese
2295:Mbamba Bay
1968:Lia-Ntomba
1511:Ethnologue
1497:Ethnologue
1480:References
1419:nda-lang-a
1305:Ndilakuta
1292:ndakakuta
1259:ndakakuta
1237:Ndilakuta
1226:Ndilakuta
1215:Ndikutide
442:Consonants
374:Mozambique
4379:varieties
4370:indicate
4351:Kafue Twa
3981:Salampasu
2270:Lala-Bisa
1910:West Teke
1474:Goldsmith
1437:nda-bon-a
1406:Goldsmith
977:voiceless
899:Semivowel
754:voiceless
748:Fricative
561:voiceless
555:Affricate
437:Phonology
290:Glottolog
264:ISO 639-3
83:Kafwe Twa
75:Ethnicity
4180:Nyakyusa
4034:Lushangi
3731:Imilangu
3701:Mbukushu
3653:Kwangali
3607:Nkangala
3513:Nyamwezi
3408:Nguruimi
3159:Nyankore
3035:Nyabungu
2807:Nathembo
2742:Chitonga
2737:Chichopi
2528:Chibarwe
2447:Japanese
2320:Nkangala
2305:Mbukushu
1930:Kaning'i
1792:Ubangian
1590:, 1988.
1402:Meeussen
1204:Ndakuta
1183:Example
711:prenasal
659:prenasal
471:alveolar
464:Alveolar
452:Bilabial
370:Zimbabwe
346:Chitonga
304:domb1246
297:tong1318
227:Zimbabwe
160:Dialects
69:Zimbabwe
55:isiTonga
4368:Italics
3917:Kanyoka
3850:Mbagani
3713:Mulonga
3707:Mbogedu
3677:Kwangwa
3472:Simbiti
3406:[JE401
3372:Logooli
3349:Marachi
3341:[JE341
3258:[JE221
3242:Dzindza
3193:[JE101
3128:[JD631
3112:Hangaza
3100:Fuliiro
3057:[JD501
3053:Kabwari
2979:Zone J*
2965:Narrow
2903:Punjabi
2898:English
2852:Swahili
2827:Nyungwe
2802:Manyika
2792:Makonde
2787:Makhuwa
2762:Kimwani
2757:Gitonga
2747:Chuwabu
2650:Chinese
2640:Punjabi
2553:Ndebele
2533:Kalanga
2452:Russian
2437:Chinese
2417:Italian
2407:Spanish
2402:Punjabi
2392:English
2265:Kwangwa
2224:Tumbuka
2173:English
2017:Kirundi
1973:Bushong
1838:Bantoid
1439:'I see'
1381:'flour'
1375:'smoke'
1061:Central
940:breathy
550:Plosive
486:Glottal
476:Palatal
423:Zambezi
392:Guthrie
388:Botatwe
352:, is a
350:Zambezi
136:Botatwe
126:Bantoid
49:Zambezi
4345:Lundwe
4331:[M611
4272:[M521
4219:[M401
4209:Taabwa
4184:[M301
4157:Lambya
4155:[M201
4133:Malila
4121:Mwanga
4098:Kuulwe
4096:[M131
4092:Mambwe
4074:Rungwa
4068:Pimbwe
4053:Zone M
4040:Shasha
4026:[L601
4016:Mbwera
3997:[L511
3964:Kaonde
3939:[L301
3882:Lwalwa
3868:[L201
3820:[L101
3808:&
3785:Zone L
3764:[K402
3760:Subiya
3754:Totela
3737:Kwandi
3719:Mwenyi
3689:Liyuwa
3681:[K321
3641:Luyana
3601:Mbwela
3595:Nyengo
3589:Mbunda
3577:Lucazi
3571:Nyemba
3565:Luimbi
3559:Chokwe
3544:Zone K
3519:Sumbwa
3507:Sukuma
3488:JE434
3482:JE433
3476:JE432
3470:JE431
3466:Tiriki
3464:JE413
3458:JE412
3452:JE411
3446:JE407
3440:JE406
3434:JE405
3430:Shashi
3428:JE404
3418:JE403
3412:JE402
3390:Zanaki
3353:JE343
3347:JE342
3331:Saamia
3319:Tsotso
3307:Bukusu
3276:JE253
3270:JE252
3264:JE251
3248:Kerebe
3230:Nyambo
3211:JE121
3205:JE103
3199:JE102
3088:Ruanda
3069:JD531
3063:JD502
3059:Nyindu
3006:Nyanga
3000:Ndandi
2872:Tsonga
2862:Tawara
2832:Phimbi
2822:Nsenga
2782:Maindo
2635:French
2578:Tswana
2573:Tsonga
2543:Nambya
2538:Koisan
2457:Danish
2432:Arabic
2427:Hebrew
2412:German
2397:French
2335:Shanjo
2330:Nsenga
2315:Mwanga
2310:Mbunda
2285:Luyana
2255:Kuhane
2245:Chokwe
2214:Nyanja
2209:Luvale
2194:Kaonde
2076:Taabwa
2068:Zone M
2036:Zone L
2009:Zone J
1987:Zone D
1950:Zone C
1887:Zone B
1873:Mvumbo
1865:Zone A
1470:Carter
1447:-bon-a
1289:-aka-
1256:-aka-
1177:Tense
1046:Vowels
905:voiced
865:Liquid
804:voiced
610:voiced
459:dental
457:Labio-
419:Nyanja
366:Zambia
250:Zambia
247:
224:
65:Zambia
4349:M633
4343:M632
4337:M631
4327:Tonga
4309:Lenje
4292:Temba
4290:M542
4284:M541
4280:Luano
4278:M522
4262:Lamba
4256:Swaka
4244:Biisa
4227:Aushi
4225:M402
4221:Bwile
4215:Bemba
4192:Penja
4190:M302
4186:Ndali
4163:Sukwa
4161:M202
4151:Tambo
4139:Safwa
4127:Nyiha
4115:Wanda
4086:Rungu
4038:L603
4032:L602
4028:Kolwe
4022:Nkoya
3999:Luntu
3993:Ruund
3987:Lunda
3947:Zeela
3945:L331
3941:Kebwe
3935:Sanga
3929:Hemba
3911:Lulua
3909:L31b
3903:L31a
3888:Binji
3886:L231
3880:L221
3874:L202
3870:Budya
3858:Songe
3845:Binji
3822:Sonde
3816:Kwese
3806:Samba
3800:Pende
3770:K411
3735:K371
3729:K354
3723:K353
3717:K352
3711:K351
3705:K334
3699:K333
3695:Manyo
3693:K332
3687:K322
3683:Mbume
3671:Sanjo
3665:Simaa
3659:Mashi
3647:Mbowe
3583:Lwena
3569:K12b
3563:K12a
3531:Bungu
3525:Kimbu
3490:Sweta
3484:Surwa
3478:Hacha
3460:Isuxa
3454:Idaxo
3442:Singa
3436:Kabwa
3414:Ikizu
3402:Sonjo
3384:Koria
3378:Gusii
3355:Songa
3343:Xaayo
3337:Nyuli
3325:Nyore
3317:E32b
3313:Hanga
3311:E32a
3305:E31c
3299:E31b
3293:E31a
3266:Kwaya
3260:Rashi
3195:Gungu
3189:Nyala
3183:Gwere
3171:Ganda
3153:Tooro
3147:Nyoro
3124:Vinza
3094:Rundi
3071:Tembo
3041:Bembe
3029:Haavu
3023:Hunde
2994:Konzo
2908:Hindi
2857:Swati
2847:Shona
2837:Ronga
2817:Ngoni
2797:Makwe
2777:Lomwe
2772:Kunda
2732:Chewa
2727:Barwe
2645:Hindi
2609:Kunda
2588:Xhosa
2583:Venda
2568:Tonga
2563:Sotho
2558:Shona
2523:Chewa
2462:Dutch
2422:Hindi
2355:Wanda
2350:Tabwa
2340:Shona
2325:Nkoya
2300:Mbowe
2280:Lenje
2275:Lamba
2260:Kunda
2240:Bwile
2219:Tonga
2204:Lunda
2189:Bemba
2117:Rimba
2091:Tonga
2086:Lenje
2081:Bemba
2054:Songe
2049:Hemba
1963:Mongo
1935:Rimba
1925:Myene
1920:Lumbu
1905:Njebi
1900:Tsogo
1856:Bantu
1846:Tikar
1820:Gbaya
1810:Gundi
1805:Ganzi
1506:Dombe
1492:Tonga
1379:ibusu
1351:tonal
1302:-la-
1223:-la-
1163:Verbs
1073:Close
1056:Front
1039:kunwa
1035:mwana
507:Nasal
493:plain
481:Velar
469:Post-
411:Bemba
385:Bantu
342:Tonga
334:Dombe
197:Latin
180:Dombe
177:Ndawe
141:Tonga
131:Bantu
79:Tonga
44:Tonga
4386:The
4339:Sala
4325:M64
4319:M63
4315:Soli
4313:M62
4307:M61
4286:Lima
4274:Ambo
4268:Seba
4266:M55
4260:M54
4254:M53
4250:Lala
4248:M52
4242:M51
4213:M42
4207:M41
4178:M31
4149:M27
4143:M26
4137:M25
4131:M24
4125:M23
4119:M22
4113:M21
4090:M15
4084:M14
4080:Fipa
4078:M13
4072:M12
4066:M11
4020:L62
4014:L61
3991:L53
3985:L52
3979:L51
3962:L41
3933:L35
3927:L34
3921:L33
3915:L32
3876:Yazi
3864:Luna
3862:L24
3856:L23
3843:L22
3839:Kete
3837:L21
3814:L13
3810:Holu
3804:L12
3798:L11
3758:K42
3752:K41
3725:Koma
3675:K37
3669:K36
3663:K35
3657:K34
3651:K33
3645:K32
3639:K31
3624:Lozi
3622:K21
3605:K18
3599:K17
3593:K16
3587:K15
3581:K14
3575:K13
3557:K11
3529:F25
3523:F24
3517:F23
3511:F22
3505:F21
3448:Ware
3420:Suba
3400:E46
3396:Nata
3394:E45
3388:E44
3382:E43
3376:E42
3370:E41
3335:E35
3329:E34
3323:E33
3301:Kisu
3295:Gisu
3278:Ruri
3272:Kara
3254:Jita
3252:E25
3246:E24
3240:E23
3236:Ziba
3234:E22
3228:E21
3213:Hema
3207:Ruli
3187:E18
3181:E17
3177:Soga
3175:E16
3169:E15
3165:Ciga
3163:E14
3157:E13
3151:E12
3145:E11
3130:Vira
3122:D67
3116:D66
3110:D65
3106:Subi
3104:D64
3098:D63
3092:D62
3086:D61
3065:Yaka
3051:D56
3047:Buyi
3045:D55
3039:D54
3033:D53
3027:D52
3021:D51
3004:D43
2998:D42
2992:D41
2877:Tswa
2867:Tewe
2842:Sena
2812:Ndau
2767:Koti
2752:Dema
2619:Lozi
2614:Tswa
2548:Ndau
2345:Soli
2199:Lozi
2022:Kiga
1995:Bila
1915:Punu
1895:Ngom
1828:Bofi
1800:Baka
1769:Asoa
1764:Lese
1472:and
1443:ba-l
1404:and
1391:ibu-
1139:Open
1066:Back
687:ⁿd͡ʒ
499:pal.
417:and
415:Lozi
322:M.64
174:Mala
171:Leya
4321:Ila
4301:M60
4236:M50
4201:M40
4172:M30
4145:Iwa
4107:M20
4060:M10
4008:L60
3973:L50
3956:L40
3897:L30
3831:L20
3792:L10
3766:Fwe
3746:K40
3633:K30
3616:K20
3551:K10
3499:F20
3364:E40
3287:E30
3222:E20
3139:E10
3080:D60
3015:D50
2986:D40
2882:Yao
2360:Yao
2250:Ila
1958:Aka
1508:at
1494:at
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