57:
494:
101:
29:
428:
244:
524:- this chronic pain disorder commonly involves the tongue. In reflection of this, some of the synonyms for the condition include tongue-specific terms such as "glossodynia" or "burning tongue syndrome". Burning mouth syndrome is characterized by chronic burning sensation on the tongue and other oral mucous membranes in the absences of any identifiable signs or causes.
578:
vacuity. Some modern medical sources still describe the tongue as "the mirror of physical health". This is related to the high rate of turnover of the oral mucosa compared to the skin, which means that systemic conditions may manifest sooner in the mouth than the skin. Physical appearances such as
570:" of health, and emphasized the diagnostic and prognostic importance of the tongue. Assessment of the tongue has historically been an important part of a medical examination. The shape and color of the tongue is examined and observed diagnostically in
505:(benign migratory glossitis) - a common disorder which occasionally causes a burning sensation but is usually painless. Irregular patches of depapillation form on the tongue giving the appearance of a map. The cause is unknown.
207:(bifid tongue) - completely cleft tongue is a rare condition caused by a failure of the lateral lingual swellings to merge. More common is an incompletely cleft tongue, appearing as midline fissure. This is normally classed as
3245:
1173:
1150:
550:
was 15.5% in adults. Tongue lesions are more common in persons who wear dentures and tobacco users. The most common tongue conditions are geographic tongue, followed by fissured tongue and hairy tongue.
3238:
3231:
514:
Tongue coating - food debris, desquamated epithelial cells and bacteria often form a visible tongue coating. This coating has been identified as a major contributing factor in bad breath (
341:
can occur on the tongue (sometimes called morsicatio linguarum), caused by chronic chewing on the tongue. The ventral surface (under surface) of the tongue may also be traumatized during
2320:
534:
333:. This appearance is the result of indentations of the teeth where the tongue is habitually pressed against the teeth ("tongue thrusting", and example of oral
2394:
2379:
2083:
2071:
518:), which can be managed by brushing the tongue gently with a toothbrush or using special oral hygiene instruments such as tongue scrapers or mouth brushes.
2576:
322:
The tongue may traumatized by mechanical, thermal, electrical or chemical means. A common scenario is where the tongue is bitten accidentally whilst a
3499:
484:- some factors thought to cause black hairy tongue are environmental, such as eating a soft diet, poor oral hygiene, smoking and antibiotic use.
1623:
1437:
204:
144:
2581:
2643:
3413:
847:
Outhouse, TL; Al-Alawi, R; Fedorowicz, Z; Keenan, JV (Apr 19, 2006). Outhouse, Trent L (ed.). "Tongue scraping for treating halitosis".
1235:
229:- the veins underneath the tongue can become dilated and prominent, giving the undersurface of the tongue a caviar like appearance.
3208:
2406:
2357:
831:
733:
636:
3266:
2219:
2891:
2734:
749:
Hodgson TA, Greenspan D, Greenspan JS (April 2006). "Oral lesions of HIV disease and HAART in industrialized countries".
679:
Fan, SQ; Ou, YM; Liang, QC (Apr 2008). "Glial choristoma of the tongue: report of a case and review of the literature".
2008:
1492:
3135:
1768:
1080:
803:
407:
3110:
3047:
3042:
2924:
2352:
2332:
1244:
607:
2956:
2593:
2047:
3223:
3540:
2941:
2776:
2781:
326:
2644:
2305:
1914:
1618:
1603:
1541:
1487:
1410:
1228:
1070:
571:
2833:
2796:
2526:
1807:
1719:
439:
The sides (lateral) and undersurface (ventral) of the tongue are high risk sites for the development of
3291:
2843:
2791:
2598:
2531:
2300:
1800:
1795:
1746:
460:(Lou Gehrig's disease) can cause impaired control of tongue movement, affecting speech and swallowing.
3623:
3513:
3447:
3348:
2848:
2566:
2470:
1941:
1405:
256:
196:
activity. Cartilaginous (chondroid), and glial choristomas may also very rarely occur on the tongue.
56:
3598:
3462:
3442:
3155:
2934:
2919:
2615:
2571:
2516:
2389:
2347:
2115:
1961:
1196:
2988:
3489:
3052:
2853:
2818:
2511:
2315:
2095:
1936:
1882:
1812:
1734:
1714:
1701:
1678:
1221:
973:
444:
163:
3452:
3355:
3296:
3258:
3198:
3165:
2838:
2828:
2823:
2765:
2692:
2648:
2544:
2539:
2325:
2155:
2150:
2125:
1971:
1902:
1729:
1638:
1556:
1283:
793:
521:
475:
283:
1546:
652:
Yaqoob, N; Ahmed, Z; Muzaffar, S (Dec 2002). "Chondroid choristoma of tongue--a rare entity".
131:
tethers the tongue to the floor of the mouth. If it interferes with oral hygiene and feeding,
3007:
2909:
2521:
2399:
2261:
2220:
2020:
1822:
1756:
1683:
723:
3105:
3006:
2744:
2729:
2295:
2228:
1834:
1566:
1003:
457:
334:
329:
is wearing off. The tongue may develop scalloping on the lateral margins, sometimes termed
8:
3254:
3160:
2896:
2876:
2866:
2739:
2672:
2554:
2549:
2475:
2374:
2027:
1951:
1790:
1739:
1688:
1668:
1581:
1571:
1497:
1472:
1330:
1177:
915:
478:. Deficiency of iron, B vitamins and folic acid are common causes for atrophic glossitis.
338:
111:
360:
3535:
3522:
3430:
3343:
3330:
3203:
3150:
3125:
3057:
2861:
2786:
2677:
2625:
2586:
2283:
2199:
2130:
1839:
1663:
1643:
1596:
1482:
1427:
1390:
1380:
1365:
1295:
1046:
1029:
898:
890:
774:
704:
481:
346:
37:
1190:
1186:
3593:
3563:
3494:
2901:
2490:
2455:
2429:
2288:
2184:
2042:
1966:
1673:
1613:
1576:
1551:
1400:
1278:
1273:
1113:
1076:
1051:
985:
949:
879:
860:
827:
799:
766:
729:
696:
661:
632:
502:
393:
309:
279:
275:
69:
can be congenital or acquired, and are multiple in number. Considered according to a
45:
1182:
708:
3545:
3530:
3484:
3435:
3394:
2871:
2506:
2496:
2460:
2369:
2120:
2059:
1993:
1983:
1931:
1829:
1724:
1561:
1213:
1105:
1041:
939:
929:
875:
871:
856:
852:
778:
758:
688:
547:
323:
301:
289:
181:
50:
916:
Segura-Sampedro JJ, Sampedro-Abascal C, Parra-LĂłpez L, Muñoz-RodrĂguez JC (2015).
3575:
3386:
3253:
3027:
2813:
2608:
2501:
2337:
2256:
2236:
2160:
2145:
2015:
1919:
1887:
1858:
1780:
1706:
1502:
1385:
1375:
1320:
1305:
1201:
934:
917:
592:
411:
330:
260:
208:
199:
546:
Tongue lesions are very common. For example, in the United States one estimated
3568:
3367:
3193:
3145:
3115:
2983:
2914:
2881:
2603:
2342:
2076:
1956:
1751:
1536:
762:
297:
128:
70:
1167:
1163:
944:
692:
3617:
3585:
3399:
3373:
3308:
3283:
3095:
2973:
2801:
2620:
2384:
2364:
2273:
2140:
2100:
1897:
1658:
1633:
1608:
1586:
1370:
1360:
1325:
401:
381:
264:
226:
185:
153:
124:
104:
1159:
73:, some example conditions which can involve the tongue are discussed below.
3457:
3313:
2946:
2722:
2717:
2702:
2682:
2652:
2485:
2194:
2135:
2066:
1988:
1978:
1946:
1909:
1870:
1862:
1477:
1432:
1417:
1315:
1310:
1117:
989:
953:
883:
864:
770:
700:
665:
471:
415:
168:
149:
81:
3082:
1109:
1055:
887:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace
846:
3318:
3279:
3140:
3130:
3120:
3037:
3032:
2963:
2037:
1998:
1817:
1693:
1653:
1521:
1442:
1422:
559:
508:
440:
431:
138:
1142:
3476:
3100:
2886:
2712:
2480:
2310:
2251:
2189:
2179:
2172:
2167:
2105:
2088:
2032:
2003:
1924:
1785:
1763:
1648:
1628:
602:
364:
293:
232:
193:
189:
177:
173:
132:
1095:
493:
180:
of the tongue, a very rare condition characterized by a nodule on the
3555:
3422:
2968:
2951:
2687:
2465:
2268:
1892:
1775:
1395:
1290:
1268:
567:
515:
252:
159:
89:
74:
826:(11th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier/Saunders. pp. 84–96.
2978:
2929:
2697:
2450:
2431:
2411:
2232:
2110:
2054:
1300:
626:
580:
342:
268:
118:
100:
85:
3064:
3022:
2707:
2667:
2561:
2435:
2224:
1591:
1096:
Kostka, E; Wittekindt, C; Guntinas-Lichius, O (August 2008). "".
397:
292:
can affect the tongue. Risk factors for oral candidiasis include
3472:
3275:
2806:
2278:
1866:
1461:
1154:
597:
78:
28:
822:
Newman MG, Takei HH, Klokkevold PR, Carranza FA, eds. (2012).
1068:
821:
563:
427:
156:(although macroglossia can be an acquired condition as well).
152:- an abnormally large tongue, seen in some disorders such as
795:
Textbook of Oral
Medicine, Oral Diagnosis and Oral Radiology
574:. For example, scalloping of the tongue is said to indicate
243:
627:
James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006).
791:
1257:
748:
651:
305:
255:- some types of glossitis are caused by infections, e.g.
1008:
575:
971:
1243:
1132:
629:
583:are also often more readily apparent in the mouth.
2657:Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities
1030:"The foul tongue: a 19th century index of disease"
678:
1520:
3615:
1857:
1004:"Odd Tongues: The Prevalence of Lingual Disease"
3012:Teeth, jaws, tongue and associated soft tissues
654:The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association
3349:Tracheoesophageal fistula: types B, C, D and E
1624:Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
1069:Marnae C. Ergil; Kevin V. Ergil, eds. (2009).
497:Geographic tongue (benign migratory glossitis)
267:), and syphilitic glossitis (seen in tertiary
3239:
2582:Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis
1229:
972:Reamy, BV; Derby, R; Bunt, CW (Mar 1, 2010).
967:
965:
963:
817:
815:
792:Ravikiran Ongole; Praveen BN (10 Feb 2014).
728:(6th ed.). Elsevier India. p. 27.
715:
1021:
849:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
840:
721:
410:- a neurological disorder characterized by
3246:
3232:
1236:
1222:
974:"Common tongue conditions in primary care"
901:|...|intentional=yes}}
798:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1245.
566:and others considered the tongue to be a "
55:
27:
1045:
1027:
960:
943:
933:
918:"Intraoral paratrichosis after autograft"
812:
785:
121:- complete absence of the tongue at birth
3344:Esophageal atresia: types A, B, C, and D
492:
426:
242:
99:
3209:Oral manifestations of systemic disease
2358:Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
909:
3616:
2395:As a manifestation of systemic disease
620:
3227:
3182:
3081:
3005:
2763:
2642:
2428:
2218:
1856:
1519:
1459:
1347:
1255:
1217:
2241:Gums and tooth-supporting structures
2892:Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
2764:
2735:Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
725:Shafer's Textbook Of Oral Pathology
13:
3257:malformations and deformations of
2009:Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis
1493:Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
824:Carranza's clinical periodontology
742:
14:
3635:
1128:
114:which affect the tongue include:
3111:Cutaneous sinus of dental origin
3048:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
3043:Central hypoventilation syndrome
2925:Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
2353:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
2333:Hereditary gingival fibromatosis
1245:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
1072:Pocket Atlas of Chinese Medicine
608:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
537:- Real hair implanted on tongue.
464:
263:), "strawberry tongue" (seen in
184:of the tongue containing mature
2957:Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis
2594:Osteoporotic bone marrow defect
2048:Keratocystic odontogenic tumour
1089:
1062:
996:
681:Pediatric Surgery International
541:
451:
387:
371:
345:activity such as cunnilingus ("
40:, a non-serious tongue disease.
2942:Sclerosing polycystic adenosis
2777:Benign lymphoepithelial lesion
876:10.1002/14651858.CD005519.pub3
857:10.1002/14651858.CD005519.pub2
722:Rajendran R (1 January 2009).
672:
645:
359:Autoimmune conditions such as
1:
3136:Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
3085:Soft tissues around the mouth
2782:Ectopic salivary gland tissue
613:
528:
422:
408:Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
353:
327:inferior alveolar nerve block
95:
2306:Gingival cyst of the newborn
1915:Failure of eruption of teeth
1619:Hand, foot and mouth disease
1604:Focal epithelial hyperplasia
1542:Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
1488:Palatal cysts of the newborn
1411:Transient lingual papillitis
1028:Haller JS (September 1982).
935:10.1016/j.circir.2015.05.017
572:traditional Chinese medicine
316:
238:
7:
2834:Salivary gland diverticulum
2797:Necrotizing sialometaplasia
1808:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
1720:Basaloid squamous carcinoma
586:
367:, with resultant glossitis.
220:
215:
141:- congenitally short tongue
10:
3640:
3541:Johanson–Blizzard syndrome
2844:Salivary gland hyperplasia
2792:HIV salivary gland disease
2301:Gingival cyst of the adult
1747:Oral florid papillomatosis
1460:
1348:
763:10.1177/154407370601900112
554:
488:
3584:
3554:
3521:
3512:
3471:
3421:
3412:
3385:
3329:
3274:
3265:
3189:
3183:
3178:
3091:
3083:Orofacial soft tissues –
3077:
3018:
3001:
2849:Salivary gland hypoplasia
2772:
2759:
2663:
2638:
2577:Bisphosphonate-associated
2471:Idiopathic osteosclerosis
2446:
2424:
2247:
2214:
1942:Dentinogenesis imperfecta
1878:
1852:
1532:
1515:
1468:
1455:
1406:Median rhomboid glossitis
1356:
1343:
1264:
1251:
1136:
978:American Family Physician
693:10.1007/s00383-007-2061-0
434:on the side of the tongue
257:median rhomboid glossitis
247:Median rhomboid glossitis
127:(tongue tie) - where the
84:, which can have various
44:
35:
26:
21:
3599:Polycystic liver disease
3463:Enteric duplication cyst
3156:Orofacial granulomatosis
2935:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
2920:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
2854:Salivary gland neoplasms
2645:Temporomandibular joints
2616:Periapical periodontitis
2348:Linear gingival erythema
2116:Regional odontodysplasia
1962:Enamel hypocalcification
1256:
1098:Laryngo- Rhino- Otologie
476:nutritional deficiencies
3490:Rectovestibular fistula
3053:Obstructive sleep apnea
2819:Salivary duct stricture
2599:Paget's disease of bone
2096:Pulp canal obliteration
1937:Dentin hypersensitivity
1883:Amelogenesis imperfecta
1735:Squamous cell carcinoma
1715:Adenosquamous carcinoma
1702:Squamous cell papilloma
1679:Melanocytic oral lesion
511:- can affect the tongue
445:squamous cell carcinoma
418:and orofacial swelling.
337:). A lesion similar to
176:- For example, osseous
164:Leiomyomatous hamartoma
3453:Intestinal malrotation
3448:Hirschsprung's disease
3356:Esophageal inlet patch
3297:Van der Woude syndrome
3199:Hemifacial hypertrophy
3166:Pyostomatitis vegetans
2839:Salivary gland fistula
2829:Salivary gland atresia
2824:Salivary gland aplasia
2678:Mandibular dislocation
2649:muscles of mastication
2527:Calcifying odontogenic
2156:Vertical root fracture
2151:Cracked tooth syndrome
2126:Shovel-shaped incisors
2021:Wisdom tooth impaction
1903:Early childhood caries
1769:Benign mucous membrane
1730:Spindle cell carcinoma
1639:Intraoral dental sinus
1557:Burning mouth syndrome
522:Burning mouth syndrome
498:
435:
248:
107:
77:is a general term for
3443:Meckel's diverticulum
3008:Stomatognathic system
2910:Acinic cell carcinoma
2532:Glandular odontogenic
1684:Molluscum contagiosum
1110:10.1055/s-2007-995614
893:|...}}
870:(Retracted, see
631:. Saunders Elsevier.
496:
430:
278:(seen in people with
246:
103:
3292:Cleft lip and palate
3151:Oral Crohn's disease
3106:Basal cell carcinoma
2745:Condylar hyperplasia
2730:Maxillary hypoplasia
2296:Gingival enlargement
2229:periodontal ligament
1835:Verruciform xanthoma
1567:Condyloma acuminatum
535:Paratrichosis tongue
470:Poor diet can cause
458:Motor neuron disease
112:congenital disorders
3161:Perioral dermatitis
2897:Pleomorphic adenoma
2877:Monomorphic adenoma
2867:Canalicular adenoma
2740:Condylar hypoplasia
2673:Condylar resorption
2517:Lateral periodontal
2476:Mandibular fracture
2375:Periodontal abscess
1972:Turner's hypoplasia
1740:Verrucous carcinoma
1689:Morsicatio buccarum
1669:Lupus erythematosus
1582:Erythema multiforme
1498:Stomatitis nicotina
396:weakness can cause
339:morsicatio buccarum
3536:Accessory pancreas
3431:Intestinal atresia
3204:Facial hemiatrophy
3058:Periodic breathing
2989:Sjögren's syndrome
2862:Basal cell adenoma
2626:Torus mandibularis
2604:Periapical abscess
2587:Osteoradionecrosis
2512:Buccal bifurcation
2491:Intraosseous cysts
2380:Periodontal trauma
2284:Pyogenic granuloma
2131:Supernumerary root
2084:Pulp calcification
2072:Premature eruption
2043:Odontogenic tumors
1840:White sponge nevus
1813:Submucous fibrosis
1757:Smoker's melanosis
1644:Irritation fibroma
1483:High-arched palate
1391:Foliate papillitis
1381:Cunnilingus tongue
1366:Black hairy tongue
1296:Congenital lip pit
945:20.500.13003/10781
499:
482:Black hairy tongue
436:
347:cunnilingus tongue
284:Epstein–Barr virus
249:
108:
38:black hairy tongue
3611:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3594:Alagille syndrome
3564:Choledochal cysts
3508:
3507:
3495:Persistent cloaca
3408:
3407:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3174:
3173:
3073:
3072:
2997:
2996:
2902:Sebaceous adenoma
2755:
2754:
2634:
2633:
2545:Median mandibular
2540:Nasopalatine duct
2456:Alveolar osteitis
2420:
2419:
2407:Perio-endo lesion
2289:Congenital epulis
2210:
2209:
1967:Enamel hypoplasia
1848:
1847:
1823:Riga–Fede disease
1674:Melanocytic nevus
1614:Hairy leukoplakia
1577:Epulis fissuratum
1511:
1510:
1451:
1450:
1401:Geographic tongue
1339:
1338:
1211:
1210:
833:978-1-4377-0416-7
735:978-81-312-1570-8
638:978-0-7216-2921-6
503:Geographic tongue
394:Hypoglossal nerve
310:diabetes mellitus
280:immunosuppression
276:hairy leukoplakia
135:may be indicated.
64:
63:
16:Medical condition
3631:
3624:Tongue disorders
3546:Pancreas divisum
3531:Annular pancreas
3519:
3518:
3485:Imperforate anus
3436:Duodenal atresia
3419:
3418:
3395:Pyloric stenosis
3363:esophageal rings
3272:
3271:
3259:digestive system
3248:
3241:
3234:
3225:
3224:
3180:
3179:
3079:
3078:
3003:
3002:
2872:Ductal papilloma
2761:
2760:
2640:
2639:
2537:Non-odontogenic:
2522:Globulomaxillary
2461:Buccal exostosis
2426:
2425:
2370:Peri-implantitis
2216:
2215:
1932:Dentin dysplasia
1854:
1853:
1830:Verruca vulgaris
1725:Mucosal melanoma
1572:Darier's disease
1547:Behçet's disease
1517:
1516:
1473:Bednar's aphthae
1457:
1456:
1345:
1344:
1331:Trumpeter's wart
1253:
1252:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1215:
1214:
1134:
1133:
1122:
1121:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1049:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1000:
994:
993:
969:
958:
957:
947:
937:
913:
907:
906:
904:
902:
894:
868:
844:
838:
837:
819:
810:
809:
789:
783:
782:
746:
740:
739:
719:
713:
712:
676:
670:
669:
649:
643:
642:
624:
548:point prevalence
443:, most commonly
361:Sjögren syndrome
324:local anesthetic
302:immunodeficiency
290:Oral candidiasis
60:
59:
51:Gastroenterology
31:
19:
18:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3603:
3580:
3576:Biliary atresia
3550:
3504:
3467:
3404:
3381:
3325:
3261:
3252:
3222:
3213:
3185:
3170:
3126:Ludwig's angina
3087:
3069:
3028:Mouth breathing
3014:
2993:
2814:Pneumoparotitis
2787:Frey's syndrome
2768:
2766:Salivary glands
2751:
2659:
2630:
2609:Phoenix abscess
2442:
2438:hard tissues –
2416:
2338:Hypercementosis
2257:Cementoblastoma
2243:
2206:
1920:Dens evaginatus
1874:
1844:
1796:Denture-related
1781:Plasmoacanthoma
1707:Keratoacanthoma
1528:
1526:Lining of mouth
1507:
1503:Torus palatinus
1464:
1447:
1428:Lingual thyroid
1386:Fissured tongue
1376:Crenated tongue
1352:
1335:
1321:Nasolabial cyst
1306:Herpes labialis
1260:
1247:
1242:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1145:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1067:
1063:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1002:
1001:
997:
970:
961:
914:
910:
896:
888:
886:
869:
851:(2): CD005519.
845:
841:
834:
820:
813:
806:
790:
786:
747:
743:
736:
720:
716:
677:
673:
650:
646:
639:
625:
621:
616:
593:Tooth pathology
589:
557:
544:
531:
491:
467:
454:
425:
412:fissured tongue
390:
374:
356:
331:crenated tongue
319:
261:Candida species
241:
223:
218:
209:fissured tongue
200:Lingual thyroid
98:
67:Tongue diseases
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3637:
3627:
3626:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3569:Caroli disease
3560:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3500:Rectal atresia
3497:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3427:
3425:
3416:
3414:Lower GI tract
3410:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3371:
3368:Esophageal web
3359:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3335:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3269:
3267:Upper GI tract
3263:
3262:
3251:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3228:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3194:Eagle syndrome
3190:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3116:Cystic hygroma
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3015:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2984:Sialolithiasis
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2915:Adenocarcinoma
2912:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2882:Myoepithelioma
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2555:Traumatic bone
2552:
2550:Median palatal
2547:
2542:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2350:
2345:
2343:Hypocementosis
2340:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2077:Neonatal teeth
2069:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1964:
1959:
1957:Ectopic enamel
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1752:Oral melanosis
1749:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1709:
1704:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1552:Bohn's nodules
1549:
1544:
1539:
1537:Amalgam tattoo
1533:
1530:
1529:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1193:
1170:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:Classification
1130:
1129:External links
1127:
1124:
1123:
1088:
1081:
1061:
1020:
995:
959:
908:
839:
832:
811:
804:
784:
741:
734:
714:
671:
644:
637:
618:
617:
615:
612:
611:
610:
605:
600:
595:
588:
585:
556:
553:
543:
540:
539:
538:
530:
527:
526:
525:
519:
512:
506:
490:
487:
486:
485:
479:
466:
463:
462:
461:
453:
450:
449:
448:
424:
421:
420:
419:
405:
404:of the tongue.
389:
386:
385:
384:
378:
373:
370:
369:
368:
355:
352:
351:
350:
318:
315:
314:
313:
298:corticosteroid
287:
272:
240:
237:
236:
235:
230:
222:
219:
217:
214:
213:
212:
202:
197:
171:
166:
162:- for example
157:
147:
142:
136:
129:lingual frenum
122:
97:
94:
71:surgical sieve
62:
61:
48:
42:
41:
33:
32:
24:
23:
22:Tongue disease
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3636:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3401:
3400:Hiatus hernia
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3375:
3374:Schatzki ring
3372:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3309:Ankyloglossia
3307:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3249:
3244:
3242:
3237:
3235:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3181:
3177:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3096:Actinomycosis
3094:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2974:Sialodochitis
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2653:malocclusions
2650:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2621:Stafne defect
2619:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2572:Osteonecrosis
2570:
2568:
2567:Osteomyelitis
2565:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2440:Bones of jaws
2437:
2433:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2385:Periodontitis
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2365:Pericoronitis
2363:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2321:Granulomatous
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2274:Eruption cyst
2272:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2101:Pulp necrosis
2099:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2060:Dens in dente
2058:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1952:Discoloration
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1659:Lichen planus
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1634:Herpes zoster
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1609:Fordyce spots
1607:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1587:Erythroplakia
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1371:Caviar tongue
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1361:Ankyloglossia
1359:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1326:Sun poisoning
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1104:(8): 546–50.
1103:
1099:
1092:
1084:
1082:9783131416117
1078:
1074:
1073:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1040:(3): 258–64.
1039:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1009:
1005:
999:
991:
987:
984:(5): 627–34.
983:
979:
975:
968:
966:
964:
955:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
928:(4): 309–11.
927:
923:
919:
912:
900:
892:
885:
881:
877:
873:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
843:
835:
829:
825:
818:
816:
807:
805:9788131237991
801:
797:
796:
788:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
745:
737:
731:
727:
726:
718:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
675:
667:
663:
660:(12): 584–5.
659:
655:
648:
640:
634:
630:
623:
619:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
584:
582:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
552:
549:
536:
533:
532:
523:
520:
517:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
500:
495:
483:
480:
477:
473:
469:
468:
465:Environmental
459:
456:
455:
446:
442:
438:
437:
433:
429:
417:
413:
409:
406:
403:
402:fasciculation
399:
395:
392:
391:
383:
382:lichen planus
379:
376:
375:
366:
362:
358:
357:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
325:
321:
320:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
288:
285:
281:
277:
273:
270:
266:
265:scarlet fever
262:
258:
254:
251:
250:
245:
234:
231:
228:
227:Caviar tongue
225:
224:
210:
206:
203:
201:
198:
195:
191:
187:
186:lamellar bone
183:
179:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
161:
158:
155:
154:Down syndrome
151:
148:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
130:
126:
125:Ankyloglossia
123:
120:
117:
116:
115:
113:
106:
105:Ankyloglossia
102:
93:
91:
87:
83:
80:
76:
72:
68:
58:
52:
49:
47:
43:
39:
36:A picture of
34:
30:
25:
20:
3458:Dolichocolon
3362:
3338:
3314:Macroglossia
3302:
3301:
3084:
3011:
2947:Sialadenitis
2906:
2858:
2723:Scissor bite
2718:Retrognathia
2703:Overeruption
2683:Malocclusion
2656:
2536:
2495:
2486:Micrognathia
2439:
2430:Periapical,
2316:Desquamative
2240:
2221:Periodontium
2195:Acid erosion
2136:Taurodontism
2067:Open contact
1979:Enamel pearl
1947:Dilaceration
1910:Concrescence
1711:
1698:
1525:
1478:Cleft palate
1438:Microglossia
1433:Macroglossia
1418:Glossoptosis
1349:
1316:Microcheilia
1311:Macrocheilia
1195:
1172:
1149:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1071:
1064:
1037:
1034:West. J. Med
1033:
1023:
1013:11 September
1011:. Retrieved
1007:
998:
981:
977:
925:
921:
911:
897:{{
889:{{
848:
842:
823:
794:
787:
757:(1): 57–62.
754:
751:Adv Dent Res
750:
744:
724:
717:
687:(4): 515–9.
684:
680:
674:
657:
653:
647:
628:
622:
558:
545:
542:Epidemiology
472:malnutrition
452:Degenerative
416:facial palsy
388:Neurological
372:Inflammatory
335:parafunction
282:, caused by
205:Cleft tongue
194:osteoclastic
190:osteoblastic
174:Choristomata
169:Glossoptosis
150:Macroglossia
145:Microglossia
110:Examples of
109:
82:inflammation
66:
65:
3319:Hypoglossia
3141:Microstomia
3131:Macrostomia
3121:Gnathophyma
3038:Catathrenia
3033:Sleep apnea
2964:Sialectasis
2507:Dentigerous
2497:Odontogenic
2326:Plasma cell
2262:Gigantiform
2038:Microdontia
2028:Macrodontia
1999:Hyperdontia
1694:Oral cancer
1654:Leukoplakia
1562:Candidiasis
1522:Oral mucosa
1443:Rhabdomyoma
1423:Hypoglossia
1284:Plasma cell
560:Hippocrates
509:Leukoplakia
441:oral cancer
432:Oral cancer
343:oral sexual
160:Hamartomata
139:Hypoglossia
3477:anal canal
3423:Intestines
3255:Congenital
3101:Angioedema
2907:Malignant:
2887:Oncocytoma
2713:Prognathia
2502:periapical
2481:Microgenia
2432:mandibular
2390:Aggressive
2311:Gingivitis
2252:Cementicle
2190:Abfraction
2180:Tooth wear
2173:Edentulism
2168:Tooth loss
2121:Resorption
2106:Pulp polyp
2089:Pulp stone
2033:Meth mouth
2004:Hypodontia
1994:Gemination
1925:Talon cusp
1818:Ulceration
1786:Stomatitis
1764:Pemphigoid
1712:Malignant:
1664:Linea alba
1649:Leukoedema
1629:Herpangina
1597:Giant-cell
1075:. Thieme.
614:References
603:Tongue map
529:Iatrogenic
423:Neoplastic
365:xerostomia
363:can cause
354:Autoimmune
294:antibiotic
233:Hemangioma
178:choristoma
133:frenectomy
96:Congenital
86:etiologies
3556:Bile duct
3514:Accessory
3331:Esophagus
2969:Sialocele
2952:Parotitis
2693:Open bite
2688:Crossbite
2466:Cherubism
2436:maxillary
2269:Cementoma
2200:Attrition
2016:Impaction
1984:Fluorosis
1893:Anodontia
1888:Ankylosis
1776:Pemphigus
1396:Glossitis
1291:Cleft lip
1269:Cheilitis
922:Cir y Cir
899:retracted
891:retracted
568:barometer
516:halitosis
377:Glossitis
317:Traumatic
300:use, and
253:Glossitis
239:Infective
90:infection
75:Glossitis
46:Specialty
3618:Category
3523:Pancreas
2979:Sialosis
2930:Lymphoma
2802:Mucocele
2698:Overbite
2451:Agnathia
2412:Teething
2237:alveolus
2233:cementum
2185:Abrasion
2161:Occlusal
2146:Avulsion
2111:Pulpitis
2055:Odontoma
1801:Herpetic
1791:Aphthous
1301:Eclabium
1118:18654938
990:20187599
954:26118782
884:27227886
865:16625641
771:16672551
709:29538827
701:17972083
666:12627912
587:See also
581:cyanosis
269:syphilis
221:Vascular
216:Acquired
188:without
119:Aglossia
3387:Stomach
3376:(lower)
3370:(upper)
3284:pharynx
3065:Snoring
3023:Bruxism
2859:Benign:
2708:Overjet
2668:Bruxism
2562:Osteoma
2400:Chronic
2225:gingiva
1699:Benign:
1592:Fibroma
1279:Angular
1274:Actinic
1202:D014060
1056:6755914
1047:1274095
779:9526698
555:History
489:Unknown
398:atrophy
88:, e.g.
3473:Rectum
3339:EA/TEF
3303:tongue
3276:Tongue
2807:Ranula
2279:Epulis
2141:Trauma
1989:Fusion
1898:Caries
1871:enamel
1867:dentin
1462:Palate
1350:Tongue
1116:
1079:
1054:
1044:
988:
952:
882:
878:,
863:
830:
802:
777:
769:
732:
707:
699:
664:
635:
598:Tongue
308:), or
304:(e.g.
182:dorsum
79:tongue
53:
3586:Liver
3280:mouth
3184:Other
1859:Teeth
1191:750.1
1187:750.0
1168:Q38.3
1164:Q38.1
895:with
775:S2CID
705:S2CID
564:Galen
380:Oral
274:Oral
3282:and
3146:Noma
2651:and
2434:and
2239:) –
1863:pulp
1258:Lips
1197:MeSH
1178:9-CM
1114:PMID
1077:ISBN
1052:PMID
1015:2013
986:PMID
950:PMID
880:PMID
861:PMID
828:ISBN
800:ISBN
767:PMID
730:ISBN
697:PMID
662:PMID
633:ISBN
474:and
400:and
296:and
1183:529
1174:ICD
1160:K14
1151:ICD
1106:doi
1042:PMC
1038:137
940:hdl
930:doi
872:doi
853:doi
759:doi
689:doi
349:").
306:HIV
192:or
3620::
3278:,
3010:–
2655:–
2647:,
2235:,
2231:,
2227:,
1869:,
1865:,
1524:–
1200::
1185:,
1181::
1162:,
1158::
1155:10
1112:.
1102:87
1100:.
1050:.
1036:.
1032:.
1006:.
982:81
980:.
976:.
962:^
948:.
938:.
926:83
924:.
920:.
859:.
814:^
773:.
765:.
755:19
753:.
703:.
695:.
685:24
683:.
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576:qi
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855::
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761::
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711:.
691::
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286:)
259:(
211:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
