357:
78:
346:
100:
89:
37:
472:
422:
203:
379:. In its mildest form, fluorosis appears as small opaque white flecks on the enamel surface. More severe cases show severely hypoplastic patches of enamel, which are also prone to accumulation of surface stains. Chronological, fine white bands of fluorosis may be seen that correspond to the times of high exposure to fluoride.
184:
Tooth color varies according to race, gender and geographic region. Females generally have slightly whiter teeth than males, partly because females' teeth are smaller, and therefore there is less bulk of dentin, partially visible through the enamel layer. For the same reason, larger teeth such as the
620:
Discoloration of the front teeth is one of the most common reasons people seek dental care. However, many people with teeth of normal shade ask for them to be whitened. Management of tooth discoloration depends on the cause. Most discoloration is harmless and may or may not be of cosmetic concern to
611:
Intrinsic discoloration tends to accompany aging. Throughout life deposition of secondary dentin occurs along the internal walls of the pulp chamber. Secondary dentin is darker and more opaque than primary dentin. This gives the dentin an overall darker appearance. At the same time, the enamel layer
390:
may result in discolorations. Following luxation injuries red discoloration may develop almost instantly. This is due to severance of the venous microcirculation to a tooth, while the arteries continue to supply blood to the pulp. The blood is then decomposed gradually and a blue-brown discoloration
513:
calcium ions and is incorporated into teeth, cartilage and bone. Ingestion during the years of tooth development causes a yellow-green discoloration of dentin, which is visible through the enamel and fluorescent under ultraviolet light. Later, the tetracycline oxidizes and the staining becomes more
485:
fillings often stain the tooth they are placed in. This is most noticeable in very old fillings, as pigment slowly leaches out of the amalgam filling material and its associated corroded surfaces. In addition, metallic fillings cast a shadow that can be visible through the tooth and make it appear
374:
during the years of tooth development. Fluoride is a naturally occurring mineral in water, although some regions have higher levels than others, and in some areas fluoride is added to water supplies in low levels to help prevent tooth decay. Exposure can also occur via bottled water and fluoride
443:, vascular pulp tissue. As this process starts to approach the external surface of the tooth, a pink hue of this replacement pulp tissue may become visible through the remaining overlying tooth substance. This appearance is sometimes termed "pink tooth of Mummery".
68:
or translucency. External discoloration is accumulation of stains on the tooth surface. Internal discoloration is due to absorption of pigment particles into tooth structure. Sometimes there are several different co-existent factors responsible for discoloration.
405:, i.e., the sealing up of the pulp. Trauma to a developing adult tooth (e.g., intrusion of a baby tooth into the bone) may affect the enamel layer of the adult tooth. This becomes apparent when the adult tooth erupts into the mouth.
176:
Public opinion of what is normal tooth shade tends to be distorted. Portrayals of cosmetically enhanced teeth are common in the media. In one report, the most common tooth shade in the general population ranged from A1 to A3 on the
1142:
Tooth discoloration could actually be one indication, in some people, that the product is working: after the rinse kills germs in your mouth, the dead germs can collect on the tooth surface and create the appearance of a brown
325:
Causes of intrinsic discoloration generally fall into those that occur during tooth development and those acquired later in life. The known causes of intrinsic staining are listed below, however some causes are unknown.
315:
Antibiotics. Tetracycline and its derivatives are capable of intrinsic discoloration (discussed below). However other antibiotics may form insoluble complexes with calcium, iron and other elements that cause extrinsic
311:
Metallic compounds. Exposure to such metallic compounds may be in the form of medication or other environmental exposure. Examples include iron (black stain), iodine (black), copper (green), nickel (green) and cadmium
398:(death of the pulp). This discoloration typically develops weeks or months after the injury and is caused by incorporation of pigments released during the breakdown of the pulpal tissue and blood into the dentin.
455:; however, the exact causes for this are not completely understood. Failure to completely clean out the necrotic soft tissue of the pulp system may cause staining, and certain root canal materials (e.g.,
173:. The pulp is pink/red due to its vascularity, but is rarely visible through the overlying enamel and dentin unless the thickness of these layers is reduced by tooth wear (or rarely internal resorption).
538:
are examples of defective enamel that potentially gives a discolored appearance to the tooth. Teeth affected in this way are also usually more susceptible to further staining acquired throughout life.
600:
245:: Neglected plaque eventually calcifies, and leads to formation of a hard deposit on the teeth, especially around the gumline. The color of calculus varies, and may be grey, yellow, black or brown.
162:
layer is darker than enamel, yellow-brown in color, and less transparent. Dentin forms the bulk of the tooth substance, and contributes most to the overall tooth color. At the core of the tooth is
84:. 1: crown, 2: root, 3: enamel, 4: dentin and dentin tubules, 5: pulp chamber, 6: blood vessels and nerve within root canal, 7: periodontal ligament, 8: apex and periapical region, 9: alveolar bone
337:(tooth decay) begins as an opaque white spot on the surface of the enamel. As demineralization progresses, the various lesion eventually cavitates and the underlying brown color becomes visible.
143:
and the human eye and brain. Of these, the intrinsic pigmentation of a tooth is the most influential, which in turn is determined by genetic and natural factors. Light hitting a tooth undergoes
1163:
Cetylpyridinium
Chloride, or CPC, is a common ingredient in several over-the-countermouthwashes that may cause tooth staining and lose effectiveness when used immediately after tooth brushing.
413:
Teeth die mainly as a result of extensive tooth decay, however this may also occur following dental trauma or heavy drilling down of the tooth during tooth preparation prior to restoration.
612:
is gradually thinned by tooth wear processes such as attrition and acid erosion, a degree of which is considered normal. Enamel also becomes less porous and phosphate-deficient.
603:
has also been demonstrated to be involved in enamel formation, suggesting that the disease has some influence on tooth discoloration regardless of exposure to tetracyclines.
151:
and transmission by varying degrees in each tissue layer of the tooth substance. Reflected light detected by the human eye determines the perceived appearance of a tooth.
2553:
1157:
1126:
518:
share this side effect. Because tetracyclines cross the placenta, a child may have tooth staining if the drugs are administered during the mother's pregnancy.
2627:
2612:
2316:
2304:
2809:
296:, meaning that prolonged use in persons who consume coffee, tea or red wine is associated with extrinsic staining (i.e., removable staining) of teeth.
158:
layer on the outer surface. The enamel layer is whiter and semitransparent, and contributes blue, pink green tints to the tooth color. The underlying
178:
1267:
Sánchez, AR; Rogers RS, 3rd; Sheridan, PJ (October 2004). "Tetracycline and other tetracycline-derivative staining of the teeth and oral cavity".
1302:
439:
may sometimes follow dental trauma (although in other cases it appears unrelated). This is where the dentin is resorbed and replaced instead by
1856:
1670:
2814:
2876:
214:
Extrinsic discolorations are common and have many different causes. The same range of factors are capable of staining the surface of
554:
is a defect of dentin formation, and the teeth may be discolored yellow-brown, deep amber or blue-grey with increased translucency.
1468:
3441:
2639:
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148:
1394:
1362:
1248:
1218:
1186:
1130:
1110:
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1015:
977:
922:
895:
868:
803:
767:
696:
938:
Herekar M; Mangalvedhekar M; Fernandes A (Dec 2010). "The Most
Prevalent Tooth Shade in a Particular Population: A survey".
2452:
3124:
2967:
561:
127:
The appearance and perception of a tooth is the result of a complex interaction of factors such as lighting conditions,
2241:
1725:
233:: Although usually virtually invisible on the tooth surface, plaque may become stained by chromogenic bacteria such as
3368:
2001:
632:, whether with "whitening" (i.e., abrasive) toothpaste at home, or as treatment carried out by a professional (e.g.,
189:) are generally whiter than the adult teeth that follow, again due to differences in the ratio of enamel to dentin.
3343:
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3275:
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2585:
2565:
1477:
579:
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incorporate into the dental hard tissues, causing yellow-green or blue-green discoloration. One such condition is
3189:
2826:
2280:
276:
can stain teeth. Ingesting colored liquids like sports drinks, cola, coffee, tea and red wine can discolor teeth.
3174:
3009:
647:. Alternatively the appearance of the tooth can be hidden with dental restorations (e.g., composite fillings,
3014:
599:
have discolored teeth. This is possibly the result of exposure to tetracycline during odontogenesis, however
128:
2877:
2538:
2147:
1851:
1836:
1774:
1720:
1643:
1461:
640:). To prevent future buildup of extrinsic stains, identification of the cause (e.g., smoking) is required.
3066:
3029:
2759:
2040:
1952:
3076:
3024:
2831:
2764:
2533:
2033:
2028:
1979:
223:
548:). The enamel is fragile, the teeth appear yellow or brown, and surface stains build up more readily.
3081:
2799:
2703:
2174:
1638:
551:
498:
429:
725:
3466:
3388:
3167:
3152:
2848:
2804:
2749:
2622:
2580:
2348:
2194:
1429:
535:
299:
259:
products) tends to form a yellow-brown-black stain around the necks of the teeth above the gumline.
3221:
226:). Some extrinsic discolorations that are allowed to remain for a long time may become intrinsic.
3285:
3086:
3051:
2744:
2548:
2328:
2169:
2115:
2045:
1967:
1947:
1934:
1911:
1454:
541:
527:
459:
and root canal sealer cements) can also. Another possible factor is the lack of pulp pressure in
402:
3431:
3398:
3071:
3061:
3056:
2998:
2925:
2881:
2777:
2772:
2558:
2388:
2383:
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2204:
2135:
1962:
1871:
1789:
1516:
686:
1779:
1384:
1352:
1238:
363:
mottled enamel of an individual from a region with high levels of naturally occurring fluoride
3240:
3142:
2754:
2632:
2494:
2453:
2253:
2055:
1989:
1916:
1296:
1043:
793:
757:
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brown and no longer fluoresces under UV light. Other drugs derived from tetracycline such as
252:
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2528:
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1799:
452:
8:
3393:
3129:
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2708:
2607:
2260:
2023:
1972:
1921:
1901:
1814:
1804:
1730:
1705:
1563:
732:. Copenhagen University Hospital and the International Association of Dental Traumatology
436:
425:
144:
1178:
Master
Dentistry: Volume 2: Restorative Dentistry, Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics
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215:
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1906:
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256:
207:
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44:
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2164:
2062:
1957:
1794:
1446:
1325:
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824:
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432:(right in photograph), giving rise to the appearance termed "Pink tooth of Mummery"
371:
367:
219:
136:
132:
356:
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3046:
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2734:
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2013:
1939:
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242:
186:
77:
828:
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once the pulp is removed, leading to incorporation of dietary stains in dentin.
3426:
3378:
3348:
3216:
3147:
3114:
2836:
2575:
2309:
2189:
1984:
1769:
1582:
629:
482:
140:
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1819:
1603:
1593:
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633:
622:
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395:
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334:
303:
282:
230:
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the individual. In other cases it may indicate underlying pathology such as
3179:
2955:
2950:
2935:
2915:
2885:
2718:
2427:
2368:
2299:
2221:
2211:
2179:
2142:
2103:
2095:
1710:
1665:
1650:
1548:
1543:
1337:
1288:
1103:
Oral and maxillofacial medicine : the basis of diagnosis and treatment
836:
545:
494:
456:
155:
3315:
3373:
3363:
3353:
3270:
3265:
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2050:
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1886:
1754:
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1655:
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273:
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235:
170:
163:
345:
268:
Certain foods and drinks. Foods, such as vegetables, that are rich with
3333:
3119:
2945:
2713:
2543:
2484:
2422:
2412:
2405:
2400:
2338:
2321:
2265:
2236:
2157:
2018:
1996:
1881:
1861:
376:
286:
1421:
3201:
3184:
2920:
2698:
2501:
2125:
2008:
1628:
1523:
1501:
575:
565:
510:
289:
93:
49:
937:
643:
Intrinsic discoloration generally requires one of the many types of
185:
molars and the canine (cuspid) teeth tend to be darker. Baby teeth (
99:
3211:
3162:
2930:
2683:
2664:
2644:
2465:
2343:
2287:
1533:
1105:(3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 39, 41.
88:
1048:(7th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences APAC. pp. 386, 387.
306:
mouthwashes, can result in staining due to dead bacterial residue.
3297:
3255:
2940:
2900:
2794:
2668:
2457:
1824:
1316:
Good, ML; Hussey, DL (August 2003). "Minocycline: stain devil?".
863:(2nd ed.). Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. pp. 70, 71.
756:
Chi AC; Damm DD; Neville BW; Allen CA; Bouquot J (11 June 2008).
592:
may be associated with blue, green or brown tooth discoloration.
248:
883:
3039:
2511:
2099:
1694:
965:
914:
Ten Cate's Oral
Histology: Development, Structure, and Function
755:
293:
159:
36:
819:
Joiner A (2004). "Tooth colour: a review of the literature".
262:
104:
61:
1007:
Fundamentals of
Operative Dentistry: A Contemporary Approach
568:, and may be associated with red or brown discolored teeth.
489:
506:
544:
is a rare condition that affects the formation of enamel (
471:
421:
370:
may occur when there is chronic and excessive exposure to
1490:
65:
1266:
530:), and lead to abnormal tooth appearance and structure.
202:
103:
VITA classical A1-D4 shade guide arranged according to
92:
VITA classical A1-D4 shade guide arranged according to
684:
1041:
969:
Sturdevant's Art & Science of
Operative Dentistry
966:
Heymann HO; Swift Jr. EJ; Ritter AV (12 March 2014).
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
1476:
1411:
917:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 2–3, 122, 161.
526:
Several genetic disorders affect tooth development (
628:Most extrinsic discoloration is readily removed by
2890:Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities
1350:
705:
1753:
3458:
2090:
1127:"Does Crest Pro-Health Rinse stain teeth brown?"
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
3245:Teeth, jaws, tongue and associated soft tissues
1073:
564:(Gunther disease) is a rare congenital form of
1857:Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
1262:
1260:
1236:
1213:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 125–129.
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
972:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 307–310.
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
852:
850:
848:
846:
685:Hargreaves KM; Berman LH (23 September 2015).
2815:Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis
1462:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1024:
884:Berkovitz BKB; Holland GR; Moxham BJ (2009).
751:
749:
747:
661:
574:during the years of tooth formation may make
478:giving overall darker appearance to the tooth
394:Teeth may turn grey following trauma-induced
1202:
1200:
1198:
1181:. Elsevier Health Sciences UK. p. 205.
1042:Rajendran A; Sundaram S (10 February 2014).
877:
762:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 70–74.
1301:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1257:
1232:
1230:
1168:
986:
950:
856:
843:
688:Cohen's Pathways of the Pulp Expert Consult
1469:
1455:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1315:
1094:
1062:
1003:
931:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
744:
691:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 2212.
320:
197:
35:
1357:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 173.
1344:
1195:
1174:
812:
798:. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 14–18.
490:Tetracycline and tetracycline-derivatives
401:Yellow discoloration may occur following
352:mostly on the upper right central incisor
255:in smoke from tobacco products (and also
1309:
1227:
1206:
1100:
940:Journal of the Indian Dental Association
904:
818:
470:
420:
355:
344:
201:
98:
87:
82:Cross-sectional diagram of a molar tooth
76:
3442:Oral manifestations of systemic disease
2591:Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
1371:
1354:Oral Pathology for the Dental Hygienist
910:
776:
601:cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator
446:
3459:
2628:As a manifestation of systemic disease
1386:Principles and Practice Of Pedodontics
1351:Ibsen OAC; Phelan JA (14 April 2014).
1237:Ghom AG; Ghom SA (30 September 2014).
1155:"The ingredients to a healthy mouth".
1077:Scully's Medical Problems in Dentistry
1010:. Quintessence Pub. pp. 438–439.
887:Oral Anatomy, Histology and Embryology
791:
451:Internal staining is common following
416:
3415:
3314:
3238:
2996:
2875:
2661:
2451:
2089:
1752:
1692:
1580:
1488:
1450:
1382:
1210:Clinical Problem Solving in Dentistry
72:
2474:Gums and tooth-supporting structures
1269:International Journal of Dermatology
521:
3125:Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
2997:
2968:Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
1045:Shafer's Textbook of Oral Pathology
595:A high proportion of children with
562:Congenital erythropoietic porphyria
466:
13:
2242:Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis
1726:Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
1318:The British Journal of Dermatology
14:
3478:
1407:
3344:Cutaneous sinus of dental origin
3281:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
3276:Central hypoventilation syndrome
3158:Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
2586:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
2566:Hereditary gingival fibromatosis
1478:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
1330:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05497.x
1281:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02108.x
1074:Crispian Scully (21 July 2014).
759:Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
580:hemolytic disease of the newborn
408:
329:
3190:Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis
2827:Osteoporotic bone marrow defect
2281:Keratocystic odontogenic tumour
1389:. JP Medical Ltd. p. 436.
1243:. JP Medical Ltd. p. 117.
1148:
1119:
1080:. Elsevier Health Sciences UK.
890:. Mosby/Elsevier. p. 105.
795:Advanced Ceramics for Dentistry
625:or rarely a systemic disorder.
558:is another disorder of dentin.
206:The stained teeth of a regular
3175:Sclerosing polycystic adenosis
3010:Benign lymphoepithelial lesion
505:is common in the treatment of
1:
3369:Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
3318:Soft tissues around the mouth
3015:Ectopic salivary gland tissue
654:
615:
279:Certain topical medications.
181:classical A1-D4 shade guide.
2539:Gingival cyst of the newborn
2148:Failure of eruption of teeth
1852:Hand, foot and mouth disease
1837:Focal epithelial hyperplasia
1775:Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
1721:Palatal cysts of the newborn
1644:Transient lingual papillitis
1207:Odell EW (25 January 2010).
582:(erythroblastosis fetalis).
340:
7:
3067:Salivary gland diverticulum
3030:Necrotizing sialometaplasia
2041:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
1953:Basaloid squamous carcinoma
829:10.1016/j.jdent.2003.10.013
792:Shen J (5 September 2013).
10:
3483:
3077:Salivary gland hyperplasia
3025:HIV salivary gland disease
2534:Gingival cyst of the adult
1980:Oral florid papillomatosis
1693:
1581:
3422:
3416:
3411:
3324:
3316:Orofacial soft tissues –
3310:
3251:
3234:
3082:Salivary gland hypoplasia
3005:
2992:
2896:
2871:
2810:Bisphosphonate-associated
2704:Idiopathic osteosclerosis
2679:
2657:
2480:
2447:
2175:Dentinogenesis imperfecta
2111:
2085:
1765:
1748:
1701:
1688:
1639:Median rhomboid glossitis
1589:
1576:
1497:
1484:
1415:
1240:Textbook of Oral Medicine
1175:Heasman P (24 May 2013).
911:Nanci A (12 March 2014).
726:"The Dental Trauma Guide"
552:Dentinogenesis imperfecta
499:broad-spectrum antibiotic
430:maxillary lateral incisor
382:
302:, which is found in many
192:
43:
34:
26:
21:
3389:Orofacial granulomatosis
3168:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
3153:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
3087:Salivary gland neoplasms
2878:Temporomandibular joints
2849:Periapical periodontitis
2581:Linear gingival erythema
2349:Regional odontodysplasia
2195:Enamel hypocalcification
1489:
1158:Gallipolis Daily Tribune
606:
536:enamel hypocalcification
300:Cetylpyridinium chloride
3286:Obstructive sleep apnea
3052:Salivary duct stricture
2832:Paget's disease of bone
2329:Pulp canal obliteration
2170:Dentin hypersensitivity
2116:Amelogenesis imperfecta
1968:Squamous cell carcinoma
1948:Adenosquamous carcinoma
1935:Squamous cell papilloma
1912:Melanocytic oral lesion
1129:. Crest. Archived from
542:Amelogenesis imperfecta
403:pulp canal obliteration
321:Intrinsic discoloration
198:Extrinsic discoloration
3432:Hemifacial hypertrophy
3399:Pyostomatitis vegetans
3072:Salivary gland fistula
3062:Salivary gland atresia
3057:Salivary gland aplasia
2911:Mandibular dislocation
2882:muscles of mastication
2760:Calcifying odontogenic
2389:Vertical root fracture
2384:Cracked tooth syndrome
2359:Shovel-shaped incisors
2254:Wisdom tooth impaction
2136:Early childhood caries
2002:Benign mucous membrane
1963:Spindle cell carcinoma
1872:Intraoral dental sinus
1790:Burning mouth syndrome
1383:Rao A (20 July 2012).
509:. The drug is able to
479:
433:
364:
353:
211:
124:
96:
85:
3241:Stomatognathic system
3143:Acinic cell carcinoma
2765:Glandular odontogenic
1917:Molluscum contagiosum
860:Restorative Dentistry
730:dentaltraumaguide.org
501:, and its derivative
474:
424:
359:
348:
205:
102:
91:
80:
3384:Oral Crohn's disease
3339:Basal cell carcinoma
2978:Condylar hyperplasia
2963:Maxillary hypoplasia
2529:Gingival enlargement
2462:periodontal ligament
2068:Verruciform xanthoma
1800:Condyloma acuminatum
857:Walmsley AD (2007).
823:. 32 Suppl 1: 3–12.
821:Journal of Dentistry
453:root canal treatment
447:Root canal treatment
222:fillings, porcelain
3394:Perioral dermatitis
3130:Pleomorphic adenoma
3110:Monomorphic adenoma
3100:Canalicular adenoma
2973:Condylar hypoplasia
2906:Condylar resorption
2750:Lateral periodontal
2709:Mandibular fracture
2608:Periodontal abscess
2205:Turner's hypoplasia
1973:Verrucous carcinoma
1922:Morsicatio buccarum
1902:Lupus erythematosus
1815:Erythema multiforme
1731:Stomatitis nicotina
1004:Summitt JB (2006).
437:Internal resorption
426:Internal resorption
417:Internal resorption
58:Tooth discoloration
22:Tooth discoloration
3437:Facial hemiatrophy
3291:Periodic breathing
3222:Sjögren's syndrome
3095:Basal cell adenoma
2859:Torus mandibularis
2837:Periapical abscess
2820:Osteoradionecrosis
2745:Buccal bifurcation
2724:Intraosseous cysts
2613:Periodontal trauma
2517:Pyogenic granuloma
2364:Supernumerary root
2317:Pulp calcification
2305:Premature eruption
2276:Odontogenic tumors
2073:White sponge nevus
2046:Submucous fibrosis
1990:Smoker's melanosis
1877:Irritation fibroma
1716:High-arched palate
1624:Foliate papillitis
1614:Cunnilingus tongue
1599:Black hairy tongue
1529:Congenital lip pit
630:cleaning the teeth
590:sickle cell anemia
572:Hyperbilirubinemia
556:Dentinal dysplasia
480:
434:
365:
354:
212:
154:Teeth have a thin
125:
97:
86:
73:Normal tooth shade
3454:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3407:
3406:
3306:
3305:
3230:
3229:
3135:Sebaceous adenoma
2988:
2987:
2867:
2866:
2778:Median mandibular
2773:Nasopalatine duct
2689:Alveolar osteitis
2653:
2652:
2640:Perio-endo lesion
2522:Congenital epulis
2443:
2442:
2200:Enamel hypoplasia
2081:
2080:
2056:Riga–Fede disease
1907:Melanocytic nevus
1847:Hairy leukoplakia
1810:Epulis fissuratum
1744:
1743:
1684:
1683:
1634:Geographic tongue
1572:
1571:
1444:
1443:
1396:978-93-5025-891-0
1364:978-0-323-29130-9
1250:978-93-5152-303-1
1220:978-0-7020-4407-6
1188:978-0-7020-5558-4
1112:978-0-7020-4948-4
1101:Scully C (2013).
1087:978-0-7020-5963-6
1055:978-81-312-3800-4
1017:978-0-86715-452-8
979:978-0-323-17060-4
924:978-0-323-24207-3
897:978-0-7234-3551-8
870:978-0-443-10246-2
805:978-0-12-394836-6
769:978-1-4377-2197-3
698:978-0-323-18586-8
532:Enamel hypoplasia
522:Genetic disorders
361:Severe fluorosis:
257:smokeless tobacco
167:connective tissue
55:
54:
16:Medical condition
3474:
3413:
3412:
3312:
3311:
3236:
3235:
3105:Ductal papilloma
2994:
2993:
2873:
2872:
2770:Non-odontogenic:
2755:Globulomaxillary
2694:Buccal exostosis
2659:
2658:
2603:Peri-implantitis
2449:
2448:
2165:Dentin dysplasia
2087:
2086:
2063:Verruca vulgaris
1958:Mucosal melanoma
1805:Darier's disease
1780:Behçet's disease
1750:
1749:
1706:Bednar's aphthae
1690:
1689:
1578:
1577:
1564:Trumpeter's wart
1486:
1485:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1448:
1447:
1413:
1412:
1401:
1400:
1380:
1369:
1368:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1292:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1204:
1193:
1192:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1071:
1060:
1059:
1039:
1022:
1021:
1001:
984:
983:
963:
948:
947:
935:
929:
928:
908:
902:
901:
881:
875:
874:
854:
841:
840:
816:
810:
809:
789:
774:
773:
753:
742:
741:
739:
737:
722:
703:
702:
682:
476:Amalgam filling:
467:Amalgam fillings
461:dentinal tubules
137:light scattering
39:
19:
18:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3467:Tooth pathology
3457:
3456:
3455:
3446:
3418:
3403:
3359:Ludwig's angina
3320:
3302:
3261:Mouth breathing
3247:
3226:
3047:Pneumoparotitis
3020:Frey's syndrome
3001:
2999:Salivary glands
2984:
2892:
2863:
2842:Phoenix abscess
2675:
2671:hard tissues –
2649:
2571:Hypercementosis
2490:Cementoblastoma
2476:
2439:
2153:Dens evaginatus
2107:
2077:
2029:Denture-related
2014:Plasmoacanthoma
1940:Keratoacanthoma
1761:
1759:Lining of mouth
1740:
1736:Torus palatinus
1697:
1680:
1661:Lingual thyroid
1619:Fissured tongue
1609:Crenated tongue
1585:
1568:
1554:Nasolabial cyst
1539:Herpes labialis
1493:
1480:
1475:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1424:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1381:
1372:
1365:
1349:
1345:
1314:
1310:
1294:
1293:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1205:
1196:
1189:
1173:
1169:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1136:
1134:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1072:
1063:
1056:
1040:
1025:
1018:
1002:
987:
980:
964:
951:
936:
932:
925:
909:
905:
898:
882:
878:
871:
855:
844:
817:
813:
806:
790:
777:
770:
754:
745:
735:
733:
724:
723:
706:
699:
683:
662:
657:
645:tooth bleaching
618:
609:
597:cystic fibrosis
524:
492:
469:
449:
419:
411:
385:
350:Mild fluorosis:
343:
332:
323:
312:(yellow-brown).
210:chewer in Burma
200:
195:
187:deciduous teeth
75:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3480:
3470:
3469:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3427:Eagle syndrome
3423:
3420:
3419:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3349:Cystic hygroma
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3217:Sialolithiasis
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3177:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3148:Adenocarcinoma
3145:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3115:Myoepithelioma
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2788:Traumatic bone
2785:
2783:Median palatal
2780:
2775:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2583:
2578:
2576:Hypocementosis
2573:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2310:Neonatal teeth
2302:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2192:
2190:Ectopic enamel
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1985:Oral melanosis
1982:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1942:
1937:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1785:Bohn's nodules
1782:
1777:
1772:
1770:Amalgam tattoo
1766:
1763:
1762:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1451:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:Classification
1409:
1408:External links
1406:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1370:
1363:
1343:
1308:
1275:(10): 709–15.
1256:
1249:
1226:
1219:
1194:
1187:
1167:
1161:. 2006-05-17.
1147:
1118:
1111:
1093:
1086:
1061:
1054:
1023:
1016:
985:
978:
949:
930:
923:
903:
896:
876:
869:
842:
811:
804:
775:
768:
743:
704:
697:
659:
658:
656:
653:
617:
614:
608:
605:
523:
520:
491:
488:
468:
465:
448:
445:
418:
415:
410:
407:
384:
381:
342:
339:
331:
328:
322:
319:
318:
317:
313:
309:
308:
307:
297:
277:
266:
260:
246:
240:
199:
196:
194:
191:
115:: red-yellow,
74:
71:
53:
52:
47:
41:
40:
32:
31:
30:Tooth staining
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3479:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3414:
3410:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3329:Actinomycosis
3327:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3207:Sialodochitis
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2886:malocclusions
2883:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:Stafne defect
2852:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2805:Osteonecrosis
2803:
2801:
2800:Osteomyelitis
2798:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2673:Bones of jaws
2670:
2666:
2660:
2656:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2618:Periodontitis
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2598:Pericoronitis
2596:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2554:Granulomatous
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2507:Eruption cyst
2505:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2334:Pulp necrosis
2332:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2293:Dens in dente
2291:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2185:Discoloration
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
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2141:
2137:
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2110:
2105:
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2027:
2025:
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2015:
2012:
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1991:
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1900:
1898:
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1893:
1892:Lichen planus
1890:
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1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1867:Herpes zoster
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1842:Fordyce spots
1840:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1820:Erythroplakia
1818:
1816:
1813:
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1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
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1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1604:Caviar tongue
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:Ankyloglossia
1592:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1559:Sun poisoning
1557:
1555:
1552:
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1184:
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1171:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1151:
1144:
1133:on 2016-03-06
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652:
650:
646:
641:
639:
635:
631:
626:
624:
623:pulp necrosis
613:
604:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
567:
563:
559:
557:
553:
549:
547:
543:
539:
537:
533:
529:
528:odontogenesis
519:
517:
516:glycylcycline
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
487:
484:
477:
473:
464:
462:
458:
454:
444:
442:
438:
431:
427:
423:
414:
409:Pulp necrosis
406:
404:
399:
397:
396:pulp necrosis
392:
389:
388:Dental trauma
380:
378:
373:
369:
362:
358:
351:
347:
338:
336:
335:Dental caries
330:Dental caries
327:
314:
310:
305:
304:antimicrobial
301:
298:
295:
291:
288:
284:
283:Chlorhexidine
281:
280:
278:
275:
271:
267:
264:
261:
258:
254:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
237:
232:
231:Dental plaque
229:
228:
227:
225:
221:
217:
209:
204:
190:
188:
182:
180:
174:
172:
168:
165:
161:
157:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
122:
118:
114:
111:: red-brown,
110:
106:
101:
95:
90:
83:
79:
70:
67:
63:
59:
51:
48:
46:
42:
38:
33:
29:
25:
20:
3317:
3244:
3180:Sialadenitis
3139:
3091:
2956:Scissor bite
2951:Retrognathia
2936:Overeruption
2916:Malocclusion
2889:
2769:
2728:
2719:Micrognathia
2672:
2663:Periapical,
2549:Desquamative
2473:
2454:Periodontium
2428:Acid erosion
2369:Taurodontism
2300:Open contact
2212:Enamel pearl
2184:
2180:Dilaceration
2143:Concrescence
1944:
1931:
1758:
1711:Cleft palate
1671:Microglossia
1666:Macroglossia
1651:Glossoptosis
1549:Microcheilia
1544:Macrocheilia
1428:
1385:
1353:
1346:
1324:(2): 237–9.
1321:
1317:
1311:
1297:cite journal
1272:
1268:
1239:
1209:
1177:
1170:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1141:
1135:. Retrieved
1131:the original
1121:
1102:
1096:
1076:
1044:
1006:
968:
943:
939:
933:
913:
906:
886:
879:
859:
820:
814:
794:
758:
734:. Retrieved
729:
687:
642:
627:
619:
610:
594:
584:
570:
560:
550:
546:amelogenesis
540:
525:
495:Tetracycline
493:
481:
475:
457:gutta percha
450:
441:hyperplastic
435:
428:of the left
412:
400:
393:
386:
366:
360:
349:
333:
324:
234:
216:restorations
213:
183:
175:
153:
129:translucency
126:
120:
116:
112:
108:
81:
60:is abnormal
57:
56:
3374:Microstomia
3364:Macrostomia
3354:Gnathophyma
3271:Catathrenia
3266:Sleep apnea
3197:Sialectasis
2740:Dentigerous
2730:Odontogenic
2559:Plasma cell
2495:Gigantiform
2271:Microdontia
2261:Macrodontia
2232:Hyperdontia
1927:Oral cancer
1887:Leukoplakia
1795:Candidiasis
1755:Oral mucosa
1676:Rhabdomyoma
1656:Hypoglossia
1517:Plasma cell
1435:C07.793.735
651:, crowns).
586:Thalassemia
503:minocycline
292:) binds to
274:xanthonoids
270:carotenoids
236:Actinomyces
171:dental pulp
169:termed the
27:Other names
3334:Angioedema
3140:Malignant:
3120:Oncocytoma
2946:Prognathia
2735:periapical
2714:Microgenia
2665:mandibular
2623:Aggressive
2544:Gingivitis
2485:Cementicle
2423:Abfraction
2413:Tooth wear
2406:Edentulism
2401:Tooth loss
2354:Resorption
2339:Pulp polyp
2322:Pulp stone
2266:Meth mouth
2237:Hypodontia
2227:Gemination
2158:Talon cusp
2051:Ulceration
2019:Stomatitis
1997:Pemphigoid
1945:Malignant:
1897:Linea alba
1882:Leukoedema
1862:Herpangina
1830:Giant-cell
1137:2016-06-06
736:21 October
655:References
616:Management
391:develops.
377:toothpaste
287:antiseptic
149:absorption
145:reflection
123:: red-grey
3202:Sialocele
3185:Parotitis
2926:Open bite
2921:Crossbite
2699:Cherubism
2669:maxillary
2502:Cementoma
2433:Attrition
2249:Impaction
2217:Fluorosis
2126:Anodontia
2121:Ankylosis
2009:Pemphigus
1629:Glossitis
1524:Cleft lip
1502:Cheilitis
638:polishing
576:bilirubin
566:porphyria
368:Fluorosis
341:Fluorosis
316:staining.
290:mouthwash
220:composite
50:Dentistry
45:Specialty
3461:Category
3212:Sialosis
3163:Lymphoma
3035:Mucocele
2931:Overbite
2684:Agnathia
2645:Teething
2470:alveolus
2466:cementum
2418:Abrasion
2394:Occlusal
2379:Avulsion
2344:Pulpitis
2288:Odontoma
2034:Herpetic
2024:Aphthous
1534:Eclabium
1338:12932226
1289:15485524
837:14738829
486:darker.
372:fluoride
265:chewing.
243:Calculus
239:species.
119:: grey,
3298:Snoring
3256:Bruxism
3092:Benign:
2941:Overjet
2901:Bruxism
2795:Osteoma
2633:Chronic
2458:gingiva
1932:Benign:
1825:Fibroma
1512:Angular
1507:Actinic
649:veneers
636:and/or
634:scaling
511:chelate
483:Amalgam
294:tannins
249:Tobacco
218:(e.g.,
133:opacity
64:color,
3040:Ranula
2512:Epulis
2374:Trauma
2222:Fusion
2131:Caries
2104:enamel
2100:dentin
1695:Palate
1583:Tongue
1393:
1361:
1336:
1287:
1247:
1217:
1185:
1143:stain.
1109:
1084:
1052:
1014:
976:
921:
894:
867:
835:
802:
766:
695:
383:Trauma
224:crowns
193:Causes
160:dentin
156:enamel
105:chroma
3417:Other
2092:Teeth
946:(12).
607:Aging
497:is a
263:Betel
208:betel
141:gloss
94:value
62:tooth
3379:Noma
2884:and
2667:and
2472:) –
2096:pulp
1491:Lips
1430:MeSH
1391:ISBN
1359:ISBN
1334:PMID
1303:link
1285:PMID
1245:ISBN
1215:ISBN
1183:ISBN
1107:ISBN
1082:ISBN
1050:ISBN
1012:ISBN
974:ISBN
919:ISBN
892:ISBN
865:ISBN
833:PMID
800:ISBN
764:ISBN
738:2015
693:ISBN
588:and
534:and
507:acne
179:VITA
164:soft
1326:doi
1322:149
1277:doi
825:doi
272:or
253:Tar
66:hue
3463::
3243:–
2888:–
2880:,
2468:,
2464:,
2460:,
2102:,
2098:,
1757:–
1433::
1373:^
1332:.
1320:.
1299:}}
1295:{{
1283:.
1273:43
1271:.
1259:^
1229:^
1197:^
1140:.
1064:^
1026:^
988:^
952:^
942:.
845:^
831:.
778:^
746:^
728:.
707:^
663:^
251::
147:,
139:,
135:,
131:,
107:;
2732::
2456:(
2106:)
2094:(
1470:e
1463:t
1456:v
1422:D
1399:.
1367:.
1340:.
1328::
1305:)
1291:.
1279::
1253:.
1223:.
1191:.
1115:.
1090:.
1058:.
1020:.
982:.
944:4
927:.
900:.
873:.
839:.
827::
808:.
772:.
740:.
701:.
285:(
121:D
117:C
113:B
109:A
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