Panavia Tornado - Knowledge

1374:

white buttons. The newer digital version is mainly recognisable by the black buttons with big white dots on them. The replacement AMLCD version has a color display instead of the original green monochrome display. A new feature is that the AMLCD has a bezel that reduces the angle of view. The main goal of the AMLCD upgrade was the intended significant reduction in life cycle costs. But it's said that the newer AMLCD version fail rather quickly due to the more sensitive and complex digital electronics compared to the much simpler design of the original CRT display. The old and newer version are a masterpiece of state of the art engineering and both are very well built. For example there's a diagnostic connector at the back panel for quick troubleshooting. The display unit is eventually a rather 'dumb' device. The original display unit is 'just' a display and a keypad. To show a picture, the separate video signal, vertical and horizontal synchronisation signals have to be fed into the display unit since there's no internal electronics for synchronisation separation of the video signal. The additional waveform generator (WFG) is needed to 'create' the desired images for use in the airplane. To power the display unit, a three phase 115 VAC 400 Hz including neutral and a 28 VDC signal have to be supplied to the display unit. The CRT version has a Low Voltage Power Supply (LVPS) for creating the needed low voltage signals. There's also a High Voltage Power Supply (HVPS) for creating the desired high voltage for the CRT picture tube. Since the newer AMLCD has no CRT picture tube, the high voltages are not needed and the mechanical and electrical design is completely different except for the connections, mounting points and functionality. The newer AMLCD version 'only' needs 28 VDC for functionality. But since a drop fit replacement is mandatory, the AMLCD version has a built in three phase 115VAC 400 Hz conversion to 28 VDC. By removing the rear three phase conversion power supply plug-in board and applying 28 VDC (<4.1 A) to the power supply board, the device can be powered for avionics enthusiast use. The AMLCD has a built in menu for selecting the airplane type: GR1, GR4 or F3, a self test and a display test like a grid pattern and color bars shown in the picture.

576:

Union. The German engineers working on the Tornado intake were unable to produce a functional Concorde style intake despite having data from the Concorde team. To make the problem worse, their management team incorrectly filed a patent on the Concorde design, and then tried to sue the British engineers who had provided the design to them. The German lawyers realised that the British had provided the designs to the German team, and requested further information to help their engineers overcome the problems with the Tornado intake, but Chief Engineer Talbot refused. According to Talbot, the Concorde engineers had determined the issue with the Tornado intake was that the engine did not respond to unexpected changes in the intake position, and therefore the engine was running at the wrong setting for a given position of the intake ramps. This was because the Concorde had similar issues due to control pressure not being high enough to maintain proper angles of the intake ramps. Aerodynamic forces could force the intakes into the improper position, and so they should have the ability to control the engines if this occurs. The Tornado intake system did not allow for this. Due to the behaviour of the German management team, the British engineers declined to share this information, and so the Tornado was not equipped with the more advanced intake design of the Concorde.

716: 2916: 903: 1714: 552:, but the engines had severe safety issues at high altitude while trying to decelerate. At high altitude and low turbine speed the compressor did not provide enough pressure to hold back the combustion pressure and would result in a violent vibration as the combustion pressure backfired into the intake. To avoid this effect the engine controls would automatically increase the minimum idle setting as altitude increased, until at very high altitudes the idle setting was so high, however, that it was close to maximum dry thrust. This resulted in one of the test aircraft being stuck in a mach 1.2 supercruise at high altitude and having to reduce speed by turning the aircraft, because the idle setting at that altitude was so high that the aircraft could not decelerate. 2346: 2905: 2268: 2927: 2578: 2872: 1968: 556: 2894: 3620: 2406: 1622: 1838: 2861: 1769: 624: 2556: 982: 1514: 2567: 1249: 42: 840: 4026: 1040: 2829: 1475: 2938: 848: 2101: 521:, and the project soon coalesced towards the two-seat option. In September 1971, the three governments signed an Intention to Proceed (ITP) document, at which point the aircraft was intended solely for the low-level strike mission, where it was viewed as a viable threat to Soviet defences in that role. It was at this point that Britain's Chief of the Defence Staff announced, "two-thirds of the fighting front line will be composed of this single, basic aircraft type". 2799: 1399: 2883: 2202: 767: 1357: 2718: 461: 2741: 351: 4040: 1381:. The parts included a protective cover for the radio, a landing-gear guard and air-intake door support struts. The test demonstrated the feasibility of making replacement parts quickly and cheaply at the air base hosting the Tornado. The company claimed that, with some costing less than £100 to make, 3D printing of parts had saved more than £300,000 which potentially could reach more than £1.2 million by 2017. 4054: 1202: 2774: 457:'s preferences, which had sought a simpler aircraft with outstanding manoeuvrability. An additional blow was struck when the German requirement reduced from an initial 600 aircraft to 324 in 1972. It has been suggested that Germany deliberately placed an unrealistically high initial order to secure the company headquarters and initial test flight in Germany rather than the UK, to have a bigger design influence. 2385:, the oldest remaining Tornado, over RAF Marham during the disbandment parade of No. IX (B) Squadron and No. 31 Squadron. The Tornado GR4 was officially retired from RAF service on 1 April 2019, the 101st anniversary of the force. Post-retirement, five Tornados returned to RAF Honington via road for the Complex Air Ground Environment (CAGE), which simulates a Tornado flight line for training purposes. 2318:. Tornados were pre-positioned to gather situational awareness in the region. On 27 September 2014, after Parliament approved airstrikes against Islamic State forces inside Iraq, two Tornados conducted their first armed reconnaissance mission in conjunction with coalition aircraft. The next day, two Tornados made the first airstrike on a heavy weapons post and an armoured vehicle, supporting 1803:. Various coalition aircraft operated from bases in Italy, including RAF Tornados. Italian military aircraft delivered a combined 710 guided bombs and missiles during the strikes against Libyan targets. Of these Aeronautica Militare Tornados and AMX fighter-bombers released 550 guided bombs and missiles, and Italian Navy AV-8Bs delivered 160 guided bombs. Italian Tornados launched 20 to 30 899:. Because the Tornado's variable wings enable the aircraft to drastically alter its flight envelope, the artificial responses adjust automatically to wing profile changes and other changes to flight attitude. As a large variety of munitions and stores can be outfitted, the resulting changes to the aircraft's flight dynamics are routinely compensated for by the flight stability system. 1529:, Northern Afghanistan, to support NATO forces. The decision to send Tornados to Afghanistan was controversial: one political party launched an unsuccessful legal bid to block the deployment as unconstitutional. In support of the Afghanistan mission, improvements in the Tornado's reconnaissance equipment were accelerated; enhancing the Tornado's ability to detect hidden 803:(i.e. the angle of the wings in relation to the fuselage) can be altered in flight at the pilot's control. The variable wing can adopt any sweep angle between 25 degrees and 67 degrees, with a corresponding speed range for each angle. Some Tornado ADVs were outfitted with an automatic wing-sweep system to reduce pilot workload. When the wings are swept back, the exposed 748:

reconnaissance, maritime patrol duties, or dedicated electronic countermeasures (ECM) were phased out – either by standard Tornados or modified variants, such as the Tornado ECR. The most extensive modification from the base Tornado design was the Tornado ADV, which was stretched and armed with long range anti-aircraft missiles to serve in the interceptor role.

4289: 6866: 2476:, the RSAF discontinued low-level mission training in the F-15E in light of the Tornado's superior low-altitude flight performance. Ten of the Saudi Tornados were fitted with equipment for performing reconnaissance missions. The 22 Tornado ADVs were replaced by the Eurofighter Typhoon; the retired aircraft were purchased back by the UK. 4286: 533:, Germany; the pilot, Paul Millett described his experience: "Aircraft handling was delightful... the actual flight went so smoothly that I did begin to wonder whether this was not yet another simulation". Flight testing led to the need for minor modifications. Airflow disturbances were corrected by re-profiling the 2647:

standard, beginning in 1996 and finished in 2003. 59 RAF aircraft later received the CUSP avionics package which integrated the Paveway IV bomb and installed a new secure communications module from Cassidian in Phase A, followed by the Tactical Information Exchange (TIE) datalink from General Dynamics in Phase B.

6863: 2655:

The GR1A is the reconnaissance variant operated by the RAF and RSAF, fitted with the TIRRS (Tornado Infra-Red Reconnaissance System), replacing the cannon. The RAF ordered 30 GR1As, 14 as GR1 rebuilds and 16 new aircraft. When the Tornado GR1s were upgraded to become GR4s, GR1A aircraft were upgraded

1313:

reconnaissance pod. The first flight of a Tornado GR4 was on 4 April 1997. The RAF accepted its first delivery on 31 October 1997 and deliveries were completed in 2003. In 2005, the RSAF opted to have their Tornado IDSs undergo a series of upgrades to become equivalent to the RAF's GR4 configuration.

1231:

In August 1974, the first RB199 powered flight of a prototype Tornado occurred and the engine completed its qualification tests in late 1978. The final production standard engine met both reliability and performance standards, though the development cost had been higher than predicted, in part due to

433:

By the end of 1968, the prospective purchases from the six countries amounted to 1,500 aircraft. Canada and Belgium had departed before any long-term commitments had been made to the programme; Canada had found the project politically unpalatable; there was a perception in political circles that much

468:

When the agreement was finalised, the United Kingdom and West Germany each had a 42.5% stake of the workload, with the remaining 15% going to Italy; this division of the production work was heavily influenced by international political bargaining. The front fuselage and tail assembly was assigned to

2672:

missiles. The Luftwaffe's 35 ECRs were delivered new, while Italy received 16 converted IDSs. Italian Tornado ECRs differ from the Luftwaffe aircraft as they lack built-in reconnaissance capability and use RecceLite reconnaissance pods. Only Luftwaffe ECRs are equipped with the RB199 Mk.105 engine,

2376:

To celebrate 40 years of service and to mark the type's retirement, several flypasts were carried out on 19, 20 and 21 February 2019 over locations such as BAE Warton, RAF Honington and RAF Lossiemouth. On 28 February, nine Tornados flew out of RAF Marham for a diamond nine formation flypast over a

2373:. The eight Tornados formerly stationed at RAF Akrotiri returned to RAF Marham in early February 2019, their duties assumed by six Typhoons. Between September 2014 and January 2019, RAF Tornados accounted for 31% of the estimated 4,315 casualties inflicted upon ISIL by the RAF during the operation. 1764:

In July 2002, Italy signed a contract with the Tornado Management Agency (NETMA) and Panavia for the upgrading of 18 A-200s, the first of which was received in 2003. The upgrade introduced improved navigation systems (integrated GPS and laser INS) and the ability to carry new weapons, including the

1705:

received 100 Tornado IDSs (known as the A-200 in Italian service). 16 A-200s were subsequently converted to the ECR configuration; the first Italian Tornado ECR (known as the EA-200) was delivered on 27 February 1998. As a stop-gap measure for 10 years the Aeronautica Militare additionally operated

1470:

missiles to counter attempted use of radar against the allied aircraft. During the Kosovo hostilities, Germany's IDS Tornados routinely conducted reconnaissance flights to identify both enemy ground forces and civilian refugees within Yugoslavia. The German Tornados flew 2108 hours and 446 sorties,

1373:

drop fit replacement with a digital screen TV TAB (NSN 5895-99-597-1323) was developed to replace the 'old' wear-sensitive CRT versions. The CRT versions are mainly recognisable by the two white domes at the top of the display containing the light sensors for automatic brightness regulation and the

747:

As a multirole aircraft, the Tornado is capable of undertaking more mission profiles than the anticipated strike mission; various operators replaced multiple aircraft types with the Tornado as a common type – the use of dedicated single role aircraft for specialist purposes such as battlefield

697:

Production came to an end in 1998; the last batch of aircraft produced going to the Royal Saudi Air Force, who had ordered a total of 96 IDS Tornados. In June 2011, it was announced that the Tornado fleet had flown collectively over one million flying hours. Aviation author Jon Lake noted that "The

2695:, but was not intended as a dogfighter, rather as a long-endurance interceptor to counter the threat from Cold War bombers. Although the ADV had 80% parts commonality with the Tornado IDS, the ADV had greater acceleration, improved RB199 Mk.104 engines, a stretched body, greater fuel capacity, the 2646:

began studies for a GR1 Mid-Life Update (MLU) in 1984. The update to GR4 standard, approved in 1994, would improve capability in the medium-altitude role based on lessons learned from the GR1's performance in the 1991 Gulf War. British Aerospace (later BAE Systems) upgraded 142 Tornado GR1s to GR4

2502:

to upgrade up to 80 RSAF Tornado IDS aircraft to keep them in service until 2020. The first RSAF Tornado was returned to BAE Systems Warton in December 2006 for upgrade under the "Tornado Sustainment Programme" (TSP) to "equip the IDS fleet with a range of new precision-guided weapons and enhanced

1364:

The TV TAB displays are used for route planning, the forward-looking infra-red (FLIR) sensors, targeting pods such as TIALD (Thermal Imaging and Laser Designator) and CLDP (Convertible Laser Designator Pod). The original MRCA TV TAB DU navigation display (part number V22.498.90) has a green CRT as

1116:

internally mounted underneath the fuselage; the Tornado ADV was only armed with one cannon. When the RAF GR1 aircraft were converted to GR4, the FLIR sensor replaced the left hand cannon, leaving only one; the GR1A reconnaissance variant gave up both its guns to make space for the sideways looking

452:

On 26 March 1969, four partner nations – United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands, agreed to form a multinational company, Panavia Aircraft GmbH, to develop and manufacture the MRCA. The project's aim was to produce an aircraft capable of undertaking missions in the tactical strike,

1684:

s Tornado wings was disbanded on 1 January 1994; its aircraft replaced the Phantoms of a Luftwaffe reconnaissance wing. The second wing was enlarged and continued in the anti-shipping, reconnaissance and anti-radar roles until it was disbanded in 2005 with its aircraft and duties passed on to the

2152:

in 1998. In December 1998, an Iraqi anti-aircraft battery fired six to eight missiles at a patrolling Tornado. The battery was later attacked in retaliation, and no aircraft were lost during the incident. It was reported that during Desert Fox RAF Tornados had successfully destroyed 75% of their

1752:

In 2000, with delays to the Eurofighter, the Aeronautica Militare began a search for another interim fighter. While the Tornado was considered, any long term extension to the lease would have involved upgrade to RAF CSP standard and thus was not considered cost effective. In February 2001, Italy

1544:

announced further major changes to the German armed forces. A major part of this announcement was the plan to cut the German fighter fleet from 426 in early 2004 to 265 by 2015. The German Tornado force was to be reduced to 85, with the type expected to remain in service with the Luftwaffe until

575:

assigned Chief Engineer Ted Talbot from the Concorde development team to provide intake design assistance to the Tornado development team in order to overcome these issues, which they hesitantly agreed to after noting that the Concorde intake data had apparently already been leaked to the Soviet

2252:

guided bombs were brought into service on the RAF's Tornados, having been previously used in Afghanistan by the Harrier II. In Summer 2010, extra Tornados were dispatched to Kandahar for the duration of the 2010 Afghan election. British Tornados ended operations in Afghanistan in November 2014,

2128:

After the war's opening phase, the GR1s switched to medium-level strike missions; typical targets included munition depots and oil refineries. Only the reconnaissance Tornado GR1As continued flying the low-altitude high-speed profile, emerging unscathed despite the inherent danger in conducting

6591: 2096:

laser designation system was rapidly accelerated to give the Tornado force the ability to self-designate targets. Author Claus-Christian Szejnmann declared that the TIALD pod enabled the GR1 to "achieve probably the most accurate bombing in the RAF's history". Although laser designation proved

1352:

newspaper stated that the newest upgrade of the ASSTA suite to version 3.1, which includes colour multifunctional LCD screens in place of monochrome CRT displays, is interfering with helmet-mounted night-vision optical displays worn by pilots, rendering German Tornado bombers deployed to Syria

2536:

mission in support of Saudi allied Yemeni forces in the Yemeni Al Jouf governorate by Houthis. On the day after, the Saudi command confirmed the loss of a Tornado, while a video was released showing the downing using a two-stage surface to air missile. Both pilots ejected and were captured by

2050:

in Saudi Arabia. 18 Tornado F3s were deployed to provide air cover, the threat of their long range missiles being a deterrent to Iraqi pilots, who would avoid combat when approached. Early on in the conflict, the GR1s targeted military airfields across Iraq, deploying a mixture of 450 kg

1314:

On 21 December 2007 BAE signed a £210m contract for CUSP, the Capability Upgrade Strategy (Pilot). This project would see RAF GR4/4A improved in two phases, starting with the integration of the Paveway IV bomb and a communications upgrade, followed by a new tactical datalink in Phase B.

1216:

to control the air flow. The hydraulic system is pressurised by syphoning power from both or either operational engine; the hydraulics are completely contained within the airframe rather than integrating with the engine to improve safety and maintainability. In case of double-engine, or

453:

reconnaissance, air defence, and maritime roles. Various concepts, including alternative fixed-wing and single-engine designs, were studied while defining the aircraft. The Netherlands pulled out of the project in 1970, citing that the aircraft was too complicated and technical for the

2260:(SDSR)'s publication, the Tornado's retirement was under consideration with savings of £7.5 billion anticipated. The SDSR announced the Tornado would be retained at the expense of the Harrier II, although numbers would decline in the transition to the Eurofighter Typhoon and the 751:

Tornado operators have undertaken various life extension and upgrade programmes to keep their Tornado fleets as viable frontline aircraft. With these upgrades it is projected that the Tornado shall be in service until 2025, more than 50 years after the first prototype took flight.

1236:

of the engine suffered from a shorter life span than desired, which was rectified by the implementation of design revisions upon early-production engines. Several uprated engines were developed and used on both the majority of Tornado ADVs and Germany's Tornado ECRs. The DECU

1432:), with one tactical conversion unit and four front-line wings, replacing the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter. When one of the two Tornado wings of the German Navy was disbanded in 1994, its aircraft were used to re-equip a Luftwaffe's reconnaissance wing formerly equipped with 957:

The GR1A and GR4A reconnaissance variants were equipped with TIRRS (Tornado Infrared Reconnaissance System), consisting of one SLIR (Sideways Looking Infra Red) sensor on each side of the fuselage forward of the engine intakes to capture oblique images, and a single IRLS

2656:

to GR4A standard. The switch from low-level operations to medium/high-level operations means that the internal TIRRS was no longer used. As the GR4A's internal sensors are no longer essential, the RAF's Tactical Reconnaissance Wing operated both GR4A and GR4 aircraft.

715: 1058:

In the decades since the Tornado's introduction, all of the Tornado operators have undertaken various upgrade and modification programmes to allow new weapons to be used by their squadrons. Amongst the armaments that the Tornado has been adapted to deploy are the

735:

countries of Eastern Europe; this dictated several significant features of the design. Variable wing geometry allowed for minimal drag during the low-level dash towards a well-prepared enemy. Advanced navigation and flight computers, including the then-innovative

6999: 516:

At the conclusion of the project definition phase in May 1970, the concepts were reduced to two designs; a single seat Panavia 100 which West Germany initially preferred, and the twin-seat Panavia 200 which the RAF preferred. The aircraft was briefly called the

1336:

laser-guided bombs. The ASSTA 2 upgrade began in 2005, primarily consisting of several new digital avionics systems and a new ECM suite; these upgrades are to be only applied to 85 Tornados (20 ECRs and 65 IDSs), as the Tornado is being replaced in part by the

423:. As the partner nations' requirements were so diverse, it was decided to develop a single aircraft that could perform a variety of missions that were previously undertaken by a fleet of different aircraft. Britain joined the MRCA group in 1968, represented by 783:

wing is typically adopted, but these wing designs are inefficient at low speeds. To operate at both high and low speeds with great effectiveness, the Tornado uses a variable-sweep wing. This approach had been adopted by earlier aircraft, such as the American

1784:, Italy, along with several other nations, increased its military commitment in Afghanistan, dispatching four A-200 Tornados to the region. Italy has opted to extend the Tornado's service life at the expense of alternative ground-attack aircraft such as the 1600:

In 2021, Airbus offered to replace Luftwaffe's 90 ageing Tornado Interdiction and Strike (IDS) and Electronic Combat Reconnaissance (ECR) aircraft with 85 new Eurofighter Tranche 5 standard from 2030. In 2022, the German defence ministry announced that 35

2253:

having flown over 5,000 pairs sorties over 33,500 hours, including 600 "shows of force" to deter Taliban attacks. During more than 70 engagements, 140 Brimstone missiles and Paveway IV bombs were deployed, and over 3,000 27 mm cannon shells fired.

1273:

Being designed for low-level operations, the Tornado required modification to perform in medium level operations that the RAF adopted in the 1990s. The RAF's GR1 fleet was extensively re-manufactured as Tornado GR4s. Upgrades on Tornado GR4s included a

890:

Command and Stability Augmentation System (CSAS) connected to a digital Autopilot & Flight Director System (AFDS). In addition a level of mechanical reversion capacity was retained to safeguard against potential failure. To enhance pilot awareness,

6595: 1745:, as part of Italy's contribution to the coalition. During the conflict, one aircraft was lost to Iraqi anti-aircraft fire; the pilots ejected safely and were captured by Iraqi forces. A total of 22 Italian Tornados were deployed in the NATO-organised 396:(from "Anglo-French Variable Geometry") project in 1965, but this had ended with French withdrawal in 1967. Britain continued to develop a variable-geometry aircraft similar to the proposed AFVG, and sought new partners to achieve this. West German 811:

is significantly decreased, which is conducive to performing high-speed low-level flight. The weapons pylons pivot with the angle of the variable-sweep wings so that the stores point in the direction of flight and do not hinder any wing positions.

1451:, Italy, flew reconnaissance missions to survey damage inflicted by previous strikes and to scout new targets. These reconnaissance missions were reportedly responsible for a significant improvement in target selection throughout the campaign. 1651:

also received 112 of the IDS variant in the anti-shipping and marine reconnaissance roles, again replacing the Starfighter. These Tornados equipped two wings, each with a nominal strength of 48 aircraft. The principal anti-ship weapon was the

2490:

that previously equipped the RSAF's Tornados had been withdrawn from service. As of 2010, Saudi Arabia has signed several contracts for new weapon systems to be fitted to their Tornado and Typhoon fleets, such as the short range air-to-air

1585:

decided to continue this training in Germany. In September 2017, flight training in Holloman for the Tornado was discontinued and transferred to Taktischen Luftwaffengeschwader 51 in Jagel with the US location command dissolved in 2019.

1909:

suffered complete electrical failure and crashed. Navigator Flt. Lt. Nigel Nickles ejected but the pilot Sqn. Ldr. Michael Stephens died in the crash after ordering ejection. In January 1984, the TWCU became No. 45 (Reserve) Squadron.

1593:, 15 EA-18G Growlers, and 55 Eurofighter Typhoons. The Super Hornet was selected due to its compatibility with nuclear weapons and availability of an electronic attack version. In March 2020, the Super Hornet was not certified for the 1353:

useless for night missions. The defence ministry admitted that bright cockpit lights could be a distraction for pilots, and said that the solution will be implemented in a few weeks, but denied the need to fly night missions in Syria.

1178:

to develop the advanced engine for the MRCA to be essential, and was strongly opposed to adopting an engine from an American manufacturer, to the point where the UK might have withdrawn over the issue. In September 1969, Rolls-Royce's

1536:

Defence cuts announced in March 2003 resulted in the decision to retire 90 Tornados from service with the Luftwaffe. This led to a reduction in its Tornado strength to four wings by September 2005. On 13 January 2004, the then German

614:

command and stability augmentation system (CSAS) was conducted on a series of realistic flight control rigs; the variable-sweep wings in combination with varying, and frequently very heavy, payloads complicated the clearance process.

601:

Two prototypes were lost in accidents, both of which had been primarily caused by poor piloting decisions and errors leading to two ground collision incidents; a third Tornado prototype was seriously damaged by an incident involving

2325:

By 1 March 2015, eight RAF Tornados had been deployed to Akrotiri and conducted 159 airstrikes against IS targets in Iraq. On 2 December 2015, Parliament approved air strikes in Syria as well as Iraq to combat the growing threat of

2625:

A single Tornado GR1 (ZA326, the eighth production aircraft) was re-designated GR1P after being partially rebuilt using parts from different production batches following a fire during engine testing. This aircraft served with the

2461:. Saudi Tornados took part in the Gulf War, with No. 7 Squadron carrying out their first mission on the night of 17 January 1991. In total, the RSAF flew 665 Tornado IDS sorties and 451 ADV sorties, seeing the loss of one IDS ( 918:

for low-level flight operations. Being able to conduct all-weather hands-off low-level flight was considered one of the core advantages of the Tornado. The Tornado ADV had a different radar system to other variants, designated

1829:, providing capabilities of an "expanded target set, counter-shutdown capability, advanced signals processing for improved detection and locating, geographic specificity, and a weapon impact-assessment broadcast capability." 1365:

the picture source. The original price for one CRT display version was €33,852.64. Due to the light environment, the picture tube was pushed to the limit due to the high brightness levels causing wear of the picture tube. An

2616:

anti-ship missiles. At first the GR1B lacked the radar capability to track shipping, instead relying on the missile's seeker for target acquisition; later updates allowed target data to be passed from aircraft to missile.

774:

In order for the Tornado to perform well as a low-level supersonic strike aircraft, it was considered necessary for it to possess good high-speed and low-speed flight characteristics. To achieve high-speed performance, a

2019:

led the end of QRA (Nuclear) for the Tornado force. By the end of 1986, the Tornado GR1 fleet had been equipped with a Laser Ranger and Marked Target Seeker (LRMTS) under the nose, and had begun to be equipped with the

1576:

Tactical Training Command of the Luftwaffe USA) which was responsible for training both German F-4 Phantom and Tornado crews. In 1999 the training command was renamed as Fliegerisches Ausbildungszentrum der Luftwaffe

1191:. The programme was delayed by Rolls-Royce's entry into receivership in 1971. however the nature of the multinational collaboration process helped avoid major disruption of the Tornado programme. Research from the 2299:, "the longest range bombing mission conducted by the RAF since the Falklands conflict". A variety of munitions were used during Tornado operations over Libya, including laser-guided bombs and Brimstone missiles. 606:. During the type's development, aircraft designers of the era were beginning to incorporate features such as more sophisticated stability augmentation systems and autopilots. Aircraft such as the Tornado and the 5008: 2429:

contract which included the sale of 48 IDS and 24 ADV Tornadoes. In October 1985, four RSAF crews joined the Tri-National Tornado Training Establishment at RAF Cottesmore. The first flight of a Saudi Tornado IDS

7240: 6573: 2673:

which has a higher thrust rating. The German ECRs do not carry a cannon. The RAF used the IDS version in the SEAD role instead of the ECR and also modified several of its Tornado F.3s to undertake the mission.

4947: 819:) performance. Germany, in particular, encouraged this design aspect. For shorter take-off and landing distances, the Tornado can sweep its wings forwards to the 25-degree position, and deploy its full-span 2791:: 100 IDS A-200 Tornados delivered (18 converted to ECR EA-200s), 24 ADV F3 aircraft later leased from the RAF between 1995 and 2004. By December 2018, 70 A-200 and 5 EA-200 aircraft remained in service. 673:

was selected to meet the requirement. Canada similarly opted for the F/A-18 after considering the Tornado. Japan considered the Tornado in the 1980s, along with the F-16 and F/A-18, before selecting the

7342: 2503:

targeting equipment, in many cases common with those systems already fielded by the UK's Tornado GR4s." In December 2007, the first RSAF aircraft to complete modernisation was returned to Saudi Arabia.

2396:

at a time. Unlike missiles carried by the Tornado, it was reported, missiles carried by the Su-24 required the coordinates of targets to be entered before takeoff, while the aircraft was on the ground.

1948:(Nuclear), "QRA (N)", being equipped with the WE.177 nuclear bomb. In the event of the Cold War going 'hot', the majority of RAFG Tornado squadrons were tasked with destroying Warsaw Pact airfields and 1819: 635:

The contract for the Batch 1 aircraft was signed on 29 July 1976. The first flight of a production aircraft was on 10 July 1979 by ZA319 at BAe Warton. The first aircraft were delivered to the RAF and

1753:

announced its arrangement to lease 35 F-16s from the United States under the PEACE CAESAR programme. The Aeronautica Militare returned its Tornado ADVs to the RAF, with the final aircraft arriving at

2596:

with later modified aircraft designated Tornado GR1A, Tornado GR1B, Tornado GR4 and Tornado GR4A. The first of 228 GR1s was delivered on 5 June 1979, and the type entered service in the early 1980s.

2233:)" as a factor in the incident. Problems with Patriot were also suggested as a factor, multiple incidents of mis-identification of friendly aircraft have occurred, including the fatal shootdown of a 2525:

claimed to have shot down a Saudi warplane which was conducting air-raids over northern Yemen. According to Saudi reports, the downed aircraft was an RSAF Tornado which was on a combat mission over

2071:. The impact of the Tornado strikes upon Iraqi airfields is difficult to determine. A total of six RAF Tornados were lost in the conflict, four while delivering unguided bombs, one after delivering 875:, controlling the navigational, communications, and weapons-control computers. BAE Systems developed the Tornado Advanced Radar Display Information System (TARDIS), a 32.5-centimetre (12.8 in) 662:

had committed to purchasing eight Tornado F2s and the equipment to operate them for a total value of £250 million in August 1985, but cancelled the order in 1990 due to financial difficulties.

2369:

both wore schemes commemorating the final units to operate the type – No. IX (B) Squadron and No. 31 Squadron respectively. On 31 January 2019, the Tornado GR4 flew its last operational sorties in

1597:, but Dan Gillian, head of Boeing's Super Hornet program, previously stated "We certainly think that we, working with the U.S. government, can meet the German requirements there on the timeline." 5319: 2357:

On 10 July 2018, nine Tornado GR4s from RAF Marham flew over London to celebrate 100 years of the RAF. During late 2018, the RAF commemorated the Tornado's service with three special schemes:

7931: 7170: 1792:

communications capability, night-vision goggles compatibility, and several other upgrades. In the long term, it is planned to replace the Tornado IDS/ECR fleet in Italian service with the

6659: 1710:

in the air defence role, which were leased from the RAF to cover the service gap between the retirement of the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter and the introduction of the Eurofighter Typhoon.

1749:

over Kosovo in 1999; the A-200s served in the bombing role while the EA-200s patrolled the combat region, acting to suppress enemy anti-aircraft radars, firing 115 AGM-88 HARM missiles.

8091: 5373: 2532:

On 12 July 2018, another RSAF Tornado crashed in Asir region after returning from Saada, Yemen due to a technical malfunction. On 14 February 2020, a Saudi Tornado was shot down during

1510:. Following the mission, the German Defence Ministry admitted one aircraft had broken the minimum flying altitude and that mistakes were made in the handling of security of the summit. 11006: 9949: 548:

According to Jim Quinn, programmer of the Tornado development simulation software and engineer on the Tornado engine and engine controls, the prototype was safely capable of reaching

10140: 5651: 2194:. RAF Tornados flew alongside American aircraft in the opening phase of the war, striking Iraqi targets. Aiming to minimise civilian casualties, Tornados deployed the Storm Shadow 1317:

Beginning in 2000, German IDS and ECR Tornados received the ASSTA 1 (Avionics System Software Tornado in Ada) upgrade. ASSTA 1 involved a replacement weapons computer, new GPS and

408:

had been developing design studies of the swing-wing EWR-Fairchild-Hiller A400 AVS Advanced Vertical Strike (which has a similar configuration to the Tornado) from 1964 to 1968.

8595: 5597: 1944:). Unlike the Tornado squadrons based in the UK which were under control of the British military, those stationed in RAFG were under the control of SACEUR, with the aircraft on 10938: 8609: 796:

fighter. The smaller Tornado has many similarities with the F-111, however the Tornado differs in being a multi-role aircraft with more advanced onboard systems and avionics.

8063: 1796:, with the final Italian Tornado scheduled to be phased out in 2025. The Aeronautica Militare received its first of an eventual 15 upgraded Tornado EA-200s on 15 June 2013. 2691:

variant of the Tornado, developed for the RAF (designated Tornado F2 or F3) and also operated by Saudi Arabia and Italy. The ADV had inferior agility to fighters like the

1893:

on 6 January 1982. No. IX (B) Squadron was declared strike combat ready to the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) in January 1983. Two more squadrons were formed at

927:

operations. It was capable of tracking up to 20 targets at ranges of up to 160 kilometres (100 mi). The Tornado was one of the earliest aircraft to be fitted with a

647:, remaining active in training pilots from all operating nations until 31 March 1999. The 500th Tornado to be produced was delivered to West Germany on 19 December 1987. 5005: 8688: 6577: 2183:

for the Tornado. Following the Kosovo War, the GR1 was phased out as aircraft were upgraded to GR4 standard; the final upgrade was returned to the RAF on 10 June 2003.

1079:

missiles. These upgrades have increased the Tornado's capabilities and combat accuracy. Precision weapons such as cruise missiles have replaced older munitions such as

7157: 2846:: 385 IDS GR1 and ADV F2/F3 Tornados delivered, including 230 GR1s (142 later upgraded to GR4s), 18 F2s and 147 F3s (retired in 2011). GR4 was retired on 1 April 2019. 6682: 9974: 4419: 740:

system, greatly reduced the workload of the pilot during low-level flight and eased control of the aircraft. For long range missions, the Tornado has a retractable

5862: 294:(RSAF) became the only export operator of the Tornado, in addition to the three original partner nations. A tri-nation training and evaluation unit operating from 6632: 5888: 931:

for data transmission. A Link 16 JTIDS integration on the F3 variant enabled the exchange of radar and other sensory information with nearby friendly aircraft.

6401: 5617: 4962: 4538: 9632: 7721: 2229:

battery, killing both crew members. In July 2003, a US board of inquiry exonerated the battery's operators, observing the Tornado's "lack of functioning IFF (

10505: 10124: 8208: 2457:

In the run-up to the Gulf War, the RSAF began to pool its Tornado squadrons together, with the joint 24 aircraft strong ADV unit flying missions as part of

2295:. In March 2011, several Tornados flew 3,000-mile (4,800 km) strike missions against targets inside Libya in what were, according to Defence Secretary 1964:

to prevent Warsaw Pact forces from advancing. By early 1985, Nos. XV, 16 and 20 Squadrons at RAF Laarbruch had been declared strike combat ready to SACEUR.

7701: 6333: 6432: 6028: 3127: 3033: 1545:

2025. The aircraft being retained have been undergoing a service life extension programme. Currently, the Luftwaffe operates Tornados with Tactical Wings

11931: 11758: 6450: 4989: 2381:

before returning and carrying out a series of passes over RAF Marham. On 14 March 2019 the final flight of an RAF Tornado was carried out by Tornado GR4

723:

The Panavia Tornado is a multirole, twin-engined aircraft designed to excel at low-level penetration of enemy defences. The mission envisaged during the

8355: 7674: 2198:

for the first time. Whilst 25% of the UK's air-launched weapons in Kosovo were precision-guided, four years later in Iraq this ratio increased to 85%.

1117:

infra-red sensors. The Mauser BK-27 was developed specifically for the Tornado, but has since been used on several other European fighters, such as the

8702: 8310: 6651: 5938: 5316: 5197: 934:

Some Tornado variants carry different avionics and equipment, depending on their mission. The Tornado ECR operated by Germany and Italy is devoted to

10703: 10175: 9834: 7505: 6729: 11943: 6123: 6098: 9505: 9208: 8017: 7784: 3807:

3 × under-fuselage and 4 × under-wing pylon stations with a capacity of 9,000 kg (19,800 lb), with provisions to carry combinations of:

12042: 7349: 6802: 6215: 4749: 4669: 7865: 7768: 1889:

became the first front-line squadron in the world to operate the Tornado when it reformed on 1 June 1982, having received its first Tornado GR1

11134: 10509: 7928: 6013: 5989: 3702:-34R Mk 103 afterburning 3-spool turbofan, 43.8 kN (9,800 lbf) thrust each dry, 76.8 kN (17,300 lbf) with afterburner 3577: 2999: 1466:. This was Germany's first offensive air mission since World War II. The ECR aircraft escorted various allies' aircraft while carrying several 9092: 8088: 7900: 7847: 5370: 871:

controls are used to fly the aircraft and manage its systems. An array of dials and switches are mounted on either side of a centrally placed

698:

Trinational Panavia Consortium produced just short of 1,000 Tornados, making it one of the most successful postwar bomber programs". In 2008,

317:

of 1991, in which the Tornado conducted many low-altitude penetrating strike missions. The Tornados of various services were also used in the

11997: 10065: 2593: 2089:

laser designators, allowing Tornado GR1s to drop precision guided weapons guided by the Buccaneers. A planned programme to fit GR1s with the

1677: 11025: 4822: 12321: 12047: 12037: 12017: 7137: 5674: 2957: 7951: 6895: 640: 299: 8635: 8032: 5759: 5483: 1217:

double-generator, failure, the Tornado has a single-use battery capable of operating the fuel pump and hydraulics for up to 13 minutes.

8586: 7069: 5790: 2257: 892: 11154:

Mammoth Eyewitness Book of How It Happened Battles: Eyewitness Accounts of History's Greatest Battles, from Thermopyle to the Gulf War

5594: 2668:(SEAD) missions. It was first delivered on 21 May 1990. The ECR has sensors to detect radar usage and is equipped with anti-radiation 902: 11243: 7658: 6380: 529:

The first of fifteen development aircraft (nine prototypes, P01 to P09, and six pre-series, PS11 to PS 16) flew on 14 August 1974 at

10547: 10043: 8613: 8258: 4765: 2330:; Tornados began bombing that evening. On 14 April 2018, four Tornado GR4s from RAF Akrotiri struck a Syrian military facility with 2148:. Both Tornado GR1s and GR4s based at Ali Al Salem, Kuwait, took part in coalition strikes at Iraq's military infrastructure during 879:, to replace the rear cockpit's Combined Radar and Projected Map Display; the RAF began installing TARDIS on the GR4 fleet in 2004. 8107: 4143: 2514:

in 1991 that the RSAF had participated in a military operation over hostile territory. RSAF Tornados are playing a central role in

2144:

The upgraded Tornado GR4 made its operational debut in Operation Southern Watch; patrolling Iraq's southern airspace from bases in

6174: 4862: 1212:

To operate efficiently across a wide range of conditions and speeds up to Mach 2, the RB199 and several other engines make use of

11924: 11751: 7506:"The Royal Air Force and the First Gulf War, 1990–91: A Case Study in the Identification and Implementation of Air Power Lessons" 7028: 4148: 3168: 2515: 2315: 2129:

pre-attack reconnaissance. After the conflict, Britain maintained a military presence in the Gulf. Around six GR1s were based at

12250: 8272: 2446:) flew on 1 December 1988, and the first deliveries arrived in Saudi Arabia on 20 March 1989. The first two RSAF ADV squadrons, 12316: 12306: 11607: 5895: 2264:. By July 2013, 59 RAF GR4s were receiving the CUSP avionics upgrade, which achieved Initial Service Date (ISD) in March 2013. 2067:

missile following a failed low-level bombing run. On 19 January, another RAF Tornado was shot down during an intensive raid on

2915: 1589:

In April 2020, it was reported that the German defence ministry planned to replace its Tornado aircraft with a purchase of 30

12336: 12326: 12311: 12123: 12022: 11411: 11161: 10600: 8171: 6485: 6286: 5648: 4496: 3450: 1538: 1298:(GPS) receiver. The upgrade eased the integration of new weapons and sensors which were purchased in parallel, including the 702:

said of the Tornado: "For more than a quarter of a century ... the most important military aircraft in Western Europe."

607: 434:

of the manufacturing and specifications were focused on Western Europe. France had made a favourable offer to Belgium on the

5423: 4567: 2097:

effective in the Gulf War, only 23 TIALD pods had been purchased by 2000; shortages hindered combat operations over Kosovo.

1713: 8860: 4138: 4111: 3494: 3484: 2643: 2473: 2425:

pilots visited RAF Honington to fly and evaluate the Tornado GR1. On 25 September 1985, the UK and Saudi Arabia signed the

2307: 1680:

led Germany to reduce the size of its armed forces, including the number of combat aircraft. To meet this need, one of the

10327: 9404: 7885: 7483: 7298: 938:(SEAD) missions. The Tornado ECR is equipped with an emitter-locator system (ELS) to detect radar use. German ECRs have a 10892: 7973: 7053: 5448: 1800: 1781: 639:

on 5 and 6 June 1979 respectively. The first Italian Tornado was delivered on 25 September 1981. On 29 January 1981, the

411:

In 1968, West Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy and Canada formed a working group to examine replacements for the

8185: 7223: 6707: 6200: 5866: 5350: 11987: 11917: 11744: 10480: 5504: 4948:"S Korea lines up pounds 360m Tornado order: BAe and partners would benefit from new arms policy less dependent on US." 4913: 4629: 3607: 1558: 1546: 9143: 8541: 7827: 7197: 7085: 6509: 4202:

with operable variable intake ramps, which have been inhibited on the majority of Tornado aircraft except ADV variants

2388:

On 2 July 2023, it was reported that pylons from decommissioned RAF Panavia Tornado GR4s had been fitted to Ukrainian

493:) in Italy. Similarly, tri-national worksharing was used for engines and equipment. A separate multinational company, 12240: 12062: 11537: 11510: 11495: 11480: 11465: 11450: 11432: 11395: 11370: 11353: 11338: 11316: 11298: 11271: 11228: 11213: 11198: 11183: 11146: 11128: 11113: 11098: 11083: 11059: 11044: 11019: 10998: 10983: 10958: 10931: 10911: 10866: 10849: 10834: 10819: 10804: 10789: 10774: 10759: 10744: 9762: 9560: 8779: 5524: 3348: 2712: 2665: 2345: 2261: 2083: 1793: 1602: 935: 252: 10276: 9640: 2816:: 96 IDS and 24 ADV Tornados delivered, ADVs retired in 2006. By December 2018, 81 IDS aircraft remained in service. 2506:

Starting from the first week of November 2009, RSAF Tornados, along with Saudi F-15s performed air raids during the

1673:. Pods fitted with panoramic optical cameras and an infrared line scan were carried for the reconnaissance mission. 11571: 1433: 9066: 7578: 1021:

munitions. To improve survivability in combat, the Tornado is equipped with onboard countermeasures, ranging from

11909: 4568:"Europe's Fighter Jet Program: Tornado Offers Competition for U.S. Concerns Project Valued at $ 17 billion." 4101: 3970: 1187:

between the partner nations had been agreed; the engine was to be developed and manufactured by a joint company,

789: 670: 10202: 7698: 1825:

In October 2018, it was announced that the EA-200 Tornado had successfully completed operational testing of the

9127: 6029:"New techniques for laser beam atmospheric extinction measurements from manned and unmanned aerospace vehicles" 2237:

F/A-18 a few weeks after the Tornado's loss. Britain withdrew the last of its Tornados from Iraq in June 2009.

1877:) were delivered to the TTTE at RAF Cottesmore on 1 July 1980. Crew that qualified from the TTTE went onto the 1459: 1206: 11736: 8414: 8327: 6447: 2498:

In September 2006, the Saudi government signed a contract worth £2.5 billion (US$ 4.7 billion) with

2267: 2003:

in mid-1985. No. IX (B) Squadron relocated from RAF Honington to RAF Brüggen on 1 October 1986, arriving in a

12219: 11958: 11831: 9944: 8286: 3514: 3410: 3151: 2961: 2631: 1590: 1029:

dispensers to electronic countermeasure pods that can be mounted under the wings. Underwing fuel tanks and a

8301: 7576:"Statement on the Loss of RAF Tornado Aircraft in Combat During the Conduct of Air Operations against Iraq." 2664:

Operated by Germany and Italy, the ECR (Electronic Combat / Reconnaissance) is a Tornado variant devoted to

595: 478: 279: 11790: 11616: 5935: 3291: 2692: 2627: 2245: 2230: 1342: 1224:

to decrease the distance required to land safely. To fully deploy the thrust reverser during landings, the

1064: 470: 275: 10711: 5842: 3137: 2758:: 210 IDS and 35 ECR Tornados delivered. By December 2018, 94 IDS and 28 ECR aircraft remained in service. 1360:

A 'new' AMLCD TV TAB DU in test mode showing color bars. The bezel is removed to allow a wider view angle.

11992: 11516: 11277: 9842: 6609: 5604: 4012: 2904: 2766:: 112 IDS Tornados delivered, retired in June 2005 with some aircraft being reallocated to the Luftwaffe. 1799:

Italian Tornado A-200 and EA-200 aircraft participated in the enforcement of a UN no-fly zone during the

1773: 1530: 1422:. Deliveries of production Tornados began on 27 July 1979. The total number of Tornados delivered to the 1415: 665:

During the 1970s, Australia considered joining the MRCA programme to find a replacement for their ageing

454: 244: 17: 11377: 9890: 5554: 5317:"Tornado Infra-Red Reconnaissance System (TIRRS) (United Kingdom), Airborne electro-optic (EO) systems." 5292: 1810:

On 19 August 2014, two Aeronautica Militare Tornados collided in mid-air during a training mission near

1522: 788:, which is the most similar in mission flexibility. The swing-wing was also used by the older American 12194: 11667: 11600: 9513: 9216: 8370: 5194: 4674: 4644:

Burger, Κ.Η. "In-Flight Short Field Landing Investigations on a Combat Aircraft with Thrust Reverser."

3587: 1788:; in 2010 a major upgrade and life extension programme was initiated, to provide new digital displays, 1455: 1318: 1118: 1051: 412: 227:, jointly developed and manufactured by Italy, the United Kingdom and Germany. There are three primary 8332: 6149: 5195:"BAE SYSTEMS Receives $ 70 Million Contract For Radar Map Display Subsystem On U.K. Tornado Aircraft." 1814:. On 14 November 2014, Italy announced it was sending four Tornado aircraft with 135 support staff to 1377:

BAE Systems announced that, in December 2013, it had test-flown a Tornado equipped with parts made by

1148:. Although the UK proceeded with Trident, several Tornado squadrons based in Germany were assigned to 962:) sensor mounted on the fuselage's underside to provide vertical images. TIRRS recorded images on six 12012: 7862: 7737: 5655: 5539: 3524: 2138: 1541: 1295: 603: 287: 224: 63: 9263: 8829: 7913: 6469: 5970: 384:

aircraft that was supposed to fulfil the same role, and was still looking for a replacement for its

290:

design, it was able to replace several different fleets of aircraft in the adopting air forces. The

12301: 8389: 4067: 4000: 3991: 3281: 3243: 3016: 2577: 2507: 2435: 2134: 2021: 1758: 1275: 815:

In development, significant attention was given to the Tornado's short-field take-off and landing (

654:

was the only export customer of the Tornado. The agreement to purchase the Tornado was part of the

650:

Export customers were sought after West Germany withdrew its objections to exporting the aircraft;

286:

of Italy. It first flew on 14 August 1974 and was introduced into service in 1979–1980. Due to its

12270: 2926: 2063:

runway denial weapons. On 17 January 1991, the first Tornado to be lost was shot down by an Iraqi

1956:. While No. 20 Squadron was given a separate responsibility of destroying bridges over the rivers 1232:

the ambitious performance requirements. At the time of the Tornado's introduction to service, the

1156:

nuclear bomb, which was retired in 1998. German and Italian Tornados are capable of delivering US

430:, and a memorandum of agreement was drafted between Britain, West Germany, and Italy in May 1969. 12260: 12057: 10405: 4819: 3597: 2458: 2047: 1815: 1569: 1483: 915: 793: 381: 330: 248: 11307:

European Contributions to Operation Allied Air Force: Implications for Transatlantic Cooperation

8689:"IR Video Shows The Moment A Saudi Tornado Attack Jet Was Shot Down by Houthi Rebels Over Yemen" 1967: 1341:. The ASSTA 3 upgrade programme, started in 2008, will introduce support for the laser-targeted 555: 397: 11977: 11968: 11963: 11852: 11847: 10203:"Tornado fighter jet which flew in Afghanistan and Libya has gone on display in Cambridgeshire" 4803: 4319: 3859: 3837: 3776: 2871: 2511: 2487: 2043: 2024: 1949: 1746: 1487: 1076: 1036:

system that allows one Tornado to refuel another are available to extend the aircraft's range.

1026: 1022: 1010: 876: 82: 11585: 10921: 7800: 7276: 5671: 1765:

Storm Shadow cruise missile, Joint Direct Attack Munition and Paveway III laser-guided bombs.

1329: 1198:

contributed to the development and final design of the RB199 and of the engine control units.

831:-equipped engines, give the Tornado excellent low-speed handling and landing characteristics. 12199: 12032: 12007: 12002: 11873: 11593: 10948: 10873: 10856: 10685: 10430: 10353: 10302: 10091: 10018: 9993: 9737: 9712: 9687: 9662: 9607: 9582: 9535: 9480: 9455: 9430: 9379: 9354: 9329: 9304: 9238: 9183: 7241:"Individual History: Panavia Tornado PO.2 XX946/8883M (Museum Accession Number 1994/1458/A)." 6948: 5756: 4031: 2893: 2812: 2422: 2335: 2191: 1785: 447: 372:

designs to gain the maneuverability and efficient cruise of straight wings with the speed of

291: 267: 117: 87: 9948: 9265:

Tornado – Der erste Protoyp jetzt in Gatow, October 2012 (German). Retrieved 5 October 2014.

9044: 8331: 5787: 1621: 1572:

in New Mexico, US from January 1996 at the Taktische Ausbildungskommando der Luftwaffe USA (

1426:

was 247, including 35 ECR variants. Originally Tornados equipped five fighter-bomber wings (

12179: 12174: 12143: 12138: 12128: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12072: 12052: 11940: 11821: 11561: 11521: 11282: 10660: 10258: 9157: 6417: 4173: 4096: 3364: 3328: 3107: 2787: 2688: 2466: 2451: 2447: 2426: 2393: 2149: 1945: 1898: 1742: 1738: 1702: 1582: 1554: 655: 611: 260: 12245: 9022: 6376: 4963:"Australian International Airshow – Wild Weasel air defence upgrade offered to RAAF." 3619: 2392:, so that they could launch the Storm Shadow missile. These Su-24s can carry at least two 8: 12275: 12265: 11898: 10635: 10228: 8222: 8209:"RAF Typhoons replace Tornados in Operation 'Shader' armed with Brimstone for first time" 7374: 4106: 4084: 3440: 3430: 2700: 2682: 2613: 2605: 2480: 2439: 2288: 2210: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2079: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1976: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1917: 1902: 1878: 1846: 1707: 1338: 1287: 1257: 1192: 1184: 1175: 1152:

to deter a major Soviet offensive with both conventional and nuclear weapons, namely the

1126: 1098: 1014: 785: 761: 666: 564: 389: 369: 256: 221: 204: 11530:

Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Systems.

2405: 2008: 1183:

engine was selected to power the MRCA. One advantage over the US competition was that a

12204: 12164: 12077: 11771: 9865: 8956: 8640: 7929:"Securing Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The Strategic Defence and Security Review." 6683:"Airbus Offers Eurofighter Typhoon Tranche 5 For Panavia Tornado Replacement Programme" 6178: 6050: 3994: 3893: 3827: 3396: 3308: 3147: 2292: 2165: 1886: 1730: 1670: 1562: 1499: 1333: 1306: 1253: 1122: 1094: 951: 824: 691: 572: 464:

Formation take-off of an RAF Tornado GR.1 and a Tornado F.2 prototype in September 1982

401: 11579: 8610:"Breaking: Houthi rebels shoot down Saudi Tornado warplane in north Yemen – Muraselon" 3192: 3172: 3063: 2634:

until 2005, when it was retired, being the last GR1 in service anywhere in the world.

1550: 1241:) is the current engine control unit for RB199 engines superseding the analogue MECU ( 827:

to allow the aircraft to fly at lower speeds. These features, in combination with the

12331: 12087: 11710: 11556: 11533: 11506: 11491: 11476: 11461: 11446: 11428: 11407: 11391: 11366: 11349: 11334: 11312: 11294: 11267: 11239: 11224: 11209: 11194: 11179: 11157: 11142: 11124: 11109: 11094: 11079: 11067: 11055: 11040: 11015: 10994: 10979: 10954: 10927: 10907: 10888: 10862: 10845: 10830: 10815: 10800: 10785: 10770: 10755: 10740: 9784: 9123: 9000: 8846: 8775: 6841: 4625: 4492: 4488: 3834: 3699: 2533: 2526: 2241: 2039: 2016: 2004: 1656: 1180: 1169: 1145: 1033: 1006: 1002: 959: 864: 579:

Testing revealed that a nose-wheel steering augmentation system, connecting with the

498: 435: 405: 393: 363: 355: 310: 271: 112: 9919: 6334:"Conflict in the Balkans: Half a Century After Hitler, German Jets Join the Attack." 6054: 4251: 3801:

revolver cannon internally mounted under starboard side of fuselage with 180 rounds

2978: 12255: 12209: 11775: 11687: 11682: 11641: 11575: 10923:

International Warbirds: An Illustrated Guide to World Military Aircraft, 1914–2000.

10254: 7111: 6040: 5006:"Tornado jets that fly from RAF Marham in Norfolk clock up a million flying hours." 4990:"Royal Air Force Continues Libya Operations in Face of Force Structure Challenges." 3985: 3928: 3817: 3544: 3534: 3073: 2754: 2604:

The Tornado GR1B was a specialised anti-shipping variant of the GR1, replacing the

2529:

in northern Yemen, it was lost for 'technical reasons' and both crew were rescued.

2370: 2276: 2031: 1984: 1980: 1862: 1663: 1594: 1423: 1157: 1087: 942:

infrared imaging system for reconnaissance flights. RAF and RSAF Tornados have the

872: 741: 728: 636: 538: 506: 427: 424: 334: 105: 11939: 10573: 10455: 7986: 3631:

International Warbirds: An Illustrated Guide to World Military Aircraft, 1914–2000

1837: 12214: 12184: 11982: 11826: 11805: 11662: 11636: 11631: 11422: 11360: 11305: 10522: 10328:"Montrose Tornado will blow visitors away as Angus air station's star attraction" 8356:"ROYAL AIR FORCE CHIEF OF THE AIR STAFF TAKES FINAL TORNADO FLIGHT OVER SCOTLAND" 8095: 7935: 7869: 7831: 7705: 7582: 7089: 6870: 6454: 5942: 5846: 5794: 5763: 5678: 5601: 5508: 5452: 5427: 5420: 5377: 5354: 5323: 5201: 5012: 4826: 4727: 4617: 4293: 4059: 3420: 3357:

Tornado GR1P on display at South Wales Aviation Museum, Vale of Glamorgan, Wales.

3229: 2842: 2699:

radar, and software changes. It had only one cannon to accommodate a retractable

2696: 2609: 2484: 2226: 2214: 2187: 2173: 2153:

targets, and out of the 36 missions planned, 28 had been successfully completed.

2068: 1768: 1757:

on 7 December 2004. One aircraft was retained for static display purposes at the

1734: 1606: 1279: 1221: 1141: 1113: 1068: 928: 920: 868: 828: 820: 686:

expressed interest in acquiring a small number of Tornado ECR aircraft. In 2001,

623: 584: 583:, was necessary to counteract the destabilising effect produced by deploying the 502: 490: 306: 236: 122: 67: 46: 8931: 8864: 6099:"Software Issues Ground Luftwaffe Tornadoes at Night in the Fight Against Daesh" 3717:

2,400 km/h (1,500 mph, 1,300 kn) at 9,000 m (30,000 ft)

3097: 2860: 1991:

Tornados began to arrive at RAF Brüggen in September 1984 with the formation of

1498:

In June 2007, a pair of Luftwaffe Tornados flew reconnaissance missions over an

981: 887: 302:, maintained a level of international co-operation beyond the production stage. 11972: 11868: 11766: 11720: 11677: 11646: 7487: 5502:"German Air Force Tornado aircraft get more punch for air-to-surface missions." 4116: 3850: 3824: 3379:

Tornado GR4A on display at Cornwall Aviation Heritage Centre, Cornwall, England

3219: 3163: 2834: 2555: 2195: 1937: 1653: 1526: 1503: 1302: 1248: 1233: 1137: 1133: 1106: 1091: 839: 675: 644: 380:

tactical strike and reconnaissance aircraft in 1965 and then -in 1967 - the US

295: 240: 41: 11176:

Troubled Partnership: A History of US-Japan Collaboration on the FS-X Fighter.

11093:, Volume 30, Autumn/Fall 1997, pp. 98–121. London: Aerospace Publishing. 10141:"RAF Lossiemouth Honours Memory of Tornado GR4 Aircrew with New Gate Guardian" 8473: 8448: 6045: 5633: 5445: 2566: 2161: 1941: 1533:(IEDs). The German Tornados were withdrawn from Afghanistan in November 2010. 12295: 12280: 12133: 11458:

Rethinking History, Dictatorship and War: New Approaches and Interpretations.

11221:

Aircraft Systems: Mechanical, Electrical and Avionics Subsystems Integration.

9809: 5347: 3856: 3553:

Tornado GR4 on display at Ulster Aviation Society, Lisburn, Northern Ireland.

3504: 2982: 2762: 2414: 2349:

Tornado GR4 in a retro scheme to mark the Tornado GR4's retirement departing

2284: 2222: 2121: 2012: 1921: 1882: 1811: 1647: 1039: 911: 610:

made use of these new technologies. Failure testing of the Tornado's triplex

11039:

Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004.

9563:. Militärhistorisches Museum Flugplatz Berlin-Gatow (Facebook). 16 June 2015 8497:

Fairhill, David. "Britain signs 6 billion pounds Saudi arms contract."

8001: 7752: 6730:"Germany to buy 35 Lockheed F-35 fighter jets from U.S. amid Ukraine crisis" 5501: 1513: 1474: 1228:

is connected to the steering of the nosewheel to provide greater stability.

993:

The Tornado is cleared to carry the majority of air-launched weapons in the

896: 11178:

Piscataway, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers (Rutgers University), 1996.

10974:

Jackson, Paul, Kenneth Munson, Lindsay Peacock and John W. R. Taylor, eds.

8669: 8655: 8018:"US, French militaries interested in Brimstone misSile, says RAF official." 7824: 7642: 4177: 4121: 4045: 3905: 3847: 3798: 3338: 3182: 3092:

Tornado IDS (Blue Lightning paint scheme) of the 31st Fighter Bomber Wing "

3053: 2804: 2454:, were formed and reached their full strength of 12 aircraft each by 1990. 2378: 2339: 2331: 2311: 2303: 2130: 2100: 2056: 2052: 1953: 1905:

on 12 August. The first RAF Tornado GR1 loss was on 27 September 1983 when

1807:

cruise missiles with the rest consisting of Paveway and JDAM guided bombs.

1804: 1754: 1697:

The first Italian prototype made its maiden flight on 5 December 1975 from

1507: 1419: 1299: 1110: 1080: 998: 947: 847: 804: 651: 594:

agents were provided details on the Tornado by the head of the West German

11108:, Volume 32, Spring 1998, pp. 118–137. London: Aerospace Publishing. 10844:, Volume 33, Summer 1998, pp. 104–113. London: Aerospace Publishing. 8904: 8569: 6652:"Here's Where Boeing Aims To Take The Super Hornet In The Decades To Come" 6633:"Germany picks Super Hornet and more Eurofighters for Tornado replacement" 2937: 12189: 11672: 11424:

Wither or Dither: British Aerospace Collaborative Procurement with Europe

8240: 8153: 8120: 8045: 6216:"Printing planes: BAE Systems now using 3D printed parts in fighter jets" 4072: 3560: 3464: 2669: 2499: 2442:, which had received 20 aircraft by 8 October 1987. The first Saudi ADV ( 2090: 1913: 1667: 1642: 1467: 1444: 1414:

The first Tornado prototype made its first flight on 14 August 1974 from

1398: 1378: 1322: 1213: 1188: 1030: 1018: 924: 883: 856: 737: 732: 683: 549: 494: 474: 385: 318: 232: 10814:(CSIS Significant Issues Series). Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2003. 10686:"Panavia PA 200 Tornado – Specifications – Technical Data / Description" 8978: 8390:"US-Supplied JDAM-ER Glide Bombs Appear On Ukrainian Jets For The First" 8137: 5595:"27 x 145 B ammunition (Switzerland), Cannon – 20 to 30 mm cannon." 3317:

Pre-production Tornado P.12 on display as a GR4 on the parade ground at

2361:

paid homage to its early years with a green/grey wraparound camouflage;

2201: 11800: 11191:

The Gulf War Chronicles: A Military History of the First War with Iraq.

8064:"Iraq air strikes: RAF Tornado jets begin first combat mission against" 7575: 4863:"Saudi Arabia's Tornado IDS and ADV variants – desert kingdom warriors" 3873: 3474: 3454: 3318: 3043: 2882: 2469:

contract was signed, the main element of which was 48 additional IDSs.

2438:, Dharan in 26 March 1986. The first Saudi Tornado squadron formed was 2350: 2249: 2180: 2157: 2086: 1894: 1630: 1463: 1428: 1225: 966: 950:

munitions. In 1991, the RAF introduced TIALD, allowing Tornado GR1s to

800: 780: 776: 766: 580: 373: 322: 11291:

Flight Control Systems: Practical Issues in Design and Implementation.

6916:"Italy to lease 35 F-16 jets from USA until Eurofighter operational". 1999:

was formed in December 1984, with the two Brüggen squadrons joined by

11795: 11767: 11692: 9835:"Chronological Listing of Royal Saudi Air Force Ejections and Losses" 6470:"Letter from Berlin: Afghanistan Divides Germany's Social Democrats." 6418:"German army and air force deployed against G8 summit demonstrators." 4126: 3946: 3386: 3117: 2319: 2248:

aircraft which had been deployed there since November 2004. In 2009,

939: 860: 808: 542: 486: 482: 377: 283: 11104:

Lake, Jon. "Tornado Variant Briefing: Part III: Tornado Operators".

10066:"Two RAF JARTS Tornados coming to Cornwall Aviation Heritage Centre" 9866:"RSAF Gate Guardian Panavia Tornado IDS 765 – Dhahran, Saudi Arabia" 5540:"Britain Deploying ASRAAM-Equipped Tornado Fighters To Middle East." 4553:

Dorrell, David, ed. "Britain's Aircraft Industry enters the 1970s."

3116:

Tornado IDS on display at Fliegergeschichtliche Museum TG JaboG 34,

2717: 2592:

RAF IDS (interdictor/strike) variants were initially designated the

2434:) was on 17 February 1986, and the first four IDS were delivered to 2316:

United States began conducting air attacks against the Islamic State

2133:

airbase in Kuwait, contributing the southern no-fly zone as part of

1822:. The four aircraft will be used for reconnaissance missions only. 1356: 1321:

navigation systems. The new computer allowed the integration of the

12235: 12169: 11715: 10406:"Tornado Heritage Centre Hawarden Airfield, Chester United Kingdom" 6014:"BAE Systems gets £210 million contract to upgrade UK Tornado GR4s" 5672:"Not with a bang but a whimper: Europe's pending denuclearisation." 3973: 3400: 3083: 2296: 2035: 1726: 1448: 1326: 1291: 1261: 1220:

Relatively rarely among fighter aircraft, the RB199 is fitted with

1195: 1109:

missiles. The Tornado is armed with two 27 mm (1.063 in)

1102: 1072: 914:

that simultaneously scans for targets and conducts fully automated

724: 719:

Flyover of a German Navy Tornado during a training exercise in 2003

530: 326: 314: 11121:

NATO's Air War for Kosovo: A Strategic and Operational Assessment.

9275: 8746: 8703:"Saudi Pilots Missing as Yemen Rebels Say They Downed Fighter Jet" 4287:"British-French Work On New Military Plane Periled by Cost Fight." 1725:

Italian Tornados, along with RAF Tornados, took part in the first

906:

A German Air Force Tornado ECR undergoing maintenance in July 2004

895:

was built into the flight controls, such as the centrally located

460: 11065:

Lake, Jon. "Aircraft of the RAF: Part 1 – Panavia Tornado".

10906:. Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: The Crowood Press, 1999. 10262: 4750:"Military Analysis: West Germany Is Modernizing Military Forces." 3883: 3586:

Tornado IDS of the German Navy, Marinefliegergeschwader 1 at the

3373:

Tornado GR1 on display at RAF Syerston, Nottinghamshire, England.

3093: 2746: 2522: 2234: 2177: 2169: 1826: 1789: 1283: 1060: 376:

designs. The United Kingdom had cancelled the procurement of the

217: 11326:, Vol. 81, No. 6, December 2011, pp. 70–75. ISSN 0306-5634. 8556:"First Upgraded Tornado Re-delivered to Royal Saudi Air Force." 1201: 12082: 12067: 12027: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11615: 11566: 11206:

The Economics of Offsets: Defence Procurement and Countertrade.

6310:"German Warplanes Risk Combat for the First Times since WWII." 6150:"Report: German jets useless at night – News – DW – 19.01.2016" 5839: 3964: 3934: 3260: 3209: 2492: 2145: 1491: 1407: 1310: 1153: 1149: 970: 679: 534: 11089:

Lake, Jon. "Tornado Variant Briefing: Part I: IDS and Recce".

10767:

The Australian Tactical Fighter Force: Prologue and Prospects.

3728:

1,482 km/h (921 mph; 800 kn) IAS near sea level

350: 11071:, Vol. 74, No. 4, April 2008, pp. 24–29. ISSN 0306-5634. 8259:"BRITAIN TO CELEBRATE ICONIC TORNADO DURING FAREWELL FLYPAST" 6287:"Ten Years On, Germany Looks Back at Return to War in Kosovo" 3982: 3915: 3902: 2779: 2389: 2093: 2072: 2064: 2060: 1961: 1857:

Nicknamed the "Tonka" by the British, their first prototype (

1698: 1660: 1581:

Luftwaffe Training Center). In March 2015, Defence Minister

1368: 963: 946:

Range Finder and Marked Target Seekers (LRMTS) for targeting

943: 628: 11488:

Flight International World Aircraft & Systems Directory.

11248:

Niccoli, Riccardo. "New Capabilities for Italy's Tornados".

10827:

Air Power History: Turning Points from Kitty Hawk to Kosovo.

10797:

Gulf Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric Wars, Volume 1.

8844:

Davies, Steve. "German SEAD: The Tornado ECRs of JaBoG 32."

4820:"The Arabian Connection: The UK Arms Trade to Saudi Arabia." 4670:"A top West German aerospace engineer arrested on spying..." 1869:) flew on 10 July 1979 from Warton. The first RAF Tornados ( 1439:

14 German Tornados undertook combat operations as a part of

631:

flanked by Luftwaffe (bottom) and RAF (top) Tornados in 1987

11171:, Vol. 70, No. 5, May 2006, pp. 50–57. ISSN 0306-5634. 10277:"New Tornado Gate Guardian takes pride of place in Sealand" 8138:"Four RAF fighters bomb Syria 'chemical weapon stockpile'." 7901:"Tornado departure ends UK's fast jet role in Afghanistan." 7738:"Tornado Crew Shot Down After Friend-or-Foe System Failed." 7029:"FIRST UPGRADED TORNADO ECR DELIVERED TO ITALIAN AIR FORCE" 6610:"Letzter gemeinsamer Flug von Tornado und F-16 in Holloman" 4190: 3921: 2612:, Scotland. Each aircraft was equipped to carry up to four 2327: 2221:

On 23 March 2003, a Tornado GR4 was shot down over Iraq by

1957: 1850: 1718: 1688: 1440: 1048: 994: 816: 687: 659: 510: 8223:"Tornado fighter jets return to RAF Marham for retirement" 5936:"BAE SYSTEMS delivers 100th mid-life upgrade Tornado GR4." 4224:

the two inner wing pylons have shoulder launch rails for 2

1659:, which were initially supplemented by unguided bombs and 1086:

Strike variants have a limited air-to-air capability with

11525:, Volume 93, Number 3089, 23 May 1968. pp. 793–804a. 8772:

Flight International World Aircraft and Systems Directory

8273:"EAST ANGLIAN FORMATION FAREWELL TO ROYAL AIR FORCE ICON" 7675:"Iraq crisis: MoD declares Tornado bomb raids a success." 6027:

Sabatini, Roberto; Richardson, Mark (12 September 2012).

591: 11551: 11390:

London: Ministry of Defence, via reprint, Conway, 2006.

11286:, Volume 91, Number 3038, 1 June 1967. pp. 893–908. 10879:(Naval Institute Press), Volume 2, 1991, pp. 88–93. 10874:"Preparing a Bomber Destroyer: The Panavia Tornado ADV." 10752:

Oman Under Qaboos: From Coup to Constitution, 1970–1996.

7952:"UK confirms two Tornado GR4 squadrons will go by June." 7825:"RAF Ends 18 Years of Combat Operations in Iraqi Skies." 6708:"Tornado-Nachfolger: Neue Kampfflugzeuge für die Truppe" 6592:"Tornados aus Holloman fliegen bald an der Nordseeküste" 6026: 4789:

Michael. "Saudi Arabia considers Tornado fighter deal."

4336:

presented at 2000 International Powered Lift Conference.

11388:

The Royal Air Force Handbook: The Definitive MoD Guide.

11311:

Washington/Arlington Virginia: Rand Corporation, 2001.

10601:"Tornado-Alarm beim New Mexico Museum of Space History" 10044:"'Raspberry Ripple' Tornado completes move to St Athan" 8328:"Today is the final day of RAF service for the Tornado" 8121:"Syria air strikes: RAF Tornado jets carry out bombing" 5642: 5421:"RAF Tornado Aircraft Deployments in Operation Granby." 4374:

Morris, Joe Alex Jr. "Messerschmitt Back in Business."

2314:

region of Iraq. The decision came three days after the

1916:(RAFG) began receiving Tornados after the formation of 973:

reconnaissance pod replaced the built-in TIRRS system.

11490:

London: Reed Business Information, 3rd Edition, 2001.

8330:. RAF Marham (Facebook). 31 March 2019. Archived from 8172:"ROYAL AIR FORCE COMMEMORATES ICONIC TORNADO FAST JET" 8033:"UK to deploy Tornados in support of Iraq operations." 7397: 7395: 6808:(in Italian). Ministero Della Defesa. 12 November 2016 5484:"German air force starts tests with upgraded Tornado." 3924:

munitions dispensers (for runway cratering operations)

2495:

missile, and the Brimstone and Storm Shadow missiles.

910:

The Tornado incorporates a combined navigation/attack

392:

strike aircraft. Britain and France had initiated the

333:, as well as smaller roles in Afghanistan, Yemen, and 11562:

Panavia Tornado IDS Attack Bomber on Aerospaceweb.org

11384:, 25 November – 1 December 2003, pp. 27–71. 10812:

The Iraq War: Strategy, Tactics, and Military Lessons

8089:"Kurds claim advances in Iraq as Britain joins fray." 7722:"Missile alerts at Tornado base after bombing raids." 7198:"Italian Air Force finalises AARGM OT&E campaign" 6448:"German ‘Tornado’ aircraft deploy to Mazar-e Sharif." 3668:

8.60 m (28 ft 3 in) swept at 67° sweep

1818:

and to two other bases in Kuwait in participation of

11460:

New York: Continuum International Publishing, 2009.

11014:. London: Royal Air Force Historical Society, 2002. 10456:"Ulster Aviation Society, Lisburn, Northern Ireland" 9947:. RAF Halton (Facebook). 16 May 2017. Archived from 8774:. Reed Business Information Ltd. 2001. p. 187. 7886:"Britain to send two more Tornadoes to Afghanistan." 7503: 7171:"AARGM missile integrated onto Tornado ECR aircraft" 6896:"Arpino: usati 115 missili Ognuno costa 900 milioni" 6510:"Germany to Withdraw Tornado Jets from Afghanistan." 6201:"3D-printed components flown in British fighter jet" 4539:"Swing-Wing Wonder Weapon Is Going Into Production." 4021: 1517:

Tornado ECR arrives in Austria for an air show, 1997

1144:

submarines or the Tornado as the main bearer of its

658:

between British Aerospace and the Saudi government.

11441:Spick, Mike and William Green, Gordon Swanborough. 11427:. Staffordshire, UK: Glen Segell Publishers, 1997. 10799:Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing, 2007. 9262:Militärhistorisches Museum Flugplatz Berlin-Gatow. 7392: 6486:"German Court Rejects Bid to Halt Tornado Mission." 6175:"Tornado TV TAB DU reverse engineering information" 5990:"Saudi Arabia reveals progress of Tornado upgrade." 4091:

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

3894:

Paveway III (GBU-24)/Enhanced Paveway III (EGBU-24)

3072:Tornado IDS (MTU corporate design paint scheme) at 2472:Following experience with both the Tornado and the 2465:) on the night of 19/20 January. In June 1993, the 2172:. Experiences from Kosovo led to the RAF procuring 501:engines for the aircraft, with ownership split 40% 497:, was formed in June 1970 to develop and build the 368:During the 1960s, aeronautical designers looked to 337:. Including all variants, 990 aircraft were built. 11532:Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2007. 11293:London:Institution of Electrical Engineers, 2000. 11123:Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, 2001. 10176:"Tornado jet added to Imperial War Museum Duxford" 8585: 8415:"Ukrainian Su-24s are using Tornado weapon pylons" 8387: 8300: 8002:"Libya: British missiles fired at military sites." 7848:"RAF Tornados to replace Harriers in Afghanistan." 7348:. Ministry of Defence. 31 May 1985. Archived from 6612:(in German). bundeswehr-journal.de. 28 August 2017 4622:Concorde: A Designer's Life: The Journey to Mach 2 4420:"European Nations Plan Mammoth Military Aircraft." 3533:Tornado F3 on display at Tornado Heritage Centre, 1609:instead of the discussed 30 Boeing Super Hornets. 1132:The Tornado is capable of delivering air-launched 11259:, Vol. 76, No. 4, pp. 46–51. ISSN 0306-5634. 11252:, Vol. 72, No. 6, pp. 26–29. ISSN 0306-5634. 10704:"Specifications (Tornado GR.4) – Combat Aircraft" 9097:Defense Aerospace (archived from Royal Air Force) 8709:. 16 February 2020 – via www.bloomberg.com. 8108:"UK details extent of combat activity over Iraq." 8046:"RAF Tornado jets in Cyprus for Iraq aid mission" 7375:"Accident Panavia Tornado GR1 ZA586, 27 Sep 1983" 7224:"Bonkers Tonkas: UK sets Tornado retirement date" 7018:September 2004, p. 18. Retrieved 19 October 2006. 6624: 6124:"Tornados dürfen nachts nicht gegen ISIS fliegen" 6007: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5984: 5982: 5634:"Weapon detail and No.15 Squadron data for 1984." 5525:"RAF unveils Brimstone precision strike missile." 5061: 5059: 5057: 5055: 3128:Militärhistorisches Museum Flugplatz Berlin-Gatow 3034:Militärhistorisches Museum Flugplatz Berlin-Gatow 1861:) made its maiden flight on 30 October 1974 from 1733:saw eight Tornado IDS interdictors deployed from 882:The primary flight controls of the Tornado are a 12293: 10769:Canberra: Australian National University, 1979. 8636:"Saudi warplane crashes in Yemen; pilots escape" 7967: 7965: 7963: 7112:"Italy Tornado fighter jets collide near Ascoli" 3662:13.91 m (45 ft 8 in) at 25° sweep 2075:, and one trying to deliver laser-guided bombs. 2038:in 1991. This saw 49 RAF Tornado GR1s deploy to 1885:, before being posted to a front-line squadron. 477:) in the United Kingdom; the centre fuselage to 415:multi-role fighter-bomber, initially called the 10993:Farnham, Surrey, UK: Ashgate Publishing, 2005. 8241:"RAF killed '4,000 fighters in Iraq and Syria'" 7486:. Royal Air Force. 5 March 2019. Archived from 7343:"Accident To Royal Air Force Tornado GR1 ZA586" 6976:February 2004, p. 7. Retrieved 19 October 2006. 6079: 6077: 6061: 5840:"Turbo-Union: The Power for Peace and Freedom." 5391: 5389: 5084: 5082: 5080: 4755:23 September 1979. Retrieved 23 September 1979. 4485:RAF Tornado 1974 onwards (all marks and models) 4215:×, each with 180 rounds in GR.1, GR.1B, and IDS 3614: 2608:. 26 aircraft were converted and were based at 1780:In response to anticipated violence during the 1676:The end of the Cold War and the signing of the 1389: 11156:. London: Constable & Robinson Ltd, 2002. 11141:Minneapolis, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, 1996. 11078:Minneapolis, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, 2002. 11004: 10510:National Museum of the United States Air Force 10255:"The final assembly of '047' is now complete!" 8670:"Saudi Tornado two pilots captured by Houthis" 7914:"MoD pays extra £2.7bn for unwanted Typhoons." 7699:"BAE Systems Investor Brief – June 2003." 7086:"Italy Gives Bombing Stats for Libya Campaign" 6839:Sacchetti, Renzo. "Italy's British Tornados." 6770: 6576:(in German). 24 September 2012. Archived from 6252: 5998: 5979: 5951: 5931: 5929: 5835: 5833: 5618:"Europe worried about nuclear defence arsena." 5581: 5579: 5497: 5495: 5096: 5094: 5052: 4722: 4720: 4646:International Journal of Turbo and Jet Engines 3578:National Museum of the United States Air Force 3259:Tornado Prototype P.03 on display at PS Aero, 2302:In August 2014, Tornado GR4s were deployed to 1820:coalition operations against the Islamic State 1612: 1568:German Tornado aircrew training took place at 690:proposed a Tornado ECR variant with a greater 11925: 11752: 11601: 10784:Darby, Pennsylvania: DIANE Publishing, 1993. 8322: 8320: 8302:"The history of the RAF Tornado, in pictures" 7995: 7960: 7054:"NATO Rejects Gadhafi's Call for Cease-Fire." 6550:"Germany Announces Major Armed Forces Cuts." 6402:"German war jets against anti-G8 protesters." 5788:"Turbo-Union: Programme Milestones Achieved." 5649:"Strategic Defence Review 1998: Full Report." 5030: 4678:, 24 October 1984. Retrieved 2 February 2019. 4573:13 November 1979. Retrieved 13 November 1979. 4533: 4531: 4529: 4505: 4442: 4440: 4321:V/STOL Fighter Programs in Germany: 1956–1975 3754:3,890 km (2,420 mi, 2,100 nmi) 2687:The Tornado ADV (air defence variant) was an 2306:, Cyprus to support refugees sheltering from 2030:The Tornado made its combat debut as part of 1521:In 2007, a detachment of six Tornados of the 1471:firing 236 HARM missiles at hostile targets. 11443:Illustrated Anatomy of the World's Fighters. 10967:Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". 9988: 9986: 9914: 9912: 9299: 9297: 8726: 8713: 8518: 8516: 8371:"RAF Tornados return to their original home" 7256:Hunter, Jamie (May 2019). "Tornado Finale". 7078: 7000:"Italian Upgrades To Extend Tornado's Life." 6979: 6797: 6795: 6748: 6554:March 2004, p. 8. Retrieved 19 October 2006. 6531: 6265: 6239: 6213: 6074: 5478: 5476: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5386: 5269: 5267: 5077: 4976: 4974: 4601:Quinn, Jim. "2, Tornado Concept Evolution". 4519: 4517: 4370: 4368: 4366: 2510:in north Yemen. It was the first time since 1717:Two Italian A-200 Tornados participating in 1525:(51st reconnaissance wing) were deployed to 1136:. In 1979, Britain considered replacing its 11404:Postwar Aircraft (Osprey Modelling Manuals) 11331:Tornado (Modern Fighting Aircraft, Vol. 10) 11167:List, Friedrich. "German Air Arms Review". 10926:Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2001. 10229:"Shrivenham – Defence College, Oxfordshire" 8810: 8797: 7974:"Farnborough: Tornado will go out in style" 7499: 7497: 6934:. Key Publishing. February 2005. p. 9. 6096: 5926: 5863:"Diehl Aerosystems – Flight Engine Control" 5830: 5576: 5492: 5332: 5091: 4717: 4302: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4265: 3949:for ferry flight/extended range/flight time 3162:Einsatzgeschwader (Expeditionary Air Wing) 2334:cruise missiles in response to a suspected 1097:(AAMs). The Tornado ADV was outfitted with 641:Tri-National Tornado Training Establishment 300:Tri-National Tornado Training Establishment 11932: 11918: 11759: 11745: 11608: 11594: 11052:Gulf Security in the Twenty-First Century. 10943:European Security and Defence, March 2010. 10737:Aeroguide 21: Panavia Tornado F Mk 2/Mk 3. 9144:"British RAF donates Tornado to WA museum" 8830:"II (AC) Squadron History – Current." 8788: 8656:"سقوط مقاتلة سعودية في عسير ونجاة طياريها" 8587:"Saudis' UK-made war jets outnumber RAF's" 8317: 7912:Norton-Taylor, Richard and Nicholas Watt. 7785:"US fighter shot down by Patriot missile." 7158:Italy To Send 4 Tornados for Recon in Iraq 7014:"First Upgraded Italian Tornado on show." 6761: 6649: 6528:25 November – 1 December 2003, p. 42. 5563: 5414: 4526: 4458: 4437: 4317: 3208:Pre-production Tornado P.14 on display at 2258:2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review 2160:in 1999. Tornados initially operated from 270:, a tri-national consortium consisting of 11322:Rachow, Volker. "Luftwaffe Tornado MLU". 11266:Sterling, Virginia: Potomac Books, 2011. 11238:Barnsley: Pen & Sword Aviation, 2017 11139:Fight's On: Airborne with the Aggressors. 10840:Donald, David. "Lossimouth Strike Wing". 9983: 9909: 9294: 8686: 8570:"Saudis bomb Yemen rebels across border." 8513: 7769:"US 'clears' crew who shot down Tornado." 7271: 7269: 7267: 6888: 6792: 6044: 5473: 5441: 5439: 5398: 5264: 5113:Spick, Green and Swanborough 2001, p. 33. 5036:Martin, Guy. "All The World's Tornados." 4971: 4809:, 25 May 2004. Retrieved 19 January 2011. 4557:Volume 32, No. 9, September 1970, p. 306. 4514: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4363: 3884:(UK Mk 20) Paveway II/Enhanced Paveway II 3748:1,390 km (860 mi, 750 nmi) 3327:Tornado GR4 Prototype P.15 on display at 3307:Tornado Prototype P.02 on display at the 2283:On 18 March 2011, British Prime Minister 1881:(TWCU), which formed on 1 August 1981 at 1865:. The first full production Tornado GR1 ( 1454:In 1999, German Tornados participated in 1160:, which are made available through NATO. 1013:, as well as specialised weapons such as 976: 524: 11505:London: Jane's Information Group, 1987. 10978:London: Jane's Information Group, 1998. 10976:Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1997–98. 10950:The Defence Industrial Base and The West 10159: 10125:"Panavia Tornado GR1B Aircraft History." 9970: 9968: 9117: 9093:"RAF Takes Delivery of Last Tornado GR4" 8154:"RAF centenary: Thousands watch flypast" 7494: 6864:"Italy Sends Plane to Replace Lost Jet." 6433:"Berlin admits security mistakes at G8." 4946:Harrison, Michael and Raymond Whitaker. 4914:"Tornado on Canadian fighter shortlist." 4856: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4467: 4262: 4144:List of active Italian military aircraft 3618: 2716: 2404: 2400: 2344: 2342:by the Syrian regime the previous week. 2266: 2200: 2099: 1966: 1836: 1767: 1712: 1620: 1512: 1473: 1397: 1355: 1247: 1200: 1038: 980: 901: 846: 838: 765: 714: 622: 554: 459: 441: 349: 11406:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2000. 11333:. New York: Prentice Hall Press, 1986. 11193:Bloomington, Indiana: iUniverse, 2008. 10946: 10598: 10252: 10200: 9863: 8888: 7235: 7233: 6943: 6941: 6826:"First Tornado IT-ECR for 50° Stormo." 6460:, #2007-270. Retrieved 1 December 2011. 6377:"The History of Fighter Bomber Wing 32" 6033:Central European Journal of Engineering 5821: 5812: 5705: 5696: 5466: 5464: 4658:Spooked: Espionage in Corporate America 4648:. 3, (2–3), pp. 99–104, ISSN 2191-0332. 4149:List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force 3169:Deutsches Museum Flugwerft Schleissheim 2240:In early 2009, several GR4s arrived at 1367:Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Displays ( 1256:shows off a payload including Paveway, 266:The Tornado was developed and built by 14: 12294: 11420: 11401: 10971:, 13–19 December 2011. pp. 26–52. 10750:Allen, Calvin H. and W. Lynn Rigsbee. 10481:"Fighter jet on permanent sentry duty" 8926: 8924: 8922: 8368: 8287:"TORNADO SQUADRONS DISBANDMENT PARADE" 7264: 7255: 7195: 6284: 5436: 5371:"UK Upgrades Airborne Reconnaissance." 5125: 4615: 4591:Jefford et al. 2002, pp. 91–92, 95–96. 4449: 4428: 4381: 4246: 4244: 4228:× short-range air-to-air missiles each 3772:767 kg/m (157 lb/sq ft) 2850: 2137:. Six additional GR1s participated in 1384: 843:Forward cockpit of an RAF Tornado GR.4 755: 11913: 11740: 11589: 11365:Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2001. 11223:New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2011. 10901: 10882: 10861:Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2001. 10855:Donald, David and Christopher Chant. 10058: 9965: 8687:Cenciotti, David (15 February 2020). 8598:from the original on 11 January 2022. 8313:from the original on 11 January 2022. 8186:"RAF's Tornado 'retro jet' in action" 8098:Militarytimes.com, 30 September 2014. 7659:"Iraq fires missiles at RAF Tornado." 7643:" Unrest as Tornados hit Iraq again." 7221: 6630: 6011: 5894:. Ministry of Defence. Archived from 5261:Moir and Seabridge 2011, pp. 447–448. 4835: 4482: 4425:14 January 1969. p. 9 via Google News 3451:Defence Academy of the United Kingdom 3082:Tornado IDS on display at Wengerohr, 3042:Tornado Prototype P.06 on display at 3032:Tornado Prototype P.01 on display at 1932:squadrons). They were then joined by 1637:In addition to the order made by the 1345:along with further software changes. 727:was the delivery of conventional and 608:General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon 598:Planning department, Manfred Rotsch. 11236:Tornado GR1: An Operational History. 10887:. Manchester: Crecy Publishing Ltd. 10354:"Sunderland Museum, Tyne & Wear" 9765:(in Italian). Ministero della Difesa 9146:. Australian Aviation. 20 June 2022. 8853: 8358:. Royal Air Force. 22 February 2019. 8261:. Royal Air Force. 19 February 2019. 8206: 7971: 7230: 6938: 6833: 6230: 5461: 5381:Jane's International Defence Review, 4860: 4318:Hirschberg, Mike (1 November 2000), 4139:List of military aircraft of Germany 4112:McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle 3656:16.72 m (54 ft 10 in) 3495:North East Land, Sea and Air Museums 3485:Montrose Air Station Heritage Centre 2474:McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle 1936:in May 1984 (who were operating the 1772:A-200 Tornados of 50° Stormo during 1523:Aufklärungsgeschwader 51 "Immelmann" 1174:Britain considered the selection of 485:) in West Germany; and the wings to 27:Family of multi-role combat aircraft 12322:1970s international attack aircraft 11567:Panavia Tornado on Tornado-data.com 11362:Conflict in The Balkans, 1991–2000. 11050:Koch, Christian and David E. Long. 8919: 8174:. Royal Air Force. 25 January 2019. 7903:Flightglobal.com, 11 November 2014. 7753:"RAF Tornado Downed by US Missile." 7160:– Defensenews.com, 14 November 2014 6930:"Final AMI Tornados F3s Returned". 6680: 6650:Trevithick, Joseph (3 April 2019). 5720:Moir and Seabridge 2011, pp. 65–66. 5588: 5225:Moir and Seabridge 2011, pp. 2, 22. 5216:Moir and Seabridge 2011, pp. 2, 23. 4696:Jefford et al. 2002, pp. 94–95, 98. 4660:by Adam Penenberg, Marc Barry. p. 9 4241: 3000:National Museum of Military History 2820: 2516:Saudi-led bombing campaign in Yemen 1801:2011 military intervention in Libya 1605:will replace the Tornado fleet for 1305:, the Brimstone anti-tank missile, 358:, an ancestor to the MRCA programme 77:Italy, West Germany, United Kingdom 24: 11617:British Aircraft Corporation (BAC) 11255:Niccoli, Riccardo. "SAM Busters". 10739:Ongar, UK: Linewrights Ltd. 1988. 10578:New Mexico Museum of Space History 10431:"Leuchars Station, Fife, Scotland" 10130:, 2010. Retrieved 5 December 2011. 8751:Panavia Tornado Preservation Group 8542:"Saudi Arabia Buys MBDA Missiles." 8188:. Combat Aircraft. 24 January 2019 7987:"Libya: UK planes to be deployed." 7246:, 2007. Retrieved 5 December 2011. 6383:from the original on 15 March 2012 5757:"Turbo-Union: Engine Description." 4006: 3820:(AIM-9B / AIM-9G / AIM-9L) (GR.1) 3674:5.95 m (19 ft 6 in) 3623:Panavia Tornado IDS 3-view drawing 3608:New Mexico Museum of Space History 2034:, the British contribution to the 1832: 1603:Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning IIs 1559:Taktisches Luftwaffengeschwader 51 1547:Taktisches Luftwaffengeschwader 33 1325:and Taurus KEPD 350 missiles, the 886:hybrid, consisting of an analogue 851:Aft cockpit of an RAF Tornado GR.4 25: 12348: 11545: 11402:Scutts, Jerry (27 October 2000). 10937:Geiss, Juergen and Peter Berndt. 10548:"A new addition to Heritage Park" 10070:Cornwall Aviation Heritage Centre 9405:"Letzter Einsatz für den Tornado" 9122:. Essex: Linewrights. p. 9. 8863:. Royal Air Force. Archived from 8289:. Royal Air Force. 14 March 2019. 8035:Flightglobal.com, 12 August 2014. 7873:aerospacetestinginternational.com 7260:. Key Publishing Ltd. p. 90. 7088:. defensenews.com. Archived from 6662:from the original on 10 July 2019 5889:"RB 199 Performance Data: Mk 103" 5282:Jackson et al. 1998, pp. 240–241. 4687:Jefford et al. 2002, pp. 98, 127. 4600: 3766:77 m/s (15,100 ft/min) 3680:26.6 m (286 sq ft) 3635:Tornado, Modern Fighting Aircraft 3349:Boscombe Down Aviation Collection 2713:List of Panavia Tornado operators 2666:Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses 2084:Westinghouse Electric Corporation 1794:Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II 936:Suppression of Enemy Air Defences 859:cockpit, crewed by a pilot and a 421:Multi Role Combat Aircraft (MRCA) 11473:Jane's All The World's Aircraft. 11348:New York: Crescent Books, 1991. 10885:Wreck & Relics, 24th Edition 10696: 10678: 10653: 10628: 10619: 10599:Fischer, Bob (14 January 2019). 10592: 10566: 10540: 10515: 10499: 10473: 10448: 10423: 10398: 10389: 10380: 10371: 10346: 10320: 10295: 10269: 10246: 10221: 10201:Elliott, Chris (11 April 2018). 10194: 10168: 10133: 10118: 10109: 10084: 10036: 10011: 9937: 9891:"Saqr Aljazeera Aviation Museum" 9883: 9857: 9827: 9810:"Displaying Serials in range XX" 9802: 9777: 9755: 9730: 9705: 9680: 9655: 9625: 9600: 9575: 9553: 9536:"Berlin – Gatow Museum, Germany" 9528: 9498: 9473: 9448: 9423: 9397: 9372: 9347: 9322: 9268: 9256: 9231: 9201: 9176: 9150: 9136: 9111: 9085: 9059: 9037: 9015: 8993: 8971: 8949: 8897: 8879: 8838: 8823: 8764: 8739: 8695: 8680: 8662: 8648: 8628: 8612:. 7 January 2018. Archived from 8602: 8578: 8563: 8550: 8534: 8525: 8504: 8491: 8474:"Displaying Serials in range ZE" 8466: 8449:"Displaying Serials in range ZD" 8441: 8432: 8407: 8381: 8362: 8348: 8293: 8279: 8275:. Royal Air Force. 1 March 2019. 8265: 8251: 8233: 8215: 8200: 8178: 8164: 8146: 8131: 8113: 8101: 8082: 8056: 8038: 8026: 8010: 7980: 7944: 7922: 7906: 7894: 7878: 7863:"Paving the way in Afghanistan." 7856: 7840: 7818: 7809: 7793: 7777: 7761: 7746: 7730: 7714: 7692: 7683: 7667: 7651: 7636: 7627: 7618: 7609: 7600: 7591: 7569: 7560: 7551: 7542: 7533: 7524: 7476: 7467: 7458: 7449: 7440: 7431: 7422: 7413: 7404: 7367: 7335: 7326: 7317: 7291: 7249: 7215: 7196:Hughes, Robert (11 April 2018). 7189: 7163: 7151: 7130: 7104: 7070:"Libya: On a wing and a prayer." 7062: 7047: 7021: 7008: 6992: 6966: 6923: 6910: 6879: 6857: 6848: 6820: 6783: 6722: 6700: 6674: 6643: 6631:Perry, Dominic (21 April 2020). 6602: 6584: 6566: 6557: 6544: 6518: 6503: 6494: 6478: 6463: 6441: 6426: 6410: 6395: 6369: 6360: 6351: 6342: 6326: 6317: 6304: 6278: 6207: 6193: 6167: 6142: 6116: 6097:D'Costa, Ian (19 January 2016). 6090: 6020: 5964: 5913: 5881: 5855: 5803: 5781: 5772: 5750: 5747:Moir and Seabridge 2011, p. 306. 5741: 5738:Moir and Seabridge 2011, p. 162. 5732: 5723: 5714: 5693:Jefford et al. 2002, pp. 26, 50. 5687: 5664: 5626: 5610: 5252:Ministry of Defence 2006, p. 18. 4218: 4205: 4196: 4052: 4038: 4024: 3892:2 × 2,000 lb (910 kg) 3882:3 × 1,000 lb (450 kg) 3692:20,240 kg (44,622 lb) 3686:13,890 kg (30,622 lb) 2936: 2925: 2914: 2903: 2892: 2881: 2870: 2859: 2827: 2797: 2772: 2739: 2576: 2565: 2554: 2190:, Britain's contribution to the 1721:exercise Dragon Hammer, May 1987 1434:McDonnell Douglas RF-4E Phantoms 305:The Tornado was operated by the 40: 11421:Segell, Glen (1 January 1997). 11219:Moir, Ian and Allan Seabridge. 10825:Cox, Sebastian and Peter Gray. 10729: 10661:"Aircraft Museum – Tornado IDS" 10019:"Old Sarum – Museum, Wiltshire" 9994:"RAF Syerston, Nottinghamshire" 9239:"Tartu – Haaslavavald, Estonia" 8110:Flightglobal.com, 2 March 2015. 7299:"Panavia Tornado IDS – History" 6845:, Key Publishing, October 2003. 6594:. 13 April 2016. Archived from 6214:Stuart Miles (5 January 2014). 6012:Hoyle, Craig (9 January 2008). 5809:Jefford et al. 2002, pp. 54–55. 5729:Moir and Seabridge 2011, p. 58. 5548: 5533: 5517: 5364: 5341: 5310: 5301: 5285: 5276: 5255: 5246: 5237: 5234:Moir and Seabridge 2011, p. 17. 5228: 5219: 5210: 5188: 5179: 5170: 5161: 5152: 5143: 5134: 5116: 5107: 5068: 5043: 5021: 4998: 4983: 4956: 4940: 4931: 4922: 4907: 4898: 4889: 4880: 4812: 4796: 4783: 4774: 4758: 4742: 4708: 4699: 4690: 4681: 4663: 4651: 4638: 4609: 4594: 4585: 4582:Jefford et al. 2002, pp. 89–90. 4576: 4560: 4547: 4476: 4473:Jefford et al. 2002, pp. 28–29. 4413: 4404: 4395: 4102:General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark 3347:Tornado GR1T on display at the 3242:) Tornado F3 on display at the 2246:British Aerospace Harrier GR7/9 1928:in January 1984 (who were both 1879:Tornado Weapons Conversion Unit 1447:. The Tornados, operating from 1402:A German Air Force Tornado IDS 1205:RB199 on static display at the 1047:, queuing to be refuelled by a 792:strike fighter, and the Soviet 790:General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark 671:McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet 604:pilot-induced pitch oscillation 11456:Szejnmann, Claus-Christian W. 10940:Tornados and Further Planning. 9864:Withers, Tony (January 1998). 9561:"Placing Aircraft in Hangar 7" 9158:"Gasslfest – Firma Test-Fuchs" 8510:Koch and Long 2003, pp. 81–82. 8388:STEFANO D'URSO (5 July 2023). 7222:Hoyle, Craig (2 August 2012). 6203:. Yahoo! News. 5 January 2014. 5458:. Retrieved: 29 November 2011. 5361:, Retrieved: 29 November 2011. 4895:Allen and Rigsbee 2000, p. 78. 4886:Allen and Rigsbee 2000, p. 78. 4351: 4339: 4311: 4280: 4183: 4166: 3872:5 × 500 lb (230 kg) 3797:1 × 27 mm (1.06 in) 3760:15,240 m (50,000 ft) 3606:Tornado IDS on display at the 3576:Tornado GR1 on display at the 3449:Tornado GR4 on display at the 3290:Tornado ADV on display at the 3126:Tornado IDS on display at the 3106:Tornado IDS on display at the 2998:Tornado IDS on display at the 2676: 2659: 2545: 1979:in the "desert pink" used for 1591:Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornets 1460:Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1458:, NATO airstrikes against the 1207:Royal Air Force Museum Cosford 731:on the invading forces of the 559:Third Tornado prototype P.03 ( 340: 13: 1: 12317:1970s Italian attack aircraft 12307:1970s British attack aircraft 10512:. Retrieved: 22 October 2016. 9975:"Post World War II Aircraft." 9411:(in German). 23 November 2012 9355:"Munich – Karlsfeld, Germany" 8369:Bishop, Chris (5 July 2019). 8207:Lake, Jon (4 February 2019). 7588:. Retrieved: 27 October 2006. 7504:Dr Sebastian Ritchie (2014). 7277:"Operations – United Kingdom" 6972:"First Italian MLU Tornado." 6898:. archiviostorico.corriere.it 6854:Donald and Chant 2001, p. 42. 6563:Geiss and Berndt 2010, p. 34. 6500:Geiss and Berndt 2010, p. 35. 6366:Geiss and Berndt 2010, p. 33. 6323:Geiss and Berndt 2010, p. 32. 5433:. Retrieved: 27 October 2006. 4154: 3997:electronic countermeasure pod 3580:, Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio. 3515:Royal Air Force Museum London 3493:Tornado F3 on display at the 3411:Royal Air Force Museum London 3015:Tornado F3 on display at the 2962:Bull Creek, Western Australia 2244:, Afghanistan to replace the 1043:German Air Force Tornado ECR 997:inventory, including various 618: 537:and the fuselage to minimise 228: 12337:Aircraft first flown in 1974 12327:Variable-sweep-wing aircraft 12312:1970s German attack aircraft 9980:. Retrieved 5 December 2011. 9608:"Schleswig – Jagel, Germany" 9305:"Nordholz – Museum, Germany" 9162:Stadtgemeinde Groß-Siegharts 7815:Cordesman 2003, pp. 339–340. 7175:Northrop Grumman Corporation 5852:Retrieved: 29 November 2011. 5800:Retrieved: 29 November 2011. 5769:Retrieved: 29 November 2011. 5639:. Retrieved 19 January 2011. 5293:"Ferranti Mission Managers." 5273:Jackson et al. 1998, p. 237. 5158:Aeroguide 21 1988, pp. 2, 8. 5074:Jefford et al. 2002, p. 136. 4980:Jackson et al. 1998, p. 241. 4861:Lake, Jon (20 August 2023). 4771:. Retrieved 19 January 2011. 4235: 3615:Specifications (Tornado GR4) 3292:Royal Saudi Air Force Museum 3228:Tornado A-200 gate guard at 3218:Tornado A-200 gate guard at 2706: 2693:McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle 2628:Royal Aircraft Establishment 2287:announced that Tornados and 2231:Identification Friend or Foe 2156:The GR1 participated in the 2078:The UK sent a detachment of 1531:improvised explosive devices 1343:Joint Direct Attack Munition 1065:Joint Direct Attack Munition 643:(TTTE) officially opened at 590:From 1967 until 1984 Soviet 276:British Aircraft Corporation 7: 11944:aircraft designation system 11475:London: Jane's, 1975–1976. 11054:London: I.B. Tauris, 2003. 10953:. London: Routledge, 1989. 10782:Air Power and Desert Storm. 10527:Pima Air & Space Museum 9839:Ejection History (archived) 9633:"Panavia Tornado IDS/Recce" 9583:"Furstenfeldbruck, Germany" 9512:(in German). Archived from 9164:(in German). 9 January 2015 9045:"Operations – Saudi Arabia" 8835:Retrieved: 4 December 2011. 6436:United Press International, 6405:United Press International, 5827:Jefford et al. 2002, p. 55. 5818:Jefford et al. 2002, p. 54. 5778:Jefford et al. 2002, p. 95. 5711:Jefford et al. 2002, p. 51. 5702:Jefford et al. 2002, p. 50. 4455:Jefford et al. 2002, p. 26. 4434:Jefford et al. 2002, p. 28. 4401:Jefford et al. 2002, p. 25. 4017: 3588:Pima Air & Space Museum 3563:, North Yorkshire, England. 3473:Tornado GR4 on the gate at 3463:Tornado GR4 on the gate at 3419:Tornado GR4 on the gate at 3409:Tornado GR1B on display at 3341:, Nottinghamshire, England. 3321:, Buckinghamshire, England. 2540: 2413:of 75 Squadron arriving at 2213:in flight over Iraq during 2001:No. 14 (Designate) Squadron 1997:No. 17 (Designate) Squadron 1993:No. 31 (Designate) Squadron 1934:No. 20 (Designate) Squadron 1926:No. 16 (Designate) Squadron 1918:No. XV (Designate) Squadron 1774:Operation Unified Protector 1416:Ingolstadt Manching Airport 1323:HARM III, HARM 0 Block IV/V 1309:laser-guided bombs and the 1268: 1239:Digital Engine Control Unit 1140:submarines with either the 834: 710: 413:Lockheed F-104G Starfighter 10: 12353: 11005:Jefford, C.G, ed. (2002). 10877:Putnam Aeronautical Review 9945:"TORNADO GETS A SPRUCE UP" 9688:"Cameri – airfield, Italy" 9184:"Gross Siegharts, Austria" 8658:(in Arabic). 12 July 2018. 7972:Fish, Tim (16 July 2014). 7633:Koch and Long 2003, p. 82. 7557:Cox and Gray 2002, p. 297. 5016:Watton and Swaffham Times, 4928:Lorell 1996, pp. 108, 121. 4728:"Nations – United Kingdom" 4675:United Press International 4013:Panavia Tornado in fiction 4010: 3596:Tornado IDS on display at 3543:Tornado F3 on the gate at 3503:Tornado F3 on the gate at 3483:Tornado GR4 on display at 3439:Tornado GR4 on display at 3429:Tornado GR1 on display at 3395:Tornado GR4 on display at 3385:Tornado GR1 on display in 3363:Tornado GR1 on display at 3337:Tornado F2T on display at 3280:Tornado IDS on display at 3191:Tornado IDS gate guard at 3181:Tornado IDS on display at 3146:Tornado IDS gate guard at 3136:Tornado IDS on display at 3062:Tornado IDS on display at 3052:Tornado IDS on display at 2977:Tornado IDS on display at 2956:Tornado GR4 on display at 2710: 2680: 2632:Empire Test Pilot's School 2483:anti-ship missile and the 1782:2010 Afghanistan elections 1167: 1119:Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet 759: 694:capability for Australia. 596:Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm 445: 361: 345: 225:multi-role combat aircraft 12228: 12157: 12096: 11951: 11861: 11840: 11814: 11783: 11701: 11655: 11624: 11208:London: Routledge, 1996. 11037:Aircraft Display Systems. 10947:Haglund, David G (1989). 10858:Air War in The Gulf 1991. 10829:London: Routledge, 2002. 10754:London: Routledge, 2000. 10460:ulsteraviationsociety.org 10253:@DefAcUK (5 April 2019). 10046:. Flypast. 9 January 2019 8438:Taylor 2001, pp. 189–190. 8309:. London. 14 March 2019. 8094:30 September 2014 at the 7704:22 September 2007 at the 6681:GDC (12 September 2021). 6421:World Socialist Web Site, 6071:December 2011, pp. 72–74. 6046:10.2478/s13531-012-0033-1 5941:18 September 2008 at the 5919:Tornado GR4: An Overview 5845:18 September 2011 at the 5656:UK Government Web Archive 4825:22 September 2008 at the 4714:Pratt 2000, pp. 199, 236. 4511:Haglund 1989, pp. 52, 56. 3967:aerial reconnaissance pod 3559:Tornado F3 on display at 3527:, East Fortune, Scotland. 3525:National Museum of Flight 3523:Tornado F3 on display at 3513:Tornado F3 on display at 3497:, Tyne and Wear, England. 3138:Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base 2701:inflight refuelling probe 2211:No. XV (Reserve) Squadron 2164:, Germany and later from 2139:Operation Provide Comfort 1502:demonstration during the 1296:Global Positioning System 1163: 985:German Air Force Tornado 861:navigator/weapons officer 705: 587:during the landing roll. 417:Multi Role Aircraft (MRA) 200: 192: 184: 176: 168: 163: 133: 101: 93: 81: 73: 59: 54: 39: 34: 11815:Alenia Aermacchi designs 11572:German IDS Tornado 44+97 11557:Tornado (BAe) on Fas.org 11552:Panavia Managing Tornado 9510:TradGemJaboG 34 "Allgäu" 9120:Tornado ADV Aeroguide 21 9118:Chesneau, Roger (1988). 9023:"Nations – Saudi Arabia" 7934:22 December 2010 at the 7868:12 November 2014 at the 7484:"Tornado GR4 (equipped)" 6780:Volume 32, pp. 129, 132. 6574:"Historischer Rückblick" 6262:Volume 32, pp. 128, 130. 6236:Taylor 1975–1976, p. 71. 5605:Jane's Information Group 5523:Norton-Taylor, Richard. 5353:23 November 2011 at the 5167:Aeroguide 21 1988, p. 2. 5122:Aeroguide 21 1988, p. 6. 5065:Frédriksen 2001, p. 255. 5027:Lake 2002, pp. 446, 455. 4483:Black, Ian (July 2014). 4410:Haglund 1989, pp. 47–48. 4159: 4068:Future Combat Air System 4001:BOZ counter-measures pod 3937:tactical nuclear weapons 3507:, Lincolnshire, England. 3282:King Abdul-Aziz Air Base 3267:of the German Air Force. 3244:Italian Air Force Museum 3017:Estonian Aviation Museum 2958:Aviation Heritage Museum 2436:King Abdul Aziz Air Base 2135:Operation Southern Watch 2059:attacks and specialised 2011:in October 1986 between 1759:Italian Air Force Museum 1276:forward looking infrared 1243:Main Engine Control Unit 989:, electronic warfare pod 923:, as it is designed for 354:Artist's concept of the 147:194, Panavia Tornado ADV 144:745, Panavia Tornado IDS 11503:Jane's Aviation Review. 11378:"World Air Forces 2003" 11106:World Air Power Journal 11091:World Air Power Journal 10842:World Air Power Journal 10625:Richardson 1986, p. 31. 10552:Holloman Air Force Base 9409:Trierischer Volksfreund 9047:. Panavia Aircraft GmbH 9025:. Panavia Aircraft GmbH 9003:. Panavia Aircraft GmbH 8981:. Panavia Aircraft GmbH 8959:. Panavia Aircraft GmbH 8932:"World Air Forces 2018" 8907:. Panavia Aircraft GmbH 8734:World Air Power Journal 8721:World Air Power Journal 8531:Cordesman 2007, p. 214. 8522:Cordesman 2007, p. 210. 7606:Szejnmann 2009, p. 223. 7597:Szejnmann 2009, p. 217. 7473:Napier 2017, pp. 64–65. 7410:Napier 2017, pp. 33–34. 7379:Aviation Safety Network 7279:. Panavia Aircraft GmbH 6949:"Vigna di Valle, Italy" 6869:5 November 2012 at the 6778:World Air Power Journal 6756:World Air Power Journal 6458:NATO ISAF Press Release 6453:10 October 2017 at the 6273:World Air Power Journal 6260:World Air Power Journal 6247:World Air Power Journal 5961:Volume 30, pp. 119–120. 5959:World Air Power Journal 5865:. Diehl. Archived from 5677:25 January 2012 at the 5654:26 October 2012 at the 5560:8 February 1986, p. 46. 5555:"World Missile Forces." 5426:27 October 2008 at the 5411:Cordesman 2003, p. 298. 5307:Richardson 1991, p. 27. 5298:15 August 1981, p. 506. 5140:Richardson 1986, p. 18. 5088:Eagles 1991, pp. 88–91. 5049:Scutts 2000, pp. 53–55. 4804:"Al Yamamah Contracts." 4730:. Panavia Aircraft GmbH 4292:2 November 2012 at the 3830:for self-defence (GR.4) 3641:General characteristics 3598:Holloman Air Force Base 2459:Operation Desert Shield 2308:Islamic State militants 2082:aircraft equipped with 1920:on 1 September 1983 at 1816:Ahmad al-Jaber Air Base 1570:Holloman Air Force Base 1484:Jagdbombergeschwader 31 1443:'s campaign during the 1011:anti-radiation missiles 855:The Tornado features a 794:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 419:, later renamed as the 382:General Dynamics F-111K 153:51, Panavia Tornado ECR 11445:Zenith Imprint, 2001. 11076:Great Book of Bombers. 10810:Cordesman, Anthony H. 10795:Cordesman, Anthony H. 10128:Royal Air Force Museum 9456:"Koln – Bonn, Germany" 9280:Flugausstellung Museum 8957:"Operations – Germany" 7244:Royal Air Force Museum 6789:Wertheim 2007, p. 242. 5621:Eugene Register-Guard, 5585:Evans 1999, pp. 98–99. 5395:Evans 1999, pp. 66–68. 5338:Evans 1999, pp. 97–99. 5185:Jarrett 2005, pp. 3–4. 4705:Pratt 2000, pp. 10–11. 3860:anti-radiation missile 3838:air-to-surface missile 3624: 2734: 2512:Operation Desert Storm 2488:anti-radiation missile 2418: 2354: 2280: 2218: 2125: 2120:Squadrons lined up at 2005:diamond nine formation 1988: 1950:surface-to-air missile 1854: 1777: 1747:Operation Allied Force 1722: 1634: 1625:A German Navy Tornado 1561:"Immelmann" in Jagel, 1518: 1495: 1488:Eielson Air Force Base 1456:Operation Allied Force 1411: 1361: 1265: 1209: 1055: 990: 977:Armament and equipment 907: 877:multi-function display 852: 844: 771: 720: 632: 568: 545:at supersonic speeds. 525:Prototypes and testing 465: 400:with Boeing then with 370:variable-geometry wing 359: 329:, in Libya during the 313:, and RSAF during the 259:(air defence variant) 11578:subsidiary Flugwerft 11501:Taylor, Michael J.H. 11486:Taylor, Michael J.H. 11278:"Paris: Biggest Ever" 11262:Olsen, John Andreas. 11152:Lawrence, Richard R. 11119:Lambeth, Benjamin S. 10303:"RAF Marham, Norfolk" 10092:"Knutsford, Cheshire" 9763:"PANAVIA TORNADO ADV" 9213:www.militarymuseum.bg 9067:"Panavia Tornado IDS" 8560:February 2008, p. 19. 8021:Flight International, 7955:Flight International, 7801:"The Patriot Flawed." 6348:Lambeth 2001, p. 103. 6087:December 2011, p. 74. 5993:Flight International, 5974:Flight International, 5793:20 March 2012 at the 5762:20 March 2012 at the 5558:Flight International, 5487:Flight International, 5296:Flight International, 5011:24 March 2012 at the 4966:Flight International, 4917:Flight International, 4542:Ludington Daily News, 4376:St. Petersburg Times, 4032:United Kingdom portal 3622: 3367:, Elvington, England. 3351:, Wiltshire, England. 3331:, Elvington, England. 2813:Royal Saudi Air Force 2720: 2423:Royal Saudi Air Force 2408: 2401:Royal Saudi Air Force 2394:Storm Shadow missiles 2377:graduation parade at 2348: 2270: 2204: 2192:2003 invasion of Iraq 2104:Tornado GR1s of Nos. 2103: 2007:. The outcome of the 1970: 1840: 1786:AMX International AMX 1771: 1716: 1624: 1516: 1477: 1401: 1359: 1251: 1245:) also known as CUE. 1214:variable intake ramps 1204: 1042: 984: 905: 850: 842: 769: 760:Further information: 718: 678:. In the 1990s, both 626: 558: 463: 448:Panavia Aircraft GmbH 442:Panavia Aircraft GmbH 388:strategic bomber and 362:Further information: 353: 331:2011 Libyan civil war 292:Royal Saudi Air Force 282:of West Germany, and 268:Panavia Aircraft GmbH 118:Royal Saudi Air Force 88:Panavia Aircraft GmbH 11941:Italian Armed Forces 11522:Flight International 11382:Flight International 11283:Flight International 11008:The Birth of Tornado 10991:Cockpit Engineering. 10969:Flight International 10920:Frédriksen, John C. 10902:Evans, Andy (1999). 10690:www.flugzeuginfo.net 9978:Yorkshire Air Museum 9506:"Flugzuge / Technik" 9481:"Memmingen, Germany" 9431:"Norvenich, Germany" 9380:"Wengerohr, Germany" 9001:"Operations – Italy" 8885:Haglund 1989, p. 70. 8850:, March 2003, p. 32. 7830:15 June 2012 at the 6580:on 21 December 2012. 6526:Flight International 6515:, 28 September 2010. 6181:on 13 September 2022 5923:March 2002 pp. 26–27 5637:nuclear-weapons.info 5507:15 June 2012 at the 5451:5 April 2011 at the 5040:October 2008, p. 56. 4937:Martin 1996, p. 253. 4616:Talbot, Ted (2013). 4523:Segell 1997, p. 125. 4464:Haglund 1989, p. 49. 4446:Haglund 1989, p. 48. 4360:23 May 1968, p. 798. 4358:Flight international 4348:1 June 1967, p. 896. 4346:Flight International 4297:Wall Street Journal, 4277:Segell 1997, p. 124. 4189:MBB was acquired by 4174:German reunification 4097:Dassault Mirage 2000 3389:, Cheshire, England. 3365:Yorkshire Air Museum 3329:Yorkshire Air Museum 3108:Cologne Bonn Airport 2788:Aeronautica Militare 2293:no-fly zone in Libya 2186:The GR4 was used in 2150:Operation Desert Fox 2141:over Northern Iraq. 1946:Quick Reaction Alert 1703:Aeronautica Militare 1691:Aeronautica Militare 1583:Ursula von der Leyen 1555:Rhineland-Palatinate 1478:A Luftwaffe Tornado 1330:laser designator pod 1290:) capabilities, new 1288:night vision devices 1278:, a wide-angle HUD ( 1015:anti-personnel mines 770:Deployed swing wings 667:Dassault Mirage IIIs 656:Al-Yamamah arms deal 261:interceptor aircraft 11471:Taylor, John W. R. 10883:Ellis, Ken (2014). 10554:. 19 September 2014 10506:Panavia Tornado GR1 10435:eurodemobbed.org.uk 10358:eurodemobbed.org.uk 10307:eurodemobbed.org.uk 10023:eurodemobbed.org.uk 9998:eurodemobbed.org.uk 9953:on 26 February 2022 9742:eurodemobbed.org.uk 9717:eurodemobbed.org.uk 9692:eurodemobbed.org.uk 9667:eurodemobbed.org.uk 9643:on 28 December 2018 9612:eurodemobbed.org.uk 9587:eurodemobbed.org.uk 9540:eurodemobbed.org.uk 9485:eurodemobbed.org.uk 9460:eurodemobbed.org.uk 9435:eurodemobbed.org.uk 9384:eurodemobbed.org.uk 9359:eurodemobbed.org.uk 9334:eurodemobbed.org.uk 9309:eurodemobbed.org.uk 9243:eurodemobbed.org.uk 9188:eurodemobbed.org.uk 8905:"Nations – Germany" 8894:Eagles 1991, p. 88. 8676:. 16 February 2020. 8592:The Daily Telegraph 8375:Eastern Daily Press 8336:on 26 February 2022 8070:. 27 September 2014 7680:, 23 December 1998. 7664:, 31 December 1998. 7581:6 June 2011 at the 7464:Napier 2017, p. 68. 7455:Napier 2017, p. 57. 7446:Napier 2017, p. 51. 7437:Napier 2017, p. 48. 7428:Napier 2017, p. 47. 7419:Napier 2017, p. 44. 7401:Napier 2017, p. 34. 7332:Napier 2017, p. 23. 7323:Napier 2017, p. 20. 6953:eurodemobbed.org.uk 6885:Peters 2001, p. 19. 6687:Global Defense Corp 6357:Peters 2001, p. 21. 5971:"Tornado forecast." 5659:Ministry of Defence 5470:Laming 1996, p. 97. 5446:"Tornado GR4/GR4A." 5291:Whitaker, Richard. 5243:Pratt 2000, p. 236. 5131:Scutts 2000, p. 54. 4793:11 July 1984, p. 6. 4780:Taylor 1987, p. 58. 4766:"TTTEnd of an era." 4753:The New York Times, 4571:The New York Times, 4392:Scutts 2000, p. 53. 4308:Willox 2002, p. 11. 4107:Grumman F-14 Tomcat 4085:Panavia Tornado ADV 4079:Related development 3828:air-to-air missiles 3477:, Norfolk, England. 3443:, Duxford, England. 3441:Imperial War Museum 3433:, Duxford, England. 3431:Imperial War Museum 3160:Tornado IDS of the 3140:, Fürstenfeldbruck. 2851:Aircraft on display 2683:Panavia Tornado ADV 2644:Ministry of Defence 2606:Blackburn Buccaneer 2521:On 7 January 2018, 2322:in northwest Iraq. 2080:Blackburn Buccaneer 1930:Blackburn Buccaneer 1887:No. IX (B) Squadron 1689:Italian Air Force ( 1671:anti-radar missiles 1385:Operational history 1339:Eurofighter Typhoon 1193:supersonic airliner 1185:technology transfer 1127:Eurofighter Typhoon 1099:beyond visual range 1095:air-to-air missiles 1052:KC-135 Stratotanker 954:their own targets. 786:Grumman F-14 Tomcat 762:variable-sweep wing 756:Variable-sweep wing 390:Blackburn Buccaneer 243:, the Tornado ECR ( 231:: the Tornado IDS ( 222:variable-sweep wing 205:Panavia Tornado ADV 55:General information 49:Tornado GR4 in 2012 11772:Alenia Aeronautica 11346:High Tech Warfare. 11344:Richardson, Doug. 11329:Richardson, Doug. 11189:Lowry, Richard S. 11031:on 5 January 2011. 10780:Clark, Richard B. 10714:on 24 October 2020 10395:Ellis 2014, p. 309 10386:Ellis 2014, p. 153 10377:Ellis 2014, p. 138 10283:. 25 February 2019 10115:Ellis 2014, p. 274 9897:. 25 November 2016 8820:April 2008, p. 28. 8807:April 2008, p. 24. 8794:Evans 1999, p. 97. 8736:Volume 33, p. 105. 8723:Volume 30, p. 117. 8558:AirForces Monthly, 8229:. 5 February 2019. 8127:. 3 December 2015. 7941:, 19 October 2010. 7919:, 15 October 2010. 7689:Olsen 2011, p. 57. 7657:Marshall, Andrew. 7624:Olsen 2011, p. 54. 7615:Lowry 2008, p. 37. 7566:Clark 1993, p. 30. 7530:Clark 1993, p. 10. 7355:on 9 November 2012 7016:AirForces Monthly, 7005:20 September 2010. 6974:AirForces Monthly, 6920:, 1 February 2001. 6876:, 20 January 1991. 6828:AirForces Monthly, 6767:Evans 1999, p. 94. 6758:Volume 32, p. 132. 6552:AirForces Monthly, 6285:Werkhäuser, Nina. 6275:Volume 32, p. 129. 6249:Volume 32, p. 128. 5995:18 September 2007. 5670:Chalmers, Malcolm 5607:, 27 October 2011. 5600:9 May 2012 at the 5573:April 2008, p. 25. 5530:26 September 2009. 5514:, 3 December 2009. 5376:9 May 2012 at the 5322:9 May 2012 at the 5200:8 May 2011 at the 5176:Jukes 2004, p. 48. 5149:Lake 2002, p. 446. 5038:AirForces Monthly, 4537:Long, Wellington. 3625: 3590:, Tucson, Arizona. 3517:, Hendon, England. 3487:, Angus, Scotland. 3413:, Hendon, England. 3397:Midland Air Museum 3309:RAF Museum Cosford 3148:Schleswig Air Base 2735: 2479:By 2007, both the 2419: 2355: 2281: 2219: 2166:Solenzara Air Base 2126: 2042:in Bahrain and to 1989: 1938:SEPECAT Jaguar GR1 1855: 1778: 1731:Operazione Locusta 1723: 1635: 1563:Schleswig-Holstein 1519: 1500:anti-globalisation 1496: 1412: 1390:German Air Force ( 1362: 1334:GBU-24 Paveway III 1327:Rafael Litening II 1266: 1210: 1123:Saab JAS 39 Gripen 1067:bombs, and modern 1056: 1003:laser-guided bombs 991: 960:InfrarRed LineScan 908: 853: 845: 825:leading edge slats 772: 721: 692:electronic warfare 633: 573:Ministry of Supply 569: 466: 360: 64:Multirole aircraft 12289: 12288: 11907: 11906: 11784:Aeritalia designs 11734: 11733: 11413:978-1-84176-159-6 11324:Air International 11264:Global Air Power. 11257:Air International 11250:Air International 11244:978 1 47387 302 5 11234:Napier, Michael. 11204:Martin, Stephen. 11169:Air International 11162:978-0-7867-1119-2 11116:. ISSN 0959-7050. 11101:. ISSN 0959-7050. 11068:Air International 10852:. ISSN 0959-7050. 10765:Ball, Desmond J. 10580:. 11 January 2019 10523:"Museum Aircraft" 10485:The Northern Echo 10165:Ellis 2014, p. 23 9920:"Panavia Tornado" 9895:aviationmuseum.eu 9663:"Cochem, Germany" 9330:"Buchel, Germany" 8979:"Nations – Italy" 8847:AirForces Monthly 8818:Air International 8805:Air International 8644:. 7 January 2018. 8573:Associated Press, 8547:19 February 2010. 8052:. 12 August 2014. 7976:. Shephard Media. 7891:, 11 August 2010. 7851:flightglobal.com, 7648:18 December 1998. 7548:Lowry 2008, p. 8. 7512:. Royal Air Force 7239:Simpson, Andrew. 6989:June 2007, p. 27. 6987:Air International 6932:AirForces Monthly 6874:Los Angeles Times 6842:AirForces Monthly 6598:on 14 April 2016. 6539:Air International 6484:Matussek, Karin. 6314:2 September 1995. 6218:. pocket-lint.com 6130:. 18 January 2016 6085:Air International 6069:Air International 5976:10 December 1999. 5921:AirForces Monthly 5869:on 9 January 2015 5850:turbounion.co.uk. 5798:turbounion.co.uk, 5767:turbounion.co.uk. 5616:Middleton, Drew. 5571:Air International 5545:10 February 2003. 5104:June 2007, p. 29. 5102:Air International 4968:20 February 2001. 4904:Ball 1979, p. 19. 4769:airsceneuk.org.uk 4748:Middleton, Drew. 4624:. History Press. 4603:The White Tornado 4498:978-0-85733-247-9 4489:Haynes Publishing 4423:Sarasota Journal, 3700:Turbo-Union RB199 3547:, Fife, Scotland. 3246:, Vigna di Valle. 2651:Tornado GR1A/GR4A 2534:close air support 2409:RSAF Tornado IDS 2275:over Iraq during 2262:F-35 Lightning II 2242:Kandahar Airfield 2040:Muharraq Airfield 2017:Mikhail Gorbachev 1901:on 1 January and 1664:cluster munitions 1657:anti-ship missile 1595:B61 nuclear bombs 1574:TaktAusbKdoLw USA 1348:In January 2016, 1170:Turbo-Union RB199 1158:B61 nuclear bombs 1146:nuclear deterrent 1101:AAMs such as the 1054:in September 1997 1034:aerial refuelling 916:terrain-following 865:electromechanical 700:AirForces Monthly 669:; ultimately the 436:Dassault Mirage 5 406:Republic Aviation 394:BAC/Dassault AFVG 364:BAC/Dassault AFVG 311:Italian Air Force 272:British Aerospace 255:aircraft and the 245:electronic combat 210: 209: 177:Introduction date 113:Italian Air Force 16:(Redirected from 12344: 11934: 11927: 11920: 11911: 11910: 11776:Alenia Aermacchi 11761: 11754: 11747: 11738: 11737: 11610: 11603: 11596: 11587: 11586: 11576:Deutsches Museum 11528:Wertheim, Eric. 11438: 11417: 11304:Peters, John E. 11174:Lorell, Mark A. 11035:Jukes, Malcolm. 11032: 11030: 11024:. Archived from 11013: 10964: 10917: 10898: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10719: 10710:. Archived from 10708:sites.google.com 10700: 10694: 10693: 10682: 10676: 10675: 10673: 10671: 10665:aerospaceweb.org 10657: 10651: 10650: 10648: 10646: 10632: 10626: 10623: 10617: 10616: 10614: 10612: 10596: 10590: 10589: 10587: 10585: 10574:"Tornado Alert!" 10570: 10564: 10563: 10561: 10559: 10544: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10533: 10519: 10513: 10503: 10497: 10496: 10494: 10492: 10477: 10471: 10470: 10468: 10466: 10452: 10446: 10445: 10443: 10441: 10427: 10421: 10420: 10418: 10416: 10402: 10396: 10393: 10387: 10384: 10378: 10375: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10350: 10344: 10343: 10341: 10339: 10324: 10318: 10317: 10315: 10313: 10299: 10293: 10292: 10290: 10288: 10273: 10267: 10266: 10250: 10244: 10243: 10241: 10239: 10225: 10219: 10218: 10216: 10214: 10198: 10192: 10191: 10189: 10187: 10172: 10166: 10163: 10157: 10156: 10154: 10152: 10137: 10131: 10122: 10116: 10113: 10107: 10106: 10104: 10102: 10088: 10082: 10081: 10079: 10077: 10062: 10056: 10055: 10053: 10051: 10040: 10034: 10033: 10031: 10029: 10015: 10009: 10008: 10006: 10004: 9990: 9981: 9972: 9963: 9962: 9960: 9958: 9952: 9941: 9935: 9934: 9932: 9930: 9916: 9907: 9906: 9904: 9902: 9887: 9881: 9880: 9878: 9876: 9861: 9855: 9854: 9852: 9850: 9841:. Archived from 9831: 9825: 9824: 9822: 9820: 9806: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9781: 9775: 9774: 9772: 9770: 9759: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9748: 9734: 9728: 9727: 9725: 9723: 9709: 9703: 9702: 9700: 9698: 9684: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9673: 9659: 9653: 9652: 9650: 9648: 9639:. Archived from 9637:Deutsches Museum 9629: 9623: 9622: 9620: 9618: 9604: 9598: 9597: 9595: 9593: 9579: 9573: 9572: 9570: 9568: 9557: 9551: 9550: 9548: 9546: 9532: 9526: 9525: 9523: 9521: 9502: 9496: 9495: 9493: 9491: 9477: 9471: 9470: 9468: 9466: 9452: 9446: 9445: 9443: 9441: 9427: 9421: 9420: 9418: 9416: 9401: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9390: 9376: 9370: 9369: 9367: 9365: 9351: 9345: 9344: 9342: 9340: 9326: 9320: 9319: 9317: 9315: 9301: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9287: 9272: 9266: 9260: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9249: 9235: 9229: 9228: 9226: 9224: 9215:. Archived from 9209:"NMMH – Outside" 9205: 9199: 9198: 9196: 9194: 9180: 9174: 9173: 9171: 9169: 9154: 9148: 9147: 9140: 9134: 9133: 9115: 9109: 9108: 9106: 9104: 9089: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9078: 9063: 9057: 9056: 9054: 9052: 9041: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9030: 9019: 9013: 9012: 9010: 9008: 8997: 8991: 8990: 8988: 8986: 8975: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8964: 8953: 8947: 8946: 8944: 8942: 8936:Flightglobal.com 8928: 8917: 8916: 8914: 8912: 8901: 8895: 8892: 8886: 8883: 8877: 8876: 8874: 8872: 8867:on 14 March 2008 8857: 8851: 8842: 8836: 8833:Royal Air Force, 8827: 8821: 8814: 8808: 8801: 8795: 8792: 8786: 8785: 8768: 8762: 8761: 8759: 8757: 8743: 8737: 8730: 8724: 8717: 8711: 8710: 8699: 8693: 8692: 8684: 8678: 8677: 8666: 8660: 8659: 8652: 8646: 8645: 8632: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8621: 8606: 8600: 8599: 8589: 8582: 8576: 8575:5 November 2009. 8567: 8561: 8554: 8548: 8540:Chuter, Andrew. 8538: 8532: 8529: 8523: 8520: 8511: 8508: 8502: 8495: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8470: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8459: 8445: 8439: 8436: 8430: 8429: 8427: 8425: 8411: 8405: 8404: 8402: 8400: 8385: 8379: 8378: 8366: 8360: 8359: 8352: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8341: 8335: 8324: 8315: 8314: 8304: 8297: 8291: 8290: 8283: 8277: 8276: 8269: 8263: 8262: 8255: 8249: 8248: 8237: 8231: 8230: 8219: 8213: 8212: 8204: 8198: 8197: 8195: 8193: 8182: 8176: 8175: 8168: 8162: 8161: 8150: 8144: 8143:, 14 April 2018. 8135: 8129: 8128: 8117: 8111: 8105: 8099: 8086: 8080: 8079: 8077: 8075: 8060: 8054: 8053: 8042: 8036: 8030: 8024: 8014: 8008: 8007:, 20 March 2011. 7999: 7993: 7992:, 18 April 2011. 7984: 7978: 7977: 7969: 7958: 7948: 7942: 7926: 7920: 7910: 7904: 7898: 7892: 7884:McVeigh, Karen. 7882: 7876: 7860: 7854: 7844: 7838: 7822: 7816: 7813: 7807: 7806:5 December 2007. 7799:Leung, Rebecca. 7797: 7791: 7781: 7775: 7767:Smith, Michael. 7765: 7759: 7758:, 23 March 2003. 7750: 7744: 7736:Evans, Michael. 7734: 7728: 7727:, 21 March 2003. 7720:Payne, Stewart. 7718: 7712: 7696: 7690: 7687: 7681: 7673:Davidson, John. 7671: 7665: 7655: 7649: 7640: 7634: 7631: 7625: 7622: 7616: 7613: 7607: 7604: 7598: 7595: 7589: 7573: 7567: 7564: 7558: 7555: 7549: 7546: 7540: 7537: 7531: 7528: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7517: 7501: 7492: 7491: 7490:on 21 July 2017. 7480: 7474: 7471: 7465: 7462: 7456: 7453: 7447: 7444: 7438: 7435: 7429: 7426: 7420: 7417: 7411: 7408: 7402: 7399: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7371: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7354: 7347: 7339: 7333: 7330: 7324: 7321: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7295: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7273: 7262: 7261: 7253: 7247: 7237: 7228: 7227: 7226:. Flight Global. 7219: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7208: 7193: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7177:. 4 October 2018 7167: 7161: 7155: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7144: 7134: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7123: 7118:. 19 August 2014 7108: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7097: 7082: 7076: 7066: 7060: 7051: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7033:Leonardo Company 7025: 7019: 7012: 7006: 6996: 6990: 6983: 6977: 6970: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6945: 6936: 6935: 6927: 6921: 6918:ANSA News Agency 6914: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6892: 6886: 6883: 6877: 6861: 6855: 6852: 6846: 6837: 6831: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6807: 6799: 6790: 6787: 6781: 6774: 6768: 6765: 6759: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6726: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6647: 6641: 6640: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6588: 6582: 6581: 6570: 6564: 6561: 6555: 6548: 6542: 6541:May 2006, p. 51. 6535: 6529: 6522: 6516: 6507: 6501: 6498: 6492: 6482: 6476: 6467: 6461: 6445: 6439: 6430: 6424: 6414: 6408: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6373: 6367: 6364: 6358: 6355: 6349: 6346: 6340: 6330: 6324: 6321: 6315: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6282: 6276: 6269: 6263: 6256: 6250: 6243: 6237: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6177:. Archived from 6171: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6094: 6088: 6081: 6072: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6048: 6024: 6018: 6017: 6016:. Flight Global. 6009: 5996: 5986: 5977: 5968: 5962: 5955: 5949: 5948:17 October 2001. 5933: 5924: 5917: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5900: 5893: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5859: 5853: 5837: 5828: 5825: 5819: 5816: 5810: 5807: 5801: 5785: 5779: 5776: 5770: 5754: 5748: 5745: 5739: 5736: 5730: 5727: 5721: 5718: 5712: 5709: 5703: 5700: 5694: 5691: 5685: 5668: 5662: 5646: 5640: 5632:Burnell, Brian. 5630: 5624: 5623:11 October 1979. 5614: 5608: 5592: 5586: 5583: 5574: 5567: 5561: 5552: 5546: 5537: 5531: 5521: 5515: 5499: 5490: 5480: 5471: 5468: 5459: 5443: 5434: 5418: 5412: 5409: 5396: 5393: 5384: 5368: 5362: 5345: 5339: 5336: 5330: 5327:Jane's Avionics, 5314: 5308: 5305: 5299: 5289: 5283: 5280: 5274: 5271: 5262: 5259: 5253: 5250: 5244: 5241: 5235: 5232: 5226: 5223: 5217: 5214: 5208: 5207:9 February 2004. 5192: 5186: 5183: 5177: 5174: 5168: 5165: 5159: 5156: 5150: 5147: 5141: 5138: 5132: 5129: 5123: 5120: 5114: 5111: 5105: 5098: 5089: 5086: 5075: 5072: 5066: 5063: 5050: 5047: 5041: 5034: 5028: 5025: 5019: 5004:Bristol, Chris. 5002: 4996: 4987: 4981: 4978: 4969: 4960: 4954: 4951:The Independent, 4944: 4938: 4935: 4929: 4926: 4920: 4911: 4905: 4902: 4896: 4893: 4887: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4858: 4833: 4816: 4810: 4800: 4794: 4791:Financial Times, 4787: 4781: 4778: 4772: 4762: 4756: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4724: 4715: 4712: 4706: 4703: 4697: 4694: 4688: 4685: 4679: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4598: 4592: 4589: 4583: 4580: 4574: 4564: 4558: 4551: 4545: 4535: 4524: 4521: 4512: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4480: 4474: 4471: 4465: 4462: 4456: 4453: 4447: 4444: 4435: 4432: 4426: 4417: 4411: 4408: 4402: 4399: 4393: 4390: 4379: 4372: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4326: 4315: 4309: 4306: 4300: 4284: 4278: 4275: 4260: 4259: 4248: 4229: 4227: 4222: 4216: 4214: 4209: 4203: 4200: 4194: 4187: 4181: 4170: 4062: 4057: 4056: 4055: 4048: 4043: 4042: 4041: 4034: 4029: 4028: 4027: 3986:laser designator 3959: 3818:AIM-9 Sidewinder 3789: 3758:Service ceiling: 3710: 3643: 3545:Leuchars Station 3535:Hawarden Airport 3074:MTU Aero Engines 2940: 2929: 2918: 2907: 2896: 2885: 2874: 2863: 2833: 2831: 2830: 2821:Former operators 2803: 2801: 2800: 2778: 2776: 2775: 2745: 2743: 2742: 2731: 2725: 2580: 2569: 2558: 2371:Operation Shader 2291:would enforce a 2279:, September 2014 2277:Operation Shader 2178:Enhanced Paveway 2051:(1,000 lb) 2048:Dhahran Airfield 2032:Operation Granby 2009:Reykjavík Summit 1987:, September 1991 1985:RAF Brize Norton 1981:Operation Granby 1899:No. 617 Squadron 1539:Defence Minister 1486:taking off from 1424:German Air Force 1222:thrust reversers 1088:AIM-9 Sidewinder 1061:Enhanced Paveway 929:digital data bus 742:refuelling probe 729:nuclear ordnance 637:German Air Force 428:Michael Giddings 425:Air Vice-Marshal 402:Fairchild-Hiller 229:Tornado variants 152: 106:German Air Force 44: 32: 31: 21: 12352: 12351: 12347: 12346: 12345: 12343: 12342: 12341: 12302:Panavia Tornado 12292: 12291: 12290: 12285: 12224: 12153: 12092: 11947: 11938: 11908: 11903: 11857: 11836: 11810: 11779: 11765: 11735: 11730: 11703: 11697: 11651: 11620: 11614: 11580:Oberschleißheim 11548: 11543: 11435: 11414: 11028: 11022: 11011: 10961: 10914: 10904:Panavia Tornado 10895: 10894:9-780859-791779 10732: 10727: 10717: 10715: 10702: 10701: 10697: 10684: 10683: 10679: 10669: 10667: 10659: 10658: 10654: 10644: 10642: 10634: 10633: 10629: 10624: 10620: 10610: 10608: 10597: 10593: 10583: 10581: 10572: 10571: 10567: 10557: 10555: 10546: 10545: 10541: 10531: 10529: 10521: 10520: 10516: 10504: 10500: 10490: 10488: 10479: 10478: 10474: 10464: 10462: 10454: 10453: 10449: 10439: 10437: 10429: 10428: 10424: 10414: 10412: 10404: 10403: 10399: 10394: 10390: 10385: 10381: 10376: 10372: 10362: 10360: 10352: 10351: 10347: 10337: 10335: 10326: 10325: 10321: 10311: 10309: 10301: 10300: 10296: 10286: 10284: 10275: 10274: 10270: 10251: 10247: 10237: 10235: 10233:demobbed.org.uk 10227: 10226: 10222: 10212: 10210: 10199: 10195: 10185: 10183: 10182:. 14 April 2018 10174: 10173: 10169: 10164: 10160: 10150: 10148: 10145:Royal Air Force 10139: 10138: 10134: 10123: 10119: 10114: 10110: 10100: 10098: 10096:demobbed.org.uk 10090: 10089: 10085: 10075: 10073: 10072:. 26 April 2018 10064: 10063: 10059: 10049: 10047: 10042: 10041: 10037: 10027: 10025: 10017: 10016: 10012: 10002: 10000: 9992: 9991: 9984: 9973: 9966: 9956: 9954: 9943: 9942: 9938: 9928: 9926: 9924:demobbed.org.uk 9918: 9917: 9910: 9900: 9898: 9889: 9888: 9884: 9874: 9872: 9862: 9858: 9848: 9846: 9845:on 2 March 2018 9833: 9832: 9828: 9818: 9816: 9808: 9807: 9803: 9793: 9791: 9783: 9782: 9778: 9768: 9766: 9761: 9760: 9756: 9746: 9744: 9738:"Aviano, Italy" 9736: 9735: 9731: 9721: 9719: 9711: 9710: 9706: 9696: 9694: 9686: 9685: 9681: 9671: 9669: 9661: 9660: 9656: 9646: 9644: 9631: 9630: 9626: 9616: 9614: 9606: 9605: 9601: 9591: 9589: 9581: 9580: 9576: 9566: 9564: 9559: 9558: 9554: 9544: 9542: 9534: 9533: 9529: 9519: 9517: 9516:on 6 March 2019 9504: 9503: 9499: 9489: 9487: 9479: 9478: 9474: 9464: 9462: 9454: 9453: 9449: 9439: 9437: 9429: 9428: 9424: 9414: 9412: 9403: 9402: 9398: 9388: 9386: 9378: 9377: 9373: 9363: 9361: 9353: 9352: 9348: 9338: 9336: 9328: 9327: 9323: 9313: 9311: 9303: 9302: 9295: 9285: 9283: 9274: 9273: 9269: 9261: 9257: 9247: 9245: 9237: 9236: 9232: 9222: 9220: 9219:on 27 July 2017 9207: 9206: 9202: 9192: 9190: 9182: 9181: 9177: 9167: 9165: 9156: 9155: 9151: 9142: 9141: 9137: 9130: 9116: 9112: 9102: 9100: 9091: 9090: 9086: 9076: 9074: 9065: 9064: 9060: 9050: 9048: 9043: 9042: 9038: 9028: 9026: 9021: 9020: 9016: 9006: 9004: 8999: 8998: 8994: 8984: 8982: 8977: 8976: 8972: 8962: 8960: 8955: 8954: 8950: 8940: 8938: 8930: 8929: 8920: 8910: 8908: 8903: 8902: 8898: 8893: 8889: 8884: 8880: 8870: 8868: 8859: 8858: 8854: 8843: 8839: 8828: 8824: 8815: 8811: 8802: 8798: 8793: 8789: 8782: 8770: 8769: 8765: 8755: 8753: 8747:"Tornado ZA326" 8745: 8744: 8740: 8731: 8727: 8718: 8714: 8701: 8700: 8696: 8685: 8681: 8668: 8667: 8663: 8654: 8653: 8649: 8634: 8633: 8629: 8619: 8617: 8616:on 7 April 2019 8608: 8607: 8603: 8584: 8583: 8579: 8568: 8564: 8555: 8551: 8539: 8535: 8530: 8526: 8521: 8514: 8509: 8505: 8496: 8492: 8482: 8480: 8472: 8471: 8467: 8457: 8455: 8447: 8446: 8442: 8437: 8433: 8423: 8421: 8413: 8412: 8408: 8398: 8396: 8386: 8382: 8367: 8363: 8354: 8353: 8349: 8339: 8337: 8326: 8325: 8318: 8299: 8298: 8294: 8285: 8284: 8280: 8271: 8270: 8266: 8257: 8256: 8252: 8247:. 7 March 2019. 8239: 8238: 8234: 8221: 8220: 8216: 8205: 8201: 8191: 8189: 8184: 8183: 8179: 8170: 8169: 8165: 8160:. 10 July 2018. 8152: 8151: 8147: 8136: 8132: 8119: 8118: 8114: 8106: 8102: 8096:Wayback Machine 8087: 8083: 8073: 8071: 8068:The Independent 8062: 8061: 8057: 8044: 8043: 8039: 8031: 8027: 8015: 8011: 8000: 7996: 7985: 7981: 7970: 7961: 7949: 7945: 7936:Wayback Machine 7927: 7923: 7911: 7907: 7899: 7895: 7883: 7879: 7875:, 22 July 2009. 7870:Wayback Machine 7861: 7857: 7845: 7841: 7832:Wayback Machine 7823: 7819: 7814: 7810: 7798: 7794: 7783:Tweedie, Neil. 7782: 7778: 7766: 7762: 7751: 7747: 7735: 7731: 7719: 7715: 7711:, 30 June 2003. 7709:BAE Systems plc 7706:Wayback Machine 7697: 7693: 7688: 7684: 7678:The Independent 7672: 7668: 7662:The Independent 7656: 7652: 7641: 7637: 7632: 7628: 7623: 7619: 7614: 7610: 7605: 7601: 7596: 7592: 7586:Royal Air Force 7583:Wayback Machine 7574: 7570: 7565: 7561: 7556: 7552: 7547: 7543: 7538: 7534: 7529: 7525: 7515: 7513: 7502: 7495: 7482: 7481: 7477: 7472: 7468: 7463: 7459: 7454: 7450: 7445: 7441: 7436: 7432: 7427: 7423: 7418: 7414: 7409: 7405: 7400: 7393: 7383: 7381: 7373: 7372: 7368: 7358: 7356: 7352: 7345: 7341: 7340: 7336: 7331: 7327: 7322: 7318: 7308: 7306: 7297: 7296: 7292: 7282: 7280: 7275: 7274: 7265: 7258:Combat Aircraft 7254: 7250: 7238: 7231: 7220: 7216: 7206: 7204: 7194: 7190: 7180: 7178: 7169: 7168: 7164: 7156: 7152: 7142: 7140: 7136: 7135: 7131: 7121: 7119: 7110: 7109: 7105: 7095: 7093: 7092:on 28 July 2012 7084: 7083: 7079: 7068:Coughlin, Con. 7067: 7063: 7052: 7048: 7038: 7036: 7027: 7026: 7022: 7013: 7009: 6997: 6993: 6984: 6980: 6971: 6967: 6957: 6955: 6947: 6946: 6939: 6929: 6928: 6924: 6915: 6911: 6901: 6899: 6894: 6893: 6889: 6884: 6880: 6871:Wayback Machine 6862: 6858: 6853: 6849: 6838: 6834: 6825: 6821: 6811: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6800: 6793: 6788: 6784: 6775: 6771: 6766: 6762: 6753: 6749: 6739: 6737: 6736:. 14 March 2022 6728: 6727: 6723: 6713: 6711: 6706: 6705: 6701: 6691: 6689: 6679: 6675: 6665: 6663: 6648: 6644: 6629: 6625: 6615: 6613: 6608: 6607: 6603: 6590: 6589: 6585: 6572: 6571: 6567: 6562: 6558: 6549: 6545: 6536: 6532: 6523: 6519: 6513:defencetalk.com 6508: 6504: 6499: 6495: 6483: 6479: 6473:Spiegel Online, 6468: 6464: 6455:Wayback Machine 6446: 6442: 6431: 6427: 6415: 6411: 6400: 6396: 6386: 6384: 6375: 6374: 6370: 6365: 6361: 6356: 6352: 6347: 6343: 6337:New York Times, 6331: 6327: 6322: 6318: 6312:St. Louis Post, 6309: 6305: 6295: 6293: 6283: 6279: 6270: 6266: 6257: 6253: 6244: 6240: 6235: 6231: 6221: 6219: 6212: 6208: 6199: 6198: 6194: 6184: 6182: 6173: 6172: 6168: 6158: 6156: 6148: 6147: 6143: 6133: 6131: 6122: 6121: 6117: 6107: 6105: 6095: 6091: 6082: 6075: 6066: 6062: 6025: 6021: 6010: 5999: 5987: 5980: 5969: 5965: 5956: 5952: 5943:Wayback Machine 5934: 5927: 5918: 5914: 5904: 5902: 5901:on 4 March 2016 5898: 5891: 5887: 5886: 5882: 5872: 5870: 5861: 5860: 5856: 5847:Wayback Machine 5838: 5831: 5826: 5822: 5817: 5813: 5808: 5804: 5795:Wayback Machine 5786: 5782: 5777: 5773: 5764:Wayback Machine 5755: 5751: 5746: 5742: 5737: 5733: 5728: 5724: 5719: 5715: 5710: 5706: 5701: 5697: 5692: 5688: 5679:Wayback Machine 5669: 5665: 5647: 5643: 5631: 5627: 5615: 5611: 5602:Wayback Machine 5593: 5589: 5584: 5577: 5568: 5564: 5553: 5549: 5538: 5534: 5522: 5518: 5509:Wayback Machine 5500: 5493: 5481: 5474: 5469: 5462: 5456:Royal Air Force 5453:Wayback Machine 5444: 5437: 5431:Royal Air Force 5428:Wayback Machine 5419: 5415: 5410: 5399: 5394: 5387: 5378:Wayback Machine 5369: 5365: 5359:Royal Air Force 5355:Wayback Machine 5346: 5342: 5337: 5333: 5324:Wayback Machine 5315: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5290: 5286: 5281: 5277: 5272: 5265: 5260: 5256: 5251: 5247: 5242: 5238: 5233: 5229: 5224: 5220: 5215: 5211: 5202:Wayback Machine 5193: 5189: 5184: 5180: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5153: 5148: 5144: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5126: 5121: 5117: 5112: 5108: 5099: 5092: 5087: 5078: 5073: 5069: 5064: 5053: 5048: 5044: 5035: 5031: 5026: 5022: 5013:Wayback Machine 5003: 4999: 4988: 4984: 4979: 4972: 4961: 4957: 4945: 4941: 4936: 4932: 4927: 4923: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4894: 4890: 4885: 4881: 4871: 4869: 4859: 4836: 4830:Financial Times 4827:Wayback Machine 4817: 4813: 4801: 4797: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4775: 4764:Parsons, Gary. 4763: 4759: 4747: 4743: 4733: 4731: 4726: 4725: 4718: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4695: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4668: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4643: 4639: 4632: 4614: 4610: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4577: 4565: 4561: 4552: 4548: 4544:24 August 1976. 4536: 4527: 4522: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4499: 4481: 4477: 4472: 4468: 4463: 4459: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4418: 4414: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4396: 4391: 4382: 4373: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4316: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4294:Wayback Machine 4285: 4281: 4276: 4263: 4250: 4249: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4232: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4197: 4188: 4184: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4060:Aviation portal 4058: 4053: 4051: 4044: 4039: 4037: 4030: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4015: 4009: 4007:Popular culture 3976:targeting pod; 3960: 3955: 3869: 3813: 3790: 3785: 3706: 3666:Swept wingspan: 3639: 3617: 3421:RAF Lossiemouth 3230:Aviano Air Base 3210:Cameri Air Base 3193:Büchel Air Base 3173:Oberschleißheim 3150:in Jagel, near 3064:Büchel Air Base 2945: 2944: 2943: 2942: 2941: 2932: 2931: 2930: 2921: 2920: 2919: 2910: 2909: 2908: 2899: 2898: 2897: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2877: 2876: 2875: 2866: 2865: 2864: 2853: 2843:Royal Air Force 2828: 2826: 2823: 2798: 2796: 2773: 2771: 2740: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2709: 2697:AI.24 Foxhunter 2685: 2679: 2662: 2610:RAF Lossiemouth 2585: 2584: 2583: 2582: 2581: 2572: 2571: 2570: 2561: 2560: 2559: 2548: 2543: 2523:Houthi fighters 2508:Shia insurgency 2403: 2336:chemical attack 2227:Patriot missile 2215:Operation Telic 2188:Operation Telic 2174:AGM-65 Maverick 2069:Tallil Air Base 2025:chaff and flare 1977:No. 20 Squadron 1952:(SAM) sites in 1903:No. 27 Squadron 1847:No. 27 Squadron 1835: 1833:Royal Air Force 1735:Gioia del Colle 1695: 1666:, and later by 1619: 1607:nuclear sharing 1551:Büchel Air Base 1396: 1387: 1286:displays, NVG ( 1280:head-up display 1271: 1172: 1166: 1134:nuclear weapons 1114:revolver cannon 1069:cruise missiles 979: 952:laser-designate 921:AI.24 Foxhunter 893:artificial feel 869:electro-optical 837: 829:thrust reverser 807:is lowered and 764: 758: 713: 708: 621: 585:thrust reverser 565:RAE Farnborough 527: 519:Panavia Panther 450: 444: 366: 348: 343: 307:Royal Air Force 216:is a family of 214:Panavia Tornado 159: 156: 150: 129: 128: 123:Royal Air Force 74:National origin 68:strike aircraft 50: 35:Tornado IDS/ECR 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12350: 12340: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12287: 12286: 12284: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12238: 12232: 12230: 12226: 12225: 12223: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12161: 12159: 12155: 12154: 12152: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12100: 12098: 12094: 12093: 12091: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11966: 11961: 11955: 11953: 11949: 11948: 11946:, 2009–present 11937: 11936: 11929: 11922: 11914: 11905: 11904: 11902: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11865: 11863: 11862:Joint ventures 11859: 11858: 11856: 11855: 11850: 11844: 11842: 11838: 11837: 11835: 11834: 11829: 11824: 11818: 11816: 11812: 11811: 11809: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11787: 11785: 11781: 11780: 11764: 11763: 11756: 11749: 11741: 11732: 11731: 11729: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11707: 11705: 11702:International 11699: 11698: 11696: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11659: 11657: 11653: 11652: 11650: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11628: 11626: 11622: 11621: 11613: 11612: 11605: 11598: 11590: 11584: 11583: 11582:, Germany (DE) 11569: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11547: 11546:External links 11544: 11542: 11541: 11526: 11514: 11499: 11484: 11469: 11454: 11439: 11433: 11418: 11412: 11399: 11385: 11374: 11357: 11342: 11327: 11320: 11302: 11289:Pratt, Roger. 11287: 11275: 11260: 11253: 11246: 11232: 11217: 11202: 11187: 11172: 11165: 11150: 11132: 11117: 11102: 11087: 11072: 11063: 11048: 11033: 11020: 11002: 10989:Jarret, D. N. 10987: 10972: 10965: 10959: 10944: 10935: 10918: 10912: 10899: 10893: 10880: 10870: 10853: 10838: 10823: 10808: 10793: 10778: 10763: 10748: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10725: 10695: 10677: 10652: 10627: 10618: 10591: 10565: 10539: 10514: 10498: 10487:. 11 June 2015 10472: 10447: 10422: 10410:Aviationmuseum 10397: 10388: 10379: 10370: 10345: 10319: 10294: 10268: 10261:) – via 10245: 10220: 10207:Cambridge News 10193: 10167: 10158: 10147:. 13 June 2023 10132: 10117: 10108: 10083: 10057: 10035: 10010: 9982: 9964: 9936: 9908: 9882: 9856: 9826: 9801: 9776: 9754: 9729: 9713:"Ghedi, Italy" 9704: 9679: 9654: 9624: 9599: 9574: 9552: 9527: 9497: 9472: 9447: 9422: 9396: 9371: 9346: 9321: 9293: 9267: 9255: 9230: 9200: 9175: 9149: 9135: 9128: 9110: 9099:. 10 June 2003 9084: 9073:. 26 June 2016 9058: 9036: 9014: 8992: 8970: 8948: 8918: 8896: 8887: 8878: 8852: 8837: 8822: 8809: 8796: 8787: 8780: 8763: 8738: 8725: 8712: 8694: 8679: 8661: 8647: 8627: 8601: 8594:. 5 May 2015. 8577: 8562: 8549: 8533: 8524: 8512: 8503: 8490: 8465: 8440: 8431: 8406: 8394:theaviationist 8380: 8361: 8347: 8316: 8292: 8278: 8264: 8250: 8232: 8214: 8199: 8177: 8163: 8145: 8130: 8112: 8100: 8081: 8055: 8037: 8025: 8023:20 April 2011. 8016:Hoyle, Craig. 8009: 7994: 7979: 7959: 7950:Hoyle, Craig. 7943: 7921: 7905: 7893: 7877: 7855: 7846:Hoyle, Craig. 7839: 7837:, 5 June 2009. 7817: 7808: 7792: 7788:The Telegraph, 7776: 7772:The Telegraph, 7760: 7745: 7743:, 15 May 2004. 7729: 7713: 7691: 7682: 7666: 7650: 7635: 7626: 7617: 7608: 7599: 7590: 7568: 7559: 7550: 7541: 7539:Lawrence 2002 7532: 7523: 7510:www.raf.mod.uk 7493: 7475: 7466: 7457: 7448: 7439: 7430: 7421: 7412: 7403: 7391: 7366: 7334: 7325: 7316: 7305:. 26 June 2016 7290: 7263: 7248: 7229: 7214: 7188: 7162: 7150: 7129: 7103: 7077: 7073:The Telegraph, 7061: 7059:30 April 2011. 7046: 7035:. 15 June 2013 7020: 7007: 7003:Aviation Week, 6998:Nativi, Andy. 6991: 6978: 6965: 6937: 6922: 6909: 6887: 6878: 6856: 6847: 6832: 6819: 6791: 6782: 6769: 6760: 6747: 6721: 6699: 6673: 6642: 6623: 6601: 6583: 6565: 6556: 6543: 6530: 6517: 6502: 6493: 6477: 6475:20 March 2007. 6462: 6440: 6425: 6409: 6394: 6368: 6359: 6350: 6341: 6339:26 March 1999. 6332:Cohen, Roger. 6325: 6316: 6303: 6277: 6264: 6251: 6238: 6229: 6206: 6192: 6166: 6141: 6115: 6089: 6073: 6060: 6019: 5997: 5988:Hoyle, Craig. 5978: 5963: 5950: 5925: 5912: 5880: 5854: 5829: 5820: 5811: 5802: 5780: 5771: 5749: 5740: 5731: 5722: 5713: 5704: 5695: 5686: 5663: 5661:, 1998, p. 24. 5641: 5625: 5609: 5587: 5575: 5562: 5547: 5543:Defense Daily, 5532: 5516: 5491: 5489:14 April 2010. 5482:Hoyle, Craig. 5472: 5460: 5435: 5413: 5397: 5385: 5363: 5340: 5331: 5329:23 March 2009. 5309: 5300: 5284: 5275: 5263: 5254: 5245: 5236: 5227: 5218: 5209: 5187: 5178: 5169: 5160: 5151: 5142: 5133: 5124: 5115: 5106: 5090: 5076: 5067: 5051: 5042: 5029: 5020: 4997: 4993:defenceiq.com, 4982: 4970: 4955: 4939: 4930: 4921: 4919:1978. p. 1153. 4906: 4897: 4888: 4879: 4834: 4832:, 9 July 1988. 4811: 4795: 4782: 4773: 4757: 4741: 4716: 4707: 4698: 4689: 4680: 4662: 4650: 4637: 4631:978-0752489285 4630: 4608: 4593: 4584: 4575: 4559: 4555:Air Pictorial, 4546: 4525: 4513: 4504: 4497: 4491:. p. 16. 4475: 4466: 4457: 4448: 4436: 4427: 4412: 4403: 4394: 4380: 4378:30 April 1969. 4362: 4350: 4338: 4310: 4301: 4279: 4261: 4256:www.panavia.de 4239: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4230: 4217: 4204: 4195: 4182: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4130: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4117:Mikoyan MiG-27 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4088: 4087: 4076: 4075: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4049: 4035: 4019: 4016: 4011:Main article: 4008: 4005: 4004: 4003: 3998: 3989: 3980: 3968: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3950: 3940: 3939: 3938: 3925: 3912: 3900: 3890: 3880: 3864: 3863: 3862: 3853: 3851:cruise missile 3844: 3831: 3825:AIM-132 ASRAAM 3802: 3783: 3782: 3773: 3767: 3764:Rate of climb: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3740:Maximum speed: 3736: 3735: 3734: 3733: 3732: 3731: 3730: 3729: 3719: 3718: 3715:Maximum speed: 3704: 3703: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3611: 3601: 3591: 3581: 3570: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3554: 3548: 3538: 3528: 3518: 3508: 3498: 3488: 3478: 3468: 3458: 3444: 3434: 3424: 3414: 3404: 3390: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3358: 3352: 3342: 3332: 3322: 3312: 3301: 3300: 3299:United Kingdom 3296: 3295: 3285: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3268: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3247: 3233: 3223: 3220:Ghedi Air Base 3213: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3196: 3186: 3176: 3164:Mazar-i-Sharif 3155: 3141: 3131: 3121: 3111: 3101: 3087: 3077: 3067: 3057: 3047: 3037: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3020: 3009: 3008: 3004: 3003: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2986: 2979:Groß-Siegharts 2971: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2950: 2949: 2935: 2934: 2933: 2924: 2923: 2922: 2913: 2912: 2911: 2902: 2901: 2900: 2891: 2890: 2889: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2869: 2868: 2867: 2858: 2857: 2856: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2847: 2838: 2837: 2835:United Kingdom 2822: 2819: 2818: 2817: 2808: 2807: 2793: 2792: 2783: 2782: 2768: 2767: 2759: 2750: 2749: 2728: 2722: 2711:Main article: 2708: 2705: 2681:Main article: 2678: 2675: 2661: 2658: 2653: 2652: 2640: 2639: 2623: 2622: 2602: 2601: 2590: 2589: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2564: 2563: 2562: 2553: 2552: 2551: 2550: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2527:Saada province 2440:No. 7 Squadron 2402: 2399: 2353:, January 2019 2320:Kurdish forces 2196:cruise missile 2053:unguided bombs 2044:Tabuk Air Base 1834: 1831: 1694: 1687: 1682:Marineflieger' 1654:AS.34 Kormoran 1618: 1611: 1527:Mazar-i-Sharif 1504:33rd G8 summit 1395: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1319:Laser Inertial 1303:cruise missile 1270: 1267: 1254:No. 9 Squadron 1234:turbine blades 1168:Main article: 1165: 1162: 1107:AIM-120 AMRAAM 1092:AIM-132 ASRAAM 978: 975: 836: 833: 757: 754: 712: 709: 707: 704: 676:Mitsubishi F-2 645:RAF Cottesmore 620: 617: 535:engine intakes 526: 523: 446:Main article: 443: 440: 347: 344: 342: 339: 296:RAF Cottesmore 249:reconnaissance 241:fighter-bomber 208: 207: 202: 198: 197: 194: 190: 189: 188:14 August 1974 186: 182: 181: 178: 174: 173: 170: 166: 165: 161: 160: 158: 157: 155: 154: 148: 145: 141: 137: 135: 131: 130: 127: 126: 120: 115: 109: 108: 103: 99: 98: 95: 91: 90: 85: 79: 78: 75: 71: 70: 61: 57: 56: 52: 51: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12349: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12299: 12297: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12233: 12231: 12227: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12162: 12160: 12156: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12101: 12099: 12095: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11956: 11954: 11950: 11945: 11942: 11935: 11930: 11928: 11923: 11921: 11916: 11915: 11912: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11866: 11864: 11860: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11845: 11843: 11839: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11819: 11817: 11813: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11788: 11786: 11782: 11777: 11773: 11769: 11762: 11757: 11755: 11750: 11748: 11743: 11742: 11739: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11708: 11706: 11700: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11660: 11658: 11654: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11629: 11627: 11623: 11618: 11611: 11606: 11604: 11599: 11597: 11592: 11591: 11588: 11581: 11577: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11549: 11539: 11538:1-59114-955-X 11535: 11531: 11527: 11524: 11523: 11518: 11517:"V/STOL 1968" 11515: 11512: 11511:0-7106-0446-7 11508: 11504: 11500: 11497: 11496:0-617-01289-X 11493: 11489: 11485: 11482: 11481:0-354-00521-9 11478: 11474: 11470: 11467: 11466:0-8264-4323-0 11463: 11459: 11455: 11452: 11451:0-7603-1124-2 11448: 11444: 11440: 11436: 11434:1-901414-03-5 11430: 11426: 11425: 11419: 11415: 11409: 11405: 11400: 11397: 11396:1-85753-384-4 11393: 11389: 11386: 11383: 11379: 11376:Ripley, Tim. 11375: 11372: 11371:1-84176-290-3 11368: 11364: 11363: 11359:Ripley, Tim. 11358: 11355: 11354:0-517-06673-4 11351: 11347: 11343: 11340: 11339:0-13-925504-4 11336: 11332: 11328: 11325: 11321: 11318: 11317:0-8330-3038-8 11314: 11310: 11308: 11303: 11300: 11299:0-85296-766-7 11296: 11292: 11288: 11285: 11284: 11279: 11276: 11273: 11272:1-59797-680-6 11269: 11265: 11261: 11258: 11254: 11251: 11247: 11245: 11241: 11237: 11233: 11230: 11229:1-119-96520-9 11226: 11222: 11218: 11215: 11214:3-7186-5782-1 11211: 11207: 11203: 11200: 11199:1-60528-006-2 11196: 11192: 11188: 11185: 11184:1-56000-891-1 11181: 11177: 11173: 11170: 11166: 11163: 11159: 11155: 11151: 11148: 11147:0-7603-0260-X 11144: 11140: 11136: 11133: 11130: 11129:0-8330-3050-7 11126: 11122: 11118: 11115: 11114:1-86184-006-3 11111: 11107: 11103: 11100: 11099:1-86184-004-7 11096: 11092: 11088: 11085: 11084:0-7603-1347-4 11081: 11077: 11073: 11070: 11069: 11064: 11061: 11060:1-85043-386-0 11057: 11053: 11049: 11046: 11045:1-56347-657-6 11042: 11038: 11034: 11027: 11023: 11021:0-9530345-0-X 11017: 11010: 11009: 11003: 11000: 10999:0-7546-1751-3 10996: 10992: 10988: 10985: 10984:0-7106-1788-7 10981: 10977: 10973: 10970: 10966: 10962: 10960:0-415-00923-5 10956: 10952: 10951: 10945: 10942: 10941: 10936: 10933: 10932:1-57607-364-5 10929: 10925: 10924: 10919: 10915: 10913:1-86126-201-9 10909: 10905: 10900: 10896: 10890: 10886: 10881: 10878: 10875: 10872:Eagles, J.D. 10871: 10868: 10867:1-84176-295-4 10864: 10860: 10859: 10854: 10851: 10850:1-86184-015-2 10847: 10843: 10839: 10836: 10835:0-7146-8257-8 10832: 10828: 10824: 10821: 10820:0-89206-432-3 10817: 10813: 10809: 10806: 10805:0-275-99250-0 10802: 10798: 10794: 10791: 10790:1-56806-446-2 10787: 10783: 10779: 10776: 10775:0-85823-439-4 10772: 10768: 10764: 10761: 10760:0-7146-5001-3 10757: 10753: 10749: 10746: 10745:0-946958-26-2 10742: 10738: 10735: 10734: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10699: 10691: 10687: 10681: 10666: 10662: 10656: 10641: 10640:btconnect.com 10637: 10631: 10622: 10606: 10602: 10595: 10579: 10575: 10569: 10553: 10549: 10543: 10528: 10524: 10518: 10511: 10507: 10502: 10486: 10482: 10476: 10461: 10457: 10451: 10436: 10432: 10426: 10411: 10407: 10401: 10392: 10383: 10374: 10359: 10355: 10349: 10334:. 20 May 2022 10333: 10329: 10323: 10308: 10304: 10298: 10282: 10278: 10272: 10264: 10260: 10256: 10249: 10234: 10230: 10224: 10208: 10204: 10197: 10181: 10177: 10171: 10162: 10146: 10142: 10136: 10129: 10126: 10121: 10112: 10097: 10093: 10087: 10071: 10067: 10061: 10045: 10039: 10024: 10020: 10014: 9999: 9995: 9989: 9987: 9979: 9976: 9971: 9969: 9951: 9946: 9940: 9925: 9921: 9915: 9913: 9896: 9892: 9886: 9871: 9867: 9860: 9844: 9840: 9836: 9830: 9815: 9814:ukserials.com 9811: 9805: 9790: 9786: 9780: 9764: 9758: 9743: 9739: 9733: 9718: 9714: 9708: 9693: 9689: 9683: 9668: 9664: 9658: 9642: 9638: 9634: 9628: 9613: 9609: 9603: 9588: 9584: 9578: 9562: 9556: 9541: 9537: 9531: 9515: 9511: 9507: 9501: 9486: 9482: 9476: 9461: 9457: 9451: 9436: 9432: 9426: 9410: 9406: 9400: 9385: 9381: 9375: 9360: 9356: 9350: 9335: 9331: 9325: 9310: 9306: 9300: 9298: 9281: 9277: 9271: 9264: 9259: 9244: 9240: 9234: 9218: 9214: 9210: 9204: 9189: 9185: 9179: 9163: 9159: 9153: 9145: 9139: 9131: 9125: 9121: 9114: 9098: 9094: 9088: 9072: 9068: 9062: 9046: 9040: 9024: 9018: 9002: 8996: 8980: 8974: 8958: 8952: 8937: 8933: 8927: 8925: 8923: 8906: 8900: 8891: 8882: 8866: 8862: 8856: 8849: 8848: 8841: 8834: 8831: 8826: 8819: 8813: 8806: 8800: 8791: 8783: 8781:0-617-01289-X 8777: 8773: 8767: 8752: 8748: 8742: 8735: 8729: 8722: 8716: 8708: 8707:Bloomberg.com 8704: 8698: 8690: 8683: 8675: 8674:debriefer.net 8671: 8665: 8657: 8651: 8643: 8642: 8637: 8631: 8615: 8611: 8605: 8597: 8593: 8588: 8581: 8574: 8571: 8566: 8559: 8553: 8546: 8543: 8537: 8528: 8519: 8517: 8507: 8500: 8499:The Guardian, 8494: 8479: 8478:ukserials.com 8475: 8469: 8454: 8453:ukserials.com 8450: 8444: 8435: 8420: 8416: 8410: 8395: 8391: 8384: 8376: 8372: 8365: 8357: 8351: 8334: 8329: 8323: 8321: 8312: 8308: 8307:The Telegraph 8303: 8296: 8288: 8282: 8274: 8268: 8260: 8254: 8246: 8242: 8236: 8228: 8224: 8218: 8211:. Jane's 360. 8210: 8203: 8187: 8181: 8173: 8167: 8159: 8155: 8149: 8142: 8139: 8134: 8126: 8122: 8116: 8109: 8104: 8097: 8093: 8090: 8085: 8069: 8065: 8059: 8051: 8047: 8041: 8034: 8029: 8022: 8019: 8013: 8006: 8003: 7998: 7991: 7988: 7983: 7975: 7968: 7966: 7964: 7957:1 March 2011. 7956: 7953: 7947: 7940: 7939:HM Government 7937: 7933: 7930: 7925: 7918: 7915: 7909: 7902: 7897: 7890: 7887: 7881: 7874: 7871: 7867: 7864: 7859: 7853:17 June 2008. 7852: 7849: 7843: 7836: 7833: 7829: 7826: 7821: 7812: 7805: 7802: 7796: 7790:3 April 2003. 7789: 7786: 7780: 7774:16 July 2003. 7773: 7770: 7764: 7757: 7754: 7749: 7742: 7739: 7733: 7726: 7725:The Telegraph 7723: 7717: 7710: 7707: 7703: 7700: 7695: 7686: 7679: 7676: 7670: 7663: 7660: 7654: 7647: 7644: 7639: 7630: 7621: 7612: 7603: 7594: 7587: 7584: 7580: 7577: 7572: 7563: 7554: 7545: 7536: 7527: 7511: 7507: 7500: 7498: 7489: 7485: 7479: 7470: 7461: 7452: 7443: 7434: 7425: 7416: 7407: 7398: 7396: 7380: 7376: 7370: 7351: 7344: 7338: 7329: 7320: 7304: 7300: 7294: 7278: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7259: 7252: 7245: 7242: 7236: 7234: 7225: 7218: 7203: 7199: 7192: 7176: 7172: 7166: 7159: 7154: 7139: 7133: 7117: 7113: 7107: 7091: 7087: 7081: 7074: 7071: 7065: 7058: 7055: 7050: 7034: 7030: 7024: 7017: 7011: 7004: 7001: 6995: 6988: 6982: 6975: 6969: 6954: 6950: 6944: 6942: 6933: 6926: 6919: 6913: 6897: 6891: 6882: 6875: 6872: 6868: 6865: 6860: 6851: 6844: 6843: 6836: 6829: 6823: 6804: 6803:"DEFINIZIONI" 6798: 6796: 6786: 6779: 6773: 6764: 6757: 6751: 6735: 6731: 6725: 6709: 6703: 6688: 6684: 6677: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6646: 6638: 6637:Flight Global 6634: 6627: 6611: 6605: 6597: 6593: 6587: 6579: 6575: 6569: 6560: 6553: 6547: 6540: 6534: 6527: 6521: 6514: 6511: 6506: 6497: 6490: 6487: 6481: 6474: 6471: 6466: 6459: 6456: 6452: 6449: 6444: 6438:21 June 2007. 6437: 6434: 6429: 6423:31 July 2007. 6422: 6419: 6413: 6407:12 June 2007. 6406: 6403: 6398: 6382: 6378: 6372: 6363: 6354: 6345: 6338: 6335: 6329: 6320: 6313: 6307: 6292: 6288: 6281: 6274: 6268: 6261: 6255: 6248: 6242: 6233: 6217: 6210: 6202: 6196: 6180: 6176: 6170: 6155: 6151: 6145: 6129: 6125: 6119: 6104: 6103:tacairnet.com 6100: 6093: 6086: 6080: 6078: 6070: 6064: 6056: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6023: 6015: 6008: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5994: 5991: 5985: 5983: 5975: 5972: 5967: 5960: 5954: 5947: 5944: 5940: 5937: 5932: 5930: 5922: 5916: 5897: 5890: 5884: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5851: 5848: 5844: 5841: 5836: 5834: 5824: 5815: 5806: 5799: 5796: 5792: 5789: 5784: 5775: 5768: 5765: 5761: 5758: 5753: 5744: 5735: 5726: 5717: 5708: 5699: 5690: 5684:8 March 2010. 5683: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5667: 5660: 5657: 5653: 5650: 5645: 5638: 5635: 5629: 5622: 5619: 5613: 5606: 5603: 5599: 5596: 5591: 5582: 5580: 5572: 5566: 5559: 5556: 5551: 5544: 5541: 5536: 5529: 5528:The Guardian, 5526: 5520: 5513: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5498: 5496: 5488: 5485: 5479: 5477: 5467: 5465: 5457: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5442: 5440: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5417: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5392: 5390: 5382: 5379: 5375: 5372: 5367: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5344: 5335: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5318: 5313: 5304: 5297: 5294: 5288: 5279: 5270: 5268: 5258: 5249: 5240: 5231: 5222: 5213: 5206: 5203: 5199: 5196: 5191: 5182: 5173: 5164: 5155: 5146: 5137: 5128: 5119: 5110: 5103: 5097: 5095: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5071: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5046: 5039: 5033: 5024: 5018:27 June 2011. 5017: 5014: 5010: 5007: 5001: 4995:25 July 2011. 4994: 4991: 4986: 4977: 4975: 4967: 4964: 4959: 4953:28 June 1993. 4952: 4949: 4943: 4934: 4925: 4918: 4915: 4910: 4901: 4892: 4883: 4868: 4864: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4831: 4828: 4824: 4821: 4815: 4808: 4805: 4802:Hoon, Geoff. 4799: 4792: 4786: 4777: 4770: 4767: 4761: 4754: 4751: 4745: 4729: 4723: 4721: 4711: 4702: 4693: 4684: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4659: 4654: 4647: 4641: 4633: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4612: 4604: 4597: 4588: 4579: 4572: 4569: 4566:Lewis, Paul. 4563: 4556: 4550: 4543: 4540: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4520: 4518: 4508: 4500: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4479: 4470: 4461: 4452: 4443: 4441: 4431: 4424: 4421: 4416: 4407: 4398: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4377: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4359: 4354: 4347: 4342: 4323: 4322: 4314: 4305: 4299:22 June 1967. 4298: 4295: 4291: 4288: 4283: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4245: 4240: 4221: 4208: 4199: 4192: 4186: 4179: 4175: 4169: 4165: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4135: 4134: 4133:Related lists 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4080: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4050: 4047: 4036: 4033: 4022: 4014: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3958: 3948: 3944: 3941: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3906:cluster bombs 3904: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3861: 3858: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3836: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3796: 3793: 3792: 3791: 3788: 3780: 3778: 3777:Thrust/weight 3774: 3771: 3770:Wing loading: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3727: 3726: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3722: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3701: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3690:Gross weight: 3688: 3685: 3684:Empty weight: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3629: 3621: 3610:, New Mexico. 3609: 3605: 3602: 3600:, New Mexico. 3599: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3568:United States 3567: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3505:RAF Coningsby 3502: 3499: 3496: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3306: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3263:, painted as 3262: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2983:Lower Austria 2980: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2946: 2939: 2928: 2917: 2906: 2895: 2884: 2873: 2862: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2839: 2836: 2825: 2824: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2809: 2806: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2784: 2781: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2764: 2763:Marineflieger 2760: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2751: 2748: 2737: 2736: 2726: Current 2719: 2714: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2684: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2657: 2650: 2649: 2648: 2645: 2637: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2620: 2619: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2599: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2587: 2586: 2579: 2568: 2557: 2538: 2535: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2501: 2496: 2494: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2475: 2470: 2468: 2467:Al Yamamah II 2464: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2424: 2417:, August 2013 2416: 2415:RAF Coningsby 2412: 2407: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2285:David Cameron 2278: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2256:Prior to the 2254: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2223:friendly fire 2217:, August 2004 2216: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2176:missiles and 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2123: 2122:CFB Goose Bay 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2018: 2014: 2013:Ronald Reagan 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1922:RAF Laarbruch 1919: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1883:RAF Honington 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1830: 1828: 1827:AGM-88E AARGM 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1692: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1650: 1649: 1648:Marineflieger 1644: 1640: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1616: 1615:Marineflieger 1613:German Navy ( 1610: 1608: 1604: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1540: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1515: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1409: 1406:flying above 1405: 1400: 1393: 1382: 1380: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1215: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1171: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1081:cluster bombs 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 988: 983: 974: 972: 968: 965: 961: 955: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 932: 930: 926: 922: 917: 913: 912:Doppler radar 904: 900: 898: 894: 889: 885: 880: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 849: 841: 832: 830: 826: 822: 818: 813: 810: 806: 802: 799:The level of 797: 795: 791: 787: 782: 778: 768: 763: 753: 749: 745: 743: 739: 734: 730: 726: 717: 703: 701: 695: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 672: 668: 663: 661: 657: 653: 648: 646: 642: 638: 630: 625: 616: 613: 609: 605: 599: 597: 593: 588: 586: 582: 577: 574: 567:, August 1980 566: 562: 557: 553: 551: 546: 544: 540: 536: 532: 522: 520: 514: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 481:(now part of 480: 476: 472: 462: 458: 456: 449: 439: 437: 431: 429: 426: 422: 418: 414: 409: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 365: 357: 352: 338: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 303: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 264: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 223: 219: 215: 206: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 162: 149: 146: 143: 142: 139: 138: 136: 132: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 110: 107: 104: 102:Primary users 100: 96: 92: 89: 86: 84: 80: 76: 72: 69: 65: 62: 58: 53: 48: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 12148: 11893: 11725: 11688:Three-Eleven 11683:Strikemaster 11529: 11520: 11502: 11487: 11472: 11457: 11442: 11423: 11403: 11387: 11381: 11361: 11345: 11330: 11323: 11306: 11290: 11281: 11263: 11256: 11249: 11235: 11220: 11205: 11190: 11175: 11168: 11153: 11138: 11120: 11105: 11090: 11075: 11066: 11051: 11036: 11026:the original 11007: 10990: 10975: 10968: 10949: 10939: 10922: 10903: 10884: 10876: 10857: 10841: 10826: 10811: 10796: 10781: 10766: 10751: 10736: 10730:Bibliography 10716:. Retrieved 10712:the original 10707: 10698: 10689: 10680: 10668:. Retrieved 10664: 10655: 10643:. Retrieved 10639: 10636:"New Page 0" 10630: 10621: 10609:. Retrieved 10604: 10594: 10582:. Retrieved 10577: 10568: 10556:. Retrieved 10551: 10542: 10530:. Retrieved 10526: 10517: 10501: 10489:. Retrieved 10484: 10475: 10465:29 September 10463:. Retrieved 10459: 10450: 10438:. Retrieved 10434: 10425: 10413:. Retrieved 10409: 10400: 10391: 10382: 10373: 10361:. Retrieved 10357: 10348: 10336:. Retrieved 10331: 10322: 10310:. Retrieved 10306: 10297: 10285:. Retrieved 10280: 10271: 10248: 10236:. Retrieved 10232: 10223: 10211:. Retrieved 10206: 10196: 10184:. Retrieved 10179: 10170: 10161: 10149:. Retrieved 10144: 10135: 10127: 10120: 10111: 10099:. Retrieved 10095: 10086: 10074:. Retrieved 10069: 10060: 10048:. Retrieved 10038: 10026:. Retrieved 10022: 10013: 10001:. Retrieved 9997: 9977: 9955:. Retrieved 9950:the original 9939: 9927:. Retrieved 9923: 9899:. Retrieved 9894: 9885: 9873:. Retrieved 9869: 9859: 9847:. Retrieved 9843:the original 9838: 9829: 9817:. Retrieved 9813: 9804: 9792:. Retrieved 9788: 9779: 9767:. Retrieved 9757: 9745:. Retrieved 9741: 9732: 9720:. Retrieved 9716: 9707: 9695:. Retrieved 9691: 9682: 9670:. Retrieved 9666: 9657: 9645:. Retrieved 9641:the original 9636: 9627: 9615:. Retrieved 9611: 9602: 9590:. Retrieved 9586: 9577: 9565:. Retrieved 9555: 9543:. Retrieved 9539: 9530: 9518:. Retrieved 9514:the original 9509: 9500: 9488:. Retrieved 9484: 9475: 9463:. Retrieved 9459: 9450: 9438:. Retrieved 9434: 9425: 9413:. Retrieved 9408: 9399: 9387:. Retrieved 9383: 9374: 9362:. Retrieved 9358: 9349: 9337:. Retrieved 9333: 9324: 9312:. Retrieved 9308: 9284:. Retrieved 9279: 9270: 9258: 9246:. Retrieved 9242: 9233: 9221:. Retrieved 9217:the original 9212: 9203: 9191:. Retrieved 9187: 9178: 9166:. Retrieved 9161: 9152: 9138: 9119: 9113: 9101:. Retrieved 9096: 9087: 9075:. Retrieved 9070: 9061: 9049:. Retrieved 9039: 9027:. Retrieved 9017: 9005:. Retrieved 8995: 8983:. Retrieved 8973: 8961:. Retrieved 8951: 8939:. Retrieved 8935: 8909:. Retrieved 8899: 8890: 8881: 8869:. Retrieved 8865:the original 8861:"Tornado F3" 8855: 8845: 8840: 8832: 8825: 8817: 8812: 8804: 8799: 8790: 8771: 8766: 8754:. Retrieved 8750: 8741: 8733: 8728: 8720: 8715: 8706: 8697: 8682: 8673: 8664: 8650: 8639: 8630: 8618:. Retrieved 8614:the original 8604: 8591: 8580: 8572: 8565: 8557: 8552: 8545:DefenseNews, 8544: 8536: 8527: 8506: 8501:9 July 1988. 8498: 8493: 8481:. Retrieved 8477: 8468: 8456:. Retrieved 8452: 8443: 8434: 8422:. Retrieved 8418: 8409: 8397:. Retrieved 8393: 8383: 8374: 8364: 8350: 8338:. Retrieved 8333:the original 8306: 8295: 8281: 8267: 8253: 8244: 8235: 8226: 8217: 8202: 8190:. Retrieved 8180: 8166: 8157: 8148: 8140: 8133: 8124: 8115: 8103: 8084: 8072:. Retrieved 8067: 8058: 8049: 8040: 8028: 8020: 8012: 8004: 7997: 7989: 7982: 7954: 7946: 7938: 7924: 7917:The Guardian 7916: 7908: 7896: 7889:The Guardian 7888: 7880: 7872: 7858: 7850: 7842: 7834: 7820: 7811: 7803: 7795: 7787: 7779: 7771: 7763: 7755: 7748: 7740: 7732: 7724: 7716: 7708: 7694: 7685: 7677: 7669: 7661: 7653: 7645: 7638: 7629: 7620: 7611: 7602: 7593: 7585: 7571: 7562: 7553: 7544: 7535: 7526: 7514:. Retrieved 7509: 7488:the original 7478: 7469: 7460: 7451: 7442: 7433: 7424: 7415: 7406: 7382:. Retrieved 7378: 7369: 7357:. Retrieved 7350:the original 7337: 7328: 7319: 7307:. Retrieved 7302: 7293: 7281:. Retrieved 7257: 7251: 7243: 7217: 7205:. Retrieved 7201: 7191: 7179:. Retrieved 7174: 7165: 7153: 7141:. Retrieved 7132: 7120:. Retrieved 7115: 7106: 7096:26 September 7094:. Retrieved 7090:the original 7080: 7075:29 May 2011. 7072: 7064: 7056: 7049: 7037:. Retrieved 7032: 7023: 7015: 7010: 7002: 6994: 6986: 6981: 6973: 6968: 6956:. Retrieved 6952: 6931: 6925: 6917: 6912: 6902:26 September 6900:. Retrieved 6890: 6881: 6873: 6859: 6850: 6840: 6835: 6827: 6822: 6810:. Retrieved 6785: 6777: 6772: 6763: 6755: 6750: 6738:. Retrieved 6733: 6724: 6712:. Retrieved 6702: 6692:13 September 6690:. Retrieved 6686: 6676: 6664:. Retrieved 6656:The War Zone 6655: 6645: 6636: 6626: 6614:. Retrieved 6604: 6596:the original 6586: 6578:the original 6568: 6559: 6551: 6546: 6538: 6533: 6525: 6520: 6512: 6505: 6496: 6491:3 July 2007. 6488: 6480: 6472: 6465: 6457: 6443: 6435: 6428: 6420: 6416:Bode, Emma. 6412: 6404: 6397: 6385:. Retrieved 6371: 6362: 6353: 6344: 6336: 6328: 6319: 6311: 6306: 6294:. Retrieved 6290: 6280: 6272: 6267: 6259: 6254: 6246: 6241: 6232: 6220:. Retrieved 6209: 6195: 6185:13 September 6183:. Retrieved 6179:the original 6169: 6157:. Retrieved 6153: 6144: 6132:. Retrieved 6127: 6118: 6106:. Retrieved 6102: 6092: 6084: 6068: 6063: 6039:(1): 11–35. 6036: 6032: 6022: 5992: 5973: 5966: 5958: 5953: 5946:BAE Systems, 5945: 5920: 5915: 5903:. Retrieved 5896:the original 5883: 5871:. Retrieved 5867:the original 5857: 5849: 5823: 5814: 5805: 5797: 5783: 5774: 5766: 5752: 5743: 5734: 5725: 5716: 5707: 5698: 5689: 5681: 5666: 5658: 5644: 5636: 5628: 5620: 5612: 5590: 5570: 5565: 5557: 5550: 5542: 5535: 5527: 5519: 5511: 5486: 5455: 5430: 5416: 5383:1 June 1997. 5380: 5366: 5358: 5343: 5334: 5326: 5312: 5303: 5295: 5287: 5278: 5257: 5248: 5239: 5230: 5221: 5212: 5205:BAE Systems, 5204: 5190: 5181: 5172: 5163: 5154: 5145: 5136: 5127: 5118: 5109: 5101: 5070: 5045: 5037: 5032: 5023: 5015: 5000: 4992: 4985: 4965: 4958: 4950: 4942: 4933: 4924: 4916: 4909: 4900: 4891: 4882: 4870:. Retrieved 4866: 4829: 4814: 4806: 4798: 4790: 4785: 4776: 4768: 4760: 4752: 4744: 4732:. Retrieved 4710: 4701: 4692: 4683: 4673: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4645: 4640: 4621: 4611: 4602: 4596: 4587: 4578: 4570: 4562: 4554: 4549: 4541: 4507: 4484: 4478: 4469: 4460: 4451: 4430: 4422: 4415: 4406: 4397: 4375: 4357: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4329:, retrieved 4327:, p. 48 4320: 4313: 4304: 4296: 4282: 4255: 4220: 4207: 4198: 4185: 4178:West Germany 4168: 4132: 4131: 4122:Sukhoi Su-24 4090: 4089: 4078: 4077: 4046:Italy portal 3977: 3956: 3954: 3942: 3931: 3918: 3909: 3897: 3887: 3877: 3866: 3848:Storm Shadow 3841: 3821: 3810: 3804: 3799:Mauser BK-27 3794: 3786: 3784: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3752:Ferry range: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3714: 3707: 3705: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3603: 3593: 3583: 3573: 3556: 3550: 3540: 3530: 3520: 3510: 3500: 3490: 3480: 3470: 3460: 3446: 3436: 3426: 3416: 3406: 3392: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3360: 3354: 3344: 3339:RAF Syerston 3334: 3324: 3314: 3304: 3287: 3277: 3272:Saudi Arabia 3264: 3256: 3239: 3235: 3232:, Pordenone. 3225: 3215: 3205: 3188: 3183:Aeronauticum 3178: 3161: 3157: 3143: 3133: 3123: 3113: 3103: 3098:Nörvenich AB 3089: 3079: 3069: 3059: 3054:Aeronauticum 3049: 3039: 3029: 3012: 2995: 2974: 2953: 2841: 2811: 2805:Saudi Arabia 2786: 2761: 2753: 2732: Former 2686: 2663: 2654: 2641: 2624: 2621:Tornado GR1P 2603: 2600:Tornado GR1B 2591: 2531: 2520: 2505: 2497: 2478: 2471: 2462: 2456: 2452:34 Squadrons 2443: 2431: 2427:Al Yamamah I 2420: 2410: 2387: 2382: 2379:RAF Cranwell 2375: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2356: 2332:Storm Shadow 2324: 2312:Mount Sinjar 2304:RAF Akrotiri 2301: 2282: 2272: 2271:Tornado GR4 2255: 2239: 2220: 2206: 2205:Tornado GR4 2185: 2155: 2143: 2131:Ali Al Salem 2127: 2077: 2057:loft-bombing 2029: 1990: 1972: 1971:Tornado GR1 1954:East Germany 1924:followed by 1912: 1906: 1890: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1858: 1856: 1849:arriving at 1842: 1841:Tornado GR1 1824: 1809: 1805:Storm Shadow 1798: 1779: 1763: 1755:RAF St Athan 1751: 1737:, Italy, to 1724: 1708:Tornado ADVs 1696: 1690: 1681: 1675: 1646: 1638: 1636: 1626: 1614: 1599: 1588: 1578: 1573: 1567: 1542:Peter Struck 1535: 1520: 1508:Heiligendamm 1497: 1479: 1453: 1438: 1427: 1420:West Germany 1413: 1403: 1391: 1376: 1366: 1363: 1349: 1347: 1316: 1300:Storm Shadow 1282:), improved 1272: 1262:Litening pod 1242: 1238: 1230: 1219: 1211: 1173: 1131: 1111:Mauser BK-27 1085: 1077:Storm Shadow 1071:such as the 1057: 1044: 992: 986: 969:. The newer 956: 948:laser-guided 933: 909: 881: 854: 814: 798: 773: 750: 746: 722: 699: 696: 664: 652:Saudi Arabia 649: 634: 600: 589: 578: 571:The British 570: 560: 547: 528: 518: 515: 467: 451: 432: 420: 416: 410: 367: 304: 274:(previously 265: 213: 211: 185:First flight 169:Manufactured 134:Number built 125:(historical) 83:Manufacturer 29: 11827:M-311/M-345 11663:Jet Provost 11135:Laming, Tim 11074:Lake, Jon. 10607:(in German) 10415:2 September 10332:The Courier 10209:. Cambridge 10151:20 December 9282:(in German) 9276:"Flugzeuge" 8941:12 February 8483:2 September 8458:2 September 8074:22 December 7303:Aero Flight 6740:5 September 6710:(in German) 4872:2 September 4331:24 December 4176:, this was 4172:Before the 4073:Wild Weasel 3805:Hardpoints: 3708:Performance 3696:Powerplant: 3561:RAF Leeming 3465:MoD Sealand 3251:Netherlands 3185:, Nordholz. 3056:, Nordholz. 2689:interceptor 2677:Tornado ADV 2670:AGM-88 HARM 2660:Tornado ECR 2638:Tornado GR4 2594:Tornado GR1 2588:Tornado GR1 2546:Tornado IDS 2500:BAE Systems 2181:smart bombs 2162:RAF Brüggen 2124:, June 1992 2091:GEC-Marconi 2027:dispenser. 1942:RAF Brüggen 1914:RAF Germany 1853:, July 1983 1685:Luftwaffe. 1668:AGM-88 HARM 1643:German Navy 1629:landing at 1468:AGM-88 HARM 1462:during the 1445:Bosnian War 1379:3D printing 1307:Paveway III 1252:RAF GR4 of 1189:Turbo-Union 1176:Rolls-Royce 1031:buddy store 1019:anti-runway 967:video tapes 925:air defence 884:fly-by-wire 873:CRT monitor 857:tandem-seat 738:fly-by-wire 733:Warsaw Pact 684:South Korea 550:supercruise 503:Rolls-Royce 495:Turbo-Union 475:BAE Systems 386:Avro Vulcan 341:Development 319:Bosnian War 257:Tornado ADV 233:interdictor 218:twin-engine 18:Tornado GR1 12296:Categories 11678:One-Eleven 10670:17 October 10645:17 October 10532:12 January 10491:17 October 10440:15 January 10312:15 January 10213:12 January 10186:12 January 10101:15 January 10076:6 February 10050:6 February 9957:6 February 9929:6 February 9901:12 January 9875:12 January 9849:12 January 9819:12 January 9794:12 January 9769:12 January 9647:12 January 9567:12 January 9545:12 January 9440:12 January 9364:12 January 9286:12 January 9248:15 January 9129:0946958262 9103:6 February 9077:6 February 9071:Aeroflight 9051:6 February 9029:6 February 9007:6 February 8985:6 February 8963:6 February 8911:6 February 8641:Al Jazeera 8419:Militarnyi 8192:4 February 7835:defpro.com 7283:6 February 7207:6 February 7202:Jane's 360 7181:6 February 7122:6 February 7039:6 February 6958:12 January 6830:June 1998. 6812:6 February 6489:Bloomberg, 6291:www.dw.com 5905:31 January 5873:31 January 5512:defpro.com 4818:Hirst, C. 4487:. Yeovil: 4252:"Variants" 4155:References 3995:Sky Shadow 3947:drop tanks 3945:Up to 4 × 3927:Up to 4 × 3914:Up to 2 × 3874:Paveway IV 3678:Wing area: 3475:RAF Marham 3457:, England. 3455:Shrivenham 3423:, Scotland 3403:, England. 3319:RAF Halton 3311:, England. 3294:in Riyadh. 3284:, Dhahran. 3222:, Brescia. 3110:, Cologne. 3044:Hermeskeil 2721:Operators 2351:RAF Marham 2250:Paveway IV 2225:from a US 2158:Kosovo War 2087:Pave Spike 1897:in 1983 – 1895:RAF Marham 1863:BAC Warton 1678:CFE Treaty 1631:NAS Oceana 1579:FlgAusbZLw 1549:in Cochem/ 1464:Kosovo War 1429:Geschwader 1410:, US, 2007 1226:yaw damper 888:quadruplex 801:wing sweep 619:Production 581:yaw damper 509:, and 20% 374:swept wing 323:Kosovo War 196:2019 (RAF) 97:In service 12068:C-42/P-42 11768:Aeritalia 11668:Lightning 10718:2 January 9785:"Tornado" 8756:17 August 8620:7 January 7804:CBS News, 7741:The Times 7646:BBC News, 7143:7 January 7057:CBC News, 6222:5 January 5682:rusi.org. 4236:Citations 4127:Xian JH-7 3835:Brimstone 3811:Missiles: 3660:Wingspan: 3628:Data from 3387:Knutsford 3212:, Cameri. 3195:, Cochem. 3152:Schleswig 3118:Memmingen 3076:, Munich. 3066:, Cochem. 2948:Australia 2755:Luftwaffe 2707:Operators 2614:Sea Eagle 2537:Houthis. 2481:Sea Eagle 2421:In 1984, 1743:Abu Dhabi 1739:Al Dhafra 1729:in 1991. 1639:Luftwaffe 1557:and with 1494:, in 2004 1392:Luftwaffe 1258:Brimstone 1007:anti-ship 940:Honeywell 805:wing area 543:buffeting 487:Aeritalia 378:BAC TSR-2 288:multirole 284:Aeritalia 172:1979–1998 12332:Twinjets 12229:401–2006 11778:aircraft 11716:Concorde 11704:programs 11619:aircraft 10605:AeroBuzz 10363:18 April 10287:19 March 10180:BBC News 10028:18 April 10003:18 April 8871:26 March 8596:Archived 8311:Archived 8245:BBC News 8227:BBC News 8158:BBC News 8141:BBC News 8125:BBC News 8092:Archived 8050:BBC News 8005:BBC News 7990:BBC News 7932:Archived 7866:Archived 7828:Archived 7756:BBC News 7702:Archived 7579:Archived 7138:"Kuwait" 7116:BBC News 6985:Niccoli 6867:Archived 6714:14 March 6666:31 March 6660:Archived 6451:Archived 6381:Archived 6055:55794864 5939:Archived 5843:Archived 5791:Archived 5760:Archived 5675:Archived 5652:Archived 5598:Archived 5505:Archived 5449:Archived 5424:Archived 5374:Archived 5351:Archived 5320:Archived 5198:Archived 5100:Niccoli 5009:Archived 4867:key.aero 4823:Archived 4290:Archived 4193:in 1989. 4018:See also 3974:LITENING 3957:Avionics 3787:Armament 3742:Mach 2.2 3537:, Wales. 3467:, Wales. 3401:Coventry 3084:Wittlich 3019:, Lange. 3002:, Sofia. 2990:Bulgaria 2630:and the 2541:Variants 2297:Liam Fox 2289:Typhoons 2036:Gulf War 1727:Gulf War 1449:Piacenza 1294:, and a 1292:avionics 1269:Upgrades 1196:Concorde 1103:Skyflash 999:unguided 835:Avionics 725:Cold War 711:Overview 612:analogue 531:Manching 491:Leonardo 327:Iraq War 315:Gulf War 201:Variants 12261:KC-767B 12256:KC-767A 12158:201–400 12097:101–200 11899:Typhoon 11894:Tornado 11726:Tornado 11673:MUSTARD 11625:Numeric 11574:at the 10611:6 March 10584:6 March 10558:6 March 10281:Deeside 10263:Twitter 10238:6 April 9789:PS Aero 9747:6 March 9722:6 March 9697:6 March 9672:6 March 9617:6 March 9592:6 March 9520:6 March 9490:6 March 9465:6 March 9415:6 March 9389:6 March 9339:6 March 9314:6 March 9193:6 March 9168:6 March 8732:Donald 8340:1 April 7384:5 March 7359:5 March 7309:5 March 6734:Reuters 6616:12 June 6524:Ripley 6128:bild.de 6083:Rachow 6067:Rachow 4807:Hansard 4734:5 March 3672:Height: 3654:Length: 3167:at the 3094:Boelcke 3024:Germany 3007:Estonia 2969:Austria 2747:Germany 2642:The UK 2448:Nos. 29 2310:in the 2235:US Navy 2170:Corsica 2022:BOZ-107 1790:Link 16 1633:in 1989 1284:cockpit 1142:Trident 1138:Polaris 863:; both 627:A USAF 539:surging 346:Origins 309:(RAF), 193:Retired 164:History 12281:T-2006 12276:F-2000 12271:P-1150 12251:KC-707 11889:ATR 72 11884:ATR 52 11879:ATR 42 11791:F-104S 11721:Jaguar 11536: 11509: 11494: 11479: 11464: 11449: 11431: 11410: 11394: 11369: 11352: 11337: 11315: 11297: 11270: 11242: 11227: 11212: 11197: 11182: 11160: 11145: 11127: 11112: 11097: 11082: 11058: 11043: 11018: 10997: 10982: 10957: 10930: 10910: 10891: 10865: 10848: 10833: 10818: 10803: 10788: 10773: 10758: 10743: 10338:22 May 9870:Flickr 9223:18 May 9126: 8778: 8424:2 July 8399:6 July 7516:30 May 6387:22 May 6296:11 May 6159:18 May 6154:DW.COM 6134:18 May 6108:18 May 6053: 5348:RAPTOR 4628: 4495: 4226: 4213: 3971:Rafael 3965:RAPTOR 3943:Other: 3935:WE.177 3867:Bombs: 3746:Range: 3261:Baarlo 3236:MM7210 3226:MM7080 3216:MM7046 3206:MM7001 3030:D-9591 2832: 2802: 2777: 2744: 2730: 2724: 2493:IRIS-T 2390:Su-24s 2146:Kuwait 2118:XV (R) 1812:Ascoli 1776:, 2011 1701:. The 1641:, the 1492:Alaska 1408:Nevada 1311:RAPTOR 1164:Engine 1154:WE.177 1150:SACEUR 1125:, and 1073:Taurus 971:RAPTOR 706:Design 680:Taiwan 505:, 40% 483:Airbus 298:, the 237:strike 94:Status 12266:C-900 12246:E-550 12241:H-500 12236:H-412 12220:T-346 12215:T-345 12210:T-339 12205:C-319 12200:T-260 12195:H-249 12190:C-228 12185:C-222 12180:H-212 12175:U-208 12170:H-206 12165:H-205 12149:A-200 12144:C-180 12139:H-169 12134:U-166 12129:H-139 12124:C-130 12119:H-129 12114:H-109 12109:G-103 12104:H-101 12008:TA-11 11952:1–100 11853:Sky-Y 11848:Sky-X 11832:M-346 11822:C-27J 11806:G.222 11801:G.91Y 11693:TSR-2 11656:Names 11029:(PDF) 11012:(PDF) 10259:Tweet 8816:Lake 8803:Lake 8719:Lake 7353:(PDF) 7346:(PDF) 6806:(PDF) 6776:Lake 6754:Lake 6537:List 6271:Lake 6258:Lake 6245:Lake 6051:S2CID 5957:Lake 5899:(PDF) 5892:(PDF) 5569:Lake 4325:(PDF) 4160:Notes 3983:TIALD 3916:JP233 3903:BL755 3857:ALARM 3833:12 × 3795:Guns: 3648:Crew: 3604:45+11 3594:43+75 3584:43+74 3574:ZA374 3557:ZH552 3551:ZG771 3541:ZE967 3531:ZE966 3521:ZE934 3511:ZE887 3501:ZE760 3491:ZE204 3481:ZD744 3471:ZA614 3461:ZA607 3447:ZA556 3437:ZA469 3427:ZA465 3417:ZA463 3407:ZA457 3393:ZA452 3383:ZA399 3377:ZA398 3371:ZA357 3361:ZA354 3355:ZA326 3345:ZA319 3335:ZA267 3325:XZ631 3315:XZ630 3305:XX946 3265:98+08 3257:XX947 3240:ZE836 3200:Italy 3189:45+44 3179:45+30 3158:44+97 3144:44+96 3134:44+84 3124:44+68 3114:44+56 3104:44+35 3096:" at 3090:44+31 3080:43+96 3070:43+86 3060:43+70 3050:43+55 3040:XX948 3013:ZE256 2996:44+13 2975:44+66 2954:ZG791 2780:Italy 2485:ALARM 2383:ZA463 2367:ZD716 2363:ZG775 2359:ZG752 2340:Douma 2273:ZD744 2207:ZA557 2094:TIALD 2073:JP233 2065:SA-16 2061:JP233 1973:ZA491 1962:Weser 1940:from 1907:ZA586 1891:ZA586 1875:ZA322 1871:ZA320 1867:ZA319 1859:XX946 1843:ZA613 1699:Turin 1661:BL755 1627:43+65 1480:44+80 1418:, in 1404:43+13 1369:AMLCD 1181:RB199 1045:46+26 1027:chaff 1023:flare 987:44+96 964:S-VHS 944:Laser 897:stick 821:flaps 781:delta 777:swept 629:F-15C 563:) at 561:XX947 499:RB199 489:(now 473:(now 455:RNLAF 335:Syria 12088:H-90 12083:P-72 12078:C-50 12073:H-47 12063:F-35 12058:Q-27 12053:C-27 12048:Q-26 12043:Q-25 12038:Q-24 12033:G-21 12028:G-17 12023:F-16 12018:Q-12 12013:Q-11 12003:A-11 11998:Q-10 11988:AV-8 11973:H-3F 11969:H-3D 11869:AM.3 11841:UAVs 11796:G.91 11774:and 11711:AFVG 11534:ISBN 11507:ISBN 11492:ISBN 11477:ISBN 11462:ISBN 11447:ISBN 11429:ISBN 11408:ISBN 11392:ISBN 11367:ISBN 11350:ISBN 11335:ISBN 11313:ISBN 11295:ISBN 11268:ISBN 11240:ISBN 11225:ISBN 11210:ISBN 11195:ISBN 11180:ISBN 11158:ISBN 11143:ISBN 11125:ISBN 11110:ISBN 11095:ISBN 11080:ISBN 11056:ISBN 11041:ISBN 11016:ISBN 10995:ISBN 10980:ISBN 10955:ISBN 10928:ISBN 10908:ISBN 10889:ISBN 10863:ISBN 10846:ISBN 10831:ISBN 10816:ISBN 10801:ISBN 10786:ISBN 10771:ISBN 10756:ISBN 10741:ISBN 10720:2021 10672:2015 10647:2015 10613:2019 10586:2019 10560:2019 10534:2019 10493:2015 10467:2021 10442:2021 10417:2017 10365:2022 10340:2022 10314:2021 10289:2019 10240:2019 10215:2019 10188:2019 10153:2023 10103:2021 10078:2019 10052:2019 10030:2022 10005:2022 9959:2019 9931:2019 9903:2019 9877:2019 9851:2019 9821:2019 9796:2019 9771:2019 9749:2019 9724:2019 9699:2019 9674:2019 9649:2019 9619:2019 9594:2019 9569:2018 9547:2019 9522:2019 9492:2019 9467:2019 9442:2019 9417:2019 9391:2019 9366:2019 9341:2019 9316:2019 9288:2019 9250:2021 9225:2017 9195:2019 9170:2019 9124:ISBN 9105:2019 9079:2019 9053:2019 9031:2019 9009:2019 8987:2019 8965:2019 8943:2019 8913:2019 8873:2008 8776:ISBN 8758:2022 8622:2018 8485:2024 8460:2024 8426:2023 8401:2023 8342:2019 8194:2019 8076:2022 7518:2020 7386:2019 7361:2019 7311:2019 7285:2019 7209:2019 7183:2019 7145:2018 7124:2019 7098:2014 7041:2019 6960:2019 6904:2014 6814:2019 6742:2022 6716:2022 6694:2021 6668:2020 6618:2020 6389:2012 6298:2020 6224:2014 6187:2022 6161:2017 6136:2017 6110:2017 5907:2015 5875:2015 4874:2024 4736:2019 4626:ISBN 4618:"17" 4493:ISBN 4333:2018 4191:DASA 3922:MW-1 3855:9 × 3846:2 × 3816:2 × 3781:0.77 3698:2 × 3288:2915 3238:(ex- 2450:and 2444:2905 2411:7507 2365:and 2328:ISIL 2116:and 2046:and 2015:and 1960:and 1958:Elbe 1873:and 1851:RIAT 1719:NATO 1441:NATO 1350:Bild 1332:and 1260:and 1105:and 1075:and 1063:and 1049:USAF 1025:and 1017:and 1009:and 1001:and 995:NATO 867:and 823:and 817:STOL 809:drag 688:EADS 682:and 660:Oman 541:and 511:FIAT 404:and 356:AFVG 253:SEAD 212:The 180:1979 140:990: 60:Type 11993:Q-9 11983:Q-7 11978:G-4 11964:G-2 11959:Q-1 11874:AMX 11647:221 11642:167 11637:166 11632:145 6041:doi 3992:GEC 3988:pod 3929:B61 3278:765 2463:765 2432:701 2338:on 2209:of 2055:in 1983:at 1975:of 1845:of 1706:24 1645:'s 1506:in 1482:of 1090:or 779:or 592:KGB 507:MTU 479:MBB 471:BAC 398:EWR 280:MBB 278:), 47:RAF 12298:: 11770:, 11519:. 11380:. 11280:. 11137:. 10706:. 10688:. 10663:. 10638:. 10603:. 10576:. 10550:. 10525:. 10508:. 10483:. 10458:. 10433:. 10408:. 10356:. 10330:. 10305:. 10279:. 10231:. 10205:. 10178:. 10143:. 10094:. 10068:. 10021:. 9996:. 9985:^ 9967:^ 9922:. 9911:^ 9893:. 9868:. 9837:. 9812:. 9787:. 9740:. 9715:. 9690:. 9665:. 9635:. 9610:. 9585:. 9538:. 9508:. 9483:. 9458:. 9433:. 9407:. 9382:. 9357:. 9332:. 9307:. 9296:^ 9278:. 9241:. 9211:. 9186:. 9160:. 9095:. 9069:. 8934:. 8921:^ 8749:. 8705:. 8672:. 8638:. 8590:. 8515:^ 8476:. 8451:. 8417:. 8392:. 8373:. 8319:^ 8305:. 8243:. 8225:. 8156:. 8123:. 8066:. 8048:. 7962:^ 7508:. 7496:^ 7394:^ 7377:. 7301:. 7266:^ 7232:^ 7200:. 7173:. 7114:. 7031:. 6951:. 6940:^ 6794:^ 6732:. 6685:. 6658:. 6654:. 6635:. 6379:. 6289:. 6152:. 6126:. 6101:. 6076:^ 6049:. 6035:. 6031:. 6000:^ 5981:^ 5928:^ 5832:^ 5578:^ 5494:^ 5475:^ 5463:^ 5438:^ 5400:^ 5388:^ 5357:. 5266:^ 5093:^ 5079:^ 5054:^ 4973:^ 4865:. 4837:^ 4719:^ 4672:. 4620:. 4528:^ 4516:^ 4439:^ 4383:^ 4365:^ 4264:^ 4254:. 4243:^ 3978:or 3932:or 3919:or 3910:or 3908:; 3898:or 3896:; 3888:or 3886:; 3878:or 3876:; 3842:or 3840:; 3822:or 3633:, 3453:, 3399:, 3171:, 2981:, 2960:, 2703:. 2518:. 2168:, 2114:14 2112:, 2110:17 2108:, 2106:31 1995:. 1761:. 1741:, 1565:. 1553:, 1490:, 1436:. 1129:. 1121:, 1083:. 1005:, 744:. 513:. 438:. 325:, 321:, 263:. 251:) 239:) 220:, 66:, 11971:/ 11933:e 11926:t 11919:v 11760:e 11753:t 11746:v 11609:e 11602:t 11595:v 11540:. 11513:. 11498:. 11483:. 11468:. 11453:. 11437:. 11416:. 11398:. 11373:. 11356:. 11341:. 11319:. 11309:. 11301:. 11274:. 11231:. 11216:. 11201:. 11186:. 11164:. 11149:. 11131:. 11086:. 11062:. 11047:. 11001:. 10986:. 10963:. 10934:. 10916:. 10897:. 10869:. 10837:. 10822:. 10807:. 10792:. 10777:. 10762:. 10747:. 10722:. 10692:. 10674:. 10649:. 10615:. 10588:. 10562:. 10536:. 10495:. 10469:. 10444:. 10419:. 10367:. 10342:. 10316:. 10291:. 10265:. 10257:( 10242:. 10217:. 10190:. 10155:. 10105:. 10080:. 10054:. 10032:. 10007:. 9961:. 9933:. 9905:. 9879:. 9853:. 9823:. 9798:. 9773:. 9751:. 9726:. 9701:. 9676:. 9651:. 9621:. 9596:. 9571:. 9549:. 9524:. 9494:. 9469:. 9444:. 9419:. 9393:. 9368:. 9343:. 9318:. 9290:. 9252:. 9227:. 9197:. 9172:. 9132:. 9107:. 9081:. 9055:. 9033:. 9011:. 8989:. 8967:. 8945:. 8915:. 8875:. 8784:. 8760:. 8691:. 8624:. 8487:. 8462:. 8428:. 8403:. 8377:. 8344:. 8196:. 8078:. 7520:. 7388:. 7363:. 7313:. 7287:. 7211:. 7185:. 7147:. 7126:. 7100:. 7043:. 6962:. 6906:. 6816:. 6744:. 6718:. 6696:. 6670:. 6639:. 6620:. 6391:. 6300:. 6226:. 6189:. 6163:. 6138:. 6112:. 6057:. 6043:: 6037:3 5909:. 5877:. 4876:. 4738:. 4634:. 4605:. 4501:. 4258:. 4211:2 4180:. 3779:: 3650:2 3175:. 3154:. 3130:. 3120:. 3100:. 3086:. 3046:. 3036:. 2985:. 2964:. 2430:( 1693:) 1617:) 1577:( 1394:) 1371:) 1264:. 1237:( 958:( 247:/ 235:/ 151:0 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index