551:
607:
286:
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478:
66:
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499:
the other hand, several marked differences can be observed between the pre- and post-implantation epiblasts, such as their difference in morphology, in which the epiblast after implantation changes its morphology into a cup-like shape called the "egg cylinder" as well as chromosomal alteration in which one of the X-chromosomes under random inactivation in the early stage of the egg cylinder, known as
443:, and, despite advances, were never approved for clinical stage research in the United States until recently. Currently, autologous iPSC-derived dopaminergic progenitor cells are used in trials for treating Parkinson's disease. Setbacks such as low replication rates and early senescence have also been encountered when making iPSCs, hindering their use as ESCs replacements.
685:. Examples of oligopotent stem cells are the lymphoid or myeloid stem cells. A lymphoid cell specifically, can give rise to various blood cells such as B and T cells, however, not to a different blood cell type like a red blood cell. Examples of progenitor cells are vascular stem cells that have the capacity to become both
364:. These transcription factors play a key role in determining the state of these cells and also highlights the fact that these somatic cells do preserve the same genetic information as early embryonic cells. The ability to induce cells into a pluripotent state was initially pioneered in 2006 using mouse
498:
The baseline stem cells commonly used in science that are referred as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from a pre-implantation epiblast; such epiblast is able to generate the entire fetus, and one epiblast cell is able to contribute to all cell lineages if injected into another blastocyst. On
411:
factors are also thought to be involved in the actual reprogramming of somatic cells in order to induce pluripotency. It has been theorized that certain epigenetic factors might actually work to clear the original somatic epigenetic marks in order to acquire the new epigenetic marks that are part of
396:
the Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine. This was then followed in 2007 by the successful induction of human iPSCs derived from human dermal fibroblasts using methods similar to those used for the induction of mouse cells. These induced cells exhibit similar traits to those of embryonic stem cells
494:
before and after implantation have produced proposals for classifying pluripotency into two states: "naive" and "primed", representing pre- and post-implantation epiblast, respectively. Naive-to-primed continuum is controlled by reduction of Sox2/Oct4 dimerization on SoxOct DNA elements controlling
646:
Research related to multipotent cells suggests that multipotent cells may be capable of conversion into unrelated cell types. In another case, human umbilical cord blood stem cells were converted into human neurons. There is also research on converting multipotent cells into pluripotent cells.
423:
Due to their great similarity to ESCs, the medical and research communities are interested iPSCs. iPSCs could potentially have the same therapeutic implications and applications as ESCs but without the controversial use of embryos in the process, a topic of great bioethical debate. The induced
143:
A fully differentiated cell can return to a state of totipotency. The conversion to totipotency is complex and not fully understood. In 2011, research revealed that cells may differentiate not into a fully totipotent cell, but instead into a "complex cellular variation" of totipotency.
469:
Some of the possible medical and therapeutic uses for iPSCs derived from patients include their use in cell and tissue transplants without the risk of rejection that is commonly encountered. iPSCs can potentially replace animal models unsuitable as well as
522:, which were first derived in laboratory in 2007. Both ESCs and EpiSCs are derived from epiblasts but at difference phases of development. Pluripotency is still intact in the post-implantation epiblast, as demonstrated by the conserved expression of
1079:
Asch R, Simerly C, Ord T, Ord VA, Schatten G (July 1995). "The stages at which human fertilization arrests: microtubule and chromosome configurations in inseminated oocytes which failed to complete fertilization and development in humans".
495:
naive pluripotency. Primed pluripotent stem cells from different species could be reset to naive state using a cocktail containing Klf4 and Sox2 or "super-Sox" − a chimeric transcription factor with enhanced capacity to dimerize with Oct4.
1836:
MacCarthy, Caitlin M.; Wu, Guangming; Malik, Vikas; Menuchin-Lasowski, Yotam; Velychko, Taras; Keshet, Gal; Fan, Rui; Bedzhov, Ivan; Church, George M.; Jauch, Ralf; Cojocaru, Vlad; Schöler, Hans R.; Velychko, Sergiy (December 2023).
610:
Hematopoietic stem cells are an example of multipotency. When they differentiate into myeloid or lymphoid progenitor cells, they lose potency and become oligopotent cells with the ability to give rise to all cells of its
707:, a unipotent cell is the concept that one stem cell has the capacity to differentiate into only one cell type. It is currently unclear if true unipotent stem cells exist. Hepatoblasts, which differentiate into
41:
into other cell types. The more cell types a cell can differentiate into, the greater its potency. Potency is also described as the gene activation potential within a cell, which like a continuum, begins with
619:
have the gene activation potential to differentiate into discrete cell types. For example, a hematopoietic stem cell – and this cell type can differentiate itself into several types of blood cell like
592:-provoked. (These are also known as PLT1, PLT2, PLT3, PLT5, PLT7, and expressed by genes of the same names.) As of 2019, this is expected to open up future research into pluripotency in root tissues.
669:
MSCs may prove to be a valuable source for stem cells from molars at 8–10 years of age, before adult dental calcification. MSCs can differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes.
1515:
Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, Narita M, Ichisaka T, Tomoda K, Yamanaka S (November 2007). "Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors".
511:
signaling, and other inductive factors via the surrounding yolk sac and the trophoblast tissue, such that they become instructively specific according to the spatial organization.
2042:
Brons IG, Smithers LE, Trotter MW, Rugg-Gunn P, Sun B, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, et al. (July 2007). "Derivation of pluripotent epiblast stem cells from mammalian embryos".
454:); researchers identified three neural-lineage-specific transcription factors that could directly convert mouse fibroblasts (connective tissue cells) into fully functional
2340:
Tallone T, Realini C, Böhmler A, Kornfeld C, Vassalli G, Moccetti T, et al. (April 2011). "Adult human adipose tissue contains several types of multipotent cells".
191:. Approximately four days after fertilization and after several cycles of cell division, these totipotent cells begin to specialize. The inner cell mass, the source of
2524:
Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (June 8, 2023).
412:
achieving a pluripotent state. Chromatin is also reorganized in iPSCs and becomes like that found in ESCs in that it is less condensed and therefore more accessible.
155:. In the first hours after fertilization, this zygote divides into identical totipotent cells, which can later develop into any of the three germ layers of a human (
2551:
995:
Sugimoto K, Gordon SP, Meyerowitz EM (April 2011). "Regeneration in plants and animals: dedifferentiation, transdifferentiation, or just differentiation?".
568:
tissue culture, especially by Kareem et al 2015, Kim et al 2018, and
Rosspopoff et al 2017. This pluripotency is regulated by various regulators, including
754:
2254:
Guan K, Nayernia K, Maier LS, Wagner S, Dressel R, Lee JH, et al. (April 2006). "Pluripotency of spermatogonial stem cells from adult mouse testis".
1449:
Takahashi K, Yamanaka S (August 2006). "Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors".
565:
518:, which distinguishes them from other known pluripotent stem cells. Cell lines derived from such post-implantation epiblasts are referred to as
2783:
1950:
Lawson KA, Meneses JJ, Pedersen RA (November 1991). "Clonal analysis of epiblast fate during germ layer formation in the mouse embryo".
1115:
Ciosk R, DePalma M, Priess JR (February 2006). "Translational regulators maintain totipotency in the
Caenorhabditis elegans germline".
2788:
527:
940:
2535:
881:
837:
2609:
273:
2525:
1352:
924:
2559:
128:
are examples of totipotent cells. In the spectrum of cell potency, totipotency represents the cell with the greatest
397:(ESCs) but do not require the use of embryos. Some of the similarities between ESCs and iPSCs include pluripotency,
261:
257:
828:
Schöler HR (2007). "The
Potential of Stem Cells: An Inventory". In Knoepffler M, Schipanski D, Sorgner SL (eds.).
205:
2305:
Zhao Y, Mazzone T (December 2010). "Human cord blood stem cells and the journey to a cure for type 1 diabetes".
1372:
147:
The human development model can be used to describe how totipotent cells arise. Human development begins when a
2829:
343:
514:
Another major difference is that post-implantation epiblast stem cells are unable to contribute to blastocyst
2647:
428:
1670:
1749:
Park IH, Lerou PH, Zhao R, Huo H, Daley GQ (2008). "Generation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells".
650:
Multipotent cells are found in many, but not all human cell types. Multipotent cells have been found in
519:
208:
may play a role in maintaining totipotency at different stages of development in some species. Work with
2155:
550:
17:
348:
Induced pluripotent stem cells, commonly abbreviated as iPS cells or iPSCs, are a type of pluripotent
504:
334:(nervous, sensory, epidermis), but not into extra-embryonic tissues like the placenta or yolk sac.
2758:
2602:
1502:
459:
425:
315:
129:
38:
2459:
Uccelli A, Moretta L, Pistoia V (September 2008). "Mesenchymal stem cells in health and disease".
2383:
Beltrami AP, Barlucchi L, Torella D, Baker M, Limana F, Chimenti S, et al. (September 2003).
401:, self-renewal ability, a trait that implies that they can divide and replicate indefinitely, and
2718:
2583:
Blog on treatment therapy using pluripotent stem cells and pluripotent stem cell derived exosomes
632:
253:
523:
200:
2834:
2768:
2723:
2713:
2697:
1671:"Cell-Off: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Fall Short of Potential Found in Embryonic Version"
772:
Cell totipotency was discovered by
Habertland and the term was coined by Thomas Hund Morgan.
659:
508:
432:
2263:
2208:
2051:
1705:
1277:
1220:
1209:"Genome-wide reprogramming in the mouse germ line entails the base excision repair pathway"
1124:
861:
451:
447:
398:
361:
245:
192:
2164:
2143:
2093:
Osorno R, Tsakiridis A, Wong F, Cambray N, Economou C, Wilkie R, et al. (July 2012).
1093:
503:. During this development, the egg cylinder epiblast cells are systematically targeted by
8:
2839:
2807:
2692:
2632:
2595:
1266:"Germline DNA demethylation dynamics and imprint erasure through 5-hydroxymethylcytosine"
1264:
Hackett JA, Sengupta R, Zylicz JJ, Murakami K, Lee C, Down TA, Surani MA (January 2013).
1168:"Interplay between microRNAs and RNA-binding proteins determines developmental processes"
853:
436:
272:
For substances having the capacity to produce several distinct biological responses, see
217:
172:
2267:
2212:
2142:
Ikeuchi M, Favero DS, Sakamoto Y, Iwase A, Coleman D, Rymen B, Sugimoto K (April 2019).
2055:
1709:
1281:
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1128:
865:
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In biology, oligopotency is the ability of progenitor cells to differentiate into a few
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775:
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fertilizes an egg and the resulting fertilized egg creates a single totipotent cell, a
2401:
2384:
2095:"The developmental dismantling of pluripotency is reversed by ectopic Oct4 expression"
1919:
1902:
860:. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology. Vol. 114. pp. 185–199.
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2016:
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1979:
1936:
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1692:
Vierbuchen T, Ostermeier A, Pang ZP, Kokubu Y, Südhof TC, Wernig M (February 2010).
1620:
Schweitzer JS, Song B, Herrington TM, Park TY, Lee N, Ko S, et al. (May 2020).
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481:
Naive human pluripotent stem cell colony here seen growing on feeder cells (mouse).
1573:"Embryonic stem cell and induced pluripotent stem cell: an epigenetic perspective"
1152:
956:"Foetal germ cells: striking the balance between pluripotency and differentiation"
140:
cell. In contrast, pluripotent cells can only differentiate into embryonic cells.
2709:
2637:
2318:
2195:
Giorgetti A, Marchetto MC, Li M, Yu D, Fazzina R, Mu Y, et al. (July 2012).
1839:"Highly cooperative chimeric super-SOX induces naive pluripotency across species"
616:
462:
and the integrity of lineage commitment; and implies that with the proper tools,
402:
389:
184:
168:
252:
methylation (5mC) in primordial germ cells via the initial conversion of 5mC to
2778:
2773:
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2201:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2011:
1994:
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1385:
1048:
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698:
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256:(5hmC), a reaction driven by high levels of the ten-eleven dioxygenase enzymes
113:
34:
2385:"Adult cardiac stem cells are multipotent and support myocardial regeneration"
2353:
1879:
1008:
2823:
2517:
1622:"Personalized iPSC-Derived Dopamine Progenitor Cells for Parkinson's Disease"
535:
385:
314:'ability for many ') refers to a stem cell that has the potential to
285:
2221:
1289:
1232:
1207:
Hajkova P, Jeffries SJ, Lee C, Miller N, Jackson SP, Surani MA (July 2010).
1136:
2480:
2445:
2410:
2361:
2326:
2283:
2240:
2197:"Cord blood-derived neuronal cells by ectopic expression of Sox2 and c-Myc"
2173:
2128:
2071:
2020:
1887:
1819:
1770:
1735:
1694:"Direct conversion of fibroblasts to functional neurons by defined factors"
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1606:
1546:
1480:
1435:
1307:
1250:
1193:
1144:
1057:
1016:
981:
901:
811:
792:
776:"Stem Cells Applications in Regenerative Medicine and Disease Therapeutics"
704:
353:
148:
55:
51:
47:
1971:
1963:
1928:
1762:
1637:
1101:
972:
955:
941:"What is the difference between totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent?"
708:
686:
663:
655:
636:
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417:
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modifications are also common which is also consistent with the state of
413:
393:
319:
188:
69:
43:
2275:
2063:
1717:
1588:
1417:
1184:
1167:
856:, Wolf D (2009). "Totipotency, pluripotency and nuclear reprogramming".
2110:
1471:
873:
719:(epithelial cells of the bile duct), are bipotent. A close synonym for
678:
651:
640:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
408:
365:
237:
229:
180:
89:
77:
59:
1831:
1829:
1537:
2618:
1866:
Heard E (June 2004). "Recent advances in X-chromosome inactivation".
624:
352:
artificially derived from a non-pluripotent cell, typically an adult
349:
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73:
65:
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2503:
1826:
740:
491:
331:
327:
323:
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164:
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137:
117:
81:
80:. These stem cells can become any tissue in the body, excluding a
1835:
179:
differentiate into cells that will eventually become either the
2680:
2670:
1342:
455:
290:
236:-wide reprogramming leading to totipotency involves erasure of
233:
176:
175:). After reaching a 16-cell stage, the totipotent cells of the
152:
133:
125:
85:
1691:
2675:
2587:
2382:
2339:
2041:
1402:"Induced pluripotency: history, mechanisms, and applications"
1263:
712:
589:
539:
531:
477:
296:
213:
121:
46:
to designate a cell with the most differentiation potential,
1619:
116:
to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an
2092:
1514:
1343:
Binder MD, Hirokawa N, Nobutaka, Windhorst U, eds. (2009).
558:
377:
373:
369:
357:
330:(muscle, skeleton, blood vascular, urogenital, dermis), or
293:
stem cells (cell colonies that are not yet differentiated).
2141:
1373:"Adult cells reprogrammed to pluripotency, without tumors"
2523:
1505:". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2013. Web. 28 Nov 2013.
538:
and can be reversed midway through induced expression of
381:
1206:
994:
27:
Ability of a cell to differentiate into other cell types
2530:. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 3.5 Cell Growth and Division.
2253:
485:
466:
cells are totipotent and may form all kinds of tissue.
112:'ability for all ') is the ability of a single
2504:"Cytokines & Cells Online Pathfinder Encyclopedia"
2194:
450:
can directly induce other defined somatic cell fates (
2458:
1949:
1399:
2432:
Ohgushi H, Arima N, Taketani T (December 2011). "".
2431:
736:
248:
enzymatic pathway. This pathway entails erasure of
2434:
Nihon Rinsho. Japanese
Journal of Clinical Medicine
1900:
2135:
1114:
960:The International Journal of Developmental Biology
1903:"Axis development and early asymmetry in mammals"
1448:
1078:
1032:"Pathway to totipotency: lessons from germ cells"
919:(8th ed.). W. H. Freeman. pp. 975–977.
240:imprints. Reprogramming is facilitated by active
2821:
2376:
2342:Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research
2333:
2247:
2188:
1748:
545:
458:. This result challenges the terminal nature of
212:and mammals suggest a further interplay between
132:potential, being able to differentiate into any
356:, by inducing a "forced" expression of certain
220:(RBPs) in determining development differences.
2784:Stem cell laws and policy in the United States
1503:The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012
1314:
588:, whose expression were found by Kareem to be
439:. However, iPSCs were found to be potentially
2603:
852:
564:Un-induced pluripotency has been observed in
2144:"Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Regeneration"
1901:Beddington RS, Robertson EJ (January 1999).
1791:
1400:Stadtfeld M, Hochedlinger K (October 2010).
1257:
1200:
1029:
204:suggests that multiple mechanisms including
92:, able to become all tissues and a placenta.
2304:
309:
107:
2610:
2596:
1995:"Stem cells and early lineage development"
1685:
1570:
1165:
823:
821:
635:possess the ability to differentiate into
631:, etc., but it is still ambiguous whether
557:example of totipotency of two individuals
2400:
2230:
2220:
2163:
2118:
2010:
1918:
1850:
1809:
1725:
1645:
1596:
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1442:
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1393:
1384:
1366:
1364:
1297:
1240:
1183:
1047:
971:
891:
801:
791:
2789:Epigenetics in stem cell differentiation
1566:
1564:
605:
549:
476:
431:was originally hailed as the end of the
284:
223:
64:
1992:
953:
832:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 28.
830:Human biotechnology as Social Challenge
827:
818:
337:
76:originate as inner mass cells within a
14:
2822:
2501:
2425:
1361:
1336:
914:
303:In cell biology, pluripotency (Latin:
2591:
2165:10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100434
1865:
1794:"Naive and primed pluripotent states"
1561:
1370:
1108:
1094:10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a136204
1030:Seydoux G, Braun RE (December 2006).
780:International Journal of Cell Biology
773:
1742:
486:Naive vs. primed pluripotency states
1626:The New England Journal of Medicine
424:pluripotency of somatic cells into
274:Pluripotency (biological compounds)
24:
474:models used for disease research.
167:), or into cells of the placenta (
25:
2851:
2576:
1571:Liang G, Zhang Y (January 2013).
654:, adipose tissue, cardiac cells,
2802:
2801:
1792:Nichols J, Smith A (June 2009).
1668:
739:
368:and four transcription factors,
2544:
2495:
2452:
2298:
2086:
2035:
1986:
1943:
1894:
1868:Current Opinion in Cell Biology
1859:
1785:
1662:
1613:
1508:
1495:
1166:Kedde M, Agami R (April 2008).
1159:
672:
643:or other non-blood cell types.
595:
446:Somatic expression of combined
267:
2648:Induced pluripotent stem cells
2617:
2148:Annual Review of Plant Biology
1072:
1023:
988:
947:
933:
908:
846:
766:
711:(which constitute most of the
662:(MSCs) which are found in the
344:Induced pluripotent stem cells
96:
13:
1:
2552:"hepatoblast differentiation"
2402:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00687-1
1920:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80560-7
760:
692:
546:Native pluripotency in plants
2319:10.1016/j.autrev.2010.08.011
1345:Encyclopedia of neuroscience
7:
1993:Rossant J (February 2008).
732:
520:epiblast-derived stem cells
10:
2856:
2461:Nature Reviews. Immunology
2012:10.1016/j.cell.2008.01.039
1852:10.1016/j.stem.2023.11.010
1811:10.1016/j.stem.2009.05.015
1529:10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.019
1463:10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024
1386:10.1038/stemcells.2007.124
1049:10.1016/j.cell.2006.11.016
696:
599:
341:
278:
271:
2797:
2751:
2656:
2625:
2354:10.1007/s12265-011-9257-3
1880:10.1016/j.ceb.2004.03.005
1377:Nature Reports Stem Cells
1009:10.1016/j.tcb.2010.12.004
858:Engineering of Stem Cells
505:Fibroblast growth factors
490:Findings with respect to
384:; this technique, called
2759:Cellular differentiation
2527:Anatomy & Physiology
689:or smooth muscle cells.
460:cellular differentiation
326:(gut, lungs and liver),
2719:Hematopoietic stem cell
2222:10.1073/pnas.1209523109
1406:Genes & Development
1290:10.1126/science.1229277
1233:10.1126/science.1187945
1137:10.1126/science.1122491
254:5-hydroxymethylcytosine
195:, becomes pluripotent.
1371:Baker M (2007-12-06).
997:Trends in Cell Biology
917:Molecular Cell Biology
660:mesenchymal stem cells
612:
561:
482:
318:into any of the three
304:
300:
201:Caenorhabditis elegans
102:
93:
2830:Developmental biology
2769:Stem cell controversy
2724:Mesenchymal stem cell
2714:Endothelial stem cell
1964:10.1242/dev.113.3.891
1763:10.1038/nprot.2008.92
1673:. Scientific American
1638:10.1056/NEJMoa1915872
973:10.1387/ijdb.082671pw
697:Further information:
681:. It is a degree of
615:Multipotency is when
609:
600:Further information:
553:
480:
448:transcription factors
362:transcription factors
288:
224:Primordial germ cells
138:extraembryonic tissue
136:cell, as well as any
68:
2633:Embryonic stem cells
2307:Autoimmunity Reviews
1347:. Berlin: Springer.
1324:. Biology-Online.org
793:10.1155/2016/6940283
555:Ranunculus asiaticus
452:transdifferentiation
437:embryonic stem cells
338:Induced pluripotency
246:base excision repair
228:In mouse primordial
218:RNA-binding proteins
193:embryonic stem cells
101:Totipotency (Latin:
2693:Embryonic stem cell
2502:Ibelgaufts, Horst.
2276:10.1038/nature04697
2268:2006Natur.440.1199G
2262:(7088): 1199–1203.
2213:2012PNAS..10912556G
2207:(31): 12556–12561.
2064:10.1038/nature05950
2056:2007Natur.448..191B
1718:10.1038/nature08797
1710:2010Natur.463.1035V
1704:(7284): 1035–1041.
1589:10.1038/cr.2012.175
1418:10.1101/gad.1963910
1282:2013Sci...339..448H
1225:2010Sci...329...78H
1185:10.4161/cc.7.7.5644
1129:2006Sci...311..851C
866:2009esc..book..185M
173:syncytiotrophoblast
2111:10.1242/dev.078071
1082:Human Reproduction
954:Western P (2009).
874:10.1007/10_2008_45
755:Induced stem cells
613:
562:
483:
301:
244:involving the DNA
94:
2817:
2816:
2764:Stem cell therapy
2643:Cancer stem cells
2537:978-1-947172-04-3
2440:(12): 2121–2127.
2105:(13): 2288–2298.
2050:(7150): 191–195.
1632:(20): 1926–1932.
1412:(20): 2239–2263.
1276:(6118): 448–452.
1123:(5762): 851–853.
915:Lodish H (2016).
883:978-3-540-88805-5
839:978-0-7546-5755-2
774:Mahla RS (2016).
534:in EpiSCs, until
433:controversial use
313:
242:DNA demethylation
111:
16:(Redirected from
2847:
2805:
2804:
2752:Related articles
2729:Neural stem cell
2638:Adult stem cells
2612:
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2558:. Archived from
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1322:"Biology Online"
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1088:(7): 1897–1906.
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617:progenitor cells
602:Progenitor cells
426:undifferentiated
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488:
420:found in ESCs.
403:gene expression
390:Shinya Yamanaka
388:, later earned
346:
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185:Inner cell mass
169:cytotrophoblast
130:differentiation
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2779:Stem cell laws
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2774:Stem cell line
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2577:External links
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2156:Annual Reviews
2134:
2085:
2034:
2005:(4): 527–531.
1985:
1958:(3): 891–911.
1942:
1913:(2): 195–209.
1893:
1874:(3): 247–255.
1858:
1843:Cell Stem Cell
1825:
1804:(6): 487–492.
1798:Cell Stem Cell
1784:
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1523:(5): 861–872.
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1354:978-3540237358
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747:Biology portal
734:
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726:precursor cell
721:unipotent cell
717:cholangiocytes
699:Precursor cell
694:
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501:X-inactivation
487:
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342:Main article:
339:
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279:Main article:
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206:RNA regulation
98:
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58:, and finally
37:'s ability to
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536:somitogenesis
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386:reprogramming
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316:differentiate
306:
305:pluripotentia
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187:or the outer
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88:'s cells are
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53:
49:
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40:
39:differentiate
36:
32:
19:
2835:Cell biology
2806:
2735:
2704:
2687:
2665:
2658:Cell potency
2657:
2564:. Retrieved
2560:the original
2555:
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2526:
2519:
2507:. Retrieved
2497:
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2433:
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1701:
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1687:
1675:. Retrieved
1664:
1629:
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1615:
1583:(1): 49–69.
1580:
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1510:
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1326:. Retrieved
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724:
720:
705:cell biology
702:
676:
673:Oligopotency
668:
649:
645:
614:
596:Multipotency
563:
554:
513:
497:
489:
471:
468:
463:
445:
422:
407:
354:somatic cell
347:
302:
268:Pluripotency
227:
199:
198:Research on
197:
189:trophoblasts
146:
142:
103:totipotentia
100:
72:, embryonic
56:oligopotency
52:multipotency
48:pluripotency
31:Cell potency
30:
29:
2705:Multipotent
2688:Pluripotent
2158:: 377–406.
2099:Development
1952:Development
1472:2433/159777
854:Mitalipov S
709:hepatocytes
687:endothelial
664:third molar
656:bone marrow
637:brain cells
629:neutrophils
621:lymphocytes
441:tumorigenic
418:euchromatin
414:Euchromatin
394:John Gurdon
366:fibroblasts
320:germ layers
97:Totipotency
84:. Only the
70:Pluripotent
44:totipotency
2840:Stem cells
2824:Categories
2666:Totipotent
2619:Stem cells
2566:2012-08-31
1538:2433/49782
1172:Cell Cycle
761:References
693:Unipotency
679:cell types
652:cord blood
641:bone cells
586:PLETHORA 7
582:PLETHORA 5
578:PLETHORA 3
574:PLETHORA 2
570:PLETHORA 1
409:Epigenetic
399:morphology
238:epigenetic
230:germ cells
181:blastocyst
90:totipotent
78:blastocyst
74:stem cells
60:unipotency
18:Totipotent
2736:Unipotent
625:monocytes
492:epiblasts
429:iPS cells
350:stem cell
291:embryonic
289:A: Human
281:Stem cell
210:zebrafish
134:embryonic
2808:Category
2509:25 April
2481:19172693
2446:22242308
2419:15588806
2411:14505575
2370:36604144
2362:21327755
2327:20728583
2284:16565704
2241:22814375
2182:73498853
2174:30786238
2129:22669820
2072:17597762
2029:14128314
2021:18295568
1980:17685207
1937:16264083
1888:15145348
1820:19497275
1779:13321484
1771:18600223
1736:20107439
1677:25 April
1656:32402162
1607:23247625
1547:18035408
1481:16904174
1436:20952534
1328:25 April
1308:23223451
1251:20595612
1194:18414021
1145:16469927
1066:16988032
1058:17129777
1017:21236679
982:19412894
902:19343304
812:27516776
733:See also
611:lineage.
516:chimeras
472:in vitro
332:ectoderm
328:mesoderm
324:endoderm
165:ectoderm
161:mesoderm
157:endoderm
118:organism
82:placenta
2489:3347616
2292:4350560
2264:Bibcode
2232:3412010
2209:Bibcode
2120:3367440
2080:4365390
2052:Bibcode
1972:1821858
1929:9988215
1727:2829121
1706:Bibcode
1647:7288982
1598:3541668
1555:8531539
1489:1565219
1427:2956203
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