Traditional African religions

4105: 1929: 510: 555: 3468:(2010), p. 7:"A religion of Middle Eastern origin, Islam reached Africa via the northern region of the continent by means of conquest. The Islamic wars of conquest that would lead to the Islamization of North Africa occurred first in Egypt, when in about 642 CE the country fell to the invading Muslim forces from Arabia. Over the next centuries, the rest of the Maghreb would succumb to Jihadist armies...The notion of religion conversion, whether by force or peaceful means, is foreign to indigenous African beliefs...Islam, however, did not become a religion of the masses by peaceful means. Forced conversion was an indispensable element of proselytization." 51: 840:. High gods, along with other more specialized deities, ancestor spirits, territorial spirits, and beings, are a common theme among traditional African religions, highlighting the complex and advanced culture of ancient Africa. Some research suggests that certain monotheistic concepts, such as the belief in a high god or force (next to many other gods, deities and spirits, sometimes seen as intermediaries between humans and the creator) were present within Africa, before the introduction of Abrahamic religions. These indigenous concepts were different from the monotheism found in Abrahamic religions. 994:

life. Such separation and subsequent contemplation of the nature and sources of pure energy or feelings serves to help participants manage and accept them when they arise in mundane contexts. This facilitates better control and transformation of these energies into positive, culturally appropriate behavior, thought, and speech. Also, this practice can give rise to those in these trances uttering words which, when interpreted by a culturally educated initiate or diviner, can provide insight into appropriate directions which the community (or individual) might take in accomplishing its goal.

1145: 793:. These traditional healers have to be called by ancestors or gods. They undergo strict training and learn many necessary skills, including how to use natural herbs for healing and other, more mystical skills, like the finding of a hidden object without knowing where it is. Traditional African religions believe that ancestors maintain a spiritual connection with their living relatives. Most ancestral spirits are generally good and kind. Negative actions taken by ancestral spirits are to cause minor illnesses to warn people that they have gotten onto the wrong path. 759: 1220:, the latter term is used, but is often meant in a more philosophical sense to mean "the belief in a universal bond of sharing that connects all humanity". It is a collection of values and practices that people of Africa or of African origin view as making people authentic human beings. While the nuances of these values and practices vary across different ethnic groups, they all point to one thing – an authentic individual human being is part of a larger and more significant relational, communal, societal, environmental and spiritual world. 1170: 998: 9685: 497: 1943: 9695: 1072: 1349:

their indigenous traditions and the newer religions. However, tensions have arisen, particularly where aggressive proselytism by Christian or Islamic groups has sought to replace traditional African religions entirely. These tensions have sometimes led to the marginalization of traditional African religions, though it continues to play a vital role in the cultural and spiritual life of many African communities.

4023: 844: 639: 781:. These traditions are not religious principles, but a cultural identity that is passed on through stories, myths and tales, from one generation to the next. The community, one’s family, and the environment, play an important role in one's personal life. Followers believe in the guidance of their ancestors spirits. Among many traditional African religions, there are spiritual leaders and kinds of 858:. According to him, the belief in spirits and ancestors is the most important element of African religions. Gods were either self-created or evolved from spirits or ancestors which got worshiped by the people. He also notes that most modern African folk religions were strongly influenced by non-African religions, mostly Christianity and Islam and thus may differ from the ancient forms. 944:

good fortune and honor to their living descendants, but they can also make demands, such as insisting that their shrines be properly maintained and propitiated. A belief in ancestors also testifies to the inclusive nature of traditional African spirituality by positing that deceased progenitors still play a role in the lives of their living descendants.

3455:(1990), p. 161:"The role of Christian missionaries are a private interest group in European colonial occupation of Africa was a significant one...Collectively their activities promoted division within traditional African societies into rival factions...the picture denigrated African culture and religion..." 2546:

and percentages of Christians, Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions. The Western Journal of Black Studies, Vol 29, Number 2, June 2005. Discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedium, placing Britannica's estimate as the most agreed figure. Notes the figure presented at the

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is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa, but still as 40.8% of the total. These numbers are estimates, and remain a matter of conjecture. See Amadu Jacky Kaba. The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa: a survey and analysis of the numbers

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In contemporary Africa, many people identify with both traditional African religions and either Christianity or Islam, practicing elements of both in a form of religious duality. This syncretism is evident in rituals, festivals, and the spiritual lives of individuals who draw on the strengths of both

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The introduction of Christianity by European missionaries brought profound changes to the religious practices in Africa. While some communities fully embraced Christianity, others blended Christian teachings with their traditional beliefs, leading to syncretic practices. For example, in parts of West

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The environment and nature are infused in every aspect of traditional African religions and culture. This is largely because cosmology and beliefs are intricately intertwined with the natural phenomena and environment. All aspects of weather, thunder, lightning, rain, day, moon, sun, stars, and so on

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The defining line between deities and ancestors is often contested, but overall, ancestors are believed to occupy a higher level of existence than living human beings and are believed to be able to bestow either blessings or illness upon their living descendants. Ancestors can offer advice and bestow

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When this trance-like state is witnessed and understood, adherents are privy to a way of contemplating the pure or symbolic embodiment of a particular mindset or frame of reference. This builds skills at separating the feelings elicited by this mindset from their situational manifestations in daily

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Islam's spread across North and West Africa also had a significant impact on traditional African religions. Traditional African religions and Islam have coexisted for centuries, often blending elements of Islamic belief with traditional practices. In regions like Senegal and Mali, Sufi Islam often

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has always played a "significant" part in the traditional African cultures and may be considered as central to the African worldview. Ancestors (ancestral ghosts/spirits) are an integral part of reality. The ancestors are generally believed to reside in an ancestral realm (spiritworld), while some

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Traditional African religions generally hold the beliefs of life after death (a spirit world or realms, in which spirits, but also gods reside), with some also having a concept of reincarnation, in which deceased humans may reincarnate into their family lineage (blood lineage), if they want to, or

676:. These two Abrahamic religions are widespread across Africa, though mostly concentrated in different regions. Abrahamic religious beliefs, especially monotheistic elements, such as the belief in a single creator god, were introduced into traditionally polytheistic African religions rather early. 952:

and says that such concepts could not reflect the complex African traditions and are too simplistic. While some traditions have a supreme being (next to other deities), others have not. Monotheism does not reflect the multiplicity of ways that the traditional African spirituality has conceived of

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ethnic groups. In this state, depending upon the region, drumming or instrumental rhythms played by respected musicians (each of which is unique to a given deity or ancestor), participants embody a deity or ancestor, energy or state of mind by performing distinct ritual movements or dances which

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is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa, but still as 40.8% of the total. These numbers are estimates, and remain a matter of conjecture (see Amadu Jacky Kaba). The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa: a survey and analysis of the

1020:. This includes also nature, elementary, and animal spirits. The difference between powerful spirits and gods is often minimal. Most African societies believe in several “high gods” and a large amount of lower gods and spirits. There are also some religions with a single supreme being ( 1228:

Virtue in traditional African religion is often connected with carrying out communal obligations. Examples include social behaviors such as the respect for parents and elders, raising children appropriately, providing hospitality, and being honest, trustworthy, and courageous.

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t doesn't seem to be an either-or for many people. They can describe themselves primarily as Muslim or Christian and continue to practice many of the traditions that are characteristic of African traditional religion," Luis Lugo, executive director of the Pew Forum, told

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In traditional African societies, many people seek out diviners on a regular basis. There are generally no prohibitions against the practice. Diviners (also known as priests) are sought for their wisdom as counselors in life and for their knowledge of herbal medicine.

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The view of science as "embedded practice," intimately connected with ritual, for example, is considered "ascientific," "pseudo-science," or "magic" in Western perspective. In Africa, there is a strong connection between the physical and the terrestrial worlds. The

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Since Africa is a large continent with many ethnic groups and cultures, there is not one single technique of casting divination. The practice of casting may be done with small objects, such as bones, cowrie shells, stones, strips of leather, or flat pieces of wood.

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aspects. The role of humanity is generally seen as one of harmonizing nature with the supernatural. They generally seek to explain the reality of personal experience by spiritual forces which underpin orderly group life, contrasted by those that threaten it. Unlike

3440:, 3rd edn (2013), p. 268:"Later, during the nineteenth century, Christian missionaries became active in Africa and Oceania. Attempts by Christian missionaries to convert nonbelievers to Christianity took two main forms: forced conversions and proselytizing." 1321:

Traditional African religions have interacted with other major world religions in various ways, ranging from syncretism and coexistence to conflict and competition. These interactions have significantly shaped the religious landscape in Africa.

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When Africans are converted to other religions, they often mix their traditional religion with the one to which they are converted. In this way they are not losing something valuable, but are gaining something from both religious

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Although a large proportion of Africans have converted to Islam an Christianity, these two world religions have been assimilated into African culture, and many African Christians and Muslims maintain traditional spiritual

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has estimated that in 2002 Christians formed 40% of the continent's population, with Muslims forming 45%. It was also estimated in 2002 that Christians form 45% of Africa's population, with Muslims forming

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Even in the adopted religions of Islam and Christianity, which on the surface appear to have converted millions of Africans from their traditional religions, many aspect of traditional religions are still

1101:. Traditional African religions embrace natural phenomena – ebb and tide, waxing and waning moon, rain and drought – and the rhythmic pattern of agriculture. According to Gottlieb and Mbiti: 1913:

which focus on spiritual health. African religious traditions in the Americas can vary. They can have non-prominent African roots or can be almost wholly African in nature, such as religions like

2344:, Vol 29, Number 2, (June 2005), discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedias, placing Britannica's estimate as the most agreed on figure. Notes the figure presented at the 2541:

p.306. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, as of mid-2002, there were 376,453,000 Christians, 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa.

934:, summarized the many traditional African religions as complex animistic religious traditions and beliefs of the African people before the Christian and Islamic "colonization" of Africa. 1089:

has written that it is difficult to truly generalize them because of the sheer amount of differences and variations between the traditions. The deities and spirits are honored through

1097:, vegetables, cooked food, flowers, semi-precious stones, or precious metals. The will of the gods or spirits is sought by the believer also through consultation of divinities or 1331:

Africa, certain Christian denominations incorporate traditional rituals and symbols into their worship, reflecting the enduring influence of traditional African religions.

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West and Central African religious practices generally manifest themselves in communal ceremonies or divinatory rites in which members of the community, overcome by

3367:"Religious Pluralism and the Interaction between Pentecostal Christianity and African Traditional Religions: A Case Study of ZAOGA and Shona Traditional Religion" 2243: 541: 2524:

Even though the two religions are monotheistic, most African Christians and Muslims convert to them and still retain some aspects of their traditional religions

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is an important basic concept in nearly all African religions. Some African religions adopted different views through the influence of Islam or even Hinduism.

973:, etc.), are excited to the point of going into meditative trance in response to rhythmic or driving drumming or singing. One religious ceremony practiced in 854:

is also directly linked to traditional African religions. According to Clemmont E. Vontress, the various religious traditions of Africa are united by a basic

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In some traditional African religions, morality is associated with obedience or disobedience to God regarding the way a person or a community lives. For the

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may become amenable to control through the cosmology of African people. Natural phenomena are responsible for providing people with their daily needs.

816:). Deceased humans (and animals or important objects) still exist in the spirit world and can influence or interact with the physical world. Forms of 6196: 8638: 4362: 2197: 1404: 1316: 481: 8487: 2769: 668:, having largely displaced indigenous African religions, are often adapted to African cultural contexts and belief systems. African people often 691:

religion), are on the rise. The religions of the Igbo and Yoruba are popular in the Caribbean and portions of Central and South America. In the

9544: 4027: 3719: 2324:, as of mid-2002, there were 480,453,000 Christians, 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa. 1247:

In many cases, Africans who have converted to other religions have still kept up their traditional customs and practices, combining them in a

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term meaning "humanity". It is sometimes translated as "I am because we are" (also "I am because you are"), or "humanity towards others" (in

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deities, gods, and spirit beings. He summarizes that traditional African religions are not only religions, but a worldview, a way of life.

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integrates aspects of local spiritual practices, reflecting a deep synergy between traditional African religions and Islamic mysticism.

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Because of persecution and discrimination, as well as incompatibility with traditional society, culture and native beliefs, the

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There is an unwavering belief in life after death in traditional African religions with some even believing in reincarnation...

2795: 1419: 1244:, acting through the lesser deities is believed to speak to and be capable of guiding the virtuous person as one's conscience. 527: 500: 34: 6422: 3977:

Peavy, D., (2016). The Benin Monarchy, Olokun & Iha Ominigbon. Umewaen: Journal of Benin & Edoid Studies: Osweego, NY.

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was widespread in most of ancient African and other regions of the world, before the introduction of Islam, Christianity, and

8643: 4497: 3899: 3893: 3386: 3344: 3161: 2351: 2315: 2286: 3425::"African traditional religion went through and survived this type of persecution at the hands of Christianity and Islam..." 9108: 6100: 4110: 3803: 2565: 1011: 514: 262: 3480:"Non-Acceptance of Islam in the Southern Sudan: The Case of the Dinka from the Pre-Colonial Period to Independence (1956)" 9226: 8507: 8103: 1934: 1681: 1173: 1133: 2237: 9436: 9166: 9048: 8502: 7082: 4994: 4586: 1180:

Some castings are done using sacred divination plates made of wood or performed on the ground (often within a circle).

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Resolving the Prevailing Conflicts Between Christianity and African (Igbo) Traditional Religion Through Inculturation

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are the emissaries of the supreme God and the patrons in charge of the workability of the processes involved. In the

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Followers of traditional African religions are also found around the world. In recent times, religions, such as the

9539: 7092: 2490: 2400: 874: 474: 469: 9501: 9396: 8522: 8517: 8473: 8098: 6942: 6164: 5149: 1686: 1633:(Morocco (including Western Sahara), Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad, Burkina Faso) 9356: 9181: 8454: 7468: 7409: 7296: 7175: 7107: 5493: 5131: 5050: 4597: 4042: 3756: 3713: 3633: 2325: 7588: 7463: 4133: 3656:, Volume 10, edited by Pierre-Damien Mvuyekure (New York: Thomson-Gale, 2003), in particular pp. 275–314. 9506: 8921: 8658: 8317: 8166: 8088: 7510: 6063: 4702: 4377: 4218: 4072: 2985: 2933: 1422:

and is therefore consulted. Sacrifices are offered to appease her for a successful run. The same is true for

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Médecine Traditionnelle, Religion et Divination Chez les Seereer Siin du Sénégal: La Coonaissance de la Nuit

9564: 9366: 6574: 5282: 4104: 4033: 1928: 851: 610: 554: 509: 7598: 9729: 9724: 9574: 9286: 9281: 9053: 7571: 7532: 7087: 7001: 6569: 6233: 4899: 4143: 2551: 1630: 1056: 801: 630:, African traditional religions are not idealisations; they seek to come to terms with reality as it is. 7603: 7593: 8347: 8292: 7988: 6728: 6223: 4894: 4836: 4678: 4660: 1825: 1533: 789:

that are responsible for healing and 'divining' - a kind of fortune telling and counseling, similar to

459: 229: 6316: 2590: 2306: 2101: 785:. These individuals are essential in the spiritual and religious survival of the community. There are 9599: 9388: 9246: 8698: 7581: 7360: 6991: 6621: 6144: 5276: 5028: 4865: 4820: 4417: 4128: 2848: 1661: 1605: 1423: 913: 836:). This remarkable change to traditional Egyptian religion was however reverted by his youngest son, 85: 7699: 3094: 2862: 2604: 9103: 9063: 9018: 8808: 8798: 8603: 8352: 8177: 8113: 8083: 7973: 7738: 7647: 7615: 7576: 7488: 6385: 5610: 5546: 5016: 5001: 4695: 4647: 4532: 4522: 4327: 4065: 3095:"Traditional African religions and their influences on the worldviews of Bangwa people of Cameroon" 2863:"Traditional African religions and their influences on the worldviews of Bangwa people of Cameroon" 2830: 1879: 1757:(a religion that is purported to encompass all traditional religions of Africa, primarily based on 594: 257: 6053: 1383:. The atrocities include killings, waging war, destroying of sacred places, and other atrocities. 9554: 9491: 9441: 9401: 9346: 8981: 8976: 8866: 8813: 8703: 8633: 8429: 8235: 8150: 7355: 7333: 7132: 6954: 6479: 6095: 6022: 5706: 5077: 4877: 4786: 4537: 4422: 4357: 3674: 3366: 3324: 3153: 2679:"Has the distinction between primitive and higher religions any sociological significance ?" 1887: 1085:

There are more similarities than differences between all traditional African religions, although

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Traditional African religion, like most other ancient traditions around the world, were based on

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An article explaining the parallels between traditional and modern religious practices in Africa

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Ian S. Markham,(A World Religions Reader. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 1996.)

2358:, as being an outlier. On rates of growth, Islam and Pentecostal Christianity are highest, see: 9421: 9316: 9276: 9256: 9113: 9088: 8993: 8966: 8916: 8886: 8876: 8793: 8758: 8743: 8728: 8683: 8618: 8287: 8218: 8123: 8118: 7859: 7782: 7544: 7426: 7350: 7147: 7137: 6996: 6964: 6902: 6873: 6380: 6375: 6159: 6040: 6000: 5785: 5126: 5121: 5101: 5097: 4654: 4517: 4477: 4462: 4447: 4402: 4342: 4163: 3921: 3421:

M. Darrol Bryant, Rita H. Mataragnon, The Many faces of religion and society (1985), Page 100,

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are common in most areas, and their practices include a religious element to varying degrees.

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before Yoonir's phase in order to predict winter months and enable farmers to start planting.

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An African Classical Age: Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400

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Lord of the Sky-King of the earth: Zulu Traditional Religion and Belief in the Skrelicsy God

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numbers and percentages of Christians, Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions.

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worldview with a supreme creator god next to other gods and spirits, others follow a purely

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Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica Book of the Year 2003. Encyclopædia Britannica, (2003)

2276: 2259: 1962: 1863: 752: 606: 403: 6427: 5309: 2873:. Ball State University; Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad: 70–84. 2711: 1959: – Expressions of religion distinct from the official doctrines of organized religion 8: 9657: 9632: 9612: 9589: 9516: 9466: 9446: 9361: 9351: 9306: 9266: 9221: 9216: 9206: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9176: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9118: 9028: 9003: 8881: 8871: 8833: 8803: 8788: 8773: 8763: 8753: 8718: 8713: 8663: 8608: 8583: 8527: 8384: 8367: 8255: 8250: 8240: 8108: 7909: 7822: 7767: 7743: 7630: 7515: 7473: 7268: 7117: 6745: 6537: 6412: 6191: 5978: 5863: 5791: 5681: 5602: 5429: 5082: 4906: 4752: 4615: 4581: 4557: 4527: 4512: 4492: 4482: 4472: 4437: 4432: 4382: 4332: 4307: 4263: 1910: 1883: 1839: 1041: 673: 627: 2154:"The world of spirits and the respect for nature: towards a new appreciation of animism" 9637: 9617: 9584: 9481: 9471: 9416: 9411: 9341: 9321: 9311: 9296: 9291: 9271: 9241: 9236: 9211: 9201: 9133: 9098: 9083: 8988: 8961: 8951: 8911: 8896: 8891: 8843: 8838: 8778: 8733: 8693: 8588: 8575: 8377: 8357: 8282: 8155: 7978: 7652: 7610: 7451: 7419: 7394: 7321: 7301: 7122: 7070: 7058: 7036: 6628: 6586: 6459: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6073: 5857: 5833: 5212: 5136: 4884: 4830: 4567: 4562: 4502: 4452: 4412: 4312: 4248: 4223: 4188: 4158: 4153: 4088: 3941: 3596:

Routes to slavery: direction, ethnicity, and mortality in the transatlantic slave trade

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Christ Connection: How the World Religions Prepared the Way for the Phenomenon of Jesus

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Followers of traditional African religions pray to various spirits as well as to their

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There are often similarities between traditional African religions located in the same

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build the core concept of traditional African religions. This includes the worship of

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Dih, Elisha Samuel (2022). "Interrogating Syncretism in African Christian Theology".

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African Philosophy: Traditional Yoruba Philosophy and Contemporary African Realities

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A website with extensive links and information about traditional African religions

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Some sacred or holy locations for traditional religions include but not limited to

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Kofi Asare Opoku | Publisher: FEP International Private Limited. ASIN: B0000EE0IT

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Okwu AS (1979). "Life, Death, Reincarnation, and Traditional Healing in Africa".

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are distributed among 43 countries and are estimated to number over 100 million.

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Black God: the Afroasiatic roots of the Jewish, Christian, and Muslim religions

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Black God: The Afroasiatic Roots of the Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Religions

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Black God: the Afroasiatic roots of the Jewish, Christian, and Muslim religions

2118: 1806: 1788: 1704: 1649: 1624: 1552: 1464: 1427: 1217: 1111: 870: 778: 716: 712: 578: 574: 168: 132: 107: 102: 97: 80: 75: 5625: 1737:(Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Gana/Ghana, Ivory Coast, Niger, Nigeria, Togo) 9713: 8372: 7926: 7807: 7199: 7194: 7142: 6979: 6917: 6812: 6703: 6601: 6532: 6464: 6454: 6417: 6353: 6250: 6216: 6134: 6030: 5993: 5912: 5820: 5271: 5222: 4927: 4123: 3831: 3821: 3748: 3563: 3503: 3282: 3171: 3071: 2179: 2127: 1956: 1875: 1835: 1734: 1722: 1710: 1521: 1490: 1237: 1233: 1203: 1086: 1079: 986: 923: 692: 436: 385: 315: 117: 65: 7041: 3409:

African Voices of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Beyond the Silence and the Shame

2650: 2086: 2053: 2020: 1169: 866: 824:. An exception was the short-lived monotheistic religion created by Pharaoh 8512: 8414: 8270: 7958: 7953: 7931: 7921: 7802: 7234: 7169: 7112: 7097: 7063: 6688: 6596: 5592: 5483: 5478: 5329: 5299: 5173: 5141: 4889: 4860: 4847: 3987: 3871: 2696: 2628: 2202:

Integrating Traditional Healing Practices into Counseling and Psychotherapy

1740: 1728: 1675: 1387: 1380: 1376: 1280: 1075: 736: 618: 345: 163: 6735: 5380: 3495: 3365:

Taringa, Nisbert T.; Sipeyiye, Macloud (2018), Togarasei, Lovemore (ed.),

3147: 2431:

Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices: Religions and denominations

2209: 1118:). With a long farming tradition, the Serer high priests and priestesses ( 8434: 8409: 8228: 8196: 8187: 8133: 8063: 8048: 7941: 7832: 7493: 7441: 7229: 6947: 6927: 6767: 6708: 6446: 6442: 6255: 5743: 5691: 5661: 5498: 5352: 5244: 5168: 5033: 4969: 4920: 4280: 3228:, PP 21, 152, Published by Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Sénégal, 2000: 1782: 1768: 1586: 837: 688: 643: 622: 183: 7748: 7689: 6792: 6186: 6005: 5554: 3511: 3479: 2771:

Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia

2170: 2153: 2005:. Doris Ndlovu, Bekithemba S. Ncube. Gweru,GasiyaZimbabwe: Mambo Press. 997: 8400: 8395: 8265: 8260: 8223: 8201: 8058: 8038: 8033: 7874: 7864: 7827: 7431: 7209: 7157: 6897: 6542: 6522: 6058: 5983: 5922: 5686: 5666: 5587: 5239: 5207: 5178: 4957: 4952: 4937: 3935: 3913: 3791: 3323:

Sodiq, Yushau (2022), Aderibigbe, Ibigbolade S.; Falola, Toyin (eds.),

3079: 3050:

Parrinder, E. G. (1959). "Islam and West African Indigenous Religion".

2751: 1871: 1866:

of these various African traditions, many also incorporate elements of

1744: 1562: 1288: 1248: 1152: 1098: 949: 817: 669: 370: 360: 285: 207: 7239: 6078: 3826:

The Akan Doctrine of God: A Fragment of Gold Coast Ethics and Religion

8342: 8138: 8053: 8043: 7914: 7869: 7854: 7787: 7635: 7102: 7024: 6984: 6974: 6937: 6912: 6892: 6787: 6653: 6507: 6497: 6259: 6179: 6174: 6085: 5895: 5880: 5845: 5828: 5810: 5723: 5503: 5419: 5398: 5393: 5370: 5365: 5324: 5319: 5256: 5193: 5116: 5087: 5038: 4979: 4932: 4057: 3600: 2905: 1895: 1891: 1754: 1418: – the goddess of wealth – is considered the patron of the 1304: 1052: 1029: 873:, for instance, has similar religious traditions in countries of the 825: 809: 790: 786: 748: 732: 724: 582: 305: 219: 5775: 5304: 4038: 3063: 2743: 1367:

from Christians and Muslims. Adherents of these religions have been

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Bandama, Foreman; Babalola, Abidemi Babatunde (13 September 2023).

3267:"Editorial: Now, the theory of Ubuntu has its space in social work" 1942: 1778: 1611: 1268: 1260: 1119: 1090: 1017: 978: 901: 744: 559: 441: 380: 335: 320: 2198:"Animism: Foundation of Traditional Healing in Sub-Saharan Africa" 1071: 8419: 8018: 7983: 7904: 7817: 7758: 7662: 7365: 7219: 6969: 6922: 6807: 6683: 6502: 5927: 5890: 5701: 5251: 5217: 5060: 4761: 4193: 3974:

Peavy, D., (2009)."Kings, Magic & Medicine". Raleigh, NC: SI.

3734:

African Studies Quarterly, The Online Journal for African Studies

2973:

Religion and Culture: an Introduction to Anthropology of Religion

2102:"Responding to new Imageries in African indigenous Spiritualties" 1772: 1764: 1748: 1408: 1284: 886: 855: 833: 821: 708: 684: 647: 614: 431: 300: 290: 157: 3668:

The Way of the Elders: West African Spirituality & Tradition

3538:"Science, Not Black Magic: Metal and Glass Production in Africa" 8327: 8206: 8191: 8010: 7899: 7884: 7842: 7620: 7498: 6772: 6527: 6517: 6129: 6090: 5932: 5540: 5510: 5234: 4022: 3878:(Plainview: Original Publications, rev. and enlarged ed., 1995) 2375:(New York: Chelsea House, 2009), p. 36 Varghese, Roy Abraham, 1843: 1669: 1415: 1411: 1296: 1292: 1272: 1127: 1115: 1114:, one of the most sacred stars in the cosmos is called Yoonir ( 1021: 917: 905: 894: 890: 882: 782: 767: 672:

the practice of their traditional beliefs with the practice of

655: 330: 325: 295: 6718: 1812: 843: 8023: 7797: 7777: 7762: 7338: 7164: 6959: 6822: 6777: 6757: 5917: 5314: 5160: 4942: 3373:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 199–210, 3331:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 473–484, 2712:"Foreigen influences on the idea of God in African religions" 2605:"African Traditional Religion | South African History Online" 2158:

The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa

1906: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1498: 1390:

largely rejected or ignored Islamic and Christian teachings.

1372: 1025: 982: 974: 939:

believe that the ancestors became equal in power to deities.

909: 813: 771: 763: 426: 408: 375: 224: 3811:

Chidester, David. "Religions of South Africa" pp. 17–19

3325:"African Religion and Islam in Contemporary Religious Space" 2667:, Sciences Religieuses Studies in Religion, vol. 10: 273-78) 1905:

Various "doctoring" spiritual traditions also exist such as

699:

is more predominant in the states along the Gulf of Mexico.

7948: 7837: 5748: 4687: 2591:"The Need to Re-Conceptualize African Traditional Religion" 1494: 1241: 1123: 1045: 1037: 1033: 829: 581:

and are passed down from one generation to another through

365: 27:

Diverse traditional beliefs and practices of African people

3626:

Spirits, Blood, and Drums: The Orisha Religion in Trinidad

1426:. Current scholarship has reinforced the contributions of 7847: 7812: 6487: 5824: 2240: 1847: 1276: 3099:

Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad

2867:

Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad

1343: 3804:

Sayings of the Ancient One - Wisdom from Ancient Africa

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Mugumbate, Jacob Rugare; Chereni, Admire (2020-04-23).

2902:

Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals

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In Transitions and consolidation of democracy in Africa

2487:"US study sheds light on Africa's unique religious mix" 2191: 2189: 4730: 2952: 1051:

Traditional African religions generally believe in an

743:. Traditional African religions also have elements of 3982:

Ikunle Abiyamo: It is on Bent Knees that I gave Birth

3885:

Art and oracle: African art and rituals of divination

3796:

The Origins of Life and Death: African Creation Myths

3329:

The Palgrave Handbook of African Traditional Religion

3188:

2nd Ed., p. 68, Published by East African Publishers

2106:

Religious: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama dan Lintas Budaya

1443:

This list is limited to a few well-known traditions.

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Parrinder, Geoffrey. "Traditional Religion", in his

2186: 1924: 828:, who made it mandatory to pray to his personal god 3730:

Toward Decolonizing African Philosophy And Religion

3452:

Towards and Understanding of the African Experience

2900:Salamone, Frank A. (2004). Levinson, David (ed.). 948:Olupona rejects the western/Islamic definition of 230:Index of African mythology and creation narratives 2566:"Ancient African Religion Finds Roots In America" 597:and higher and lower gods, sometimes including a 9711: 3840:, First English Edition, Pandavia, Berlin 2021. 3680:. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. 3466:Hot Spot: Sub-Saharan Africa: Sub-Saharan Africa 3264: 1325: 1317:Traditional African religion and other religions 482:Traditional African religion and other religions 3592: 3535: 3371:Aspects of Pentecostal Christianity in Zimbabwe 3364: 3013:, Volume 1, p. 55. Published by Facts on File, 2763: 2761: 2360:The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions 569:people are highly diverse, and include various 3881: 3818:(Bloomington: Indiana University press, 1982). 3788:(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989). 3423:https://books.google.com/books?id=kv4nAAAAYAAJ 2816:The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800 1986:Encyclopedia of African Religion (Sage, 2009) 1310: 990:further enhance their elevated consciousness. 731:around the world. While some religions have a 4703: 4073: 2548:World Christian Encyclopedia, summarized here 2204:, SAGE Publications, Inc., pp. 124–137, 2147: 2145: 2033: 930:professor of indigenous African religions at 535: 3888:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 3652:Information presented here was gleaned from 3149:African Religions: A Very Short Introduction 2758: 1359:Persecution of traditional African religions 1176:performing a divination by reading the bones 739:system with various gods, spirits and other 263:List of African deities and mythical figures 4052:culture-exchange.blog/animism-modern-africa 3963:, Second ed. (London: Sheldon Press, 1976, 3948:, Third ed. (London: Sheldon Press, 1974). 3206:The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Ecology 3011:Encyclopedia of African History and Culture 2962:, pages 39–46. Samuel Weiser Inc, 1994 2684:Archives de sciences sociales des religions 2460:The Oxford handbook of religion and ecology 4710: 4696: 4080: 4066: 3688:, page 159, University of Virginia Press, 3675:Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800 3531: 3529: 3033:, Book 1, p100. Published by AuthorHouse, 2819:, by Christopher Ehret, James Currey, 2002 2635:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. 2330:(1996) Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers 2295: 2260:What is religion? An African understanding 2142: 1621:(along the Nile valley in Egypt and Sudan) 1207: 542: 528: 4009:The Way We Lived: Ibo Customs and Stories 3710:African Religions and Western Scholarship 3700:The Handbook of Yoruba Religious Concepts 3670:. Saint Paul, MN: Llewellyn Publications. 3553: 3110: 3049: 2960:The Handbook of Yoruba Religious Concepts 2931: 2878: 2822: 2392: 2169: 2117: 1363:Traditional African religions have faced 1334: 796:Native African religions are centered on 7267: 3593:Eltis, David; Richardson, David (1997). 3310:Lafia Journal of Religion and Humanities 2899: 2837:(Interview). Interviewed by Laichas, Tom 2456: 2195: 2151: 2071:. Oxford : Heinemann Educational Books. 1520:(central parts of Sudan with origins in 1352: 1168: 1143: 1070: 1066: 996: 842: 757: 637: 553: 8564: 3864:Griaule, Marcel; Dietterlen, Germaine. 3761:Abimbola, Wade (ed. and trans., 1977). 3526: 3477: 3145: 3092: 2860: 2831:"A Conversation with Christopher Ehret" 2767: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2627: 2505: 2036:The Oxford handbook of global religions 1438: 812:(unlike the later developed concept of 766:dancer enchanting gods and spirits, in 14: 9712: 4087: 3992:Myth, Literature and the African World 3828:, second edition (London: Cass, 1968). 3663:. New York: Syracuse University Press. 2895: 2893: 2588: 2365: 1998: 1646:(Central, Southeast, Southern Africa) 1530:(Central, Southeast, Southern Africa) 1455:(Central, Southeast, Southern Africa) 654:Adherents of traditional religions in 8563: 7716: 7266: 4729: 4691: 4061: 3868:(Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie, 1965). 3322: 2927: 2925: 2828: 2676: 2427: 2398: 2274: 2265:May 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. 2099: 2066: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1678:(Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa) 1344:Coexistence, Syncretism, and Conflict 1307:, and Tulwap Kipsigis, among others. 1236:, according to their primary supreme 613:. Most religions can be described as 4111:Traditional African religions portal 3859:Oya, in Praise of an African Goddess 3747:Encyclopedia of African Religion, - 3702:. York Beach, MA: Samuel Weiser Inc. 3666:Doumbia, A. & Doumbia, N (2004) 3623: 3129:2nd Ed., p 100–101, Heinemann, 3093:Ndemanu, Michael T. (January 2018). 2861:Ndemanu, Michael T. (January 2018). 2829:Ehret, Christopher (November 2004). 2729: 2718: 2709: 2342:The Western Journal of Black Studies 2100:Nweke, Kizito Chinedu (2022-12-25). 1398:Bandama and Babalola (2023) states: 1012:List of African mythological figures 558:Local ceremony in Benin featuring a 3994:(Cambridge University Press, 1976). 3808:Theosophical Publishing House, U.S. 3437:Essentials of Cultural Anthropology 3307: 2890: 2633:Akhenaten and the religion of light 2506:Quainoo, Samuel Ebow (2000-01-01). 2379:, Paraclete Press (2011), p. 1935, 2038:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1999:Ndlovu, Tommy Matshakayile (1995). 1935:Traditional African religion portal 1862:, among others. In addition to the 1819: 1682:Traditional healers of South Africa 24: 8533:Religions and spiritual traditions 4732:Religious groups and denominations 3816:Art and Life among the Owerri Igbo 3741: 3208:, p. 261, Oxford Handbooks Online 3127:African Religions & Philosophy 2971:Annemarie De Waal Malefijt (1968) 2922: 1975: 1803:(Gana/Ghana, Benin, Togo, Nigeria) 1637: 1599: 1394:Science and traditional worldviews 1223: 1174:Traditional healer of South Africa 1126:Ceremony (divination ceremony) in 573:. Generally, these traditions are 25: 9741: 4015: 3936:West African Traditional Religion 2932:Chiorazzi, Anthony (2015-10-06). 1672:(South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho) 1446: 1432:history of science and technology 1001:Religious couvent in south Ghana. 240:Serer astronomy (the star Sirius) 220:Dogon astronomy (the star Sirius) 9693: 9684: 9683: 9497:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 8639:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4642:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 4363:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4103: 4021: 3918:African Religions and Philosophy 3786:Africa's Ogun: Old World and New 3186:Introduction to African Religion 2463:. Oxford University Press, USA. 2457:Gottlieb, Roger S (2006-11-09). 2402:Introduction to African religion 2069:Introduction to African religion 1941: 1927: 1894:(sometimes including the use of 1830:Afro-American religions involve 1254: 1122:) deliver yearly sermons at the 875:Democratic Republic of the Congo 508: 496: 495: 49: 8099:Evolutionary origin of religion 3984:(2007 Asefin Media Publication) 3617: 3586: 3471: 3458: 3443: 3428: 3415: 3400: 3358: 3316: 3301: 3289: 3258: 3238: 3218: 3198: 3178: 3139: 3119: 3086: 3043: 3023: 3003: 2978: 2965: 2854: 2808: 2788: 2703: 2670: 2657: 2621: 2597: 2582: 2558: 2527: 2499: 2479: 2450: 2421: 2268: 1687:Indigenous religion in Zimbabwe 8455:Separation of church and state 7108:Polytheistic reconstructionism 3999:Myths and Legends of the Bantu 3906:Lugira, Aloysius Muzzanganda. 3714:East African Literature Bureau 3271:African Journal of Social Work 3226:La Civilisation Sereer Pangool 2253: 2231: 2196:Vontress, Clemmont E. (2005), 2152:Kimmerle, Heinz (2006-04-11). 2093: 2060: 2027: 1992: 1842:of divine spirits such as the 1692: 1511: 13: 1: 9720:Traditional African religions 6064:Traditional Sabahan religions 4271:Traditional African religions 4028:Traditional African religions 3854:(New York: Peter Lang, 1999). 3646: 3542:African Archaeological Review 2847:(Citation with date provided 2373:African Traditional Religions 1791:(Senegal, Gambia, Mauritania) 1583:(Bungoma, Trans Nzoia, Kenya) 1326:Interaction with Christianity 1139: 956: 565:The beliefs and practices of 454:Relation with other religions 43:Traditional African religions 4717: 4001:(1933). Available online at 3946:African Traditional Religion 3910:. Infobase Publishing, 2009. 3908:African traditional religion 3774:. Syracuse University Press: 3673:Ehret, Christopher, (2002) 3379:10.1007/978-3-319-78565-3_14 3337:10.1007/978-3-030-89500-6_36 3112:10.36366/frontiers.v30i1.405 2986:"The spirituality of Africa" 2975:, p. 220–249, Macmillan 2934:"The spirituality of Africa" 2880:10.36366/frontiers.v30i1.405 2798:. Syracuse University Press: 2347:World Christian Encyclopedia 2034:Juergensmeyer, Mark (2006). 2002:Imikhuba lamasiko AmaNdebele 1785:(Gana/Ghana and Ivory Coast) 852:Traditional African medicine 611:traditional African medicine 18:Traditional African religion 7: 8308:National religiosity levels 7533:Nauruan Indigenous religion 7088:Hellenism (modern religion) 4423:Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) 4144:Traditional Berber religion 3628:. Temple University Press. 3449:Festus Ugboaja Ohaegbulam, 2768:Stanton, Andrea L. (2012). 2732:Issue: A Journal of Opinion 2552:The World Book Encyclopedia 2434:. Thomson Gale. p. 1. 2405:. East African Publishers. 2362:, Foreign Policy, May 2007. 2302:Britannica Book of the Year 1920: 1789:Serer religion (A ƭat Roog) 1631:Traditional Berber religion 1311:Relations with other faiths 908:and worship the land or a " 10: 9746: 7717: 4679:African diaspora religions 4034:African Comparative Belief 4011:(London: Heinemann, 1969). 3934:Opoku, Kofi Asare (1978). 3798:(London: Heinemann, 1966). 3751:, Sage Publications, 2009 3555:10.1007/s10437-023-09545-6 3298:, by Edwin Anaegboka Udoye 3146:Olupona, Jacob K. (2014). 2119:10.15575/rjsalb.v6i3.20246 1826:African diaspora religions 1823: 1696: 1571:(Kenya, Tanzania, Ouebian) 1356: 1314: 1191: 1158: 1040:, etc.). Some recognize a 1009: 1005: 593:. They include beliefs in 460:African diaspora religions 9679: 9598: 9515: 9387: 9132: 8857: 8574: 8570: 8559: 8468: 8393: 8164: 8072: 8009: 7727: 7723: 7712: 7275: 7262: 7187: 7010: 6992:Transcendental Meditation 6885: 6872: 6837: 6585: 6562: 6551: 6478: 6441: 6143: 6039: 6021: 5965: 5956: 5873: 5801: 5652: 5643: 5601: 5573: 5531: 5464: 5455: 5446: 5412: 5379: 5351: 5342: 5292: 5159: 4846: 4760: 4751: 4742: 4738: 4725: 4675: 4580: 4299: 4129:Ancient Egyptian religion 4095: 3736:, Volume 1, Issue 4, 1998 3484:Northeast African Studies 3204:Roger S. Gottlieb (2006) 2389:(Retrieved 24 March 2019) 2275:Ajayi, J. F. Ade (1976). 2246:November 2, 2015, at the 1713:(Gana/Ghana, Ivory Coast) 1662:Zulu traditional religion 1627:(Tunisia, Algeria, Libya) 1606:Ancient Egyptian religion 1577:(Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania) 1187: 702: 633: 8624:Central African Republic 5611:Vietnamese folk religion 5002:Charismatic Christianity 4348:Central African Republic 3961:Africa's Three Religions 3768:Baldick, Julian (1997). 3654:World Eras Encyclopaedia 2794:Baldick, Julian (1997). 2328:A World Religions Reader 1968: 1880:Native American religion 1731:(Benin kingdom, Nigeria) 1209:umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu 1044:god and goddess such as 687:religion (a traditional 258:Index of African deities 8518:New religious movements 8151:Theories about religion 8104:Evolutionary psychology 7133:Modern Finnish paganism 5078:Independent Catholicism 3980:Popoola, S. Solagbade. 3882:LaGamma, Alisa (2000). 3861:(Harper Collins, 1992). 3478:Beswick, S. F. (1994). 3154:Oxford University Press 3029:Peter C. Rogers (2009) 2835:World History Connected 2663:Hexham, Irvin ((1981), 2550:, as being an outlier. 2322:Encyclopædia Britannica 2307:Encyclopædia Britannica 2067:Mbiti, John S. (1991). 985:, practiced by several 847:Traditional Koku dancer 225:Dogon astronomy (Nommo) 9167:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7148:Erzyan native religion 6997:Unitarian Universalism 6376:Native American Church 5122:Oneness Pentecostalism 3922:African Writers Series 3224:Henry Gravrand (1990) 3009:Willie F. Page (2001) 2697:10.3406/assr.1963.1996 2428:Riggs, Thomas (2006). 2399:Mbiti, John S (1992). 2354:March 5, 2016, at the 2335:March 4, 2016, at the 2278:History of West Africa 1797:(Nigeria, Benin, Togo) 1436: 1335:Interaction with Islam 1208: 1177: 1156: 1108: 1082: 1002: 946: 920:cults", respectively. 862:have something to do. 848: 774: 727:, comparable to other 651: 642:An early-20th-century 603:veneration of the dead 562: 9487:Saint Kitts and Nevis 8784:São Tomé and Príncipe 8644:Republic of the Congo 6845:Aboriginal Australian 5474:Chinese folk religion 4508:São Tomé and Príncipe 4498:Republic of the Congo 4007:Umeasigbu, Rems Nna. 3866:Le Mythe Cosmogonique 3814:Cole, Herbert Mbari. 3763:Ifa Divination Poetry 3496:10.1353/nas.1994.0018 3464:Toyin Falola et al., 3184:John S. Mbiti (1992) 3125:John S. Mbiti (1990) 2677:Busia, K. A. (1963). 2489:. AFP. Archived from 2371:Lugira, Aloysius M., 2210:10.4135/9781452231648 1699:West African religion 1697:Further information: 1400: 1353:Religious persecution 1172: 1147: 1103: 1074: 1067:Practices and rituals 1000: 941: 879:Republic of the Congo 846: 761: 729:traditional religions 723:and the belief in an 641: 557: 475:Persecution of Serers 470:Persecution of Dogons 281:Bandiagara Escarpment 9109:United Arab Emirates 7895:Religious experience 7269:Historical religions 6229:Four Mothers Society 5631:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 4963:Schwenkfelder Church 4030:at Wikimedia Commons 3876:God in Yoruba Belief 3801:Bowen, P.G. (1970). 3684:Ehret, Christopher, 3624:Houk, James (1995). 3244:Simone Kalis (1997) 2609:www.sahistory.org.za 1963:Witchcraft in Africa 1864:religious syncretism 1589:(Ethiopia and Kenya) 1439:Traditions by region 1369:forcefully converted 1110:For example, in the 912:" through "regional 753:veneration of relics 9502:Trinidad and Tobago 9397:Antigua and Barbuda 8565:Religion by country 7621:Cult of Magna Mater 6101:Philippine Dayawism 5682:Nimbarka Sampradaya 5430:Chinese Manichaeism 5102:Jehovah's Witnesses 4907:Proto-Protestantism 4264:Serer creation myth 3942:Parrinder, Geoffrey 3850:Gbadagesin, Segun. 3312:. 1 & 2: 32–48. 2512:. Global Academic. 2171:10.4102/td.v2i2.277 1874:and other forms of 1725:(Nigeria, Cameroon) 1148:Early-20th-century 1134:Traditional healers 936:Ancestor veneration 806:supernatural beings 741:supernatural beings 674:Abrahamic religions 628:Abrahamic religions 9730:Religion in Africa 9725:Sub-Saharan Africa 9437:Dominican Republic 8483:Abrahamic prophets 7572:Proto-Indo-Iranian 6074:Aliran Kepercayaan 5277:Non-denominational 5199:Modernist Salafism 4885:Oriental Orthodoxy 4249:Malagasy mythology 4159:Bushongo mythology 4089:Religion in Africa 4045:2019-06-01 at the 3720:Princeton Online, 3659:Baldick, J (1997) 2493:on April 25, 2010. 1988:Molefi Kete Asante 1575:Kalenjin mythology 1559:Malagasy mythology 1547:Abaluhya mythology 1459:Bushongo mythology 1178: 1161:African divination 1157: 1116:the Star of Sirius 1083: 1003: 932:Harvard University 849: 800:, the belief in a 775: 652: 563: 213:African divination 9707: 9706: 9675: 9674: 9671: 9670: 8659:Equatorial Guinea 8555: 8554: 8551: 8550: 8089:Cognitive science 7708: 7707: 7641:Mysteries of Isis 7415:Frankish paganism 7258: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7002:White Brotherhood 6868: 6867: 6833: 6832: 6234:Keetoowah Society 6135:Sundanese Wiwitan 5952: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5677:Brahma Sampradaya 5639: 5638: 5442: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5420:Assianism/Uatsdin 5338: 5337: 5107:British Israelism 5093:Nontrinitarianism 5056:Plymouth Brethren 5051:Nondenominational 4985:Congregationalism 4873:Eastern Orthodoxy 4821:Reconstructionist 4685: 4684: 4591:other territories 4378:Equatorial Guinea 4276:Tumbuka mythology 4239:Lugbara mythology 4224:Khoe/San religion 4169:Dahomean religion 4026:Media related to 3895:978-0-87099-933-8 3857:Gleason, Judith. 3722:History of Africa 3698:Karade, B (1994) 3388:978-3-319-78565-3 3346:978-3-030-89500-6 3163:978-0-19-979058-6 2349:, summarized here 2320:According to the 2316:978-0-85229-956-2 2288:978-0-231-04103-4 1900:European folklore 1815:religion(Nigeria) 1717:Dahomean religion 1656:Tumbuka mythology 1619:Kushite mythology 1518:Kushite mythology 1471:Lugbara mythology 1265:Point of Sangomar 1194:Ubuntu philosophy 928:Nigerian American 709:animistic beliefs 683:religion and the 601:, as well as the 552: 551: 341:Point of Sangomar 16:(Redirected from 9737: 9697: 9687: 9686: 9565:Papua New Guinea 9540:Marshall Islands 9367:Northern Ireland 8572: 8571: 8561: 8560: 8445:Secular theology 8440:Secular humanism 7725: 7724: 7714: 7713: 7589:Ancestral Pueblo 7264: 7263: 6883: 6882: 6560: 6559: 5963: 5962: 5719:Shaiva Siddhanta 5650: 5649: 5583:Korean shamanism 5462: 5461: 5453: 5452: 5349: 5348: 5262:Mahdawi movement 5132:Swedenborgianism 5112:Christadelphians 4758: 4757: 4749: 4748: 4740: 4739: 4727: 4726: 4712: 4705: 4698: 4689: 4688: 4301:Sovereign states 4244:Maasai mythology 4229:Lotuko mythology 4119:Akamba mythology 4113: 4108: 4107: 4082: 4075: 4068: 4059: 4058: 4039:Afrika world.net 4025: 4003:sacred-texts.com 3903: 3898:. Archived from 3784:Barnes, Sandra. 3640: 3639: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3557: 3533: 3524: 3523: 3475: 3469: 3462: 3456: 3447: 3441: 3434:Garrick Bailey, 3432: 3426: 3419: 3413: 3407:Anne C. Bailey, 3404: 3398: 3397: 3396: 3395: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3354: 3353: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3262: 3256: 3242: 3236: 3222: 3216: 3202: 3196: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3143: 3137: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3047: 3041: 3027: 3021: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2997: 2982: 2976: 2969: 2963: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2947: 2946: 2929: 2920: 2919: 2897: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2826: 2820: 2812: 2806: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2765: 2756: 2755: 2727: 2716: 2715: 2710:Peterson, Olof. 2707: 2701: 2700: 2674: 2668: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2615: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2576: 2562: 2556: 2531: 2525: 2523: 2503: 2497: 2494: 2483: 2477: 2474: 2454: 2448: 2445: 2425: 2419: 2416: 2396: 2390: 2369: 2363: 2326:Ian S. Markham, 2299: 2293: 2292: 2272: 2266: 2257: 2251: 2238:An African Story 2235: 2229: 2228: 2227: 2226: 2193: 2184: 2183: 2173: 2149: 2140: 2139: 2121: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2031: 2025: 2024: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1951: 1946: 1945: 1937: 1932: 1931: 1868:Folk Catholicism 1832:ancestor worship 1820:African diaspora 1593:Somali mythology 1569:Maasai mythology 1540:Akamba mythology 1534:Gikuyu mythology 1505:Lotuko mythology 1477:Baluba mythology 1405:deities and gods 1379:, demonized and 1211: 1093:or sacrifice of 1061:Ancestor worship 798:ancestor worship 721:ancestor worship 713:tutelary deities 646:medicine man in 571:ethnic religions 544: 537: 530: 513: 512: 499: 498: 351:Sangha Ogol Leye 53: 30: 29: 21: 9745: 9744: 9740: 9739: 9738: 9736: 9735: 9734: 9710: 9709: 9708: 9703: 9667: 9594: 9575:Solomon Islands 9511: 9383: 9287:North Macedonia 9128: 8853: 8566: 8547: 8508:Mass gatherings 8476: 8471: 8464: 8403: 8398: 8389: 8323:Religiocentrism 8303:National church 8171: 8168: 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B. 3819: 3812: 3809: 3799: 3789: 3782: 3766: 3759: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3728:Wiredu, Kwasi 3725: 3717: 3703: 3696: 3682: 3671: 3664: 3657: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3634: 3616: 3609: 3603:. p. 88. 3585: 3548:(3): 531–543. 3525: 3490:(2/3): 19–47. 3470: 3457: 3442: 3427: 3414: 3399: 3387: 3357: 3345: 3315: 3300: 3288: 3257: 3237: 3217: 3197: 3177: 3162: 3138: 3118: 3085: 3058:(2): 130–141. 3042: 3031:Ultimate Truth 3022: 3002: 2977: 2964: 2951: 2921: 2914: 2889: 2853: 2821: 2807: 2787: 2780: 2757: 2717: 2702: 2669: 2656: 2641: 2620: 2596: 2581: 2557: 2526: 2518: 2498: 2478: 2469: 2449: 2440: 2420: 2411: 2391: 2364: 2294: 2287: 2267: 2252: 2230: 2218: 2185: 2141: 2112:(3): 271–282. 2092: 2077: 2059: 2044: 2026: 2011: 1991: 1973: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1965: 1960: 1953: 1952: 1938: 1922: 1919: 1834:and include a 1824:Main article: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1816: 1810: 1807:Dogon religion 1804: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1776: 1762: 1752: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1708: 1705:Abwoi religion 1694: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1664:(South Africa) 1659: 1653: 1650:Lozi mythology 1639: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1628: 1625:Punic religion 1622: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1590: 1584: 1578: 1572: 1566: 1556: 1553:Dinka religion 1550: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1525: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1502: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1480: 1474: 1468: 1465:Kongo religion 1462: 1448: 1447:Central Africa 1445: 1440: 1437: 1430:to the global 1428:ancient Africa 1420:glass industry 1395: 1392: 1357:Main article: 1354: 1351: 1345: 1342: 1336: 1333: 1327: 1324: 1315:Main article: 1312: 1309: 1256: 1253: 1225: 1222: 1192:Main article: 1189: 1186: 1159:Main article: 1141: 1138: 1112:Serer religion 1068: 1065: 1055:, one or more 1010:Main article: 1007: 1004: 958: 955: 871:Central Africa 717:nature worship 704: 701: 635: 632: 550: 549: 547: 546: 539: 532: 524: 521: 520: 518: 517: 505: 492: 489: 488: 485: 484: 479: 478: 477: 472: 462: 456: 453: 452: 449: 448: 445: 444: 439: 434: 429: 423: 420: 419: 416: 415: 412: 411: 406: 400: 397: 396: 393: 392: 389: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 277: 274: 273: 270: 269: 266: 265: 260: 254: 251: 250: 247: 246: 243: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 216: 215: 204: 201: 200: 197: 196: 193: 192: 187: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 89: 88: 83: 73: 68: 62: 59: 58: 55: 54: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9742: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9717: 9715: 9700: 9696: 9692: 9690: 9682: 9681: 9678: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9605: 9603: 9601: 9600:South America 9597: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9522: 9520: 9518: 9514: 9508: 9507:United States 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9390: 9389:North America 9386: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9359: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9247:Liechtenstein 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9139: 9137: 9135: 9131: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8974: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8856: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8699:Guinea-Bissau 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8581: 8579: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8562: 8558: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8523:Organizations 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8467: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8386: 8383: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8360: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8348:Vegetarianism 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8293:Homosexuality 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8253: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8215: 8212: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8193: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8163: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8140: 8137: 8136: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8114:Neurotheology 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8077: 8071: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8016: 8014: 8012: 8008: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7986: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7924: 7923: 7920: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7902: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7835: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7808:Folk religion 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7736: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7715: 7711: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7649: 7646: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7631:Imperial cult 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7618: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7591: 7590: 7587: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7573: 7570: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7547: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7529: 7526: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7513: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7429: 7428: 7425: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7402: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7336: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7309: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7274: 7270: 7265: 7261: 7241: 7238: 7237: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7200:Discordianism 7198: 7196: 7195:Anthroposophy 7193: 7192: 7190: 7186: 7178: 7177: 7173: 7172: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7143:Mari religion 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7069: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7055: 7052: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7015: 7009: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6980:Neo-Theosophy 6978: 6977: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6918:New Acropolis 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6871: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6836: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6726: 6725: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6584: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6563:North African 6561: 6558: 6556: 6550: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6477: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6317:Kwakwakaʼwakw 6315: 6313: 6310: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6222: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6142: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6114: 6111: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6038: 6032: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6023:Austroasiatic 6020: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5999: 5995: 5994:Vattisen Yaly 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5980: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5955: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5913:Kirat Mundhum 5911: 5909: 5906: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5844: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5549: 5548: 5544: 5543: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5530: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5512: 5509: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5341: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5272:Milah Abraham 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5206: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5004: 5003: 5000: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4929: 4928:Protestantism 4926: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4908: 4905: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4874: 4871: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4785: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4713: 4708: 4706: 4701: 4699: 4694: 4693: 4690: 4680: 4674: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4643: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4418:Guinea-Bissau 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4292: 4291:Zulu religion 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4194:Igbo religion 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4124:Akan religion 4122: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4101: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4083: 4078: 4076: 4071: 4069: 4064: 4063: 4060: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4019: 4010: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3989: 3988:Soyinka, Wole 3986: 3983: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3969:0-85969-096-2 3966: 3962: 3958: 3955: 3954:0-85969-014-8 3951: 3947: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3933: 3931: 3930:0-435-89591-5 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3872:Idowu, Bolaji 3870: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3853: 3849: 3847: 3846:9783753155821 3843: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3800: 3797: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3783: 3781: 3780:0-8156-0522-6 3777: 3773: 3772: 3767: 3764: 3760: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3749:Molefi Asante 3746: 3745: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3724: 3723: 3718: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3706:P'Bitek, Okot 3704: 3701: 3697: 3695: 3694:0-8139-2057-4 3691: 3687: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3655: 3651: 3650: 3637: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3612: 3610:0-7146-4820-5 3606: 3602: 3598: 3597: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3530: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3467: 3461: 3454: 3453: 3446: 3439: 3438: 3431: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3410: 3403: 3390: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3361: 3348: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3319: 3311: 3304: 3297: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3261: 3255: 3254:2-7384-5196-9 3251: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3234:2-7236-1055-1 3231: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3214:0-19-517872-6 3211: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3194:9966-46-928-1 3191: 3187: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3156:. p. 4. 3155: 3151: 3150: 3142: 3136: 3135:0-435-89591-5 3132: 3128: 3122: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3046: 3040: 3039:1-4389-7968-1 3036: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3019:0-8160-4472-4 3016: 3012: 3006: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2974: 2968: 2961: 2955: 2941: 2940: 2935: 2928: 2926: 2917: 2915:0-415-94180-6 2911: 2908:. p. 5. 2907: 2903: 2896: 2894: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2857: 2850: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2818: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2804:0-8156-0522-6 2801: 2797: 2791: 2783: 2781:9781412981767 2777: 2773: 2772: 2764: 2762: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2713: 2706: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2685: 2680: 2673: 2666: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2642:0-8014-8725-0 2638: 2634: 2630: 2629:Hornung, Erik 2624: 2610: 2606: 2600: 2592: 2585: 2571: 2567: 2561: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2539:9780852299562 2536: 2530: 2521: 2519:9781586840402 2515: 2511: 2510: 2502: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2472: 2470:9780195178722 2466: 2462: 2461: 2453: 2443: 2441:9780787666125 2437: 2433: 2432: 2424: 2414: 2412:9780435940027 2408: 2404: 2403: 2395: 2388: 2386: 2385:9781557258397 2382: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2290: 2284: 2280: 2279: 2271: 2264: 2261: 2256: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2234: 2221: 2219:9780761930471 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2192: 2190: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2148: 2146: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2096: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2078:0-435-94002-3 2074: 2070: 2063: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2045:0-19-513798-1 2041: 2037: 2030: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2012:0-86922-624-X 2008: 2004: 2003: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1974: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1957:Folk religion 1955: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1939: 1936: 1930: 1925: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1876:folk religion 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1838:along with a 1837: 1836:creator deity 1833: 1827: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1735:Hausa animism 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1723:Efik religion 1721: 1719:(Benin, Togo) 1718: 1715: 1712: 1711:Akan religion 1709: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1700: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1560: 1557: 1555:(South Sudan) 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1522:kerma culture 1519: 1516: 1515: 1507:(South Sudan) 1506: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1491:Hausa animism 1489: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1444: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1399: 1391: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1360: 1350: 1341: 1332: 1323: 1318: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1255:Sacred places 1252: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1198:Ubuntu is an 1195: 1185: 1181: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1154: 1151: 1146: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1107: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1087:Jacob Olupona 1081: 1080:Kongo Central 1077: 1073: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1057:Spirit worlds 1054: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1013: 999: 995: 991: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 954: 951: 945: 940: 937: 933: 929: 925: 924:Jacob Olupona 921: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 863: 859: 857: 853: 845: 841: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 794: 792: 788: 784: 780: 773: 769: 765: 760: 756: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 700: 698: 694: 693:United States 690: 686: 682: 677: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 657: 650:, West Africa 649: 645: 640: 631: 629: 624: 620: 617:with various 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 599:supreme being 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 561: 556: 545: 540: 538: 533: 531: 526: 525: 523: 522: 516: 511: 506: 504: 503: 494: 493: 491: 490: 483: 480: 476: 473: 471: 468: 467: 466: 463: 461: 458: 457: 451: 450: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 424: 418: 417: 410: 407: 405: 402: 401: 395: 394: 387: 386:Youga Dogorou 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 316:Mount Hombori 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 278: 275:Sacred places 272: 271: 264: 261: 259: 256: 255: 249: 248: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 214: 211: 210: 209: 206: 205: 199: 198: 191: 188: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 87: 84: 82: 79: 78: 77: 74: 72: 69: 67: 64: 63: 57: 56: 52: 48: 47: 44: 41: 40: 36: 32: 31: 19: 9104:Turkmenistan 9064:Saudi Arabia 8809:South Africa 8799:Sierra Leone 8604:Burkina Faso 8513:Names of God 8460:Unaffiliated 8415:Antireligion 8271:Universalism 8219:Assimilation 8084:Anthropology 7959:Supernatural 7954:Spirituality 7922:Sacred space 7910:Purification 7783:Denomination 7737: / 7545:Paleo-Balkan 7511:Mesopotamian 7351:Cook Islands 7322:Old Prussian 7235:UFO religion 7174: 7170:Zalmoxianism 7098:Neoshamanism 6955:Spiritualism 6838:Other ethnic 6727: 6553:Traditional 6552: 6513:Bongthingism 6401:Acoma Pueblo 6344:Mesoamerican 6041:Austronesian 5862: 5858:Neo-Buddhism 5790: 5786:Neo-Hinduism 5707:Swaminarayan 5545: 5494:Salvationist 5479:Confucianism 5330:Samaritanism 5300:Ali-Illahism 5281: 5148: 5142:Unitarianism 5083:Old Catholic 4890:Nestorianism 4848:Christianity 4835: 4801:Conservative 4653: 4640: 4627: 4582:Dependencies 4533:South Africa 4523:Sierra Leone 4328:Burkina Faso 4270: 4164:Christianity 4134:Baháʼí Faith 4008: 3998: 3991: 3981: 3960: 3945: 3924:, Heinemann 3917: 3907: 3900:the original 3884: 3875: 3865: 3858: 3851: 3836: 3825: 3815: 3802: 3795: 3785: 3770: 3762: 3733: 3729: 3721: 3709: 3699: 3685: 3679: 3676: 3667: 3660: 3653: 3625: 3619: 3595: 3588: 3545: 3541: 3487: 3483: 3473: 3460: 3451: 3445: 3436: 3430: 3417: 3408: 3402: 3392:, retrieved 3370: 3360: 3350:, retrieved 3328: 3318: 3309: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3274: 3270: 3260: 3245: 3240: 3225: 3220: 3205: 3200: 3185: 3180: 3148: 3141: 3126: 3121: 3102: 3098: 3088: 3055: 3051: 3045: 3030: 3025: 3010: 3005: 2994:. Retrieved 2992:. 2015-10-06 2989: 2980: 2972: 2967: 2959: 2954: 2943:. Retrieved 2937: 2904:. New York: 2901: 2884: 2870: 2866: 2856: 2839:. Retrieved 2834: 2824: 2814: 2810: 2790: 2770: 2738:(3): 19–24. 2735: 2731: 2705: 2691:(1): 22–25. 2688: 2682: 2672: 2664: 2659: 2632: 2623: 2612:. Retrieved 2608: 2599: 2584: 2573:. Retrieved 2569: 2560: 2529: 2508: 2501: 2491:the original 2481: 2459: 2452: 2430: 2423: 2401: 2394: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2346: 2341: 2327: 2321: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2277: 2270: 2255: 2233: 2223:, retrieved 2201: 2161: 2157: 2109: 2105: 2095: 2068: 2062: 2035: 2029: 2001: 1994: 1904: 1888:Spiritualism 1829: 1758: 1741:Ijo religion 1729:Edo religion 1676:San religion 1442: 1401: 1397: 1388:Dinka people 1385: 1381:marginalized 1377:Christianity 1362: 1347: 1338: 1329: 1320: 1258: 1246: 1231: 1227: 1213: 1197: 1182: 1179: 1164: 1132: 1109: 1104: 1084: 1050: 1015: 992: 970: 966: 962: 960: 947: 942: 922: 864: 860: 850: 802:spirit world 795: 776: 762:Traditional 737:polytheistic 706: 678: 662:Christianity 660: 653: 619:polytheistic 577:rather than 564: 501: 42: 9555:New Zealand 9492:Saint Lucia 9442:El Salvador 9347:Switzerland 9282:Netherlands 9054:Philippines 8982:South Korea 8977:North Korea 8867:Afghanistan 8814:South Sudan 8704:Ivory Coast 8488:Deification 8435:Objectivism 8410:Agnosticism 8363:Persecution 8353:Video games 8318:Populations 8229:Proselytism 8197:Monasticism 8188:Clericalism 8178:Agriculture 8169:and society 8134:Soteriology 8094:Comparative 8064:Transtheism 8049:Panentheism 7833:Monasticism 7626:Gallo-Roman 7528:Micronesian 7494:Manichaeism 7442:Hermeticism 7410:Continental 7405:Anglo-Saxon 7285:Paleolithic 7280:Prehistoric 7230:Scientology 7093:Italo-Roman 6948:Radha Soami 6928:New Thought 6768:Espiritismo 6709:Waaqeffanna 6649:Fon and Ewe 6587:Sub-Saharan 6470:Satsana Phi 6256:Ghost Dance 6197:Californian 6165:Anishinaabe 6091:Karo Pemena 6070:Indonesian 5744:Lingayatism 5692:Mahanubhava 5662:Vaishnavism 5593:Jeungsanism 5516:Folk Taoism 5499:Xiantiandao 5353:Zoroastrian 5012:Charismatic 5007:Pentecostal 4970:Anglicanism 4921:Waldensians 4856:Catholicism 4538:South Sudan 4281:Waaqeffanna 3914:Mbiti, John 3792:Beier, Ulli 3712:. Kampala: 3572:10004759980 2958:Karade, B. 1872:folk saints 1783:Bono people 1769:Igbo people 1693:West Africa 1587:Waaqeffanna 1512:East Africa 1424:ironworking 1365:persecution 1301:Kanem-Bornu 1200:Nguni Bantu 838:Tutankhamun 733:pantheistic 623:pantheistic 465:Persecution 311:Kanem–Bornu 184:Waaqeffanna 9714:Categories 9545:Micronesia 9422:Costa Rica 9317:San Marino 9277:Montenegro 9257:Luxembourg 9114:Uzbekistan 9089:Tajikistan 8994:Kyrgyzstan 8967:Kazakhstan 8917:East Timor 8887:Bangladesh 8877:Azerbaijan 8794:Seychelles 8759:Mozambique 8744:Mauritania 8729:Madagascar 8619:Cape Verde 8401:irreligion 8396:Secularism 8298:Minorities 8266:Toleration 8261:Syncretism 8246:Fanaticism 8236:Disability 8224:Missionary 8214:Conversion 8202:Ordination 8124:Psychology 8119:Philosophy 8059:Polytheism 8039:Monotheism 8034:Henotheism 7875:Orthopraxy 7865:Ordination 7828:Meditation 7823:Indigenous 7788:Entheogens 7773:Conversion 7599:Pueblo III 7516:Babylonian 7506:Melanesian 7432:Gnosticism 7317:Lithuanian 7210:Fourth Way 7064:Circassian 7042:Dievturība 6965:Tensegrity 6898:Falun Gong 6543:Sanamahism 6523:Donyi-Polo 6113:Polynesian 6059:Kaharingan 5984:Burkhanism 5923:Ravidassia 5901:Śvetāmbara 5687:Pushtimarg 5667:Krishnaism 5603:Vietnamese 5588:Cheondoism 5521:Yao Taoism 5457:East Asian 5223:Isma'ilism 5179:Maturidism 4958:Mennonites 4953:Hutterites 4938:Anabaptism 4831:Humanistic 4677:See also: 4668:(Tanzania) 4655:Somaliland 4648:St. Helena 4612:(Portugal) 4587:autonomies 4518:Seychelles 4478:Mozambique 4463:Mauritania 4448:Madagascar 4403:The Gambia 4343:Cape Verde 4199:Irreligion 3757:1412936365 3647:References 3635:1566393507 3394:2024-09-02 3352:2024-09-02 3152:. Oxford: 2996:2019-10-31 2945:2020-11-30 2614:2021-06-19 2575:2020-11-27 2225:2019-10-31 1896:Entheogens 1870:including 1779:Asaase Yaa 1745:Ijo people 1563:Madagascar 1289:Benin City 1153:divination 1140:Divination 1099:divination 957:Ceremonies 950:monotheism 818:polytheism 583:narratives 579:scriptural 421:Priesthood 371:Tattaguine 361:Sine River 286:Benin City 235:Philosophy 208:Divination 9663:Venezuela 9608:Argentina 9525:Australia 9477:Nicaragua 9452:Guatemala 9252:Lithuania 9074:Sri Lanka 9069:Singapore 9049:Palestine 8937:Indonesia 8927:Hong Kong 8749:Mauritius 8470:Overviews 8425:Criticism 8378:Sectarian 8368:Terrorism 8343:Theocracy 8288:Happiness 8256:Pluralism 8241:Education 8167:Religion 8139:Salvation 8129:Sociology 8074:Religious 8054:Pantheism 8044:Nontheism 7937:Mountains 7915:Sacrifice 7870:Orthodoxy 7860:Mythology 7855:Mysticism 7744:Behaviour 7653:Canaanite 7636:Mithraism 7604:Pueblo IV 7594:Pueblo II 7499:Mazdakism 7474:Hungarian 7447:Mysteries 7356:Dravidian 7138:Hungarian 7054:Caucasian 7025:Godianism 6985:Agni Yoga 6975:Theosophy 6938:Rastafari 6913:Modekngei 6893:Brahmoism 6886:Syncretic 6878:movements 6876:religious 6788:Quimbanda 6736:Candomblé 6729:Diasporic 6508:Bathouism 6498:Benzhuism 6413:Tsimshian 6364:Purépecha 6285:Longhouse 6260:Sun Dance 6192:Blackfoot 6180:Wabunowin 6175:Midewiwin 6096:Malaysian 6086:Kapitayan 5896:Digambara 5881:Ayyavazhi 5846:Vajrayana 5811:Theravada 5724:Ganapatya 5697:Ramanandi 5626:Hoahaoism 5504:Yiguandao 5399:Yarsanism 5394:Shabakism 5381:Yazdânism 5371:Zurvanism 5366:Mazdaznan 5325:Rastafari 5320:Mandaeism 5194:Wahhabism 5174:Ash'arism 5137:Tolstoyan 5127:Spiritual 5117:Mormonism 5088:Judaizers 5061:Quakerism 5039:Methodist 5029:Irvingism 4980:Calvinism 4933:Adventism 4916:Moravians 4753:Abrahamic 4468:Mauritius 4096:Religions 3601:Routledge 3580:261858183 3564:0263-0338 3520:143871492 3504:0740-9133 3283:2409-5605 3172:839396781 3105:: 70–84. 3072:0029-5973 2906:Routledge 2180:2415-2005 2164:(2): 15. 2136:255213985 2128:2528-7249 1892:Shamanism 1884:Spiritism 1755:Godianism 1707:(Nigeria) 1595:(Somalia) 1305:Igbo-Ukwu 1249:syncretic 1053:afterlife 1046:Mawu-Lisa 1030:Olodumare 1018:ancestors 902:ancestors 867:subregion 826:Akhenaten 810:free will 749:shamanism 725:afterlife 615:animistic 605:, use of 591:festivals 398:Education 306:Igbo-Ukwu 202:Doctrines 60:Religions 9689:Category 9653:Suriname 9643:Paraguay 9628:Colombia 9535:Kiribati 9462:Honduras 9432:Dominica 9407:Barbados 9372:Scotland 9332:Slovenia 9327:Slovakia 9302:Portugal 9172:Bulgaria 9094:Thailand 9044:Pakistan 9024:Mongolia 9019:Maldives 9014:Malaysia 8902:Cambodia 8849:Zimbabwe 8824:Tanzania 8674:Ethiopia 8669:Eswatini 8649:Djibouti 8614:Cameroon 8599:Botswana 8543:Timeline 8538:Scholars 8498:Founders 8358:Violence 8313:Politics 8183:Business 8146:Theology 7890:Prophecy 7880:Paganism 7768:Covenant 7735:Apostasy 7670:Scythian 7611:Rapa Nui 7565:Thracian 7560:Illyrian 7550:Albanian 7521:Sumerian 7464:Harappan 7400:Germanic 7395:Georgian 7388:Selk'nam 7373:Etruscan 7361:Egyptian 7339:Druidism 7302:Armenian 7225:Satanism 7205:Eckankar 7128:Estonian 7113:Romanian 7103:Ossetian 7083:Germanic 7032:Armenian 7021:African 7014:paganism 6943:Sant Mat 6933:Rajneesh 6908:Meivazhi 6903:Japanese 6860:Siberian 6793:Santería 6763:Convince 6629:Bushongo 6533:Kiratism 6460:Hmongism 6327:Wocekiye 6312:Jivaroan 6280:Iroquois 6275:Ho-Chunk 6224:Cherokee 6147:American 6118:Hawaiian 6031:Sarnaism 6001:Tungusic 5989:Tengrism 5979:Mongolic 5908:Sarnaism 5839:Nichiren 5816:Mahayana 5803:Buddhism 5781:Sant Mat 5771:Sauraism 5766:Smartism 5761:Shaktism 5754:Balinese 5739:Kaumaram 5734:Kapalika 5729:Kashmiri 5714:Shaivism 5654:Hinduism 5621:Caodaism 5565:Ryukyuan 5560:Tenrikyo 5555:Shugendō 5533:Japanese 5404:Yazidism 5389:Ishikism 5267:Quranism 5240:Khawarij 5189:Salafism 5184:Atharism 5073:Esoteric 5044:Holiness 5034:Lutheran 4995:Reformed 4975:Baptists 4948:Brethren 4912:Hussites 4900:Assyrian 4816:Haymanot 4770:Orthodox 4719:Religion 4666:Zanzibar 4637:(France) 4629:Puntland 4618:(France) 4573:Zimbabwe 4548:Tanzania 4393:Ethiopia 4388:Eswatini 4368:Djibouti 4338:Cameroon 4323:Botswana 4189:Hinduism 4154:Buddhism 4043:Archived 3512:41931096 2774:. SAGE. 2651:48417401 2631:(2001). 2476:manifest 2352:Archived 2333:Archived 2304:(2003), 2263:Archived 2244:Archived 2087:24376978 2054:64084086 2021:34114180 1921:See also 1840:pantheon 1658:(Malawi) 1652:(Zambia) 1612:Kemetism 1412:pantheon 1269:Yaboyabo 1261:Nri-Igbo 1120:Saltigue 1091:libation 979:Cameroon 910:divinity 904:through 899:venerate 745:totemism 560:zangbeto 502:Category 442:Saltigue 381:Yaboyabo 321:Nri-Igbo 93:Bushongo 35:a series 33:Part of 9658:Uruguay 9633:Ecuador 9613:Bolivia 9590:Vanuatu 9517:Oceania 9467:Jamaica 9447:Grenada 9402:Bahamas 9362:England 9352:Ukraine 9307:Romania 9267:Moldova 9227:Ireland 9222:Iceland 9217:Hungary 9207:Germany 9197:Finland 9192:Estonia 9187:Denmark 9182:Czechia 9177:Croatia 9162:Belgium 9157:Belarus 9152:Austria 9147:Andorra 9142:Albania 9119:Vietnam 9029:Myanmar 9004:Lebanon 8922:Georgia 8882:Bahrain 8872:Armenia 8834:Tunisia 8804:Somalia 8789:Senegal 8774:Nigeria 8764:Namibia 8754:Morocco 8719:Liberia 8714:Lesotho 8664:Eritrea 8634:Comoros 8609:Burundi 8584:Algeria 8528:Outline 8493:Deities 8420:Atheism 8333:Science 8251:Freedom 8109:History 8076:studies 8029:Dualism 8019:Animism 7984:Worship 7964:Symbols 7905:Liturgy 7818:Goddess 7778:Deities 7759:Laicism 7749:Beliefs 7728:Aspects 7700:Zapotec 7695:Vainakh 7663:Yahwism 7648:Semitic 7577:Iranian 7479:Hurrian 7469:Hittite 7459:Guanche 7452:Orphism 7383:Fuegian 7378:Finnish 7366:Atenism 7312:Latvian 7297:Arabian 7240:Raëlism 7220:Jediism 7215:Goddess 7188:De novo 7076:Druidry 6970:Thelema 6923:New Age 6808:Umbanda 6699:Tumbuka 6684:Odinala 6669:Lugbara 6589:African 6555:African 6503:Bimoism 6493:Burmese 6339:Mapuche 6305:Wyandot 6265:Guarani 6246:Choctaw 6241:Chilote 6160:Alaskan 6155:Abenaki 6106:Tagalog 6079:Kejawèn 5928:Sikhism 5891:Jainism 5851:Tibetan 5834:Amidism 5702:Warkari 5616:Đạo Mẫu 5466:Chinese 5448:Eastern 5425:Roshani 5344:Iranian 5252:Alevism 5245:Ibadism 5218:Zaydism 4895:Ancient 4866:Eastern 4826:Renewal 4811:Karaite 4792:Zionist 4780:Hasidic 4762:Judaism 4744:Western 4635:Réunion 4624:(Spain) 4622:Melilla 4616:Mayotte 4610:Madeira 4606:(Spain) 4600:(Spain) 4558:Tunisia 4528:Somalia 4513:Senegal 4493:Nigeria 4483:Namibia 4473:Morocco 4438:Liberia 4433:Lesotho 4383:Eritrea 4358:Comoros 4333:Burundi 4308:Algeria 4219:Judaism 4214:Jainism 3971:), p. . 3920:(1969) 3716:, 1970. 3080:3269310 2752:1166258 2570:NPR.org 2447:beliefs 2418:customs 2310:(2003) 1773:Nigeria 1765:Odinala 1759:Odinala 1749:Nigeria 1549:(Kenya) 1536:(Kenya) 1485:(Congo) 1479:(Congo) 1473:(Congo) 1467:(Congo) 1461:(Congo) 1409:Ile-Ife 1285:Dahomey 1238:creator 1095:animals 1076:Bakongo 1006:Spirits 981:is the 906:rituals 887:Burundi 856:Animism 834:Atenism 822:Judaism 791:shamans 787:mystics 783:priests 685:Odinala 670:combine 648:Nigeria 595:spirits 567:African 432:Houngan 291:Dahomey 252:Deities 186:(Oromo) 174:Tumbuka 158:Odinala 138:Lugbara 9699:Portal 9638:Guyana 9618:Brazil 9585:Tuvalu 9482:Panama 9472:Mexico 9417:Canada 9412:Belize 9342:Sweden 9322:Serbia 9312:Russia 9297:Poland 9292:Norway 9272:Monaco 9242:Latvia 9237:Kosovo 9212:Greece 9202:France 9134:Europe 9099:Turkey 9084:Taiwan 8989:Kuwait 8962:Jordan 8952:Israel 8912:Cyprus 8897:Brunei 8892:Bhutan 8844:Zambia 8839:Uganda 8779:Rwanda 8734:Malawi 8694:Guinea 8684:Gambia 8589:Angola 8576:Africa 8385:Wealth 8328:Schism 8283:Growth 8207:Priest 8192:Clergy 8011:Theism 7994:Nature 7989:Astral 7932:Groves 7900:Ritual 7885:Prayer 7843:Novice 7793:Ethnic 7718:Topics 7690:Urartu 7685:Tongan 7680:Somali 7675:Slavic 7555:Dacian 7334:Celtic 7329:Basque 7307:Baltic 7158:Udmurt 7123:Uralic 7118:Slavic 7071:Celtic 7059:Abkhaz 7047:Romuva 7037:Baltic 7012:Modern 6855:Papuan 6818:Voodoo 6773:Kumina 6714:Yoruba 6704:Urhobo 6674:Maasai 6659:Lotuko 6607:Baluba 6597:Akamba 6570:Berber 6528:Heraka 6518:Dongba 6396:Pueblo 6391:Pawnee 6381:Navajo 6371:Muisca 6334:Lenape 6322:Lakota 6300:Seneca 6290:Mohawk 6212:Ohlone 6187:Apache 6170:Ojibwe 6145:Native 6011:Manchu 6006:Evenki 5967:Altaic 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515:Portal 346:Sangha 331:Ouidah 326:Nsukka 296:Fatick 190:Yoruba 160:(Igbo) 148:Maasai 128:Lotuko 71:Baluba 9623:Chile 9580:Tonga 9570:Samoa 9560:Palau 9550:Nauru 9457:Haiti 9377:Wales 9337:Spain 9262:Malta 9232:Italy 9124:Yemen 9079:Syria 9059:Qatar 9034:Nepal 9009:Macau 8972:Korea 8957:Japan 8932:India 8907:China 8819:Sudan 8769:Niger 8724:Libya 8709:Kenya 8689:Ghana 8679:Gabon 8654:Egypt 8594:Benin 8503:Index 8474:lists 8338:State 8156:Women 8024:Deism 7999:Place 7979:Water 7974:Truth 7942:Trees 7798:Faith 7763:Laity 7658:Punic 7616:Roman 7582:Vedic 7540:Olmec 7427:Greek 7420:Norse 7344:Irish 7165:Wicca 6960:Subud 6850:Inuit 6823:Winti 6813:Vodou 6778:Obeah 6758:Comfa 6741:Bantu 6694:Serer 6679:Mbuti 6639:Dogon 6634:Dinka 6617:Kongo 6612:Bantu 6538:Qiang 6428:Yaqui 6359:Olmec 6349:Aztec 6270:Haida 6207:Miwok 6202:Kuksu 6123:Māori 6054:Dayak 5975:Turko 5938:Sects 5874:Other 5829:Thiền 5413:Other 5315:Druze 5293:Other 5169:Sunni 5161:Islam 4943:Amish 4861:Latin 4604:Ceuta 4589:, and 4543:Sudan 4488:Niger 4443:Libya 4428:Kenya 4408:Ghana 4398:Gabon 4373:Egypt 4318:Benin 4204:Islam 3576:S2CID 3516:S2CID 3508:JSTOR 3277:(1). 3076:JSTOR 3052:Numen 2748:JSTOR 2132:S2CID 1969:Notes 1907:Obeah 1860:Alusi 1856:Nkisi 1852:Vodun 1801:Vodou 1499:Gabon 1373:Islam 1251:way. 1218:Xhosa 1155:board 1026:Nyame 987:Bantu 983:Okuyi 975:Gabon 971:nyama 963:force 914:cults 832:(see 814:faith 772:Benin 764:Vodun 666:Islam 607:magic 587:songs 437:Mambo 427:Hogon 409:Okuyi 376:Tukar 179:Vodun 169:Serer 153:Mbuti 143:Luhya 123:Nubia 118:Hausa 103:Dogon 98:Dinka 81:Kongo 76:Bantu 9648:Peru 9530:Fiji 9427:Cuba 9039:Oman 8999:Laos 8947:Iraq 8942:Iran 8859:Asia 8829:Togo 8739:Mali 8629:Chad 8472:and 8399:and 7969:Text 7949:Soul 7838:Monk 7803:Fire 7484:Inca 7292:Ainu 7176:list 7153:Sámi 6783:Palo 6751:Ketu 6746:Jejé 6664:Lozi 6644:Efik 6622:Zulu 6602:Akan 6455:Ahom 6447:Miao 6445:and 6433:Zuni 6406:Hopi 6354:Maya 6251:Crow 6217:Pomo 5864:list 5821:Chan 5792:list 5749:Nath 5547:list 5283:list 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