Traffic congestion

2070: 2231: 1979: 2207: 2247: 2118: 2403: 108: 182: 2494: 405: 896: 2483: 235:. Several specific circumstances can cause or aggravate congestion; most of them reduce the capacity of a road at a given point or over a certain length, or increase the number of vehicles required for a given volume of people or goods. About half of U.S. traffic congestion is recurring, and is attributed to sheer weight of traffic; most of the rest is attributed to traffic incidents, road work and weather events. In terms of traffic operation, rainfall reduces traffic capacity and operating speeds, thereby resulting in greater congestion and road network productivity loss. 295: 2222:, where one third of the country's population lives, is New Zealand's most traffic congested city, and has been labeled worse than New York for traffic congestion with commuters sitting in traffic congestion for 95 hours per year), and currently has one of the highest car-ownership rates per capita in the world, after the United States. Traffic congestion in New Zealand is increasing with drivers on New Zealand's motorways reported to be struggling to exceed 20 km/h on an average commute, sometimes crawling along at 8 km/h for more than half an hour. 699: 2369: 1762: 2463: 2329: 40: 1786: 679: 469:, analyzed data from the U.S. Highway Performance and Monitoring System for 1983, 1993 and 2003, as well as information on population, employment, geography, transit, and political factors. They determined that the number of vehicle-kilometers traveled (VKT) increases in direct proportion to the available lane-kilometers of roadways. The implication is that building new roads and widening existing ones only results in additional traffic that continues to rise until peak congestion returns to the previous level. 1831:. In São Paulo, traffic is growing at a rate of 7.5% per year, with almost 1,000 new cars bought in the city every day. The subway has only 61 kilometres (38 mi) of lines, though 35 further kilometers are under construction or planned by 2010. Every day, many citizens spend between three up to four hours behind the wheel. In order to mitigate the aggravating congestion problem, since June 30, 2008, the road space rationing program was expanded to include and restrict trucks and light commercial vehicles. 1863: 3021: 948: 2429:. The Eddington Transport Study set out the case for action to improve road and rail networks, as a "crucial enabler of sustained productivity and competitiveness". Eddington has estimated that congestion may cost the economy of England £22 bn a year in lost time by 2025. He warned that roads were in serious danger of becoming so congested that the economy would suffer. At the launch of the report Eddington told journalists and transport industry representatives introducing 1726: 1624: 1193: 711: 7160: 3007: 174: 1738: 1460: 1548: 2009: 2455: 362: 208: 543: 7148: 1840: 968: 932: 353:

study is the realization that the mathematics of such jams, which the researchers call "jamitons", are strikingly similar to the equations that describe detonation waves produced by explosions, says Aslan Kasimov, lecturer in MIT's Department of Mathematics. That discovery enabled the team to solve traffic-jam equations that were first theorized in the 1950s.

5297: 1819:, the city's traffic management agency, the historical congestion record was set on May 23, 2014, with 344 kilometres (214 mi) of cumulative queues around the city during the evening rush hour. The previous record occurred on November 14, 2013, with 309 kilometres (192 mi) of cumulative queues. 1649:" in the United States). This often includes crashes, with traffic slowing down even on roadsides physically separated from the crash location. This also tends to occur at construction sites, which is why some countries have introduced rules that motorway construction has to occur behind visual barrier 1935:

of China since the late 1970s, many people work and study a considerable distance from their hometowns. Traffic flow is typically directional, with large amounts of the population working in more developed coastal provinces needing travel to their hometowns in the less developed interior. The process

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by letting out your belt" (inducing demand that did not exist before). For example, when new lanes are created, households with a second car that used to be parked most of the time may begin to use this second car for commuting. Reducing road capacity has in turn been attacked as removing free choice

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and to describe traffic levels to the lay public. While this system generally uses delay as the basis for its measurements, the particular measurements and statistical methods vary depending on the facility being described. For instance, while the percent time spent following a slower-moving vehicle

690:, a local television station), when a rash of freeway shootings occurred on the 405, 110 and 10 freeways in Los Angeles, California. These shooting sprees even spawned a response from the AAA Motor Club to its members on how to respond to drivers with road rage or aggressive maneuvers and gestures. 1886:

whereby each car is banned from the urban core one workday per week, depending on the last digit of its license plate. As of 2016, 11 major Chinese cities have implemented similar policies. Towards the end of 2010, Beijing announced a series of drastic measures to tackle the city's chronic traffic

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A team of MIT mathematicians has developed a model that describes the formation of "phantom jams", in which small disturbances (a driver hitting the brake too hard, or getting too close to another car) in heavy traffic can become amplified into a full-blown, self-sustaining traffic jam. Key to the

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Congestion zone charges - a certain area, such as the inner part of a congested city, is surrounded with a cordon into which entry with a car requires payment. The cordon may be a physical boundary (i.e., surrounded by toll stations) or it may be virtual, with enforcement being via spot checks or

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shows that adding road capacity might make congestion worse, even if demand does not increase. In his paper, "The Law of Peak Hour Express Way Congestion", published in 1962, Anthony Downs formulated this phenomenon as a "law": “on urban commuter expressways, peak-hour traffic congestion rises to

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It has been argued that traffic congestion, by reducing road speeds in cities, could reduce the frequency and severity of road crashes. More recent research suggests that a U-curve exists between the number of accidents and the flow of traffic, implying that more accidents happen not only at high

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is aggressive or angry behavior by a driver of an automobile or other motor vehicle. Such behavior might include rude gestures, verbal insults, deliberately driving in an unsafe or threatening manner, or making threats. Road rage can lead to altercations, assaults, and collisions which result in

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system; the lack of an integrated urban planning scheme for over 30 years; poorly maintained road surfaces, with potholes rapidly eroded further by frequent flooding and poor or non-existent drainage; haphazard stopping and parking; poor driving standards; total lack of alternative routes, with

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economy, goods can be allocated either by pricing (ability to pay) or by queueing (first-come first-served); congestion is an example of the latter. Instead of the traditional solution of making the "pipe" large enough to accommodate the total demand for peak-hour vehicle travel (a supply-side

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Traffic caused losses of ₱137,500,000,000 on the economy in 2011, and unbuilt roads and railway projects also causes worsening congestion. The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) feared that daily economic losses will reach Php 6,000,000,000 by 2030 if traffic congestion cannot be

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Promotion of more flexible work place practices. For example, a flexible workplaces pilot was undertaken in Brisbane, Australia during 2009 to test the applicability of a voluntary travel behavior change program to achieve transport system outcomes, particularly as they related to managing

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effects, by "platooning" groups of vehicles and by randomizing the flow patterns within individual segments of the network. These models are then typically calibrated by measuring actual traffic flows on the links in the network, and the baseline flows are adjusted accordingly.

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Even when everything that it is possibly to do by way of building new roads and expanding public transport has been done, there would still be, in the absence of deliberate limitation, more cars trying to move into, or within our cities than could possibly be accommodated.

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Congestion has the benefit of encouraging motorists to retime their trips so that expensive road space is in full use for more hours per day. It may also encourage travellers to pick alternate modes with a lower environmental impact, such as public transport or bicycles.

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by the last digit of the plate number during rush hours every weekday, traffic in this 20-million-strong city still experiences severe congestion. According to experts, this is due to the accelerated rate of motorization occurring since 2003 and the limited capacity of

1045:, where certain sections of highway operate in the opposite direction on different times of the day(s) of the week, to match asymmetric demand. These pose a potential for collisions, if drivers do not notice the change in direction indicators. This may be controlled by 111:

Speed-flow diagram for a highway, scales omitted. When the volume of vehicles per hour reaches 75%-100% of the road capacity, traffic flow shifts from free-flowing (green) to congested (gray) and both volume and speeds are reduced. The red ellipse represents rush-hour

2521:. It also estimated that the annual cost of congestion for each driver was approximately $ 1,000 in very large cities and $ 200 in small cities. Traffic congestion is increasing in major cities and delays are becoming more frequent in smaller cities and rural areas. 1748:

Traffic during peak hours in major Australian cities, such as Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Perth, is usually very congested and can cause considerable delay for motorists. Australians rely mainly on radio and television to obtain current traffic information. GPS,

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Marinelli, P. A. Cleary, N. Worthington Eyre, H. and Doonan, K. 2010. Flexible Workplaces: Achieving the worker's paradise and transport planner's dream in Brisbane, Proceedings of the 33rd Australasian Transport Research Forum, September 29-October 1, 2010,

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has called this event the "Great Chinese Gridlock of 2010." The congestion is regarded as the worst in history by duration, and is one of the longest in length after the 175 kilometres (109 mi) long Lyon-Paris traffic jam in France on February 16, 1980.

62:. Traffic congestion on urban road networks has increased substantially since the 1950s. When traffic demand is great enough that the interaction between vehicles slows the traffic stream, this results in congestion. While congestion is a possibility for any 1516:

congestion, either through mode shift or peak spreading. During the one-month Pilot, amongst almost 900 Brisbane CBD workers across 20 private and public sector organizations, shifts of more than 30% out of the morning and afternoon peak travel was recorded.

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estimated that, in 2000, the 75 largest metropolitan areas experienced 3.6 billion vehicle-hours of delay, resulting in 5.7 billion U.S. gallons (21.6 billion liters) in wasted fuel and $ 67.5 billion in lost productivity, or about 0.7% of the nation's

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reported that the scheme resulted in a 10% reduction in traffic volumes from baseline conditions, and an overall reduction of 11% in vehicle kilometers in London. Despite these gains, traffic speeds in central London became progressively slower.

1642:, frequent lane changes, and impeding the flow of traffic can reduce a road's capacity and exacerbate jams. In some countries signs are placed on highways to raise awareness, while others have introduced legislation against inconsiderate driving. 4019: 2433:

to encourage drivers to drive less was an "economic no-brainer". There was, he said "no attractive alternative". It would allegedly cut congestion by half by 2025, and bring benefits to the British economy totaling £28 bn a year.

4013:"Maximum fares for metropolitan and outer metropolitan buses from January 2014 - Draft Report, p. 37, citing work by LECG "Value of Sydney bus externalities and optimal Government subsidy - Final report", September 2009, p. 17" 1986:

Since the 70s, the traffic on the streets of Athens has increased dramatically, with the existing road network unable to serve the ever-increasing demand. In addition, it has also caused an environmental burden, such as the

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Increasing road capacity is standard response to congestion, perhaps by widening an existing road or adding a new road, bridge or tunnel. However, this has been shown to result in attracting more traffic, otherwise known as

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congestion, such as limiting the number of new plates issued to passenger cars to 20,000 a month, barring vehicles with non-Beijing plates from entering areas within the Fifth Ring Road during rush hours and expanding its

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started limiting the number of new plates issued to passenger cars in an attempt to curb the growth of car ownership. In response to the increased demand to public transit caused by these policies, aggressive programs to

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to traffic flow, likening it to the flow of a fluid in a pipe. Congestion simulations and real-time observations have shown that in heavy but free flowing traffic, jams can arise spontaneously, triggered by minor events

381:. Because roads in most places are free at the point of usage, there is little financial incentive for drivers not to over-use them, up to the point where traffic collapses into a jam, when demand becomes limited by 5918: 5507: 2359:

has chosen the second most congested and the most sudden-stopping traffic in the world. Travel times in Turkey's largest city take on average 55 percent longer than they should, even in relatively less busy hours.

1264:, making motor vehicle use less attractive by increasing the monetary and non-monetary costs of parking, introducing greater competition for limited city or road space. Most transport planning experts agree that 3440: 6300: 1322:

normally associated with quotas. However, since demand for cars tends to be inelastic, the result are exorbitant purchase prices for the licenses, pricing out the lower levels of society, as seen Singapore's

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Bianchi Alves, B., & Darido, G. (February 7, 2016). Sustainable cities, two related challenges: high quality mobility on foot and efficient urban logistics (Part II). Retrieved November 2, 2019, from

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The number of vehicles in India is quickly increasing as a growing middle class can now afford to buy cars. India's road conditions have not kept up with the exponential growth in number of vehicles.

513:, road conditions and road infrastructure, vehicular technology, driver characteristics, day time, etc. Examples of common features of traffic congestion are the features and for, respectively, the 325:

However, unlike a fluid, traffic flow is often affected by signals or other events at junctions that periodically affect the smooth flow of traffic. Alternative mathematical theories exist, such as

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As demand approaches the capacity of a road (or of the intersections along the road), extreme traffic congestion sets in. When vehicles are fully stopped for periods of time, this is known as a

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reverses near the end of Chunyun. With almost 3 billion trips made in 40 days of the 2016 Chunyun Period, the Chinese intercity transportation network is extremely strained during this period.

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figures into the LOS for a rural two-lane road, the LOS at an urban intersection incorporates such measurements as the number of drivers forced to wait through more than one signal cycle.

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have both been proposed as measures that may reduce congestion through economic incentives and disincentives . Congestion can also happen due to non-recurring highway incidents, such as a

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navigation devices in 78 countries, the index found that drivers are stopping and starting their cars 33,240 times per year on the road. After Jakarta, the worst cities for traffic are

1598:, a future idea which could reduce the safe interval between cars (required for braking in emergencies) and increase highway capacity by as much as 100% while increasing travel speeds 6457: 5993: 1224:

Congestion can be reduced by either increasing road capacity (supply), or by reducing traffic (demand). Capacity can be increased in a number of ways, but needs to take account of

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approaches, which usually attempt to provide either strategic alternatives or which encourage greater usage of existing alternatives through promotion, subsidies or restrictions.

1891:. The government aims to cap the number of locally registered cars in Beijing to below 6.3 million by the end of 2020. In addition, more than nine major Chinese cities including 88:. Drivers and driver-focused road planning departments commonly propose to alleviate congestion by adding another lane to the road. This is ineffective: increasing road capacity 4933: 3813: 5567: 4734: 2198:

or 'Brexit'. The traffic block stretched for 21 km here and thousands of cars clogged the highway. Many people died because of carbon monoxide poisoning, fatigue or heat.

5957: 4799: 3787: 6486: 1130:(which reduce local traffic, but increase total distances driven and discourage walking by reducing connectivity). This avoids concentration of traffic on a small number of 3239: 3211: 5911: 5499: 5359: 5328: 6181: 3726: 3523: 6296: 6234: 1635:

opening times arranged to avoid rush hour traffic (in some countries, private car school pickup and drop-off traffic are substantial percentages of peak hour traffic).

5244: 5120: 1445:, where only certain types of vehicles (such as residents) are permitted to enter a certain area, and other types (such as through-traffic) are banned. For example, 6212: 5089: 3964: 903:

were built when cars were few. With no provision for garages or off-street parking, on-street parking has formed a choke point likely to cause traffic congestion.

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found in measured traffic data. Common spatiotemporal empirical features of traffic congestion are those features, which are qualitatively the same for different

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People may need to move about within the city to obtain goods and services, for instance to purchase goods or attend classes in a different part of the city.

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province caught media attention for its severity, stretching more than 100 kilometres (62 mi) from August 14 to 26, including at least 11 days of total

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in London. With lower speeds allowing cars to drive closer together, this increases the capacity of a road. Note that this measure is only effective if the

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has resulted in a massive increase in the number of private vehicles on its roads overwhelming the transport infrastructure. Shown here is a traffic jam in

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Delays, which may result in late arrival for employment, meetings, and education, resulting in lost business, disciplinary action or other personal losses.

5803: 1453:, has proposed to impose a complete ban on motor vehicles in the city's inner districts, with exemptions only for residents, businesses, and the disabled. 6031: 5653: 5529: 3598: 5710: 1680:

Reduction of road freight avoiding problems such as double parking with innovative solutions including cargo bicycles and Gothenburg's Stadsleveransens.

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and São Paulo. In effect, such cities are banning a different part of the automobile fleet from roads each day of the week. Mainly introduced to combat

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Traffic congestion occurs when a volume of traffic generates demand for space greater than the available street capacity; this point is commonly termed

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Inability to forecast travel time accurately, leading to drivers allocating more time to travel "just in case", and less time on productive activities.

5412: 6493:. Haag, M., & Hu, W. (October 27, 2019). 1.5 Million Packages a Day: The Internet Brings Chaos to N.Y. Streets. Retrieved November 1, 2019, from 6150: 6089: 4773: 6381: 627:

Wear and tear on vehicles as a result of idling in traffic and frequent acceleration and braking, leading to more frequent repairs and replacements.

5209: 4450: 1439:, these measures also reduce congestion. A weakness of this method is that richer drivers can purchase a second or third car to circumvent the ban. 6502: 6116: 3844: 3183: 637:

Emergencies: blocked traffic may interfere with the passage of emergency vehicles traveling to their destinations where they are urgently needed.

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Because of the poor correlation of theoretical models to actual observed traffic flows, transportation planners and highway engineers attempt to

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using empirical models. Their working traffic models typically use a combination of macro-, micro- and mesoscopic features, and may add matrix

3896: 3354: 3144: 6501:. Reed, S. (September 21, 2018). In London, Electric Trucks Are Helping UPS Make 'Eco-Friendly' Deliveries. Retrieved November 3, 2019, from 5270: 2987:

The most congested highway in the United States, according to a 2010 study of freight congestion (truck speed and travel time), is Chicago's

2415: 3576: 1314:"Cap and trade", in which only licensed cars are allowed on the roads. A limited quota of car licenses are issued each year and traded in a 1141:, which reduces distances between residential, commercial, retail, and recreational destinations and encourage cycling and walking. Cycling 5477: 4542: 3383: 411:

in China has resulted in a massive increase in the number of private vehicles in its major cities. Shown here is a traffic jam in downtown

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https://blogs.worldbank.org/transport/sustainable-cities-two-related-challenges-high-quality-mobility-foot-and-efficient-urban-logistics-1

6465: 4859: 7077: 6505:. Rooney, K. (April 3, 2019). Online shopping overtakes a major part of retail for the first time ever. Retrieved November 2, 2019, from 5979: 4829: 3934: 3866: 6990: 5888: 4480: 3327: 2421:

The Department for Transport sees growing congestion as one of the most serious transport problems facing the UK. On December 1, 2006,

242:, which then spread out and create a sustained traffic jam when, otherwise, the normal flow might have continued for some time longer. 6497:. Popovich, N., & Lu, D. (October 10, 2019). The Most Detailed Map of Auto Emissions in America. Retrieved November 1, 2019, from 5736: 5679: 4914: 4236: 3809: 1233:

as well as increasing travel costs and times, placing an especially high burden on the low income residents who must commute to work.

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practices can have a huge impact on levels of future traffic congestion, though they are of limited relevance for short-term change.

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to reduce congestion (a demand-side solution, effectively rationing demand), in turn plowing the revenues generated therefrom into

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otherwise it may be used more strongly than anticipated. Critics of the approach of adding capacity have compared it to "fighting

318:"), such as an abrupt steering maneuver by a single motorist. Traffic scientists liken such a situation to the sudden freezing of 238:

Individual incidents such as crashes or even a single car braking heavily in a previously smooth flow may cause ripple effects, a

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Lack of coordination among various government departments (e.g. digging of roads by telecom/water department and leaving it open)

4262: 1978: 1417:, where regulatory restrictions prevent certain types of vehicles from driving under certain circumstances or in certain areas. 6653: 6173: 4955: 3718: 3233: 3205: 2182:

In 2016, 22 people died as a result of traffic congestion in Java. They were among those stuck in a three-day traffic jam at a

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in different countries measured during years of traffic observations. Common features of traffic congestion are independent on

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city with a strong service economy, has one of the worst traffic congestion in the world, wasting 74 hours in traffic in 2014.

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are residential and commercial areas designed to maximize access to public transport by providing a transit station or stop (

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or Spring Festival travel season. It is a long-held tradition for most Chinese people to reunite with their families during

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In the United Kingdom the inevitability of congestion in some urban road networks has been officially recognized since the

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A 2021 study of subway constructions in China found that in the first year of a new subway line, road congestion declined.

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https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/02/online-shopping-officially-overtakes-brick-and-mortar-retail-for-the-first-time-ever.html

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in 2019, the top 31 worst US traffic congested cities (measured in average hours wasted per vehicle for the year) were:

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fashion. This guarantees that the number of cars does not exceed road capacity while avoiding the negative effects of

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Koslowksky, Meni; Krausz, Moshe. "On the Relationship Between Commuting, Stress Symptoms, and Attitudinal Measures".

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Fixed (the same at all times of day), variable (higher at peak times), or dynamic (higher during actual congestion)

1311:, charging money for access onto a road/specific area at certain times, congestion levels or for certain road users 568: 7189: 6728: 2235: 1601: 1187: 6120: 4633: 3310: 979:

are separated by a stripped buffer zone that breaks occasionally to allow vehicles to enter and exit the HOV lane.

7123: 7057: 5825: 5530:"4 Lessons from Beijing and Shanghai Show How China's Cities Can Curb Car Congestion | World Resources Institute" 4922: 3990: 1879: 1846:

in Ontario, which passes through Toronto, suffers chronic traffic congestion despite its width of up to 18 lanes.

989:. The result can be greater congestion on the expanded artery itself or on auxiliary roads. In a similar vein, 5795: 1052:

Separate lanes for specific user groups (usually with the goal of higher people throughput with fewer vehicles)

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https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/21/business/energy-environment/electric-ups-trucks-in-london.html?module=inline

3296: 2513: 2034: 1479: 553: 270:, a total of 132.3 million people in the United States commute between their work and residential areas daily. 232: 58:

is a condition in transport that is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular

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Smart Congestion Relief – Comprehensive Analysis Of Traffic Congestion Costs and Congestion Reduction Benefits

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Goddard, Haynes (July 1997). "Using Tradeable Permits to Achieve Sustainability in the World's Large Cities".

2300:. Traffic congestion in Metro Manila is caused by the large number of registered vehicles, lack of roads, and 6550: 1871: 366: 6266: 1006:, using bridges (or, less often, tunnels) freeing movements from having to stop for other crossing movements 4929: 3445:, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 11030, Springer International Publishing, pp. 399–407, 1583: 1158: 457: 31: 6142: 2218:

New Zealand has followed strongly car-oriented transport policies since after World War II (especially in

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as an extra traffic lane; it uses CCTV and VMS to control and monitor the traffic's use of the extra lane.

7097: 7087: 7000: 6906: 6385: 1905: 1753:, and online resources are increasingly being used to monitor and relay traffic conditions to motorists. 1389: 1069: 722: 267: 17: 4458: 4136: 1854:

is ranked as the most congested city of 19 surveyed cities, with an average commute time of 80 minutes.

1478:, increasing modal shares. This can be achieved through infrastructure investment, subsidies, transport 1155:, car-light cities, and eco-cities designed to eliminate the need to travel by car for most inhabitants. 6969: 6490: 3066: 2402: 1533: 1509: 1491: 1420: 1324: 643:

from congested main arteries to secondary roads and side streets as alternative routes are attempted ('

525:. The common features of traffic congestion can be reconstructed in space and time with the use of the 522: 466: 330: 3836: 3167: 1663:

between cars is reduced, not the distance itself. Low intervals are generally only safe at low speeds.

485:, a US document used (or used as a basis for national guidelines) worldwide. These levels are used by 6879: 6703: 6559: 6432: 6366: 4209: 2988: 2426: 2407: 2117: 1607: 1567: 255: 5589: 5175: 4311:"A new way to organize parking: the key to a successful sustainable transport system for the future" 6884: 6673: 6568:

Koslowsky, Meni; Avraham N. Kluger; and Mordechai Reich. Commuting Stress, New York: Plenum, 1995.

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Introduction to Modern Traffic Flow Theory and Control: The Long Road to Three-Phase Traffic Theory

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Traffic jams have become intolerable in Dhaka. Some other major reasons are the total absence of a

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restrictions based on days of the week, as practiced in several large cities in the world, such as

1379: 1350: 1346: 1064: 441: 5266: 2246: 943:, U.S. The queue of cars waiting at the red light can be seen on the upper portion of the picture. 181: 107: 7184: 6826: 4653: 4532: 3568: 3076: 2259: 2168: 2023: 1342: 564: 482: 5469: 5212:[São Paulo suffers record traffic jam of 344 kilometers] (in Portuguese). UOL Economia. 3391: 501:

process. Therefore, another classification schema of traffic congestion is associated with some

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Mathematically, traffic is modeled as a flow through a fixed point on the route, analogously to

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https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/10/10/climate/driving-emissions-map.html?module=inline

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Link, Heike (March 2004). "PEP-A Yield-Management Scheme for Rail Passenger Fares in Germany".

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is found to be the worst city in the world for traffic congestion. Relying on information from

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indicates that there may be a "fundamental law of road congestion." The researchers, from the

378: 220: 63: 6017:"Backtracking Auckland: Bureaucratic rationality and public preferences in transport planning" 4821: 3926: 2163:

Daily congestion in Jakarta is not a recent problem. The expansion of commercial area without

607:"). As a non-productive activity for most people, congestion reduces regional economic health. 7062: 6926: 6765: 5762: 4046:"Applications of deep learning in congestion detection, prediction and alleviation: A survey" 2506: 2411: 2348: 1932: 1692: 1577: 1138: 1046: 900: 895: 486: 462: 449: 196: 4594:

Andersen, Bjørn (January 1993). "A survey of the Swiss public transport system and policy".

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https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/27/nyregion/nyc-amazon-delivery.html?searchResultPosition=1

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Bike lane constructed in areas of low space to encourage use of human-sized transportation

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or safety zones, or by removing local obstacles like bridge supports and widening tunnels)

1072:, for vehicles with at least three (sometimes at least two) riders, intended to encourage 682:

An example of the traffic situation in Accra, Ghana, increasing carbon emission in the air

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The term originated in the United States in 1987–1988 (specifically, from Newscasters at

224: 6602: 6489:. 2019 Top 100 Truck Bottlenecks. (February 14, 2019). Retrieved November 3, 2019, from 4326: 1951:. The event was caused by a combination of road works and thousands of coal trucks from 1446: 498: 7067: 7005: 6793: 6782: 6760: 6755: 6744: 6614: 5880: 5767: 4623:"The philosophy and practice of Taktfahrplan: a case-study of the East Coast Main Line" 4431: 4386: 4340: 4306: 4177: 4077: 3464: 2992: 2462: 2172: 1988: 1330: 672: 126: 6458:"Table 3-9. Top 25 Freight Highway Locations by Freight Congestion Index Rating: 2010" 5619: 4675: 4648: 3493: 1927:. It has been described as the largest annual human migration in the world. Since the 1761: 7042: 6916: 6809: 6718: 6532: 5947: 5884: 5872: 5040:"Corruption in Plan Permission Process in RAJUK: A Study of Violations and Proposals" 4680: 4435: 4394: 4366: 4344: 4266: 4169: 4081: 3676: 3552: 3454: 3173: 3134: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 1742: 1645:

Visual barriers to prevent drivers from slowing down out of curiosity (often called "

1563: 1508:

promotion through legislation, cycle facilities, subsidies, and awareness campaigns.

1499: 1319: 1059: 239: 195:

magazine, São Paulo has the world's worst traffic jams. Drivers are informed through

136: 6618: 4959: 3468: 1240:

Adding more capacity at bottlenecks (such as by adding more lanes at the expense of

477:

Qualitative classification of traffic is often done in the form of a six-letter A-F

7118: 7113: 6899: 6894: 6777: 6733: 6606: 5864: 4714: 4670: 4662: 4603: 4423: 4330: 4181: 4159: 4151: 4067: 4057: 3640: 3446: 3026: 2389: 2328: 1924: 1916: 1828: 1785: 1688: 1684: 1475: 1275: 1123: 1003: 976: 640: 604: 382: 315: 259: 39: 6348: 4649:"Promoting walking and cycling as an alternative to using cars: systematic review" 3417: 1638:

Considerate driving behavior promotion and enforcement. Driving practices such as

7128: 6889: 6085: 5012: 4741: 3749: 3696: 3450: 1807: 1660: 1589: 1525: 1505: 1384: 1298: 1216:, right turns onto the side street shown here are prohibited in order to prevent 1201: 1042: 997: 952: 678: 658:

Higher chance of collisions due to tight spacing and constant stopping-and-going.

416: 386: 200: 191: 5443:"To Tackle Traffic Jam, Beijing Sets New Car Plate Quota, Limits Out-of-Towners" 4744:(Dutch Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management). Archived from 4666: 4155: 2441:

for driving in central London was introduced in 2003. In 2013, ten years later,

431:

traffic congestion is inevitable because of the benefits of having a relatively

7133: 5144: 4803: 4647:

Ogilvie, David; Egan, Matt; Val Hamilton; Mark Petticrew (September 22, 2004).

4258: 4101: 3092: 3056: 2502: 2273: 2187: 2164: 2157: 1956: 1952: 1920: 1888: 1862: 1666: 1247:

Adding more capacity over the whole of a route (generally by adding more lanes)

1225: 1104: 1088: 1013: 986: 936: 769: 621: 432: 310: 96: 89: 59: 5470:"Beijing takes aim at congestion, pollution with new car limits- China.org.cn" 4719: 4702: 4607: 4427: 4062: 4045: 1729: 7178: 6872: 6821: 6536: 6326: 5876: 4698: 4335: 4310: 3675:, Third Edition. Roger P. Roess, Elana S. Prassas, and William R. McShane. 3039: 3034: 2422: 1773: 1700: 1646: 1611: 1483: 1403: 1287: 1271: 1241: 1166: 1162: 1131: 829: 781: 757: 617: 424: 3439:

Essien, Aniekan; Petrounias, Ilias; Sampaio, Pedro; Sampaio, Sandra (2018),

6921: 6520: 5980:"Twelve people die in traffic jam in Indonesia at junction called 'Brexit'" 4684: 4537: 4358: 4204: 4173: 4137:"Health impact assessment of cycling network expansions in European cities" 3644: 3082: 3020: 3012: 2471: 2430: 2269: 2191: 1656: 1374: 1308: 1302: 1265: 1197: 1152: 1108: 805: 445: 394: 390: 341: 326: 319: 6610: 6433:"The 31 US cities that had the worst traffic in 2019 according to a study" 3986: 2277: 1812: 1790: 1623: 1290:, freeway entrances in suburban areas, and at the edge of smaller cities. 1192: 947: 912:

congestion levels, but also when there are very few vehicles on the road.

186: 6804: 6638:, 8, 1974. Institut für Verkehrswesen. Universität Karlsruhe (in German). 5868: 5121:"Two important behaviour changes for road safety: Tolerance and patience" 4292: 3548: 3442:

The Impact of Rainfall and Temperature on Peak and Off-Peak Urban Traffic

2239: 2195: 2149: 1652: 1529: 1519: 1428: 1364: 1360: 1315: 1294: 1217: 1142: 1082: 1025:, providing through lanes that bypass junction on-ramp and off-ramp zones 972: 793: 652: 644: 440:

solution), either by widening roadways or increasing "flow pressure" via

303: 4481:"LEDA Measure: License plate based traffic restrictions, Athens, Greece" 3625: 1908:

public transport systems in many Chinese cities are currently underway.

1512:

for decades, and around a quarter of their commuting is done by bicycle.

710: 177:

Traffic jam - traffic on the Cairo-Assiut highway is blocked due to fog.

6689: 5267:"Kassab restringe carga e descarga em SP e inclui caminhões no rodízio" 4622: 4164: 4072: 2498: 2467: 1964: 1911:

A unique Chinese phenomenon of severe traffic congestion occurs during

1670: 1639: 1487: 1274:

facilities allowing parking at a distance and allowing continuation by

1127: 1119: 1009: 960: 817: 436: 398: 173: 6629: 6143:"10 Alarming Facts about Traffic in Metro Manila that You Should Know" 4516:. Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds. Archived from 4514:

KonSULT, the Knowledgebase on Sustainable Urban Land use and Transport

2096:

Lack of free ways/exit ways where local roads and main roads intersect

6859: 4646: 4286: 3810:"Here's How Much Traffic Congestion Costs the World's Biggest Cities" 2183: 2126: 2074: 1992: 1896: 1737: 1627:

Different modes of transport require different amounts of road space.

1495: 1459: 1356: 1338: 1213: 1170: 1115: 1055: 671:

injuries and even deaths. It can be thought of as an extreme case of

667: 631: 490: 428: 263: 251: 146: 85: 6491:

https://truckingresearch.org/2019/02/06/atri-2019-truck-bottlenecks/

3293:

Annual convention of the Israeli Society for Transportation Research

2008: 1815:

has the world's worst daily traffic jams. Based on reports from the

1677:

and bicycles to travel in the space between cars, buses, and trucks.

1547: 1268:

distorts the market in favor of car travel, exacerbating congestion.

571:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 66:, this article will focus on automobile congestion on public roads. 6931: 6854: 6815: 6082:"Metro Manila has 'worst traffic on earth', longest commute - Waze" 4982:"Gridlock and Traffic Congestion in Cities – Is This the Solution?" 3626:"The Fundamental Law of Road Congestion: Evidence from U.S. Cities" 3061: 3051: 2475: 2454: 2373: 2356: 2352: 2333: 2309: 2219: 2211: 2153: 2145: 1948: 1900: 1892: 1394: 1283: 1279: 1174: 1078: 1032: 279: 273: 44: 6205:"DPWH chief Villar: Metro traffic jam 'can be solved in 2-3 years" 4632:. Institute of Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. 4229:, Pop-Up Cities: China Builds a Bright Green Metropolis, 04.24.07" 1091:

carpooling with pre-negotiated financial incentives for the driver

361: 27:

Transport condition characterized by slower speed and high density

6208: 6177: 2474:

is often congested as Los Angeles residents travel north for the

2313: 2281: 2137: 2133: 2122: 1912: 1875: 1851: 1750: 1683:

Reducing the quantity of cars that are on the road, i.e. through

1571: 1442: 1261: 1229: 1073: 853: 841: 648: 510: 506: 345: 283: 5500:"China's Nanjing city considers limiting issuance of car plates" 1604:

systems providing dynamic advice to motorists about free parking

250:

People often work and live in different parts of the city. Many

6836: 5826:"Alibaba's 'City Brain' is slashing congestion in its hometown" 3599:"Fundamental Law of Road Congestion: Evidence from U.S. Cities" 2995:. The average truck speed was just 29 mph (47 km/h). 2305: 2141: 1839: 1632: 1468: 1432: 1424: 412: 299: 6297:"Istanbul drowning in traffic chaos, report announces - LOCAL" 5383:"Toronto commuting times worst of 19 major cities, study says" 3438: 967: 931: 6658: 3897:"Jakarta foots US$ 5b annual bill for traffic jams: Minister" 2528: 2487: 2251: 1944: 1766: 1450: 956: 865: 370: 48: 4703:"Determinants of bicycle use: do municipal policies matter?" 2427:

report into the future of Britain's transport infrastructure

2167:

shows worsening daily congestion even in main roads such as

1253:

Traffic management improvements (see separate section below)

401:, which may reduce the road's capacity below normal levels. 309:

Some traffic engineers have attempted to apply the rules of

6330: 5210:"São Paulo sofre engarrafamento recorde de 344 quilômetros" 5008:"Ten common myths about bike lanes – and why they're wrong" 2377: 2265: 1494:

and greater priority for buses to reduce journey time e.g.

1436: 1208: 687: 497:

Traffic congestion occurs in time and space, i.e., it is a

245: 5380: 4883:"M42 Active Traffic Management Results – First Six Months" 3344:"An Initial Assessment of Freight Bottlenecks on Highways" 1592:

permanently installed, to provide real-time traffic counts

5851:

Gu, Yizhen; Jiang, Chang; Zhang, Junfu; Zou, Ben (2021).

5269:(in Portuguese). Folha de S.Paulo Online. April 1, 2008. 5064:"The Financial Express | Financial Online Newspaper" 1967:

has become active, reducing traffic congestion somewhat.

1510:

The Netherlands has been pursuing cycle friendly policies

223:

video of traffic congestion near HaShalom interchange in

6174:"Traffic and infrastructure delays cost the Philippines" 185:

Traffic congestion on Marginal Pinheiros, near downtown

6648: 4556:

Simon, Hermann; Robert J Dolan. "Price Customization".

1293:

Reduction of road capacity to force traffic onto other

7053:

International Conference on Population and Development

1145:

is strongly associated with the availability of local

6634:

R. Wiedemann, Simulation des Straßenverkehrsflusses.

5560:"In response to growth, Chinese cities choose metros" 5090:"Haphazard parking causes more traffic jams in Dhaka" 4050:

Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies

3837:"Find Out What's The Cost of Traffic In Metro Manila" 3279:

Asaf Hazut (April 2019), "Speed-volume curve for the

599:

Traffic congestion has a number of negative effects:

4116: 3311:"What Covid-19 teaches us about how to fix freeways" 3207:

Hotelier & Caterer: Official Magazine of FEDHASA

3002: 2351:. Despite that, traffic is a significant problem in 624:

owing to increased idling, acceleration and braking.

503:

common spatiotemporal features of traffic congestion

4707:

Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice

3867:"Traffic jam: The ugly side of Dhaka's development" 3750:"Here's How Much Sitting In Traffic Is Costing You" 3569:"Mathematicians Take Aim At 'Phantom' Traffic Jams" 3127:Treiber, Martin; Kesting, Arne (October 11, 2012). 1586:, possibly linked up to automatic traffic reporting 1409:

Allowing driving on highway shoulders at peak times

6584: 4305: 3719:"Gridlock woes: Traffic congestion by the numbers" 3130:Traffic Flow Dynamics: Data, Models and Simulation 1850:According to the Toronto Board of Trade, in 2010, 1081:, impromptu carpooling at HOV access points, on a 30:"Traffic jam" redirects here. For other uses, see 5173: 3329:SH1 Northbound at Green Lane – What happens here? 1580:installed along the roadway, to advise road users 377:Congested roads can be seen as an example of the 7176: 6587:"A Cellular Automaton Model for Freeway Traffic" 6113:"Manila traffic: the agony, without the ecstasy" 5763:"China's Growth Leads to Problems Down the Road" 5291: 5203: 5201: 3987:"Congestion - Friend or Foe? - W R Blunden 1983" 3693:""Road rage" meaning and origin, Phrases.org.uk" 1955:'s coalfields that travel daily to Beijing. The 1337:cameras on the entry routes. Major examples are 926: 274:Movement to obtain or provide goods and services 5946:. Jakarta: Equinox Publishing. pp. 116–7. 5850: 5381:John Spears; Tess Kalinowski (March 30, 2010). 4880: 4555: 2132:According to a 2015 study by motor oil company 1134:and allows more trips to be made without a car. 630:Stressed and frustrated motorists, encouraging 5793: 5167: 4926:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 4822:"Smarter Choices – Changing the way we travel" 4771: 4697: 4088: 3623: 3601:. journalistsresource.org. November 17, 2014. 3126: 1777:several narrow and (nominally) one-way roads. 266:. According to a 2011 report published by the 6674: 6379: 5760: 5294:"Kassab cria rodízio para caminhão no centro" 5198: 4533:"Paris drive to cut traffic in centre by 75%" 3624:Duranton, Gilles; Turner, Matthew A. (2011). 3381: 3308: 1522:encouraged through legislation and subsidies. 1122:road network geometry, rather than tree-like 6571: 6521:"The Law of Peak Hour Expressway Congestion" 5857:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 5590:"When all of China goes on vacation at once" 4774:"Slow But Steady "Telework Revolution" Eyed" 4391:Stehzeuge. Der Stau ist kein Verkehrsproblem 3353:. Cambridge Systematics, Inc. October 2005. 2524:30% of traffic is cars looking for parking. 1919:. People return to their hometown to have a 1406:, to allow faster vehicles to move unimpeded 1099: 84:Drivers can become frustrated and engage in 7078:United Nations world population conferences 5700: 4800:"Motoring Towards 2050 – Roads and Reality" 4043: 3377: 3375: 2037:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1031:, roads that limit the type and amounts of 603:Wasting time of motorists and passengers (" 6991:Population and housing censuses by country 6681: 6667: 6365:. Department for Transport. Archived from 6347:. Department for Transport. Archived from 6172:Visconti, Katherine (September 26, 2012). 6014: 5939: 5756: 5754: 5703:"Welcome to the world's worst traffic jam" 5646:"Earth's biggest human migration on a map" 5318: 4888:. Department for Transport. Archived from 4852:"Reducing delay due to traffic congestion" 4504: 4502: 4385: 4200:"British to help China build 'eco-cities'" 3278: 2272:is called the "worst" in the world, after 6202: 5943:Jakarta: Portraits of a Capital 1950-1980 5912:"The Worst Traffic In The World Is In..." 4958:. Motorcycle Glossary.com. Archived from 4874: 4718: 4674: 4334: 4163: 4095:Schneider, Benjamin (September 6, 2018). 4094: 4071: 4061: 3133:. Springer Science & Business Media. 2057:Learn how and when to remove this message 587:Learn how and when to remove this message 6714:Estimates of historical world population 6654:How Traffic Works from HowStuffWorks.com 6171: 4593: 4545:from the original on September 18, 2014. 4451:"The high cost of motoring in Singapore" 3372: 3238:. Oakland Media Services Limited. 2004. 2492: 2481: 2461: 2453: 2401: 2367: 2327: 2245: 2229: 2205: 2116: 2068: 1977: 1861: 1838: 1784: 1760: 1736: 1622: 1546: 1458: 1207: 1191: 966: 946: 930: 894: 697: 677: 403: 360: 293: 289: 246:Separation of work and residential areas 206: 180: 172: 106: 38: 6054:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand 6015:Mees, Paul; Dodson, Jago (April 2006). 5909: 5806:from the original on September 15, 2013 5796:"Gridlock is a way of life for Chinese" 5751: 5349: 4792: 4636:from the original on December 10, 2007. 4499: 4413: 4134: 4128: 4044:Kumar, Nishant; Raubal, Martin (2021). 3332:, Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency, 2016 2406:A solution to traffic congestion using 1730:Traffic Jam Problem In Australia (1965) 1482:, pricing strategies that decrease the 14: 7177: 6184:from the original on December 29, 2015 6135: 5570:from the original on September 7, 2018 5449:from the original on December 28, 2010 5234: 5118: 4862:from the original on September 5, 2017 4530: 4222: 3605:from the original on February 21, 2012 3235:Eve: The Essence of Africa's New Woman 3210:. Ramsay Son & Parker. July 1993. 2486:Rush hour traffic in Interstate 95 in 2387:set down policies based on the report 1941:China National Highway 110 traffic jam 1551:Traffic congestion detector in Germany 1536:and reduce shopping trips made by car. 1016:onto a congested motorway-type roadway 702:Costs of congestion and parking search 6662: 6649:Institute of Transportation Engineers 6585:Nagel, K.; Schreckenberg, M. (1992). 6574:Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 6518: 6203:Dela Cruz, Chrisee (August 2, 2016). 6153:from the original on January 18, 2016 6024:Urban Research Program Issues Paper 5 6008: 5775:from the original on January 21, 2012 5739:from the original on October 22, 2010 5713:from the original on October 17, 2015 5626:from the original on January 19, 2018 5540:from the original on January 20, 2018 5362:from the original on February 6, 2012 5331:from the original on January 10, 2010 5300:from the original on December 7, 2008 5174:Md. Mirazul Islam (August 14, 2011). 5155:from the original on January 29, 2021 4948: 4919:National Agenda for Motorcycle Safety 4780:from the original on October 27, 2007 4772:Matt Rosenberg (September 26, 2007). 4549: 4357: 4122: 4037: 3654:from the original on October 13, 2019 3526:from the original on October 20, 2017 3475:from the original on January 26, 2020 3111: 1822:Despite implementation since 1997 of 1542: 1012:, 'drip-feeding' merging traffic via 7147: 6315: 6303:from the original on October 6, 2014 6277:from the original on October 6, 2014 6267:"'Dur-kalk'ta dünya lideri İstanbul" 6110: 5921:from the original on August 16, 2016 5656:from the original on January 8, 2018 5600:from the original on January 8, 2018 5510:from the original on January 8, 2018 5423:from the original on January 7, 2018 5350:Kennedy, Brendan (January 7, 2010). 5319:Kalinowski, Tess (January 7, 2010). 4881:Highways Agency (October 25, 2007). 4577:Japan Railway & Transport Review 4574: 4568: 4564:(3). American Marketing Association. 4416:Environmental and Resource Economics 4188:from the original on March 30, 2021. 4097:"CityLab University: Induced Demand" 3834: 3760:from the original on August 24, 2020 3538: 3500:from the original on October 8, 2003 2425:published a UK government-sponsored 2035:adding citations to reliable sources 2002: 1669:, in which some jurisdictions allow 1181: 705: 536: 356: 335:reconstruction of traffic congestion 7083:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement 6626:Victoria Transport Policy Institute 6412:from the original on March 15, 2016 6363:"Delivering choice and reliability" 6215:from the original on August 6, 2016 6079: 5960:from the original on March 30, 2021 5910:Pantazi, Chloe (February 2, 2015). 5891:from the original on March 30, 2021 5682:from the original on March 16, 2017 5620:"China's holiday rush begins early" 5247:from the original on March 30, 2021 5207: 5186:from the original on March 30, 2021 5020:from the original on August 8, 2020 4988:from the original on April 27, 2017 4814: 4620: 4448: 4442: 4239:from the original on March 25, 2010 3967:from the original on March 28, 2018 3937:from the original on March 27, 2018 3907:from the original on March 28, 2018 3847:from the original on March 28, 2018 3816:from the original on March 28, 2018 3790:from the original on March 28, 2018 3729:from the original on March 28, 2018 3242:from the original on March 30, 2021 3214:from the original on March 30, 2021 3186:from the original on March 30, 2021 3165: 3147:from the original on March 30, 2021 2527:According to traffic analysis firm 1618: 890: 532: 24: 6512: 6345:"Tackling congestion on our roads" 5794:Jonathan Watts (August 24, 2010). 5735:. The Economist. August 26, 2010. 5480:from the original on June 16, 2018 5292:Folha de S.Paulo (June 18, 2008). 5273:from the original on April 6, 2008 5070:from the original on July 26, 2012 4936:from the original on April 6, 2010 4832:from the original on April 8, 2008 4223:McGray, Douglas (April 24, 2007). 4208:. November 6, 2005. Archived from 3993:from the original on March 9, 2015 3579:from the original on July 23, 2018 2345:intelligent transportation systems 2341:Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality 1817:Companhia de Engenharia de Tráfego 1557:intelligent transportation systems 915: 647:'), which may affect neighborhood 25: 7206: 6975:Population and Development Review 6642: 6564:, Springer, Berlin, New York 2004 6555:, Springer, Berlin, New York 2009 6462:U.S. Department of Transportation 6430: 5996:from the original on July 9, 2016 5832:from the original on June 4, 2020 5761:Michael Wines (August 27, 2010). 5352:"GTA's worst routes: Highway 401" 5237:"Largest Traffic Jams in History" 5216:from the original on May 26, 2014 4701:; Daniel, Vanessa (August 2004). 4365:. American Planning Association. 4025:from the original on May 25, 2017 3877:from the original on May 15, 2018 3747: 3494:"Science Hobbyist: Traffic Waves" 3416:. August 29, 2008. Archived from 3360:from the original on June 1, 2023 3046:Journal of Transport and Land Use 2363: 2312:, as well as the municipality of 2083:Various causes for this include: 1257:Reduction of demand can include: 1049:or by movable physical separation 521:traffic phases found in Kerner's 472: 444:, Downs advocates greater use of 167: Special events / other (5%) 7159: 7158: 7146: 7023:Population concern organizations 6729:Projections of population growth 6450: 6424: 6392: 6373: 6355: 6337: 6289: 6259: 6227: 6196: 6165: 6104: 6073: 5393:from the original on May 2, 2010 5321:"GTA commuter crawl gets slower" 5119:Quaium, Ridwan (July 26, 2012). 4449:Toh, Rex S. (March–April 1994). 3384:"The World's Worst Traffic Jams" 3382:Andrew Downie (April 21, 2008). 3309:Joe Cortright (April 22, 2020), 3019: 3005: 2458:Traffic jam in Los Angeles, 1953 2449: 2007: 1724: 1655:reductions, as practiced on the 1602:Parking guidance and information 1196:Widening works under way on the 1188:Transportation demand management 709: 693: 541: 7124:Human impact on the environment 7058:Population Action International 6382:"The Eddington Transport Study" 6380:Rod Eddington (December 2006). 6235:"TomTom European Traffic Index" 6041: 5972: 5933: 5903: 5844: 5818: 5787: 5725: 5701:Leo Hickman (August 23, 2010). 5694: 5668: 5638: 5612: 5582: 5552: 5522: 5492: 5461: 5435: 5405: 5374: 5343: 5312: 5285: 5259: 5228: 5137: 5112: 5082: 5056: 5032: 5000: 4974: 4923:US Department of Transportation 4907: 4844: 4765: 4755: 4727: 4691: 4640: 4614: 4587: 4524: 4483:. LEDA database. Archived from 4473: 4407: 4379: 4351: 4299: 4273: 4257: 4251: 4216: 4192: 4005: 3979: 3949: 3919: 3889: 3859: 3835:Isla, Rouselle (May 26, 2016). 3828: 3802: 3772: 3741: 3711: 3685: 3666: 3617: 3591: 3561: 3520:"Transportation Report By USCB" 3512: 3486: 3432: 3406: 3336: 1204:to increase the number of lanes 634:and reduced health of motorists 51:vendors to sell food to drivers 7073:United Nations Population Fund 6688: 5467: 5066:. Thefinancialexpress-bd.com. 4621:May, Adrian (March 16, 2007). 4531:Henley, Jon (March 15, 2005). 3414:"Congestion: A National Issue" 3351:Federal Highway Administration 3320: 3302: 3297:Hebrew University of Jerusalem 3272: 3254: 3226: 3198: 3166:May, Adolf Darlington (1990). 3159: 3120: 3105: 2547:Cost of congestion per driver 2514:Texas Transportation Institute 2304:, especially in the cities of 2225: 2201: 1699:or by increasing the costs of 1236:Increased supply can include: 119:Causes of traffic congestion: 13: 1: 6384:. UK Treasury. Archived from 6080:Tan, Lara (October 2, 2015). 5853:"Subways and Road Congestion" 5045:. August 2007. Archived from 4856:Social Impact Open Repository 4393:(in German). Vienna: Böhlau. 4363:The High Cost of Free Parking 3098: 2416:Belfast Great Victoria Street 2343:has made huge investments on 2250:Traffic jam at EDSA-Tramo in 2090:Non cooperation among drivers 1982:Athens inner Daktylios limits 1756: 1706: 927:Improving Road infrastructure 161: Poor signal timing (5%) 47:, and an opportunity for two 6519:Downs, Anthony (July 1962). 4930:Motorcycle Safety Foundation 4735:"Cycling in the Netherlands" 4315:Environment and Urbanization 3451:10.1007/978-3-319-98812-2_36 2112: 2099:Lack of demarcated footpaths 1711: 1610:system opens up UK motorway 1528:promotion, potentially with 1390:High-occupancy vehicle lanes 1159:Transit-oriented development 662: 458:The American Economic Review 199:that display the prevailing 32:Traffic jam (disambiguation) 7: 7098:World Population Foundation 7088:World Population Conference 7001:World population milestones 4667:10.1136/bmj.38216.714560.55 4156:10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.12.011 2998: 2583:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1137:Zoning laws that encourage 567:the claims made and adding 481:(LOS) scale defined in the 268:United States Census Bureau 10: 7211: 6970:Population and Environment 5940:Merrillees, Scott (2015). 5733:"The great crawl of China" 5296:(in Portuguese). INTELOG. 4263:"Dreaming of a Clean Car?" 3067:Transportation forecasting 2877:Charlotte, North Carolina 2639:San Francisco, California 2286:violations of traffic laws 2257: 1325:Certificate of Entitlement 1185: 919: 523:three-phase traffic theory 467:London School of Economics 331:three-phase traffic theory 298:Congestion on a street in 29: 7142: 7106: 7031: 6983: 6962: 6880:Human population planning 6845: 6791: 6742: 6704:Demographics of the world 6696: 4720:10.1016/j.tra.2004.05.003 4608:10.1080/01441649308716835 4510:"Regulatory restrictions" 4063:10.1016/j.trc.2021.103432 3169:Traffic Flow Fundamentals 3116:. Routledge. p. 141. 2765:Providence, Rhode Island 2544:Hours wasted per vehicle 2408:Northern Ireland Railways 2376:which heading towards to 2323: 2292:, loading and unloading, 2264:According to a survey by 1973: 1834: 1780: 1723: 1718: 1697:bans on on-street parking 1608:Active traffic management 1596:Automated highway systems 1530:automated delivery booths 1380:High-occupancy toll lanes 1100:Urban planning and design 899:Houses in this street in 442:automated highway systems 387:Privatization of highways 333:(see also spatiotemporal 256:central business district 102: 6885:Compulsory sterilization 4826:Department for Transport 4336:10.1177/0956247806069621 3633:American Economic Review 3291:on weekdays, May 2017", 3114:Encyclopedia of the City 2625:Los Angeles, California 2597:New York City, New York 2385:Department for Transport 2268:, traffic congestion in 2093:Unscientific road design 1998: 1857: 1667:Lane splitting/filtering 1351:Stockholm congestion tax 1347:London congestion charge 622:carbon dioxide emissions 487:transportation engineers 302:consisting primarily of 7190:Road traffic management 6827:Malthusian growth model 4956:"Define:Lane Splitting" 4776:. Cascadia Prospectus. 4654:British Medical Journal 4428:10.1023/A:1026444113237 3077:Traffic Message Channel 2863:Minneapolis, Minnesota 2807:Sacramento, California 2723:New Orleans, Louisiana 2260:Traffic in Metro Manila 2169:Jalan Jenderal Sudirman 1991:. To deal with it, the 1923:with their families on 1880:license plate rationing 1789:Typical traffic jam in 1559:, which guide traffic: 1400:Truck lane restrictions 1343:electronic road pricing 994:meet maximum capacity.” 616:Wasted fuel increasing 483:Highway Capacity Manual 262:, resulting in workers 155: Bad weather (15%) 6954:Zero population growth 6949:Sustainable population 6873:Malthusian catastrophe 6832:Overshoot (population) 6709:Demographic transition 6636:Schriftenreihe des IfV 6562:The Physics of Traffic 6464:. 2011. Archived from 6400:"Cruising for Parking" 5145:"Traffic Jam at Dhaka" 4295:on September 27, 2007. 4281:"2005 Mayors Luncheon" 3645:10.1257/aer.101.6.2616 2891:San Juan, Puerto Rico 2849:Hartford, Connecticut 2779:San Diego, California 2751:Stamford, Connecticut 2555:Boston, Massachusetts 2509: 2490: 2479: 2459: 2418: 2400: 2380: 2336: 2332:Traffic congestion in 2255: 2243: 2215: 2129: 2121:Traffic congestion in 2077: 1983: 1963:Recently, in Hangzhou 1867: 1866:Traffic jam in Beijing 1847: 1802: 1769: 1745: 1628: 1578:Variable message signs 1574:, to advise road users 1552: 1464: 1286:are commonly found at 1221: 1205: 1147:cycling infrastructure 1047:variable-message signs 980: 964: 944: 904: 703: 683: 420: 379:tragedy of the commons 374: 306: 228: 204: 197:variable message signs 178: 113: 64:mode of transportation 52: 7195:Transport reliability 7063:Population Connection 6927:Mere addition paradox 6766:Physiological density 6591:Journal de Physique I 6369:on November 22, 2008. 6333:. 1963–1964. Para 30. 5652:. February 18, 2015. 5564:The Transport Politic 5126:The Financial Express 3957:"Costs of Congestion" 3812:. February 11, 2018. 3112:Caves, R. W. (2004). 2933:Milwaukee, Wisconsin 2507:Morristown, Tennessee 2496: 2485: 2465: 2457: 2405: 2395: 2371: 2349:public transportation 2339:In recent years, the 2331: 2294:beating the red light 2258:Further information: 2249: 2233: 2209: 2120: 2087:Private encroachments 2072: 1981: 1865: 1842: 1788: 1764: 1740: 1693:corporate car sharing 1626: 1550: 1532:helping to solve the 1462: 1211: 1195: 1139:mixed-use development 970: 953:A38M Aston Expressway 950: 934: 920:Further information: 901:Royal Tunbridge Wells 898: 701: 681: 463:University of Toronto 450:public transportation 409:Rapid economic growth 407: 364: 342:forecast traffic flow 297: 290:Mathematical theories 219: 184: 176: 110: 42: 7093:World Population Day 7048:Church of Euthanasia 6937:Non-identity problem 6912:Political demography 6868:Human overpopulation 6329:in association with 5990:Agence France-Presse 5869:10.1257/app.20190024 5828:. January 15, 2019. 5596:. January 13, 2017. 5566:. January 17, 2018. 5445:. ChinaAutoWeb.com. 5208:EFE (May 23, 2014). 4810:on January 20, 2009. 4558:Marketing Management 4487:on February 27, 2008 3266:Cambridge Dictionary 2737:Seattle, Washington 2667:Baltimore, Maryland 2443:Transport for London 2284:. It is worsened by 2105:Lack of cycle tracks 2031:improve this section 1884:2008 Summer Olympics 1824:road space rationing 1795:road space rationing 1415:Road space rationing 1262:Parking restrictions 1126:which branches into 941:Milwaukee, Wisconsin 6942:Reproductive rights 6773:Population dynamics 6724:Population momentum 6611:10.1051/jp1:1992277 6603:1992JPhy1...2.2221N 6273:. October 2, 2013. 6247:on December 7, 2013 6123:on February 8, 2016 6092:on January 23, 2016 6028:Griffith University 5676:"2017年春运发送旅客近30亿人次" 5149:Teletalk Bangladesh 4984:. Go Supply Chain. 4520:on August 25, 2004. 4461:on October 17, 2015 4387:Knoflacher, Hermann 4327:2006EnUrb..18..387K 4285:the NAIOP website, 4144:Preventive Medicine 4135:Mueller, N (2018). 3784:newburghgazette.com 3673:Traffic Engineering 3088:Traffic obstruction 3072:Tourist rental cars 2961:San Antonio, Texas 2535: 2236:Commonwealth Avenue 1995:has been enforced. 1801:, São Paulo, Brazil 1250:Creating new routes 1035:along their lengths 1029:Limited-access road 1023:Local-express lanes 1019:Reducing junctions 922:Mobility transition 742: 90:induces more demand 7068:Population Matters 6783:Population pyramid 6761:Population density 6756:Population decline 6388:on March 24, 2008. 6351:on April 23, 2008. 6037:on April 13, 2008. 5768:The New York Times 5536:. April 10, 2015. 5235:Shankowsky, Josh. 5100:on October 6, 2014 5052:on April 16, 2012. 4962:on January 6, 2009 4307:Hermann Knoflacher 4212:on April 14, 2016. 3933:. March 25, 2018. 3394:on August 26, 2013 2993:Circle Interchange 2975:Boulder, Colorado 2947:Detroit, Michigan 2569:Chicago, Illinois 2534: 2510: 2497:Congestion during 2491: 2480: 2460: 2419: 2381: 2337: 2256: 2244: 2216: 2179:in the mid-1970s. 2173:Jalan M.H. Thamrin 2130: 2078: 1989:photochemical smog 1984: 1933:rapid urbanization 1868: 1848: 1803: 1793:downtown, despite 1770: 1746: 1629: 1584:Navigation systems 1553: 1543:Traffic management 1474:Incentives to use 1465: 1331:Congestion pricing 1297:. Methods include 1222: 1206: 1065:Express toll lanes 981: 965: 959:, towards central 945: 905: 741: 721:. You can help by 704: 684: 673:aggressive driving 552:possibly contains 421: 375: 307: 229: 205: 179: 114: 73:or (informally) a 56:Traffic congestion 53: 7172: 7171: 7043:7 Billion Actions 6917:Population ethics 6810:Carrying capacity 6719:Population growth 6597:(12): 2221–2229. 6525:Traffic Quarterly 6061:on March 24, 2008 5506:. July 26, 2016. 5413:"The great crawl" 4630:Working Paper 579 4596:Transport Reviews 4455:Business Horizons 4400:978-3-205-98988-2 4389:(January 2001) . 4372:978-1-884829-98-7 3961:www.metrolinx.com 3723:Smart Cities Dive 3172:. Prentice Hall. 3140:978-3-642-32459-8 2985: 2984: 2835:Denver, Colorado 2681:Atlanta, Georgia 2653:Portland, Oregon 2611:Washington, D.C. 2439:congestion charge 2298:wrong-way driving 2067: 2066: 2059: 1799:Rua da Consolação 1797:by plate number. 1743:Warringah Freeway 1735: 1734: 1689:circulation plans 1564:Traffic reporting 1555:Use of so-called 1534:last mile problem 1500:bus rapid transit 1490:ratios, improved 1182:Supply and demand 971:The HOV lanes in 888: 887: 749:Loss in billions 739: 738: 597: 596: 589: 554:original research 519:synchronized flow 433:standard work day 357:Economic theories 320:supercooled fluid 316:butterfly effects 260:residential areas 254:are located in a 240:cascading failure 217: 137:Traffic incidents 43:A traffic jam in 16:(Redirected from 7202: 7162: 7161: 7150: 7149: 7119:Green Revolution 6900:Two-child policy 6895:One-child policy 6818: 6778:Population model 6734:World population 6683: 6676: 6669: 6660: 6659: 6622: 6581: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6437:Business Insider 6428: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6411: 6404: 6396: 6390: 6389: 6377: 6371: 6370: 6359: 6353: 6352: 6341: 6335: 6334: 6323:Traffic in Towns 6319: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6293: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6246: 6240:. Archived from 6239: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6119:. Archived from 6108: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6088:. Archived from 6077: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6057:. Archived from 6049:"Modern Society" 6045: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6030:. Archived from 6021: 6012: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5992:. July 8, 2016. 5976: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5758: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5672: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5642: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5474:www.china.org.cn 5465: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5205: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5133:on May 25, 2017. 5129:. Archived from 5116: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5096:. Archived from 5086: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5044: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5016:. July 3, 2019. 5004: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4895:on March 6, 2008 4894: 4887: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4806:. Archived from 4796: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4769: 4763: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4751:on May 28, 2008. 4750: 4739: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4678: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4627: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4506: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4457:. Archived from 4446: 4440: 4439: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4359:Shoup, Donald C. 4355: 4349: 4348: 4338: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4291:. Archived from 4277: 4271: 4270: 4269:on May 18, 2008. 4265:. Archived from 4255: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4167: 4141: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4075: 4065: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4024: 4017: 4009: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3901:The Jakarta Post 3893: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3873:. May 13, 2018. 3863: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3699:on June 21, 2009 3695:. Archived from 3689: 3683: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3653: 3630: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3565: 3559: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3420:on July 25, 2008 3410: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3390:. Archived from 3379: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3359: 3348: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3315:City Observatory 3306: 3300: 3299: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3109: 3029: 3027:Transport portal 3024: 3023: 3015: 3010: 3009: 3008: 2905:Cleveland, Ohio 2536: 2533: 2390:Traffic in Towns 2210:Busy traffic in 2177:Jalan Gajah Mada 2102:Lack of bus bays 2062: 2055: 2051: 2048: 2042: 2011: 2003: 1939:The August 2010 1925:Chinese New Year 1917:Chinese New Year 1829:public transport 1728: 1727: 1716: 1715: 1685:proof-of-parking 1619:Other associated 1590:Traffic counters 1476:public transport 1447:Bertrand Delanoë 1385:Reversible lanes 1367:, and toll lanes 1282:. Park-and-ride 1276:public transport 1124:network topology 1085:or payment basis 1043:Reversible lanes 1004:Grade separation 991:Braess's paradox 977:Southern Ontario 935:Metered ramp on 891:Positive effects 743: 740: 734: 731: 713: 706: 641:Spillover effect 605:opportunity cost 592: 585: 581: 578: 572: 569:inline citations 545: 544: 537: 533:Negative impacts 479:level of service 455:A 2011 study in 383:opportunity cost 218: 166: 160: 154: 144: 134: 124: 75:traffic snarl-up 21: 7210: 7209: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7200: 7199: 7175: 7174: 7173: 7168: 7138: 7102: 7036: 7034: 7027: 6979: 6958: 6907:Overconsumption 6890:Family planning 6847: 6841: 6814: 6798: 6795: 6787: 6749: 6746: 6738: 6692: 6687: 6645: 6541: 6539: 6515: 6513:Further reading 6482: 6481: 6471: 6469: 6468:on June 6, 2013 6456: 6455: 6451: 6441: 6439: 6429: 6425: 6415: 6413: 6409: 6402: 6398: 6397: 6393: 6378: 6374: 6361: 6360: 6356: 6343: 6342: 6338: 6321: 6320: 6316: 6306: 6304: 6295: 6294: 6290: 6280: 6278: 6265: 6264: 6260: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6237: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6218: 6216: 6201: 6197: 6187: 6185: 6170: 6166: 6156: 6154: 6141: 6140: 6136: 6126: 6124: 6111:Liquicia, Chi. 6109: 6105: 6095: 6093: 6086:CNN Philippines 6078: 6074: 6064: 6062: 6047: 6046: 6042: 6034: 6019: 6013: 6009: 5999: 5997: 5978: 5977: 5973: 5963: 5961: 5954: 5938: 5934: 5924: 5922: 5908: 5904: 5894: 5892: 5849: 5845: 5835: 5833: 5824: 5823: 5819: 5809: 5807: 5792: 5788: 5778: 5776: 5759: 5752: 5742: 5740: 5731: 5730: 5726: 5716: 5714: 5699: 5695: 5685: 5683: 5674: 5673: 5669: 5659: 5657: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5629: 5627: 5618: 5617: 5613: 5603: 5601: 5588: 5587: 5583: 5573: 5571: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5543: 5541: 5528: 5527: 5523: 5513: 5511: 5498: 5497: 5493: 5483: 5481: 5466: 5462: 5452: 5450: 5441: 5440: 5436: 5426: 5424: 5411: 5410: 5406: 5396: 5394: 5379: 5375: 5365: 5363: 5348: 5344: 5334: 5332: 5317: 5313: 5303: 5301: 5290: 5286: 5276: 5274: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5250: 5248: 5241:Community Couch 5233: 5229: 5219: 5217: 5206: 5199: 5189: 5187: 5172: 5168: 5158: 5156: 5143: 5142: 5138: 5117: 5113: 5103: 5101: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5073: 5071: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5049: 5042: 5038: 5037: 5033: 5023: 5021: 5013:TheGuardian.com 5006: 5005: 5001: 4991: 4989: 4980: 4979: 4975: 4965: 4963: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4939: 4937: 4913: 4912: 4908: 4898: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4879: 4875: 4865: 4863: 4850: 4849: 4845: 4835: 4833: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4798: 4797: 4793: 4783: 4781: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4756: 4748: 4742:Rijkswaterstaat 4737: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4696: 4692: 4645: 4641: 4626:(Working Paper) 4625: 4619: 4615: 4592: 4588: 4573: 4569: 4554: 4550: 4529: 4525: 4508: 4507: 4500: 4490: 4488: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4464: 4462: 4447: 4443: 4412: 4408: 4401: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4356: 4352: 4304: 4300: 4289:, United States 4279: 4278: 4274: 4259:Kay, Jane Holtz 4256: 4252: 4242: 4240: 4221: 4217: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4139: 4133: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4107: 4105: 4093: 4089: 4042: 4038: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4015: 4011: 4010: 4006: 3996: 3994: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3970: 3968: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3940: 3938: 3927:"Colossal loss" 3925: 3924: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3895: 3894: 3890: 3880: 3878: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3850: 3848: 3833: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3793: 3791: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3763: 3761: 3748:Rahim, Zamira. 3746: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3671: 3667: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3628: 3622: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3582: 3580: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3543: 3539: 3529: 3527: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3478: 3476: 3461: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3397: 3395: 3380: 3373: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3346: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3307: 3303: 3287:section of the 3277: 3273: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3217: 3215: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3189: 3187: 3180: 3164: 3160: 3150: 3148: 3141: 3125: 3121: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3025: 3018: 3011: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2919:Columbus, Ohio 2709:Miami, Florida 2695:Houston, Texas 2452: 2366: 2326: 2290:illegal parking 2262: 2242:on July 5, 2022 2228: 2204: 2115: 2073:Traffic jam in 2063: 2052: 2046: 2043: 2028: 2012: 2001: 1976: 1860: 1837: 1783: 1765:Traffic jam in 1759: 1741:Traffic jam in 1725: 1719:External videos 1714: 1709: 1621: 1545: 1526:Online shopping 1449:, the mayor of 1299:traffic calming 1202:London, England 1190: 1184: 1102: 1014:traffic signals 929: 924: 918: 916:Countermeasures 893: 735: 729: 726: 719:needs expansion 696: 665: 593: 582: 576: 573: 558: 546: 542: 535: 515:wide moving jam 475: 417:Hainan Province 367:economic growth 359: 292: 276: 248: 207: 189:. According to 171: 170: 169: 168: 164: 162: 158: 156: 152: 150: 142: 140: 132: 130: 122: 105: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7208: 7198: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7185:Road transport 7170: 7169: 7167: 7166: 7156: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7136: 7134:Sustainability 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7110: 7108: 7107:Related topics 7104: 7103: 7101: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7039: 7037: 7032: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7025: 7020: 7019: 7018: 7013: 7008: 6998: 6996:Largest cities 6993: 6987: 6985: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6966: 6964: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6945: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6903: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6877: 6876: 6875: 6865: 6857: 6851: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6816:I = P × A × T 6812: 6807: 6801: 6799: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6769: 6768: 6758: 6752: 6750: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6700: 6698: 6694: 6693: 6686: 6685: 6678: 6671: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6651: 6644: 6643:External links 6641: 6640: 6639: 6632: 6628:(March 2013), 6623: 6582: 6569: 6566: 6557: 6548: 6531:(3): 393–409. 6514: 6511: 6480: 6479: 6449: 6423: 6391: 6372: 6354: 6336: 6314: 6288: 6258: 6226: 6195: 6164: 6134: 6103: 6072: 6040: 6007: 5971: 5952: 5932: 5902: 5843: 5817: 5786: 5750: 5724: 5693: 5667: 5637: 5611: 5581: 5551: 5521: 5491: 5460: 5434: 5404: 5373: 5342: 5311: 5284: 5258: 5227: 5197: 5180:The Daily Star 5166: 5136: 5111: 5081: 5055: 5031: 4999: 4973: 4947: 4906: 4873: 4843: 4813: 4804:RAC foundation 4791: 4764: 4754: 4726: 4713:(7): 531–550. 4699:Rietveld, Piet 4690: 4639: 4613: 4586: 4567: 4548: 4523: 4498: 4472: 4441: 4406: 4399: 4378: 4371: 4350: 4321:(2): 387–400. 4298: 4272: 4250: 4215: 4191: 4127: 4125:, p. 393. 4115: 4102:Bloomberg News 4087: 4036: 4004: 3978: 3948: 3931:The Daily Star 3918: 3888: 3871:The Daily Star 3858: 3827: 3801: 3771: 3740: 3710: 3684: 3665: 3639:(6): 2616–52. 3616: 3590: 3560: 3537: 3511: 3485: 3459: 3431: 3405: 3371: 3335: 3319: 3301: 3289:Ayalon Highway 3271: 3253: 3225: 3197: 3178: 3158: 3139: 3119: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3095: 3093:Urban planning 3090: 3085: 3080: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3042: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3016: 3000: 2997: 2989:Interstate 290 2983: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2955: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2913: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2857: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2821:Dallas, Texas 2819: 2815: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2793:Austin, Texas 2791: 2787: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2773: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2731: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2717: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2689: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2675: 2674: 2671: 2668: 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1538: 1537: 1523: 1517: 1513: 1503: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1440: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1404:climbing lanes 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1353: 1328: 1306: 1291: 1288:metro stations 1269: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242:hard shoulders 1183: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1156: 1153:Carfree cities 1150: 1135: 1132:arterial roads 1101: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1086: 1067: 1062: 1050: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1026: 1017: 1010:Ramp signaling 1007: 995: 987:induced demand 928: 925: 917: 914: 892: 889: 886: 885: 883: 880: 874: 873: 871: 868: 862: 861: 859: 856: 850: 849: 847: 844: 838: 837: 835: 832: 826: 825: 823: 820: 814: 813: 811: 808: 802: 801: 799: 796: 790: 789: 787: 784: 778: 777: 775: 772: 766: 765: 763: 760: 754: 753: 750: 747: 737: 736: 716: 714: 695: 692: 664: 661: 660: 659: 656: 638: 635: 628: 625: 614: 611: 608: 595: 594: 549: 547: 540: 534: 531: 499:spatiotemporal 474: 473:Classification 471: 358: 355: 311:fluid dynamics 291: 288: 275: 272: 247: 244: 163: 157: 151: 141: 131: 121: 117: 116: 115: 104: 101: 97:fluid dynamics 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7207: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7180: 7165: 7157: 7155: 7154: 7145: 7144: 7141: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7114:Bennett's law 7112: 7111: 7109: 7105: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7035:organizations 7030: 7024: 7021: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7003: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6982: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6961: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6919: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6844: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6822:Kaya identity 6820: 6817: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6790: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6741: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6684: 6679: 6677: 6672: 6670: 6665: 6664: 6661: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6637: 6633: 6631: 6627: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6560:B.S. Kerner, 6558: 6556: 6554: 6551:B.S. Kerner, 6549: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6517: 6516: 6510: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6453: 6438: 6434: 6427: 6408: 6401: 6395: 6387: 6383: 6376: 6368: 6364: 6358: 6350: 6346: 6340: 6332: 6328: 6327:Penguin Books 6324: 6318: 6302: 6298: 6292: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6262: 6243: 6236: 6230: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6199: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6168: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6122: 6118: 6117:Latitude News 6114: 6107: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6076: 6060: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6044: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6018: 6011: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5975: 5959: 5955: 5953:9786028397308 5949: 5945: 5944: 5936: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5906: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5863:(2): 83–115. 5862: 5858: 5854: 5847: 5831: 5827: 5821: 5810:September 20, 5805: 5801: 5797: 5790: 5779:September 20, 5774: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5757: 5755: 5743:September 20, 5738: 5734: 5728: 5717:September 20, 5712: 5708: 5704: 5697: 5681: 5677: 5671: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5641: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5585: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5555: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5525: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5495: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5464: 5448: 5444: 5438: 5422: 5418: 5417:The Economist 5414: 5408: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5377: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5346: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5315: 5299: 5295: 5288: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5215: 5211: 5204: 5202: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5176:"Traffic jam" 5170: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5140: 5132: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5115: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5069: 5065: 5059: 5048: 5041: 5035: 5019: 5015: 5014: 5009: 5003: 4987: 4983: 4977: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4940:September 18, 4935: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4910: 4891: 4884: 4877: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4847: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4817: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4795: 4779: 4775: 4768: 4758: 4747: 4743: 4736: 4730: 4721: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4661:(7469): 763. 4660: 4656: 4655: 4650: 4643: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4590: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4563: 4559: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4505: 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3504:September 29, 3499: 3495: 3489: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3460:9783319988115 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3443: 3435: 3424:September 25, 3419: 3415: 3409: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3376: 3356: 3352: 3345: 3339: 3331: 3330: 3323: 3316: 3312: 3305: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3257: 3241: 3237: 3236: 3229: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3201: 3185: 3181: 3179:9780139260728 3175: 3171: 3170: 3162: 3146: 3142: 3136: 3132: 3131: 3123: 3115: 3108: 3104: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3041: 3040:IBUS (device) 3038: 3036: 3035:Connected car 3033: 3032: 3028: 3022: 3017: 3014: 3003: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2830: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2515: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2489: 2484: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2456: 2450:United States 2447: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2423:Rod Eddington 2417: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2392: 2391: 2386: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2335: 2330: 2321: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2261: 2253: 2248: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2223: 2221: 2214:, New Zealand 2213: 2208: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2084: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2061: 2058: 2050: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2026: 2025: 2021: 2016:This section 2014: 2010: 2005: 2004: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1980: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1961: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1929:economic boom 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1889:subway system 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1864: 1855: 1853: 1845: 1841: 1832: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1809: 1805:According to 1800: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1778: 1775: 1774:rapid transit 1768: 1763: 1754: 1752: 1744: 1739: 1731: 1722: 1717: 1702: 1701:car ownership 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1647:rubbernecking 1644: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1625: 1613: 1612:hard shoulder 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1566:, via radio, 1565: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1558: 1549: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1484:marginal cost 1481: 1477: 1473: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1461: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1408: 1405: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1375:Managed lanes 1373: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1334: 1333:, including: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1272:Park and ride 1270: 1267: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1226:latent demand 1219: 1215: 1210: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1167:metro station 1164: 1163:train station 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1105:City planning 1090: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1060:busway system 1058:as part of a 1057: 1054: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1041: 1034: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1002: 1001: 1000:improvements 999: 996: 992: 988: 983: 982: 978: 974: 969: 962: 958: 954: 949: 942: 938: 933: 923: 913: 909: 902: 897: 884: 881: 879: 876: 875: 872: 869: 867: 864: 863: 860: 857: 855: 852: 851: 848: 845: 843: 840: 839: 836: 833: 831: 828: 827: 824: 821: 819: 816: 815: 812: 809: 807: 804: 803: 800: 797: 795: 792: 791: 788: 785: 783: 780: 779: 776: 773: 771: 768: 767: 764: 761: 759: 756: 755: 751: 748: 745: 744: 733: 730:December 2019 724: 720: 717:This section 715: 712: 708: 707: 700: 694:Economic loss 691: 689: 680: 676: 674: 669: 657: 654: 650: 646: 642: 639: 636: 633: 629: 626: 623: 619: 618:air pollution 615: 612: 609: 606: 602: 601: 600: 591: 588: 580: 570: 566: 562: 556: 555: 550:This section 548: 539: 538: 530: 528: 527:ASDA and FOTO 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 495: 492: 488: 484: 480: 470: 468: 464: 460: 459: 453: 451: 447: 443: 438: 434: 430: 426: 425:Anthony Downs 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 372: 368: 363: 354: 350: 347: 343: 338: 336: 332: 328: 323: 321: 317: 312: 305: 301: 296: 287: 285: 281: 271: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 243: 241: 236: 234: 226: 222: 202: 198: 194: 193: 188: 183: 175: 148: 138: 128: 120: 109: 100: 98: 93: 92:for driving. 91: 87: 82: 80: 76: 72: 67: 65: 61: 57: 50: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7151: 6963:Publications 6922:Antinatalism 6860: 6837:World3 model 6697:Major topics 6635: 6594: 6590: 6577: 6573: 6561: 6552: 6540:. Retrieved 6528: 6524: 6483: 6470:. Retrieved 6466:the original 6452: 6442:November 25, 6440:. Retrieved 6436: 6431:Levin, Tim. 6426: 6414:. Retrieved 6394: 6386:the original 6375: 6367:the original 6357: 6349:the original 6339: 6322: 6317: 6305:. Retrieved 6291: 6279:. Retrieved 6271:sabah.com.tr 6270: 6261: 6249:. Retrieved 6242:the original 6229: 6217:. Retrieved 6198: 6186:. Retrieved 6167: 6155:. Retrieved 6146: 6137: 6125:. Retrieved 6121:the original 6106: 6094:. Retrieved 6090:the original 6075: 6063:. Retrieved 6059:the original 6052: 6043: 6032:the original 6023: 6010: 5998:. Retrieved 5985:The Guardian 5983: 5974: 5962:. Retrieved 5942: 5935: 5923:. Retrieved 5914: 5905: 5893:. Retrieved 5860: 5856: 5846: 5834:. Retrieved 5820: 5808:. Retrieved 5800:The Guardian 5799: 5789: 5777:. Retrieved 5766: 5741:. Retrieved 5727: 5715:. Retrieved 5707:The Guardian 5706: 5696: 5684:. Retrieved 5670: 5658:. Retrieved 5649: 5640: 5628:. Retrieved 5614: 5602:. Retrieved 5593: 5584: 5572:. 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