Transbay Tube - Knowledge

751:. At 6:21 p.m., No. 111 moved in automatic mode into the eastbound tunnel, stopping with its rearmost car at eastbound tunnel exit door #43, adjacent to the stricken No. 117. The passengers from No. 117 had been led through the train and out the operator's compartment window in the lead car, then along the smoke-filled westbound tunnel into the gallery via west door #42; they boarded the rescue train (No. 111) through door #43. After the rescued passengers boarded No. 111, firefighters searched No. 117 for any remaining passengers, informing central dispatch at 6:59 p.m. that all passengers had been evacuated. Dispatchers commanded No. 111 to proceed in automatic operation mode to West Oakland to transfer passengers to hospitals. The train quickly accelerated to its top speed of 80 miles per hour (130 km/h) creating pressure in the eastbound tunnel which drew smoke from the westbound tunnel through the open doors (west #44 and #45) into the gallery and the eastbound tunnel (through open eastbound door #43), completely filling the 670 ft-long (200 m) gallery between doors #43 and #45. By this time, 10 more firefighters and a lieutenant had responded, entering the gallery through the Oakland vent structure; having encountered smoke on their walk in, they had donned portable air masks with 30-minute supplies, they reached the gallery between doors #44 and #45 just as No. 111 departed, rapidly filling the gallery with thick smoke. The tunnel exit doors are locked from the gallery side and require a key to open; with smoke filling the gallery, the keyholes were obscured and the firefighters were unable to evacuate to the eastbound tunnel. 1386:. It would not only involve very long and costly spans, even if piers were permitted in the channel, but would land the traffic in a section of the city already quite congested, and from which a proper distribution would be impracticable. Any tunnel on this location would have to be constructed at great depth in an unknown rock formation, as the water depth is too great for tunneling under air pressure, and the length would consequently be so great as to involve an extremely difficult problem in ventilation for vehicular traffic. We there fore consider this plan as impracticable. Any continuous tunnel across the bay, on any location, while practicable for purely electrically operated railroad traffic, would involve most serious ventilation problems for vehicular traffic, and enormous expense if constructed for all classes of traffic. 2454:, which is founded on rock, and the BART Trans-bay Tube, which was specially engineered in the early 1960s to withstand earthquakes. Two facts stand out: the importance of the Oakland–San Francisco link, and the volume of traffic borne by the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge—approximately double that of the Golden Gate Bridge, and almost equal to the combined traffic carried by all four other bridges. For automobile traffic, the Golden Gate and Bay bridges are essentially nonredundant systems, with alternative routes via the other bridges being time consuming to a level that seriously impacts commercial and institutional productivity. The critical role played by the BART Trans-bay Tube in cross-bay transportation is clear, as is the fact that the South Bay bridges ( 784:

because of an apparent short in the train control circuit; to uncouple the car and isolate the short, someone would have had to leave the train and manually disconnect the electrical cable underneath the coupler to the damaged cars. Critically, nine minutes elapsed between the time that power was restored and when the line supervisor informed BART central they were unable to uncouple the cars, which allowed the fire to grow. On the other hand, the low passenger count and the presence of a line supervisor allowed the passengers to evacuate into the lead car quickly. Dispatching No. 111 with over 1,000 passengers onboard could have resulted in an even larger disaster if the control cables had failed in the eastbound tunnel due to the spread of the fire.

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cover which had fallen off No. 363 and jammed into the cover of the third rail. The NTSB later concluded the resulting electrical arcing between the train and the energized third rail ignited components on the car, causing air tanks and suspension airbags to explode on the fifth and sixth cars. Central operations shut down power to the third rail, but restored it 40 seconds later in an effort to uncouple the lead portion of the train from the burning cars. This was unsuccessful, and vent fans were turned on at 6:08 p.m. to attempt to clear the smoke, and the third rail was again powered down at 6:15 p.m. A BART line supervisor who had been riding on the train helped gather passengers in the lead car, including one blind passenger.

744:(61 m) behind No. 117, where the train operator reported the third rail was damaged and the rear car was on fire with heavy black smoke. Upon reaching No. 117, the responders became separated, with one policeman and seven firefighters proceeding into the gallery between the tunnels, and the rest forced by the smoke to return to No. 900. However, the group in the gallery had left the door (westbound tunnel exit door #44) open to the tunnel for the others to follow; the returning policeman opened a second door (west #45) while setting up a maintenance telephone to communicate with central dispatch, but was forced by the smoke to abandon that position, leaving that door open as well. 723:

revealed No. 363 had broken derail bars on the number six and eight cars, and an engaged parking brake on the number nine car. After clearing the derail bar circuits and manually releasing the parking brake, No. 363 was cleared to proceed, and upon reaching the end of the line in Daly City, was taken out of service for inspection. A line switchbox cover had fallen off No. 363 and was resting on the third rail, which was not seen by following trains until it jammed against the third rail coverboard, breaking the collector shoe on No. 117, which caused a short circuit and electrical arcing.

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firefighters. At 7:09 p.m., a firefighter called for help from a phone box and upon reaching a clear section of the tunnel, train No. 377 was dispatched from West Oakland in "road manual" to rescue the firefighters; the train operator moved with passengers on board because she assumed the cause of the delay had been resolved. After the rescue train returned to West Oakland at approximately 8:10 p.m., the firefighters were taken to area hospitals for treatment. Elliott had exhausted his oxygen supply, and died of smoke inhalation and cyanide poisoning.

811:. During the 1989 earthquake, a train passing through the Tube was ordered to stop, although the operator reported no apparent motion. After inspection, the tube was found to be safe, and was reopened just six hours later, with regular service resuming system-wide twelve hours after the quake. Many area highways were damaged by the event, and with the Bay Bridge closed for a month due to a section of the upper deck falling onto the lower deck on a truss section of the east span, the Transbay Tube was the only passable direct way between San Francisco and Oakland. 2339: 468: 673: (equivalent to $ 338,970,000 in 2023) contract to perform further seismic retrofitting. In this phase, a new steel liner and higher-capacity pumps would be installed to reduce the possibility of flooding the tube, as the existing pumps would not be adequate in the worst-case seismic event. Work was projected to start in the summer of 2018 and is scheduled to take more than two years to complete. Service through the tube would be reduced or eliminated during the first hour and the last three hours of the service day. 611:

maintenance and control equipment in the upper gallery, including a pressurized water line for firefighting. Each tunnel has 56 doors opening into the lower gallery, spaced approximately 330 feet (100 m) apart, numbered consecutively from the San Francisco side of the tube. The doors are locked from the gallery side and can be opened inwards (toward the gallery) from the tunnel through emergency hardware. Between doors, the tunnel has narrow 2.5-foot (0.76 m) wide walkways adjacent to the gallery space.

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uninterrupted except for a short inspection period immediately following the quake. With the closure of the Bay Bridge and the Cypress Street Viaduct along the Nimitz Freeway, BART became the primary passenger transportation link between San Francisco and East Bay communities. Its average daily transport of 218,000 passengers before the earthquake increased to an average of 308,000 passengers per day during the first full business week following the earthquake.

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maintenance vehicles collided within the Tube in September 2014, damaging a section of track and forcing BART traffic to rely on a single track. In January 2015, a train was forced to stop in the Tube after the brake inadvertently engaged on a car. A train in December 2016 was forced to switch to manual mode and proceed at reduced speed after stopping in the Tube, and another faulty brake forced a train to stop in the Tube in April 2017.

3923: 516:. After the steel shell was completed, water-tight bulkheads were fitted and concrete was poured to form the 2.3-foot (0.70 m)-thick interior walls and track bed. They were then floated into place (positioned above where they were to sit), and the barge was tethered to the Bay floor, acting as a temporary tension leg platform. The section was ballasted with 500 short tons (450 t) of gravel before being lowered into a 780:

smoke and fire, and the fifth, sixth, and seventh cars were destroyed in the fire. No. 900 sustained heat damage to the first car, and all ten cars sustained smoke damage. The tunnel sustained heat damage in the vicinity of the fire; portions of the ceiling concrete had spalled and exposed the reinforcing steel, overhead cables were destroyed, and the steel handrail between doors #43 and #44 had been warped by the heat.

4850: 666: (equivalent to $ 10,265,000 in 2023) was awarded to California Engineering Contractors for installation. In order to complete this work during 2013, BART closed one of the two bores of the tube early midweek (Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays), resulting in delays of 15–20 minutes. The work, originally estimated to last approximately 14 months, was completed by December 2013, after only 8 months of construction. 483: (equivalent to $ 1,353,210,000 in 2023). Construction was started on the tube in 1965, and the structure was completed after the final section was lowered on April 3, 1969. BART sold commemorative bronzed aluminum coins to mark the placement of the final section. Prior to being fitted out, the tube was opened for visitors to walk through a small portion on November 9, 1969. The tracks and 2462:) accommodated most of the redistribution of vehicular traffic. Engineering studies should be instigated of the Golden Gate and San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridges, of the BART system, and of other important transportation structures throughout the State that are sufficiently detailed to reveal any possible weak links in their seimic resisting systems that could result in collapse or prolonged closure. 694:) was killed by smoke and toxic fume inhalation (generated from burning plastic materials) during the effort to extinguish the blaze. The forty passengers and two BART employees aboard the stricken train were rescued by another train passing in the opposite direction. Poor communication and coordination had hampered the response, and the lessons learned during the fire played a key role in developing 444:. Davies and Modjeski were critical of the ventilation issues that would arise from a long combined automobile and rail tunnel, indirectly endorsing the idea of a dedicated tunnel for electric rail traffic. The Davies and Modjeski proposal was joined by twelve other proposed projects to cross the Bay in October 1921, several of which featured rail service through long tunnels. 2281: 1284:

notice our said decree; and whereas, we are determined our authority shall be fully respected; now, therefore, we do hereby command the arrest, by the army, of both the Boards of City Fathers, if they persist in neglecting our decrees. Given under our royal hand and seal, at San Francisco, this 17th day of September, 1872. NORTON 1.

906:, which was working for BART performing Tube anode maintenance, capsized and sank at night during a late winter storm. The barge came to rest atop the fill overlaying the Transbay Tube, but did not disrupt transit operations. The primary concern was the potential leakage of diesel fuel, and divers had stopped the leak within a day. 764:

6:32 p.m. to advise them a train was on fire in the tunnel, so San Francisco dispatched a team to wait at Embarcadero at 6:36 p.m., but the San Francisco units did not proceed until 7:52 p.m. and did not arrive until 8:15 p.m. because of the difficulty in obtaining information from either Oakland or BART.

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the tracks were clear and available for service. The train immediately following also ran in "road manual," but subsequent trains were dispatched through the tube in automatic mode, including seven-car No. 117, the tenth train to enter the westbound tube after No. 363; No. 117 had 40 passengers onboard.

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started in Summer 2006 at the east end of the tube, on property belonging to the Port of Oakland. A 2010 paper concluded the distance the tube would rise due to liquefaction was limited based on model testing of potential liquefaction mechanisms, and questioned the justification for the compaction effort.

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Provision would be made for two decks, the upper for use of motor vehicles and the lower for electric trains. The gradient would be kept below 3 per cent so freight could be handled easily. The depth of water along the route the tube would follow does not exceed 65 ft. and soundings taken at various

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Believing Oakland Point to be the proper and only point of communication from this side of the Bay to San Francisco, we, Norton I, Dei gratia Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico, do hereby command the cities of Oakland and San Francisco to make an appropriation for paying the expense

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In 2007, as BART celebrated the 50th anniversary of its creation, it announced its plans for the next 50 years. Determining the current tunnel will be at its operational capacity by the year 2030, the agency has plans which include a new separate Transbay Tube beneath San Francisco Bay that would run

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The shutdown of power to the third rail was cited as a possible contributing factor because No. 117 was unable to move in road manual for forty seconds. In addition, the operator and line supervisor aboard No. 117 were unable to uncouple the damaged cars using the existing on-board controls

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notified BART officials the anchor appeared to be close to the Tube at 11:55 a.m., based on the ship's position, leading to a suspension of Tube service for approximately 20 minutes while inspections were conducted. No damage was found, and the Tube was reopened at 12:15 p.m. Harbor pilots

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Train No. 363 sustained damage to its second, fifth, sixth, eight, and ninth cars. The line switch box cover was missing from the fifth car, and the sixth and eighth cars had broken derail bars. No. 117 had smoke damage to the interior of its first three cars; the fourth car was damaged by

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during an intense earthquake, which could allow the buoyant hollow tube to break loose from its anchorages or cause movement that would exceed the capacity of the sliding seismic joints. Retrofitting work required the fill to be compacted, to make it denser and less prone to liquefaction. Compaction

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station, where nine firefighters and two BART policemen boarded Train No. 900 running in "road manual." No. 900 was forced to stop at approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) into the tube to remove an auxiliary box cover and a derail bar from the track, and eventually stopped approximately 200 feet

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BART proposed new evacuation plans to the San Francisco and Oakland fire chiefs by February, but BART service through the Transbay Tube did not resume until April 1979, with California Public Utilities Commissioner Richard D. Gravelle warning "the patrons of BART who utilize its services should be

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The fire initially was declared under control at 10:45 p.m., although the fires were not yet fully extinguished; a final declaration of control was made at 1:31 a.m. on January 18. Later that day, at approximately 6 p.m., Oakland firefighters responded to flare-up in the gutted

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The train following No. 363 was dispatched to run in "road manual" mode, where the train is controlled by the onboard operator, rather than by the computerized central control system. That train reported seeing derail bar debris between the tracks near where No. 363 had stopped, but that

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On the interior of the tube, BART began a major retrofitting initiative in March 2013, which involved installing heavy steel plates at various locations inside the tube that most needed strengthening, to protect them from sideways movement in an earthquake. A vehicle was custom-built to handle the

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Whereas, we issued our decree, ordering the citizens of San Francisco and Oakland to appropriate funds for the survey of a suspension bridge from Oakland Point via Goat Island; also for a tunnel; and to ascertain which is the best project; and whereas, the said citizens have hitherto neglected to

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The firefighters began to make their way eastward in the gallery as a single-file human chain, through thick smoke. By the time they reached the area of door #51, their portable air masks were starting to run low, and Lt. William Elliott began to have trouble, requiring assistance from his fellow

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No. 117 came to an emergency stop at 6:06 p.m., about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) into the Transbay Tube, with the operator reporting thick smoke coming from his train. The collector shoe assemblies on the number five and six cars of No. 117 had broken after striking the line switchbox

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Each end of the tube is secured to the vent structures with a patented sliding seismic joint which allows six degrees of freedom (translation along and rotation about three axes). As-designed, the joints allow movement of up to 4.25 inches (108 mm) along the tube's axis and up to 6.75 inches

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Seismic studies commenced in 1959, including boring and testing programs in 1960 and 1964, and the installation of an earthquake recording system on the Bay floor. The tube's route was modified after preliminary surveys were unable to identify a continuous bedrock profile, requiring more precise

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station, prompting shutdowns and delays in Transbay service. In late December 2016, a man entered the Tube through the portal at Embarcadero station and remained in it for more than an hour; while transit police were searching for him, trains continued to move through the Tube at slow speeds in

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that caused electrical arcing on Train No. 117. Earlier that day, ten-car Train No. 363 had made an emergency stop in the Transbay Tube while traveling towards San Francisco at approximately 4:30 p.m., reporting smoke and a possible fire. Troubleshooting without an external inspection

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The tube consists of two tunnels and a central maintenance/pedestrian gallery. Each tunnel has a bore approximately 17 feet (5.2 m) in diameter, with the track centerline offset 8 inches (200 mm) towards the outside from the bore centerline. The tunnels flank a gallery which contains

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The tube has 57 sections; each section ranges from 273 to 336 feet (83 to 102 m) long. The average length of each section is 328 feet (100 m), measured along the tunnels' bore; sections are 48 feet (15 m) wide, 24 feet (7.3 m) high, and weigh approximately 10,000 short tons

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Service has been disrupted on multiple occasions after trains become stuck in the Transbay Tube, which is partially attributed to aging equipment. In addition to the 1979 fire, while moving through the Tube, a train split and was automatically stopped after a coupler failed in March 2010. Two

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The response was delayed in part because of the coordination between BART central dispatch and the two cities' respective fire departments. San Francisco called BART central back at 6:19 p.m., but were advised that Oakland had already responded. Meanwhile, Oakland called San Francisco at

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needed for the trains were finished in 1973, and the tube was opened to service on September 16, 1974, five years after the originally-projected completion date, after clearing California Public Utilities Commission concerns regarding the automated dispatch system. The first test run was

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As of March 2023, a combined four-track tunnel or two separate tunnels for both BART and regular rail are no longer considered cost-effective due to reduced ridership in the Bay Area; planners will research one single tunnel dedicated to either BART service or regional rail service. CCJPA is

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The upper section of the gallery space is also used as a duct, moving 300,000 cubic feet per minute (8,500 m/min) of air under forced circulation. The tunnels are vented to the atmosphere at the San Francisco and Oakland ends and are vented to each other (through the upper gallery) with

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The tunnel is set in a trench 60 feet (18 m) wide with a gravel foundation 2 feet (0.61 m) deep. Lasers were used to guide the dredging of the trench and the laying of the gravel foundation, maintaining route accuracy of within 3 inches (76 mm) for the trench and 1.8 inches

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BART's success in maintaining continuous service directly after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake reconfirmed the system's importance as a transportation "lifeline." While the earthquake caused transient movements in the Tube there was no significant permanent movement and BART service was

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Howe & Peters, consulting engineers of San Francisco, have been working for nearly two years as Pacific Coast representatives of George W. Goethals, in getting together data on the construction of a subway for both vehicular and rail traffic, which would connect the foot of

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later noted the ship had anchored 1,200 feet (370 m) southwest of the Tube. Two trains that had been passing through the Tube were stopped in place while the inspection was conducted. Trains were delayed by 15 to 20 minutes, with normal service resuming around 1 p.m.

646:, found the seismic joints would "likely remain intact and functional after the next earthquake." However, settling of the tube within its trench and the Loma Prieta quake had reduced the allowable movement of the seismic joints to as little as 1.5 inches (38 mm). 363:. The tube is 3.6 miles (5.8 km) long, and attaches to twin bored tunnels. The section of rail between the nearest stations (one of which is underground) totals 6 miles (10 km) in length. The tube has a maximum depth of 135 feet (41 m) below sea level. 3012:

It was routine procedure (and remains so) to do a short hold after any earthquake, even smaller ones, and passengers were familiar with that routine. "They didn't panic," she said. "I got on the intercom and told them we were holding for a quake and would be moving

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The project cost approximately $ 180 million in 1970 (equivalent to $ 1.09 billion in 2023), with $ 90 million of that cost being spent on construction, the remainder going towards laying rails, electrification, ventilation and train control systems.

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system when dropping anchor. Since the anodes protrude from the filled trench surrounding the Tube, they are more vulnerable to damage. Marine traffic is restricted from dropping anchors when over the Tube, but BART conducts routine inspections for anode damage.

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fully aware that the instant order does not in any way provide a guarantee of safe service." Both the Oakland and San Francisco fire departments criticized BART officials for failing to relinquish control of the emergency situation to the fire departments.

2450:, while the most disruption was caused by the closure of the Bay Bridge for a month while it was repaired, leading to costly commute alternatives and probable economic losses. On the other hand, the Board received reports of only very minor damage to the 577:(9,100 t) each. To conform with the route, 15 tube sections were curved horizontally, 4 were curved vertically, 2 had horizontal and vertical curves, and the remaining 36 sections were straight. Each section of the Tube cost approximately 496:

in seven minutes at 68 to 70 miles per hour (109 to 113 km/h) and returned in six minutes at the full speed of 80 miles per hour (130 km/h), carrying approximately 100 passengers including BART officials, dignitaries and reporters.

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as short as 2.5 minutes. BART trains can reach their highest speeds in the tube, up to 80 miles per hour (129 km/h), although trains typically operate at 70 miles per hour (113 km/h) unless trying to recover from a delay.

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in a proclamation that he issued on May 12, 1872. Emperor Norton issued another proclamation on September 17, 1872, threatening to arrest the city leaders of Oakland and San Francisco for neglecting his earlier proclamation.

972:. The final vertical climb out to daylight was actually filmed, with the camera rotated 90°, in the incomplete (and decidedly horizontal) Transbay Tube. The scene was filmed before installation of the track supports, with 377:

operate through the Transbay Tube, making it one of the busiest sections of the system in terms of passenger and train traffic. During peak commute times, over 28,000 passengers per hour travel through the tunnel with

424:, was almost exactly the same as today's Transbay Tube. His proposal called for building on bay mud, which anticipated some of the seismic design aspects of the finished Transbay Tube, and was estimated to cost up to 1246:

of a survey to determine the practicability of a tunnel under water; and if found practicable, that said tunnel be forthwith built for a railroad communication. Norton I. Given at Brooklyn the 12th day of May, 1872.

619:(171 mm) vertically or laterally. A restaurant was constructed atop the San Francisco transition structure (vent) on a pier behind the Ferry Building. The Oakland vent structure is located in the middle of a 6561: 544:

Approximate route of Transbay Tube (shown in yellow). View directed south; Treasure Island in left foreground, San Francisco (Financial District) on the right, and Oakland/Alameda in the left background.

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over a month and caused substantial hardship as individuals and businesses accommodated themselves to its loss. The most tragic impact of the earthquake was the life loss caused by the collapse of the

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technique, the Transbay tube was constructed on land in 57 sections, transported to the site, and then submerged and fastened to the bottom – primarily by packing its sides with sand and gravel.

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packed with soft soil, mud, and gravel for leveling along the Bay's bottom. Once the section was in place, divers connected the section with the sections that had already been placed underwater, the

927:(CHSR) system. The second Tube would provide two tracks for BART trains, and two tracks for conventional/high-speed rail (the BART system and conventional U.S. rail use different and incompatible 4834: 1341:. Not only would mud facilitate driving by the shield method, it is pointed out, but it would constitute a cushion to safeguard the tube from possible disalignment due to earthquake shocks. 662:

4-short-ton (3.6 t), 2.5-inch (64 mm) thick plates; once hoisted in place, the plates were bolted to the existing concrete walls and welded together, end-to-end. The contract for

5645: 2279:, Warshaw, Robert, "Tunnel construction sliding assembly", published June 30, 1970, issued July 17, 1968, assigned to Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc. 1343:

If the results of such a survey confirm the rough estimates, it is suggested that the construction of the entire 3.5-mi. concrete tube would be between $ 40,000,000 and $ 50,000,000.

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BART central dispatch attempted to call the Oakland Fire Department, but unintentionally called San Francisco instead at 6:09 p.m. The Oakland Fire Department responded to the

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boring and probing of the Bay floor. The route was deliberately chosen to avoid bedrock as much as possible so the tube was free to flex, avoiding concentrated bending stresses.

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The design and strength of the tube, an engineering marvel sunk into mud on the bottom of the bay, had insulated the train and its passengers from feeling the earth's movements.

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Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc. (November 1991). Transbay Tube Seismic Joints Post-Earthquake Evaluation (Report). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District.

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In September 2022, two alternative routes were unveiled at a CCJPA meeting, one with a combined tunnel for BART and regional rail, and another route with two separate tunnels.

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service, began planning to conduct a feasibility study to narrow the possible alignment options for the proposed second crossing. The study would continue to consider

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Donna "Lulu" Wilkinson, an experienced train operator, was barreling through the Transbay Tube at 80 miles per hour in the cab of a 10-car train when the quake hit.

1036: 1326:. Tentative plans on this project, made public some months ago, call for a shield-driven concrete tube, similar to the type General Goethals recommended for the 5248: 3637: 3753: 5323: 4798: 690:

broke out on a San Francisco-bound seven-car train (Train No. 117) as it was passing through the tube. One firefighter (Lt. William Elliott, 50, of the

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The Tube was closed briefly on January 31, 2014, after a drifting freighter dropped anchor near it at 8:45 a.m. to maintain position. The

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inch (16 mm) thick, and has just enough strength to support its own weight and resist hoop stresses; an external consultant, Professor

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Railroad Accident Report: Bay Area Rapid Transit District fire on train No. 117 and evacuation of passengers while in the Transbay Tube

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Report of Joint Army-Navy Board on an additional crossing of San Francisco Bay (Report). Presidio of San Francisco, California. 1947.

428: (equivalent to $ 854,100,000 in 2023). A competing bridge-and-tunnel proposal was advanced in July 1921 by J. Vipond Davies and 3235: 2353: 804:, which proceed to the nearest station. The lines are then inspected for damage, and resume normal operation if no damage is found. 5516: 5283: 5040: 4733: 3534: 3209: 3079: 1220:

Hitting speeds close to 80 mph only in the 3.6-mile tube under the bay, the trains average 36 mph for safety reasons, Mouber said.

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run amok" is exacerbated by the concrete enclosure and the fact that tracks are curved when the tunnel crosses beneath the

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Design concepts and route alignment were completed by July 1960. A 1961 report estimated the cost of the Transbay Tube at

5215: 5085: 4526: 4475: 3420: 4504: 6571: 6256: 5989: 5542: 5353: 4482: 4279: 847:, the Transbay Tube is the noisiest part of the BART system, with sound pressure levels inside the train reaching 100 6546: 5979: 5000: 3183: 1441: 1039:: Early proposals by T.A. Tomasini included a tunnel from San Francisco meeting a bridge between Albany and Tiburon. 5947: 5857: 5426: 5055: 5035: 4617: 1465: 3393: 3027: 997:, is partly set in the Bay Area, and part of the journey/quest routes the protagonists through the Transbay Tube. 6531: 6373: 5406: 5303: 5298: 5288: 5278: 5258: 4765: 4745: 4316: 3944: 1986: 1599:

Use of a precast concrete tube with metal shell for the underwater crossing between shore points is recommended.

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options in order to allow connections to Caltrain, CHSR, Capitol Corridor, and potentially other rail services.

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Opened in 1974, the tunnel was the final segment of the original BART system to open. All BART lines except the

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between placed sections were removed and a protective layer of sand and gravel was packed against the sides.

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Train No. 111, with over 1,000 passengers on board, had been holding at the last San Francisco stop,

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Annex to 2010 Association of Bay Area Governments Local Hazard Mitigation Plan "Taming Natural Disasters"

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is the principal transportation link between San Francisco and the East Bay. It was out of service for a

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parallel to and south of the existing Transbay Tube. The proposed four-bore tunnel would emerge at the

642:

A 1991 study, commissioned at the recommendation of the Governor's Board of Inquiry in the wake of the

615:

remotely-operated dampers 6 feet (1.8 m) long by 3 feet (0.91 m) high over every third door.

409: 2276: 962:

During construction, the Transbay Tube was also used briefly as a shooting location for the ending of

6269: 6084: 6045: 5501: 5481: 5386: 4427: 4244: 4239: 4121: 4114: 916: 892: 493: 2386: 2338: 5816: 5461: 4533: 4465: 4364: 4344: 4339: 4301: 4189: 4174: 772: (equivalent to $ 4,620,000 in 2023) in tube repairs and safety improvements on top of losing 488:

performed by a train under automatic control on August 10, 1973. Train No. 222 ran from

5967: 5867: 5763: 5521: 5506: 5338: 3823: 3653: 3425: 2995: 993: 843: 691: 632: 558: 557:, north of the Bay Bridge. The tube crosses under the western span of the Bay Bridge between the 294: 280: 6505: 6464: 6459: 6409: 6380: 6102: 6069: 5937: 5715: 5293: 5225: 5080: 4738: 4329: 4324: 4259: 4254: 4249: 3967: 2447: 944: 808: 509: 344: 265: 173: 3917: 3773: 3665: 1931: 1504: 1429: 1398: 1355: 6110: 5922: 5902: 5781: 5668: 5328: 5190: 4909: 4572: 4432: 4269: 4234: 2793: 1900: 1780: 1296: 801: 2436:(Report). State of California, Office of Planning and Research. pp. 19, 25, 36–37, 39. 1274: 1236: 6291: 6206: 6123: 5942: 5806: 5753: 4582: 4379: 4224: 4211: 4184: 2618: 2601: 2528: 740: 596: 550: 489: 455:. The recommendation was issued in a report undertaken to determine the feasibility of the 197: 3635: 2575:"BART awards first major construction contract to earthquake strengthen the Transbay Tube" 2438:

The impacts of the earthquake were much more than the loss of life and direct damage. The

2434:

Competing Against Time: The Governor's Board of Inquiry on the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake

635:, both on its exterior and interior. The total cost of seismic retrofits was estimated at 471:

Brochure from November 9, 1969, when a portion of the Tube was open for pedestrian traffic

8: 6236: 5230: 5180: 5175: 5145: 4417: 4407: 4264: 4156: 3780:(Second ed.). Norwell, Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 268–297. 884: 820: 748: 566: 525: 441: 356: 201: 183: 6037: 4849: 3703:"'The worst sound in the history of man': How BART trains turned terror in 'Dead Space'" 3688: 6480: 6414: 5952: 5872: 5862: 5828: 5710: 5700: 5675: 5587: 5436: 5396: 4633: 4274: 4084: 4064: 4057: 4032: 4025: 3912: 3315: 2656: 2574: 2512: 2451: 2374: 1377: 1323: 851:(comparable to a jackhammer). The noise, which according to BART "has been compared to 653:, published in 2002, which concluded the fill packed around the tube might be prone to 562: 521: 374: 59: 52: 2969: 2708: 2682: 2550:"SAN FRANCISCO – OAKLAND / BART warns of possible leaks in Transbay Tube in big quake" 2511:

Bechtel Infrastructure Corporation; Howard, Needles, Tammen & Bergendorff (2002).

2487:"SAN FRANCISCO – OAKLAND / BART warns of possible leaks in Transbay Tube in big quake" 2403: 1436:(Second ed.). Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 178. 954:

considering three possible routes, one for regional rail and two for BART extensions.

6218: 6187: 6092: 6009: 5957: 5758: 5582: 5015: 5010: 4950: 4869: 4807: 4455: 4422: 4206: 4179: 4016: 4009: 3922: 3871: 3864: 3781: 2835: 2801: 1939: 1788: 1437: 1257: 776: (equivalent to $ 4,200,000 in 2023) in revenue due to the loss of tube service. 654: 585: (equivalent to $ 747,770,000 in 2023) construction contract. The steel shell is 348: 114: 87: 80: 408:

Official consideration to the idea was first given in October 1920 by Major General

6510: 6500: 6438: 6430: 6391: 5821: 5705: 5690: 5617: 5552: 5421: 5376: 5195: 5155: 5060: 4995: 4955: 4924: 4681: 4509: 4460: 4229: 4000: 3993: 2657:"Late-night work over next 14 months will strengthen Transbay Tube against a quake" 2633: 2613: 1870: 1787:(Second ed.). Norwell, Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 35. 936: 73: 66: 3893: 3736: 3535:"BART's second Transbay Tube could get quashed as planners scale back megaproject" 3129: 2831:

Coordination Without Hierarchy: Informal Structures in Multiorganizational Systems

1560: 6162: 5811: 5786: 5557: 5526: 5456: 5381: 5200: 5130: 4914: 4592: 4048: 4041: 3638:"Dead Space sound design: In space no one can hear interns scream. They are dead" 3566:"Before BART opened the Transbay Tube, they let George Lucas film a movie inside" 2433: 687: 620: 505: 484: 101: 94: 3936: 3636:

Veca, Don (audio director); Napolitano, Jayson (interviewer) (October 7, 2008).

2972:(Press release). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. October 14, 2015 2599: 1967: 714:

Figure 1: Cutaway of Transbay Tube, a diagram of the rescue, from NTSB RAR-79-05

6337: 5907: 5882: 5852: 5695: 5685: 5547: 5205: 5090: 4970: 4904: 4899: 4810: 4705: 4697: 4354: 1972: 1845: 1327: 1270: 1232: 1165:. Bay Area Council Economic Institute. February 2016. p. 7. Archived from 719: 504:

The structure is made of 57 individual sections that were built on land at the

467: 429: 401: 4776: 3678: 2709:"Transbay Tube Retrofit Work Wraps Up Early Ending Late Night Single Tracking" 2602:"Centrifuge Modeling of Seismically Induced Uplift for the BART Transbay Tube" 2473: 1534: 1107: 6525: 6213: 5572: 5567: 5511: 5466: 5165: 5125: 5115: 5105: 4990: 4980: 4879: 4689: 4450: 4389: 973: 940: 437: 367: 352: 241: 187: 153: 140: 122: 6197: 6154: 5927: 5612: 5577: 5562: 5446: 5441: 5431: 5160: 5135: 5110: 5070: 5045: 4985: 4750: 4653: 1911:(5). New York, New York: Popular Science Publishing Company: 50–53, 134–135 1331: 984: 963: 900: 796:

As a precaution, BART's emergency plans dictate that trains stop during an

421: 413: 28: 3130:

Cabanatuan, Michael; Veklerov, Kimberly; Ravani, Sarah (January 6, 2017).

1535:"Engineering Geology of the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) System, 1964–75" 819:

In October 2012 and August 2013, pedestrians entered the Tube through the

710: 540: 6332: 6305: 6129: 5912: 5602: 5597: 5491: 5476: 5451: 5411: 5150: 5120: 5100: 5075: 4894: 4889: 4760: 4587: 3504:"Check 'Em Out! We Have Our First Renderings of the Second Transbay Tube" 856: 275: 3478:"New Transbay Rail Crossing Program Overview + Project Contracting Plan" 2131:"BART: No damage after container ship's anchor drops near Transbay Tube" 1509:

Vibration Effects of Earthquakes on Soils and Foundations (ASTM STP 450)

1469: 396:

The idea of an underwater rail tunnel traversing San Francisco Bay from

6172: 5962: 5887: 5471: 4960: 4874: 2800:. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board. 2006. pp. 42–44. 2003:

Godfrey Jr., Kneeland A. (December 1966). "Rapid Transit Renaissance".

1584:

Engineering Report to the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District

1031: 928: 860: 797: 456: 451:

as a means of relieving automobile congestion on the then-ten-year-old

360: 299: 118: 2600:

Chou, J.C.; Kutter, B.L.; Travasarou, T.; Chacko, J.M. (August 2011).

2128: 6562:

Transportation buildings and structures in Alameda County, California

4755: 1006:

features a sound sample taken from a ride through the Transbay Tube.

6351: 3729: 3316:"Riders notice a quieter ride following first of two tube shutdowns" 3080:"BART trains back on track after man found walking in Transbay Tube" 2758:"Commuters beware: BART has 2-year plan to strengthen Transbay Tube" 1938:(Third ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 139–140. 602: 6228: 3612:"MTV show uses BART's Transbay Tube as the key to saving the world" 1589:(Report). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. p. 21 988: 968: 920: 549:

The western terminus of the Tube directly connects to the downtown

528:

was provided to resist corrosive action from the Bay's salt water.

33:

View into a bored tunnel towards the direction of the Transbay Tube

3734: 3181: 2828:

Chisholm, Daniel (1992). "5—The Fruits of Informal Coordination".

2711:(Press release). Bay Area Rapid Transit District. December 2, 2013 1581: 1558: 3132:"BART systemwide meltdown after train gets stuck in West Oakland" 2404:"Transbay Tube Earthquake retrofit keeps farmers market in place" 1338: 1281:. p. 1 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection. 1243:. p. 1 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection. 852: 848: 379: 3776:. In Bickel, John O.; Kuesel, Thomas R.; King, Elwyn H. (eds.). 3394:"Close eye being kept on sunken barge atop BART's Transbay Tube" 1783:. In Bickel, John O.; Kuesel, Thomas R.; King, Elwyn H. (eds.). 1505:"Soil Studies for Seismic Design of San Francisco Transbay Tube" 3570: 3106:"Man who sparked BART delays by running into Transbay Tube IDd" 2996:"Behind the Scenes of BART's Role as Lifeline for the Bay Area" 2328:"Ferry commuters set their sights on a motion picture's mirage" 1463: 880: 864: 517: 340: 3847:"Rare photos from the BART Transbay Tube construction project" 3057:"Man Walking In Transbay Tube Prompts Temporary BART Shutdown" 3033:(Report). Association of Bay Area Governments. 2010. p. 8 1615:"Final Section Of Transit Tube Lowered Into San Francisco Bay" 1532: 1502: 1083:"BART Transbay Tube & Transition Structure | SC Solutions" 700:

Standard for Fixed Guideway Transit and Passenger Rail Systems

416:. The alignment of Goethals's proposed tube, from the foot of 4091: 2231:(Report). National Transportation Safety Board. July 19, 1979 2129:

Bender, Kristin J.; Alund, Natalie Neysa (January 31, 2014).

1778: 977: 513: 3343:"BART working to protect Transbay Tube from elements, ships" 3182:

Kane, Will; Huet, Ellen; Lee, Henry K. (September 3, 2014).

2970:"BART to participate in statewide earthquake drill Thursday" 2355:

Oakland Fire Department Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) Manual

2101:"Exclusive Club 120 Feet Deep Offshore In San Francisco Bay" 3210:"BART delays again after train gets stuck in Transbay Tube" 2944:"BART resumes tube service for first time since fatal fire" 686:

On January 17, 1979, at approximately 6 p.m., an

1399:"Thirteen Projects Submitted for San Francisco Bay Bridge" 6067: 931:

and operate under different sets of safety regulations).

718:

The cause of the fire was traced to a damaged third rail

3366: 2834:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. 2606:

Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering

2002: 581: (equivalent to $ 12,460,000 in 2023), based on the 3739:(Report). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District 3236:"Train stuck in Transbay Tube causes major BART delays" 2515:(Report). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District 1563:(Report). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District 1434:

The San Francisco Bay Area: A Metropolis in Perspective

1297:"San Francisco Bay Bridge Project Revived by New Plans" 6537:

Buildings and structures in the San Francisco Bay Area

3869: 1871:"Bethlehem built section of the BART Tubes at Pier 70" 3585: 1503:

Aisiks, E. G.; Tarshansky, I. W. (June 23–28, 1968).

1185:"2nd Transbay Tube needed to help keep BART on track" 3077: 2732:"Transbay Tube retrofit, and late-night delays, end" 2683:"Next stage of Transbay Tube retrofit set to launch" 1134:"San Francisco gets its space age underwater trains" 1013: 934:

In 2018, BART and CCJPA, the agency responsible for

879:

Ship traffic passing through the Bay can damage the

639: (equivalent to $ 532,300,000 in 2023) in 2004. 2755: 2729: 2612:(8). American Society of Civil Engineers: 754–765. 2547: 2484: 1337:points indicate that its entire length would be in 3804:"The birth of BART: Photos from the 1960s and 70s" 3751: 3450:"A second transbay tube for BART? It could happen" 3233: 2431: 1965: 1929: 1108:"A History of BART: The Project Begins | bart.gov" 447:In 1947, a joint Army-Navy Commission recommended 3966: 3291:"Noise on BART: How bad is it and is it harmful?" 2634:"Earthquake Safety Program Technical Information" 2011:(12). American Society of Civil Engineers: 28–33. 1846:"History of Potrero Point Shipyards and Industry" 1723:"Bay Area Rapid Transit System to Open Last Link" 1468:. Bay Area Rapid Transit District. Archived from 1160:"The Case for a Second Transbay Transit Crossing" 6523: 3593:Artifact from the Future: The Making of THX 1138 2827: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2124: 2122: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1694: 1582:Parsons Brinckerhoff-Tudor-Bechtel (June 1961). 800:, except for trains in the Transbay Tube or the 512:and towed out into the bay by a large catamaran 5334:San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park 4806: 3801: 3367:Williams, Kale; Ho, Vivian (February 1, 2014). 3259: 3103: 2998:. San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District 2993: 2654: 2398: 2396: 2275: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 1966:Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). 1959: 1932:"5: Marine and Offshore Construction Equipment" 1697:"After three year wait BART goes down the tube" 768:train at BART's storage yard. BART would spend 649:The 1991 study was followed by a more detailed 3472: 3470: 3207: 1936:Construction of Marine and Offshore Structures 1131: 386: 16:Underwater rail tunnel under San Francisco Bay 6053: 4792: 3952: 3771: 3340: 3155: 2798:Making Transportation Tunnels Safe and Secure 2427: 2425: 2119: 1843: 1813: 1811: 1767: 1356:"Features of San Francisco Bay Bridge Report" 1201: 400:was suggested by the San Francisco eccentric 232:San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District 5995:Transportation in the San Francisco Bay Area 3844: 3821: 2533:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2393: 2149: 1898: 1204:"BART: It's not the system it set out to be" 1000:One of the early sections of the video game 698:transit industry guidelines (NFPA 130, 5974:San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science 3735:Parsons Brinckerhoff-Tudor-Bechtel (1958). 3609: 3467: 3158:"BART train splits in two in Transbay Tube" 2504: 2301:"Seismic retrofit for BART's Transbay tube" 2295: 2293: 2291: 1894: 1892: 1638: 1636: 1559:Parsons Brinckerhoff-Tudor-Bechtel (1960). 1430:"ELEVEN: Seeds of Metropolitan Regionalism" 6567:Rail transportation in Oakland, California 6557:Immersed tube tunnels in the United States 6060: 6046: 4799: 4785: 4578:Doolittle Maintenance and Storage Facility 3959: 3945: 3418: 3288: 2989: 2987: 2541: 2422: 1808: 1528: 1526: 1427: 1380:and San Francisco would naturally land on 27: 3597:THX 1138: The George Lucas Director's Cut 3447: 3421:"BART's New Vision: More, Bigger, Faster" 3289:Cabanatuan, Michael (September 7, 2010). 3262:"BART back up after major service delays" 2918:"BART cancels request to reopen bay tube" 2912: 2910: 2617: 1781:"3: Tunnel Surveys and Alignment Control" 1670:"BART Tube Is Opened For Sunday Visitors" 1609: 1607: 1533:Rogers, J. David; Peck, Ralph B. (2000). 5284:Emeryville Crescent State Marine Reserve 3234:Veklerov, Kimberly (December 20, 2016). 3078:Alund, Natalie Neysa (August 11, 2013). 2863:"BART train burns in tunnel; one killed" 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2756:Cabanatuan, Michael (December 1, 2016). 2730:Cabanatuan, Michael (December 2, 2013). 2334:. p. D2 – via Newspapers.com. 2288: 2255:American Society of Mechanical Engineers 1889: 1779:Frobenius, P.K.; Robinson, W.S. (1996). 1633: 1464:Bay Area Rapid Transit District (n.d.). 1269: 1231: 709: 601: 539: 466: 432:, closer to the alignment of a proposed 5918:Conservation and Development Commission 3701:SFGATE, Katie Dowd (January 13, 2019). 3514:from the original on September 22, 2022 3448:Hernández, Lauren (November 14, 2018). 3369:"BART tube reopened after anchor scare" 2984: 2351: 1695:Leavitt, Carrick (September 16, 1974). 1523: 1182: 676: 626: 329:135 ft (41 m) below sea level 6524: 5878:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Bay Model 5309:Antioch Dunes National Wildlife Refuge 5254:San Pablo Bay National Wildlife Refuge 4155: 3700: 3501: 2907: 2548:Cabanatuan, Michael (April 17, 2004). 2485:Cabanatuan, Michael (April 17, 2004). 2325: 1604: 1183:Mallett, Zakhary (September 7, 2014). 6552:Tunnels in the San Francisco Bay Area 6041: 5269:Hayward Shoreline Interpretive Center 4780: 3940: 3868: 3419:Cabanatuan, Michael (June 22, 2007). 3284: 3282: 3104:Bodley, Michael (December 30, 2016). 2775: 1132:Strand, Robert (September 14, 1974). 5249:Don Edwards National Wildlife Refuge 3563: 3532: 2326:Glover, Malcolm (October 16, 1980). 1202:Minton, Torri (September 17, 1984). 827: 696:National Fire Protection Association 681: 606:Typical section of the Transbay Tube 5324:National Estuarine Research Reserve 5216:Stockton Deepwater Shipping Channel 4472:San Francisco International Airport 3752:Feaver, Douglas B. (June 3, 1979). 3737:Trans-bay tube: supplemental report 3640:(Interview). Original Sound Version 3533:Cano, Ricardo (February 28, 2023). 1644:"BART Tunnel Completion Moves Near" 13: 5354:Palo Alto Baylands Nature Preserve 5211:Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta 4370:Pleasant Hill/Contra Costa Centre 3545:from the original on March 1, 2023 3502:Kukura, Joe (September 22, 2022). 3279: 3260:Bodley, Michael (April 12, 2017). 3208:Williams, Kale (January 7, 2015). 3184:"BART reopens Transbay Tube track" 2655:Jordan, Melissa (March 20, 2013). 2619:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000489 2352:Sanders, Anthony (March 1, 2021). 1561:Trans-bay tube: engineering report 841:According to a 2010 survey by the 14: 6583: 4976:Creeks (discharging into the Bay) 3822:Lewis, Scott (October 23, 2013). 3723: 3059:. CBS SFBayArea. October 15, 2012 2689:(Press release). January 26, 2012 2636:. Bay Area Rapid Transit District 2581:(Press release). October 16, 2006 2410:(Press release). October 16, 2006 1901:"BART—The Way to Go for the '70s" 919:to provide connecting service to 874: 807:The largest to date was the 1989 669:In December 2016, BART awarded a 391: 6350: 6021: 6020: 6008: 5056:Arroyo Corte Madera del Presidio 4848: 4474: 4198: 3921: 3916: 3892: 3889:San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge 3802:Hartlaub, Peter (May 19, 2011). 3680:Dead Space Dev Diary #3 -- Audio 3156:Lee, Henry K. (March 17, 2010). 2513:BART Seismic Vulnerability Study 2337: 1016: 869:San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge 651:BART Seismic Vulnerability Study 535: 5304:Point Pinole Regional Shoreline 5299:Brooks Island Regional Preserve 5289:Point Isabel Regional Shoreline 5279:McLaughlin Eastshore State Park 5259:Eden Landing Ecological Reserve 4746:Bay Area Rapid Transit District 4165:12th Street Oakland City Center 3824:"Longest Immersed-Tube Tunnels" 3754:"Fire Preparedness for Subways" 3694: 3672: 3629: 3603: 3557: 3526: 3495: 3441: 3412: 3400:. Bay City News. April 11, 2017 3386: 3360: 3334: 3308: 3253: 3227: 3201: 3175: 3149: 3123: 3097: 3071: 3049: 3020: 2962: 2936: 2881: 2855: 2821: 2749: 2723: 2701: 2675: 2648: 2626: 2593: 2567: 2478: 2467: 2432:Housner, George W. (May 1990). 2345: 2319: 2269: 2251:"Bay Area Rapid Transit System" 2243: 2093: 2067: 2041: 2023:"Transit system safety studied" 2015: 1996: 1987:Gross Domestic Product deflator 1923: 1863: 1837: 1741: 1715: 1688: 1662: 1575: 1552: 1496: 1485: 1476: 1457: 1421: 1391: 1348: 1289: 1263: 631:The Transbay Tube has required 462: 6542:Railroad tunnels in California 5764:San Francisco Bay Ferry (WETA) 3845:Bragman, Bob (March 3, 2017). 3610:Dowd, Katie (March 10, 2016). 3341:Reisman, Will (May 12, 2013). 1251: 1225: 1195: 1176: 1152: 1125: 1100: 1075: 1049: 814: 791: 261: 1: 6137:Silicon Valley BART extension 5933:Citizens for East Shore Parks 5898:Golden Gate Biosphere Reserve 5344:Oyster Bay Regional Shoreline 4766:Category for related articles 4196:Oakland International Airport 3969:Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) 3880: 3595:(DVD bonus disk accompanying 3564:Dowd, Katie (June 27, 2021). 2889:"Fire shuts down BART 'tube'" 1968:"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?" 1366:(7): 268–269. August 18, 1921 1043: 1024:San Francisco Bay Area portal 983:The television adaptation of 440:in San Francisco due east to 347:'s four transbay lines under 5797:Hunters Point Naval Shipyard 5349:Big Break Regional Shoreline 5319:Middle Harbor Shoreline Park 5314:Coyote Point Recreation Area 4527:28th Street/Little Portugal 758: 216:September 16, 1974 7: 4280:Warm Springs/South Fremont 3778:Tunnel Engineering Handbook 3774:"14: Immersed Tube Tunnels" 2049:"Mayors open Transbay Tube" 1930:Gerwick Jr, Ben C. (2007). 1785:Tunnel Engineering Handbook 1749:"Bay tube run made by BART" 1409:(18): 739. November 3, 1921 1260:, The Emperor Norton Trust. 1009: 976:'s character using exposed 957: 730: 644:1989 Loma Prieta earthquake 436:, between Mission Rock and 387:Conception and construction 313:80 mph (129 km/h) 10: 6588: 5802:Mare Island Naval Shipyard 5749:Angel Island–Tiburon Ferry 5274:Crown Memorial State Beach 5264:Hayward Regional Shoreline 4846: 4105:Automated guideway transit 3599:). USA: Warner Bros. 2004. 1037:Richmond–San Rafael Bridge 925:California High-Speed Rail 569:along 7th Street, west of 410:George Washington Goethals 6572:Tunnels completed in 1974 6493: 6473: 6452: 6423: 6366: 6359: 6348: 6325: 6303: 6278: 6255: 6227: 6171: 6153: 6101: 6083: 6076: 6003: 5840: 5772: 5739: 5626: 5535: 5362: 5239: 4938: 4857: 4817: 4721: 4713:Bob Powers (2019–present) 4643: 4606: 4565: 4518: 4505:Berryessa/North San José 4500: 4491: 4441: 4388: 4315: 4293: 4220: 4146: 4135: 4122:Oakland Airport Connector 4104: 4074: 3983: 3976: 3907: 3898: 3883: 3878: 3483:. BART. November 15, 2018 1899:Walker, Mark (May 1971). 1875:Bethlehem Shipyard Museum 1819:"Bay Tube is quake proof" 917:Salesforce Transit Center 909: 325: 317: 309: 293: 274: 260: 256:3.6 mi (5.8 km) 252: 247: 237: 227: 212: 207: 193: 179: 169: 128: 110: 43: 38: 26: 6547:Tunnels in San Francisco 6316:Summit Tunnel (proposed) 5817:Oyster Point Marina/Park 5646:Eastern span replacement 4676:Frank Wilson (1989–1994) 4631: 4623:Silicon Valley extension 2994:Jordan, Melissa (2014). 2924:. UPI. February 12, 1979 2081:. UPI. December 16, 1968 2055:. AP. September 20, 1969 1676:. UPI. November 10, 1969 1376:Any high bridge between 1328:New York-New Jersey tube 1307:(1): 16–17. July 7, 1921 1063:. AP. September 17, 1974 836: 705: 282:5 ft 6 in 5968:San Francisco Baykeeper 5868:San Leandro Oyster Beds 4350:North Concord/Martinez 4285:West Dublin/Pleasanton 3851:San Francisco Chronicle 3840:(subscription required) 3828:Engineering News-Record 3616:San Francisco Chronicle 3539:San Francisco Chronicle 3454:San Francisco Chronicle 3426:San Francisco Chronicle 3373:San Francisco Chronicle 3266:San Francisco Chronicle 3240:San Francisco Chronicle 3214:San Francisco Chronicle 3188:San Francisco Chronicle 3162:San Francisco Chronicle 3136:San Francisco Chronicle 3110:San Francisco Chronicle 2895:. UPI. January 19, 1979 2762:San Francisco Chronicle 2736:San Francisco Chronicle 2554:San Francisco Chronicle 2491:San Francisco Chronicle 2105:Ellensburg Daily Record 1825:. UPI. January 12, 1978 1701:Ellensburg Daily Record 1403:Engineering News-Record 1360:Engineering News-Record 1301:Engineering News-Record 1189:San Francisco Chronicle 1061:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 994:The Shannara Chronicles 844:San Francisco Chronicle 692:Oakland Fire Department 633:earthquake retrofitting 559:San Francisco Peninsula 6532:Bay Area Rapid Transit 6465:Robin Williams (Waldo) 6070:San Francisco Bay Area 5938:Friends of Five Creeks 5226:Laguna Creek Watershed 5151:Marin (Alameda County) 4739:Killing of Oscar Grant 4413:Civic Center/UN Plaza 3772:Gursoy, Ahmet (1996). 3398:San Francisco Examiner 3347:San Francisco Examiner 2869:. AP. January 18, 1979 2687:Bay Area Rapid Transit 2661:Bay Area Rapid Transit 2579:Bay Area Rapid Transit 2408:Bay Area Rapid Transit 2332:San Francisco Examiner 2277:US granted 3517515 2137:. San Jose, California 2075:"Bay Tube Gets Longer" 2053:Lawrence Journal-World 2029:. AP. January 23, 1975 2027:Lawrence Journal-World 1844:Wilson, Ralph (2016). 1755:. UPI. August 11, 1973 1273:(September 21, 1872). 1057:"BART Tube Link Opens" 945:standard-gauge railway 809:Loma Prieta earthquake 715: 607: 546: 472: 351:between the cities of 345:Bay Area Rapid Transit 339:is an underwater rail 174:Bay Area Rapid Transit 154:37.80889°N 122.31611°W 5923:The Watershed Project 5903:Cosco Busan oil spill 5782:Port of San Francisco 5754:Blue & Gold Fleet 5669:Dumbarton Rail Bridge 5641:San Francisco–Oakland 5329:China Camp State Park 5191:Clifton Court Forebay 5186:Straits and estuaries 4910:Richmond Inner Harbor 4573:Berkeley Hills Tunnel 2948:Eugene Register-Guard 2867:Eugene Register-Guard 2107:. UPI. March 12, 1969 1850:Pier 70 San Francisco 1729:. AP. August 27, 1974 1650:. UPI. March 31, 1969 1466:"History of the Tube" 802:Berkeley Hills Tunnel 713: 605: 543: 470: 412:, the builder of the 6119:Fremont Central Park 5943:Urban Creeks Council 5807:Port of Redwood City 5726:Posey/Webster Street 5001:Coyote (Santa Clara) 4661:Larry Dahms (Acting) 4583:Market Street subway 4360:Pittsburg/Bay Point 4335:El Cerrito del Norte 1621:. UPI. April 4, 1969 1258:Bridge Proclamations 677:Incidents and issues 627:Seismic retrofitting 597:Ralph Brazelton Peck 551:Market Street subway 198:West Oakland station 159:37.80889; -122.31611 5980:Estuary Partnership 5653:Richmond–San Rafael 5231:Guadalupe watershed 5181:Lafayette Reservoir 5176:Calaveras Reservoir 5146:Fluvius Innominatus 4835:List of tributaries 4483:South San Francisco 4403:24th Street Mission 4398:16th Street Mission 4317:Contra Costa County 4170:19th Street Oakland 3758:The Washington Post 2950:. AP. April 5, 1979 1989:figures follow the 1428:Scott, Mel (1985). 1087:www.scsolutions.com 899:In April 2017, the 885:cathodic protection 883:used in the Tube's 526:Cathodic protection 184:Embarcadero station 150: / 23: 6270:Puerto Suello Hill 5953:Greenbelt Alliance 5873:Richmond Shipyards 5863:Humphrey the Whale 5829:Foster City Marina 4493:Santa Clara County 4245:Dublin/Pleasanton 3913:Golden Gate Bridge 3664:has generic name ( 2922:Lodi News-Sentinel 2893:Lodi News-Sentinel 2452:Golden Gate Bridge 1823:Lodi News-Sentinel 1753:Lodi News-Sentinel 1674:Lodi News-Sentinel 1648:Lodi News-Sentinel 1619:Lodi News-Sentinel 1472:on March 29, 2013. 1378:Yerba Buena Island 1279:The Pacific Appeal 1241:The Pacific Appeal 716: 608: 563:Yerba Buena Island 547: 473: 449:an underwater tube 21: 6519: 6518: 6489: 6488: 6444:Posey and Webster 6402:Southern Crossing 6346: 6345: 6035: 6034: 5958:The Bay Institute 5759:Golden Gate Ferry 5658:San Mateo–Hayward 5497:Brisbane Baylands 5487:Peninsulas/infill 5294:César Chávez Park 4870:San Francisco Bay 4808:San Francisco Bay 4774: 4773: 4618:Planned expansion 4561: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4541:Downtown San José 4428:Montgomery Street 4311: 4310: 4240:Downtown Berkeley 4131: 4130: 4095: 3934: 3933: 3929: 3928: 3872:San Francisco Bay 3870:Crossings of the 3787:978-1-4613-8053-5 3322:. August 13, 2015 2841:978-0-520-08037-9 2807:978-0-309-09871-7 2794:"3: Case Studies" 2005:Civil Engineering 1945:978-0-8493-3052-0 1794:978-1-4613-8053-5 1235:(June 15, 1872). 1208:Spokane Chronicle 1172:on April 1, 2016. 991:series of books, 828:Equipment failure 682:January 1979 fire 655:soil liquefaction 565:, and emerges in 494:Montgomery Street 434:Southern Crossing 349:San Francisco Bay 333: 332: 318:Highest elevation 115:San Francisco Bay 6579: 6406: 6396:Presidio Parkway 6385: 6364: 6363: 6354: 6318: 6296: 6248: 6210: 6202: 6192: 6141: 6081: 6080: 6062: 6055: 6048: 6039: 6038: 6024: 6023: 6012: 5986: 5894: 5849: 5833: 5822:Westpoint Harbor 5792:Port of Richmond 5722: 5681:Benicia–Martinez 5637: 5488: 5403: 5373: 5222: 5196:Carquinez Strait 5187: 5172: 5081:San Francisquito 4977: 4947: 4925:Yerba Buena Cove 4921: 4886: 4866: 4852: 4801: 4794: 4787: 4778: 4777: 4714: 4709: 4701: 4693: 4685: 4682:Richard A. White 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4636: 4632: 4610: 4498: 4497: 4479: 4478: 4443:San Mateo County 4365:Pittsburg Center 4340:El Cerrito Plaza 4203: 4202: 4153: 4152: 4144: 4143: 4139: 4124: 4120: 4117: 4097: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4067: 4063: 4060: 4051: 4047: 4044: 4035: 4031: 4028: 4019: 4015: 4012: 4003: 3999: 3996: 3981: 3980: 3970: 3961: 3954: 3947: 3938: 3937: 3925: 3920: 3896: 3881: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3698: 3692: 3681: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3663: 3659: 3657: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3482: 3474: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3301: 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2366: 2361:. pp. 34–35 2360: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2335: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2297: 2286: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2230: 2222: 2147: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2135:The Mercury News 2126: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2000: 1994: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1896: 1887: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1815: 1806: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1776: 1765: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1745: 1739: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1692: 1686: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1640: 1631: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1611: 1602: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1588: 1579: 1573: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1556: 1550: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1530: 1521: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1500: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1483: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1461: 1455: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1425: 1419: 1418: 1416: 1414: 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5787:Oakland Seaport 5774: 5768: 5735: 5720: 5716:Bay Farm Island 5635: 5628: 5622: 5531: 5527:Steamboat Point 5486: 5401: 5392:Treasure Island 5371: 5364: 5358: 5242:protected areas 5241: 5235: 5220: 5201:Oakland Estuary 5185: 5170: 4975: 4945: 4934: 4919: 4915:San Leandro Bay 4884: 4864: 4853: 4844: 4813: 4805: 4775: 4770: 4756:Library-A-Go-Go 4717: 4712: 4704: 4696: 4688: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4666:Frank Herringer 4665: 4660: 4652: 4645: 4639: 4630: 4629: 4608: 4602: 4593:Ohlone Greenway 4553: 4514: 4487: 4470: 4437: 4384: 4307: 4289: 4216: 4194: 4137: 4127: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4100: 4085: 4082: 4081: 4070: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4010: 4007: 4006: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3972: 3968: 3965: 3935: 3930: 3915: 3911: 3902: 3891: 3887: 3874: 3855: 3853: 3839: 3832: 3830: 3812: 3810: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3762: 3760: 3742: 3740: 3726: 3721: 3711: 3709: 3699: 3695: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3661: 3660: 3651: 3650: 3643: 3641: 3634: 3630: 3620: 3618: 3608: 3604: 3591: 3590: 3586: 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July 24, 1997 2249: 2248: 2244: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2223: 2150: 2140: 2138: 2127: 2120: 2110: 2108: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2084: 2082: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2058: 2056: 2047: 2046: 2042: 2032: 2030: 2021: 2020: 2016: 2001: 1997: 1978: 1976: 1964: 1960: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1928: 1924: 1914: 1912: 1905:Popular Science 1897: 1890: 1880: 1878: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1854: 1852: 1842: 1838: 1828: 1826: 1817: 1816: 1809: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1777: 1768: 1758: 1756: 1747: 1746: 1742: 1732: 1730: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1706: 1704: 1693: 1689: 1679: 1677: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1653: 1651: 1642: 1641: 1634: 1624: 1622: 1613: 1612: 1605: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1580: 1576: 1566: 1564: 1557: 1553: 1543: 1541: 1531: 1524: 1514: 1512: 1501: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1482:H.Res. 529 1481: 1477: 1462: 1458: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1426: 1422: 1412: 1410: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1369: 1367: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1342: 1335: 1310: 1308: 1295: 1294: 1290: 1268: 1264: 1256: 1252: 1230: 1226: 1213: 1211: 1200: 1196: 1181: 1177: 1169: 1162: 1158: 1157: 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6329: 6327: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6319: 6311: 6309: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6286: 6284: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6272: 6267: 6261: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6249: 6239: 6233: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6203: 6193: 6183: 6177: 6175: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6159: 6157: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6147: 6142: 6132: 6127: 6121: 6116: 6113: 6111:Berkeley Hills 6107: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6089: 6087: 6078: 6074: 6073: 6065: 6064: 6057: 6050: 6042: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6029: 6017: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5985:Transportation 5982: 5977: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5948:1971 oil spill 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5908:Thicktail chub 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5883:Harold Gilliam 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5858:Discovery Site 5855: 5853:Delta and Dawn 5850: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5834: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5778: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5745: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 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4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4905:San Rafael Bay 4902: 4900:Richardson Bay 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4854: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4814: 4804: 4803: 4796: 4789: 4781: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4742: 4741: 4731: 4725: 4723: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4706:Grace Crunican 4702: 4698:Dorothy Dugger 4694: 4686: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4649: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4614: 4612: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4569: 4567: 4566:Infrastructure 4563: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4551: 4544: 4537: 4530: 4522: 4520: 4519:Planned (2036) 4516: 4515: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4485: 4480: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4447: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4394: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4321: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4297: 4295: 4294:Planned (2031) 4291: 4290: 4288: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4260:North Berkeley 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4161: 4159: 4150: 4148:Alameda County 4141: 4133: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4125: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4098: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4068: 4052: 4036: 4020: 4004: 3987: 3985: 3978: 3974: 3973: 3964: 3963: 3956: 3949: 3941: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3926: 3906: 3897: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3863: 3862: 3842: 3819: 3799: 3786: 3769: 3749: 3732: 3725: 3724:External links 3722: 3720: 3719: 3693: 3689:starts at 4:30 3671: 3662:|author2= 3654:cite interview 3628: 3602: 3584: 3556: 3525: 3494: 3466: 3440: 3411: 3385: 3359: 3333: 3307: 3278: 3252: 3226: 3200: 3174: 3148: 3122: 3096: 3070: 3048: 3019: 2983: 2961: 2935: 2906: 2880: 2854: 2840: 2820: 2806: 2774: 2748: 2722: 2700: 2674: 2647: 2625: 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Retrieved 1060: 1051: 1002: 999: 992: 985:Terry Brooks 982: 967: 964:George Lucas 961: 952: 949: 935: 933: 913: 903: 898: 890: 878: 857:screech owls 842: 840: 831: 818: 806: 795: 786: 782: 778: 766: 762: 753: 746: 741:West Oakland 738: 734: 725: 717: 699: 685: 668: 660: 650: 648: 641: 630: 617: 613: 609: 575: 548: 530: 508:shipyard on 503: 499: 490:West Oakland 478: 474: 463:Construction 446: 422:Oakland mole 414:Panama Canal 407: 395: 372: 365: 336: 334: 18: 6460:Baker–Barry 6435:Ferry Point 6415:Yerba Buena 6306:Valley Link 6130:Oakland Wye 5990:Water Trail 5913:Delta smelt 5711:High Street 5701:Park Street 5676:Golden Gate 5608:Steinberger 5583:Napa Sonoma 5507:Foster City 5492:Albany Bulb 5462:The Sisters 5437:Coast Guard 5397:Yerba Buena 5363:Islands and 5021:Schoolhouse 5016:San Lorenzo 5011:San Leandro 4951:San Joaquin 4930:Mission Bay 4895:Grizzly Bay 4890:Golden Gate 4825:Hydrography 4761:Valley Link 4734:BART Police 4708:(2011–2019) 4700:(2007–2011) 4692:(1996–2007) 4684:(1994–1996) 4656:(1963–1974) 4634:Purple Line 4588:Oakland Wye 4548:Santa Clara 4418:Embarcadero 4408:Balboa Park 4265:San Leandro 4065:Yellow Line 4033:Orange Line 2715:February 5, 2640:November 8, 2529:cite report 2383:|work= 929:rail gauges 893:Coast Guard 821:Embarcadero 815:Pedestrians 792:Earthquakes 749:Embarcadero 375:Orange Line 295:Electrified 276:Track gauge 253:Line length 157: / 145:122°18′58″W 130:Coordinates 60:Yellow Line 6526:Categories 6481:Tom Lantos 6404:(proposed) 6383:(proposed) 6294:(proposed) 6246:(proposed) 6244:The Portal 6219:Twin Peaks 6200:(proposed) 6190:(proposed) 6188:Fort Mason 6173:Muni Metro 5963:Reber Plan 5888:Marincello 5831:(proposed) 5671:(inactive) 5593:Salt ponds 5365:peninsulas 5221:Watersheds 5171:Reservoirs 5156:Strawberry 5061:San Rafael 4996:Codornices 4956:Sacramento 4875:Suisun Bay 4275:Union City 4075:Light rail 4017:Green Line 3833:August 20, 3813:August 17, 3793:August 20, 3763:August 17, 3712:October 8, 3644:August 18, 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