786:
stimulation targets a large area of poorly characterized tissue. An undefined dose and target of radiation can destroy healthy cells during a treatment procedure. Because it is unclear whether magnetic fields reach only those neural structures of the brain that need treatment, this uncertainty challenges the selection of treatment for neurological disorders by magnetic fields. Thus, magnetic field exposure may destroy healthy neuronal structures. The inability to localize the effect of stimulation makes it challenging to target stimulation only to the desired neural networks.
314:
172:
40:
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sample size, lack of a validated sham comparison in randomized controlled studies, and variable uses of outcome measures. Other commercial insurance plans whose 2013 medical coverage policies stated that the role of TMS in the treatment of depression and other disorders had not been clearly established or remained investigational included
2912:
768:
In August 2012, the jurisdiction covering
Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Colorado, Texas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico determined that there was insufficient evidence to cover the treatment, but the same jurisdiction subsequently determined that Medicare would cover TMS for the treatment of depression
439:
depending on the intensity of stimulation, coil orientation, and frequency. Low frequency rTMS with a stimulus frequency less than 1 Hz is believed to inhibit cortical firing while a stimulus frequency greater than 1 Hz, or high frequency, is believed to provoke it. Though its mechanism is
699:
Subsequently, in 2015, NICE approved the use of TMS for the treatment of depression in the UK and IPG542 replaced IPG242. NICE said "The evidence on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression shows no major safety concerns. The evidence on its efficacy in the short-term is adequate,
473:
A number of different types of coils exist, each of which produce different magnetic fields. The round coil is the original used in TMS. Later, the figure-eight (butterfly) coil was developed to provide a more focal pattern of activation in the brain, and the four-leaf coil for focal stimulation of
1592:
Lefaucheur, Jean-Pascal; André-Obadia, Nathalie; Antal, Andrea; Ayache, Samar S.; Baeken, Chris; Benninger, David H.; Cantello, Roberto M.; Cincotta, Massimo; de
Carvalho, Mamede; De Ridder, Dirk; Devanne, Hervé; Di Lazzaro, Vincenzo; Filipović, Saša R.; Hummel, Friedhelm C.; Jääskeläinen, Satu K.
1896:
Bersani, F.S.; Minichino, A.; Enticott, P.G.; Mazzarini, L.; Khan, N.; Antonacci, G.; Raccah, R.N.; Salviati, M.; Delle Chiaie, R.; Bersani, G.; Fitzgerald, P.B.; Biondi, M. (January 2013). "Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation as a treatment for psychiatric disorders: A comprehensive review".
1885:
Baur D, Galevska D, Hussain S, Cohen LG, Ziemann U, Zrenner C. Induction of LTD-like corticospinal plasticity by low-frequency rTMS depends on pre-stimulus phase of sensorimotor ÎĽ-rhythm. Brain Stimul. 2020 Nov-Dec;13(6):1580-1587. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.09.005. Epub 2020 Sep 17. PMID 32949780;
1322:
Chen, Robert; Cros, Didier; Curra, Antonio; Di
Lazzaro, Vincenzo; Lefaucheur, Jean-Pascal; Magistris, Michel R.; Mills, Kerry; Rösler, Kai M.; Triggs, William J.; Ugawa, Yoshikazu; Ziemann, Ulf (March 2008). "The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation: Report of an IFCN
736:
issued a medical policy for TMS in 2013 that stated there is insufficient evidence that the procedure is beneficial for health outcomes in patients with depression. UnitedHealthcare noted that methodological concerns raised about the scientific evidence studying TMS for depression include small
695:
In
January 2014, NICE reported the results of an evaluation of TMS for treating and preventing migraine (IPG 477). NICE found that short-term TMS is safe but there is insufficient evidence to evaluate safety for long-term and frequent uses. It found that evidence on the efficacy of TMS for the
551:
In 1980 Merton and Morton successfully used transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) to stimulate the motor cortex. However, this process was very uncomfortable, and subsequently
Anthony T. Barker began to search for an alternative to TES. He began exploring the use of magnetic fields to alter
781:
First, the uncertainty in the dose (time and technical field parameters) for correct and healthy stimulation is a complex and challenging issue. While neurophysiology lacks knowledge about the nature of such a treatment of nervous diseases at the cellular level, this method involves excessive
453:
Most devices use a coil shaped like a figure-eight to deliver a shallow magnetic field that affects more superficial neurons in the brain. Differences in magnetic coil design are considered when comparing results, with important elements including the type of material, geometry and specific
785:
Second, it is impossible to localize the effect of stimulation on specific neural networks that need to be treated. Neuronal activity related to mental processes, neuronal correlates of cognitive functions are still intriguing questions for contemporary research. Non-invasive brain tissue
2919:
432:' (flashes of light) might be perceived by the subject. In most other areas of the cortex, there is no conscious effect, but behaviour may be altered (e.g., slower reaction time on a cognitive task), or changes in brain activity may be detected using diagnostic equipment.
474:
peripheral nerves. The double-cone coil conforms more to the shape of the head. The Hesed (H-core), circular crown and double cone coils allow more widespread activation and a deeper magnetic penetration. They are supposed to impact deeper areas in the motor cortex and
3084:
383:
TMS usually stimulates to a depth from 2 to 4 cm below the surface, depending on the coil and intensity used. Consequently, only superficial brain areas can be affected. Deep TMS can reach up to 6 cm into the brain to stimulate deeper layers of the
552:
electrical signaling within the brain, and the first stable TMS devices were developed in 1985. They were originally intended as diagnostic and research devices, with evaluation of their therapeutic potential being a later development. The United States'
182:
Its use can be diagnostic and/or therapeutic. Effects vary based on frequency and intensity of the magnetic pulses as well as the length of treatment, which dictates the total number of pulses given. TMS treatments are approved by the FDA in the US and by
3092:
691:
NICE evaluated TMS for severe depression (IPG 242) in 2007, and subsequently considered TMS for reassessment in
January 2011 but did not change its evaluation. The Institute found that TMS is safe, but there is insufficient evidence for its efficacy.
461:
active material ('solid core'). Solid cores result in more efficient transfer of electrical energy to a magnetic field and reduce energy loss to heat, and so can be operated with the higher volume of therapy protocols without interruption due to
379:
neurons at that site. The induced electric field inside the brain tissue causes a change in transmembrane potentials resulting in depolarization or hyperpolarization of neurons, causing them to be more or less excitable, respectively.
388:, such as that which controls leg motion. The path of this current can be difficult to model because the brain is irregularly shaped with variable internal density and water content, leading to a nonuniform magnetic field strength and
2877:
203:
TMS can be used clinically to measure activity and function of specific brain circuits in humans, most commonly with single or paired magnetic pulses. The most widely accepted use is in measuring the connection between the
2980:
897:
Lefaucheur JP, Aleman A, Baeken C, Benninger DH, Brunelin J, et al. (February 2020). "Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): An update (2014-2018)".
2241:
348:
to the plane of the coil. The changing magnetic field then induces an electric current in the brain that activates nearby nerve cells in a manner similar to a current applied superficially at the cortical surface.
934:
The present work only provides arguments to be confident that some rTMS protocols do something that is different from a placebo in some indications, but not that the results obtained are clinically relevant
1485:"The number of stimuli required to reliably assess corticomotor excitability and primary motor cortical representations using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): a systematic review and meta-analysis"
2103:
Horvath JC, Perez JM, Forrow L, Fregni F, Pascual-Leone A (March 2011). "Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a historical evaluation and future prognosis of therapeutically relevant ethical concerns".
252:
Although TMS is generally regarded as safe, risks are increased for therapeutic rTMS compared to single or paired diagnostic TMS. Adverse effects generally increase with higher frequency stimulation.
3054:
2814:
2008:
Machado S, Bittencourt J, Minc D, Portella CE, Velasques B, Cunha M, et al. (2008). "Therapeutic applications of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical neurorehabilitation".
3344:
Sparing R, Mottaghy FM (2008). "Noninvasive brain stimulation with transcranial magnetic or direct current stimulation (TMS/tDCS)-From insights into human memory to therapy of its dysfunction".
1973:
Roth BJ, Maccabee PJ, Eberle LP, Amassian VE, Hallett M, Cadwell J, et al. (February 1994). "In vitro evaluation of a 4-leaf coil design for magnetic stimulation of peripheral nerve".
321:
121:
connected to the scalp. The stimulator generates a changing electric current within the coil which creates a varying magnetic field, inducing a current within a region in the brain itself.
1017:
Nauczyciel C, Hellier P, Morandi X, Blestel S, Drapier D, Ferre JC, et al. (April 2011). "Assessment of standard coil positioning in transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression".
244:, and TMS treatment is covered by most private insurance plans as well as by traditional Medicare, but for no condition does the evidence rise to the level of showing clinical relevance.
2884:
2991:
3328:
Siebner HR, Hartwigsen G, Kassuba T, Rothwell JC (2009). "How does transcranial magnetic stimulation modify neuronal activity in the brain? Implications for studies of cognition".
757:
Policies for
Medicare coverage vary among local jurisdictions within the Medicare system, and Medicare coverage for TMS has varied among jurisdictions and with time. For example:
700:
although the clinical response is variable. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression may be used with normal arrangements for clinical governance and audit."
2849:
3208:
3113:
2259:
570:
3143:
3262:
2382:
17:
959:"Safety and recommendations for TMS use in healthy subjects and patient populations, with updates on training, ethical and regulatory issues: Expert Guidelines"
3062:
688:) make decisions about funding after considering the clinical effectiveness of the procedure and whether the procedure represents value for money for the NHS.
3315:
Grimaldi G, Argyropoulos GP, Boehringer A, Celnik P, Edwards MJ, Ferrucci R, et al. (2014). "Non-invasive cerebellar stimulation--a consensus paper" (PDF).
680:(NHS) in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland (UK). NICE guidance does not cover whether or not the NHS should fund a procedure. Local NHS bodies (
2825:
1843:
Fitzgerald PB, Fountain S, Daskalakis ZJ (December 2006). "A comprehensive review of the effects of rTMS on motor cortical excitability and inhibition".
782:
exposure of the brain to an intense field, which is several times and even orders of magnitude higher than natural electromagnetic fields in the brain.
2277:
673:
184:
1627:
Zangen A, Roth Y, Voller B, Hallett M (April 2005). "Transcranial magnetic stimulation of deep brain regions: evidence for efficacy of the H-coil".
356:(MRI), and the pulse generally reaches no more than 5 centimeters into the brain unless using a modified coil and technique for deeper stimulation.
573:
clearance for the assessment of the primary motor cortex for pre-procedural planning in
December 2009 and for neurosurgical planning in June 2011.
435:
Repetitive TMS produces longer-lasting effects which persist past the period of stimulation. rTMS can increase or decrease the excitability of the
509:(1737–1798) undertook research on the effects of electricity on the body in the late-eighteenth century and laid the foundations for the field of
2784:
765:, Medicare covered TMS for the first time in the United States. However, that jurisdiction later decided to end coverage after October, 2013.
882:
2037:"Comparative motor effectiveness of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques in patients with Parkinson's disease: A network meta-analysis"
1582:
V. Walsh and A. Pascual-Leone, "Transcranial
Magnetic Stimulation: A Neurochronometrics of Mind." Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2003.
371:
in strength. Directing the magnetic field pulse at a targeted area in the brain causes a localized electrical current which can then either
831:
2411:
188:
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3241:
3212:
3088:
3058:
2623:
2519:"Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor symptoms in Parkinson disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1537:
3289:
Benussi A, Pascual-Leone A, Borroni B (2020). "Non-Invasive
Cerebellar Stimulation in Neurodegenerative Ataxia: A Literature Review".
2947:
2860:
2242:"FDA clears Nexstim´s Navigated Brain Stimulation for non-invasive cortical mapping prior to neurosurgery – Archive – Press Releases"
470:, shape, and depth of penetration. Differences in coil material and its power supply also affect magnetic pulse width and duration.
2446:
696:
treatment of migraine is limited in quantity, that evidence for the prevention of migraine is limited in both quality and quantity.
3369:
3019:
2878:"Medical Coverage Policy: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Treatment of Depression and Other Psychiatric/Neurologic Disorders"
659:(negative symptoms) and to aid smoking cessation. One review found tentative benefit for cognitive enhancement in healthy people.
836:
192:
3121:
3399:
528:
Work to directly stimulate the human brain with electricity started in the late 1800s, and by the 1930s the Italian physicians
3174:
2617:
Petrosino, Nicholas J.; Cosmo, Camila; Berlow, Yosef A.; Zandvakili, Amin; van ’t Wout-Frank, Mascha; Philip, Noah S. (2021).
1957:
1776:
1564:
1467:
841:
3175:"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Cites Influence of New England Comparative Effectiveness Public Advisory Council (CEPAC)"
3150:
1195:
Rossini PM, Rossi S (February 2007). "Transcranial magnetic stimulation: diagnostic, therapeutic, and research potential".
2358:
1397:"Risk of seizures in transcranial magnetic stimulation: a clinical review to inform consent process focused on bupropion"
826:
1240:"Contribution of transcranial magnetic stimulation to the understanding of functional recovery mechanisms after stroke"
801:
721:
287:
During the procedure, a magnetic coil is positioned at the head of the person receiving the treatment using anatomical
1940:
Riehl M (2008). "TMS Stimulator Design". In Wassermann EM, Epstein CM, Ziemann U, Walsh V, Paus T, Lisanby SH (eds.).
1120:
602:
216:
to evaluate damage related to past or progressive neurologic insult. TMS has utility as a diagnostic instrument for
3404:
611:
In 2023, US FDA authorized the use of TMS developed by the U.S. company Neuronetics Inc. in the treatment of OCD.
1287:
Nowak DA, Bösl K, Podubeckà J, Carey JR (2010). "Noninvasive brain stimulation and motor recovery after stroke".
608:
In 2020, US FDA authorized the use of TMS developed by the U.S. company MagVenture Inc. in the treatment of OCD.
292:
2568:"Retrospective Evaluation of Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as Add-On Treatment for Parkinson's Disease"
2161:"History, Studies and Specific Uses of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) in Treating Epilepsy"
3182:
816:
652:
263:
have been reported, but are rare. Other adverse effects include short term discomfort, pain, brief episodes of
299:. The coil is then connected to a pulse generator, or stimulator, that delivers electric current to the coil.
3364:
221:
2470:"H-coil repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy: A case report"
2260:"Nexstim Announces FDA Clearance for NexSpeech® – Enabling Noninvasive Speech Mapping Prior to Neurosurgery"
3424:
2343:
2339:"FDA permits marketing of transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder"
2338:
806:
796:
553:
417:
3419:
3414:
1595:"Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)"
1110:
400:
The effects of TMS can be divided based on frequency, duration and intensity (amplitude) of stimulation:
376:
593:
In August 2018, the US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) authorized the use of TMS developed by the
2785:"Medical Policy: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Depression and Other Neuropsychiatric Disorders"
353:
236:
There is some evidence that TMS may have applications for a number of conditions including depression,
2792:
2566:
Torres F, Villalon E, Poblete P, Moraga-Amaro R, Linsambarth S, Riquelme R, et al. (2015-10-26).
3379:
3085:"Local Coverage Determination (LCD) for Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) (L32228)"
821:
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There are serious concerns about stimulating brain tissue using non-invasive magnetic field methods:
644:
537:
463:
329:
308:
272:
213:
114:
3020:"Medical Policy: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as a Treatment of Depression and Other Disorders"
1664:
Huang YZ, Sommer M, Thickbroom G, Hamada M, Pascual-Leonne A, Paulus W, et al. (January 2009).
3409:
3394:
3389:
3384:
2468:
Gersner R, Oberman L, Sanchez MJ, Chiriboga N, Kaye HL, Pascual-Leone A, et al. (2016-01-01).
494:, early results suggest that low frequency stimulation may have an effect on medication associated
340:. A plastic-enclosed coil of wire is held next to the skull and when activated, produces a varying
68:
3374:
1594:
846:
677:
2948:"Clinical Policy Bulletin: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Cranial Electrical Stimulation"
1148:"A practical guide to diagnostic transcranial magnetic stimulation: report of an IFCN committee"
1350:
van den Noort M, Lim S, Bosch P (December 2014). "Recognizing the risks of brain stimulation".
648:
628:
620:
491:
441:
288:
209:
125:
482:, for example, though the increased depth comes at the cost of a less focused magnetic pulse.
1949:
1945:
389:
404:
Single or paired pulse TMS causes neurons in the neocortex under the site of stimulation to
3149:. The New England Comparative Effectiveness Public Advisory Council (CEPAC). Archived from
1764:
413:
205:
2955:
2672:"Enhancement of human cognitive performance using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)"
440:
not clear, it has been suggested as being due to a change in synaptic efficacy related to
359:
Transcranial magnetic stimulation is achieved by quickly discharging current from a large
8:
457:
The core material may be either a magnetically inert substrate ('air core'), or a solid,
436:
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2202:"Basic principles of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and repetitive TMS (rTMS)"
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1172:
1147:
1146:
Groppa S, Oliviero A, Eisen A, Quartarone A, Cohen LG, Mall V, et al. (May 2012).
1062:"Basic principles of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and repetitive TMS (rTMS)"
1042:
996:
983:
958:
733:
681:
545:
518:
256:
225:
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in the UK for the treatment of depression and are provided by private clinics and some
140:
3263:"LCD L33660 – Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) for the Treatment of Depression"
3015:
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52:
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39:
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In 2013, several commercial health insurance plans in the United States, including
636:
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425:
421:
409:
241:
110:
102:
3178:
2534:
2383:"FDA clears OCD motor threshold cap for transcranial magnetic stimulation system"
1910:
1856:
1640:
1610:
1447:
1336:
1163:
974:
911:
514:
364:
74:
3209:"Local Coverage Determination (LCD): Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (L32038)"
2218:
2201:
2052:
1078:
1061:
732:, covered TMS for the treatment of depression for the first time. In contrast,
3144:"Coverage Policy Analysis: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)"
2485:
2278:
Secrets Of The De Novo Pathway, Part 1: Why Aren't More Device Makers Using It?
685:
541:
522:
405:
372:
341:
268:
136:, but has no demonstrated clinical worth for treatment of any other condition.
106:
3141:
2747:. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. January 2014.
2637:
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1501:
1459:
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2060:
1757:
1255:
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506:
458:
345:
160:
133:
118:
2733:. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 2011-03-04.
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1395:
Dobek CE, Blumberger DM, Downar J, Daskalakis ZJ, Vila-Rodriguez F (2015).
1381:
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1181:
1095:
1038:
992:
929:
729:
529:
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385:
368:
237:
3330:
Cortex; A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior.
2758:
2744:
2730:
1994:
1794:"Somatic therapies for treatment-resistant depression: ECT, TMS, VNS, DBS"
1732:
1300:
867:
466:. Varying the geometric shape of the coil itself can cause variations in
320:
762:
337:
191:. TMS stimulates cortical tissue without the pain sensations produced in
2745:"Transcranial magnetic stimulation for treating and preventing migraine"
2124:
920:
3302:
Rosa, MA; Lisanby, SH (2012). "Somatic treatments for mood disorders".
1413:
1372:
713:
624:
533:
495:
475:
217:
57:
3114:"Important Treatment Option for Depression Receives Medicare Coverage"
2619:"Transcranial magnetic stimulation for post-traumatic stress disorder"
2306:
868:
Transcranial magnetic stimulation for treating and preventing migraine
84:
1452:
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Depressive Disorders
1060:
Klomjai, Wanalee; Katz, Rose; Lackmy-Vallée, Alexandra (2015-09-01).
598:
444:(LTP) and long-term depression like plasticity (LTD-like plasticity).
429:
360:
264:
148:
129:
61:
2883:. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Rhode Island. 2012-05-15. Archived from
1763:
881:
Michael Craig Miller for Harvard Health Publications. July 26, 2012
725:
640:
152:
3206:
2981:"Cigna Medical Coverage Policy: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation"
2731:"Transcranial magnetic stimulation for severe depression (IPG242)"
2359:"MagVenture receives FDA clearance for OCD | Clinical TMS Society"
313:
2565:
2291:"Neurostimulation for Treatment of Migraine and Cluster Headache"
1895:
1591:
155:, and inadvertent current induction in implanted devices such as
2859:. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Nebraska. 2011-05-18. Archived from
117:. An electric pulse generator, or stimulator, is connected to a
3234:"LCD L32752 – Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Depression"
3120:. PBN.com: Providence Business News. 2012-03-30. Archived from
2412:"Brainsway reports positive Deep TMS system trial data for OCD"
1394:
1016:
896:
632:
594:
498:, and that high frequency stimulation improves motor function.
296:
2616:
2517:
Chou YH, Hickey PT, Sundman M, Song AW, Chen NK (April 2015).
2467:
2447:"Brainsway's Deep TMS EU Cleared for Neuropathic Chronic Pain"
2007:
1559:(3rd ed.). New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 121.
2976:
2943:
2759:"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression"
1145:
742:
738:
703:
333:
3340:
3338:
3142:
The Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (June 2012).
2815:"National Medical Policy: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation"
1842:
883:
Magnetic stimulation: a new approach to treating depression?
1663:
662:
171:
1972:
124:
TMS has shown diagnostic and therapeutic potential in the
3335:
1554:
1482:
2199:
2102:
1059:
581:
TMS is approved as a Class II medical device under the "
179:
TMS does not require surgery or electrode implantation.
3260:
3231:
1717:"Parameterization of transcranial magnetic stimulation"
1626:
1321:
1286:
564:
544:, and ultimately overused, as it began to be seen as a
2276:
Michael Drues, for Med Device Online. 5 February 2014
1767:, Davey N, Rothwell J, Wassermann EM, Puri BK (2002).
1454:. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 81–90.
588:
525:, and that changing one could induce its counterpart.
2516:
2200:
Klomjai W, Katz R, Lackmy-Vallée A (September 2015).
1555:
Cacioppo JT, Tassinary LG, Berntson GG, eds. (2007).
1349:
1666:"Consensus: New methodologies for brain stimulation"
1483:
Cavaleri R, Schabrun SM, Chipchase LS (March 2017).
1445:
275:
of electrical currents in implanted devices such as
175:
A magnetic coil is positioned on the patient's head.
3332:
45 (9): 1035–1042. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2009.02.007
1975:
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology
571:
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act§Section 510(k)
147:. Other potential issues include discomfort, pain,
454:characteristics of the associated magnetic pulse.
3207:National Government Services, Inc. (2013-10-25).
2763:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
674:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
352:The magnetic field is about the same strength as
3356:
3348:44 (4): 329–337. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2007.02.001
2907:
2158:
416:, it produces muscle activity referred to as a
139:Adverse effects of TMS appear rare and include
3319:13 (1): 121–138. doi:10.1007/s12311-013-0514-7
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2206:Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
1791:
1066:Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
2918:. UnitedHealthCare. p. 2. Archived from
2725:
2723:
2288:
1769:Handbook of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
1141:
1139:
3291:International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
2669:
2510:
1944:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.
1889:
1194:
832:Transcranial alternating current stimulation
623:, various versions of deep TMS H-coils have
556:first approved TMS devices in October 2008.
3082:
2430:
2282:
1942:Oxford Handbook of Transcranial Stimulation
1714:
1439:
1237:
614:
332:to generate an electric current across the
267:, cognitive change, hearing loss, impaired
3271:Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
3242:Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
3213:Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
3089:Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
3059:Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
2812:
2720:
2624:Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology
2418:. Medicaldevice-network. September 6, 2013
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2035:Liu, Xuan; Li, Lei; Liu, Ye (2023-09-29).
1836:
1785:
1136:
752:
704:United States: commercial health insurance
38:
3306:37 (1): 102–116. doi:10.1038/npp.2011.225
2791:. Anthem, Inc. 2013-04-16. Archived from
2691:
2646:
2636:
2593:
2583:
2542:
2493:
2314:
2252:
2217:
2176:
2068:
1819:
1809:
1740:
1689:
1510:
1500:
1422:
1412:
1371:
1263:
1171:
1108:
1077:
982:
919:
877:
875:
395:
128:with a wide variety of disease states in
3267:Contractor's Determination Number L33660
3238:Contractor's Determination Number L32752
2034:
1578:
1576:
1315:
663:Coverage by health services and insurers
319:
255:The greatest immediate risk from TMS is
170:
113:at a specific area of the brain through
3014:
2610:
2289:Schwedt TJ, Vargas B (September 2015).
2154:
2152:
2150:
2085:
1798:Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders
1532:
1530:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
860:
837:Transcranial direct-current stimulation
548:. This led to a backlash in the 1970s.
540:(ECT). ECT became widely used to treat
27:Brain stimulation using magnetic fields
18:Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
14:
3357:
3293:21 (6): 1948. doi:10.3390/ijms21061948
3261:Novitas Solutions, Inc. (2013-12-05).
3232:Novitas Solutions, Inc. (2013-12-04).
2406:
2404:
2402:
1401:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
1289:Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience
1231:
872:
485:
3055:"Medicare Administrative Contractors"
2975:
2942:
1966:
1939:
1792:Cusin C, Dougherty DD (August 2012).
1573:
1446:Fitzgerald PB, Daskalakis ZJ (2013).
1280:
1244:Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair
1238:Dimyan MA, Cohen LG (February 2010).
1109:Lefaucher, Jean-Pascal (2019). "37".
956:
892:
890:
842:Transcranial random noise stimulation
2670:Luber B, Lisanby SH (January 2014).
2474:Epilepsy & Behavior Case Reports
2147:
1527:
1012:
1010:
939:
565:Speech mapping prior to neurosurgery
559:
2913:"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation"
2399:
2234:
1448:"7. rTMS-Associated Adverse Events"
957:Rossi; et al. (January 2021).
827:Non-invasive cerebellar stimulation
589:Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD)
193:transcranial electrical stimulation
24:
2165:Iranian Journal of Child Neurology
1715:Rubens MT, Zanto TP (March 2012).
1209:10.1212/01.wnl.0000250268.13789.b2
887:
802:Cranial electrotherapy stimulation
312:
247:
25:
3436:
1007:
667:
95:Transcranial magnetic stimulation
44:Transcranial magnetic stimulation
33:Transcranial magnetic stimulation
2684:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.007
291:on the skull, in particular the
3370:Physical psychiatric treatments
3322:
3309:
3296:
3283:
3254:
3225:
3200:
3167:
3135:
3106:
3076:
3047:
3008:
2969:
2936:
2901:
2870:
2842:
2806:
2777:
2751:
2737:
2708:
2663:
2559:
2461:
2375:
2351:
2331:
2270:
2193:
2028:
2001:
1933:
1879:
1708:
1617:
1585:
1548:
1476:
1388:
1364:10.1126/science.346.6215.1307-a
1343:
569:Nexstim obtained United States
517:(1791–1867) discovered that an
420:(MEP) which can be recorded on
166:
3183:Central Vermont Medical Center
2159:Noohi S, Amirsalari S (2016).
1188:
1115:. Elsevier. pp. 559–580.
1112:Handbook of Clinical Neurology
1102:
1053:
1031:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.06.012
817:Low field magnetic stimulation
773:
676:(NICE) issues guidance to the
653:post-traumatic stress disorder
363:into a coil to produce pulsed
13:
1:
3400:Treatment of bipolar disorder
1538:"Brain Stimulation Therapies"
853:
603:obsessive–compulsive disorder
576:
448:
222:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
3185:. 2012-02-06. Archived from
3061:. 2013-07-10. Archived from
2824:. Health Net. Archived from
2535:10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.4380
2344:Food and Drug Administration
1987:10.1016/0168-5597(94)90093-0
1911:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2012.02.006
1857:10.1016/j.clinph.2006.06.712
1641:10.1016/j.clinph.2004.11.008
1611:10.1016/j.clinph.2014.05.021
1557:Handbook of psychophysiology
1337:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.10.014
1164:10.1016/j.clinph.2012.01.010
975:10.1016/j.clinph.2020.10.003
912:10.1016/j.clinph.2019.11.002
807:Electrical brain stimulation
797:Cortical stimulation mapping
282:
231:
198:
7:
2988:Coverage Policy Number 0383
2219:10.1016/j.rehab.2015.05.005
2053:10.1097/MD.0000000000034960
1079:10.1016/j.rehab.2015.05.005
789:
259:, though this is uncommon.
101:) is a noninvasive form of
10:
3441:
3083:NHIC, Corp. (2013-10-24).
2486:10.1016/j.ebcr.2016.03.001
2363:www.clinicaltmssociety.org
1721:Journal of Neurophysiology
501:
354:magnetic resonance imaging
306:
302:
3029:. Regence. Archived from
2813:Health Net (March 2012).
2638:10.1177/20451253211049921
2449:. medGadget. July 3, 2012
2105:Journal of Medical Ethics
1771:. London: Edward Arnold.
1682:10.1016/j.brs.2008.09.007
1502:10.1186/s13643-017-0440-8
1460:10.1007/978-3-642-36467-9
822:My Beautiful Broken Brain
812:Electroconvulsive therapy
645:major depressive disorder
538:electroconvulsive therapy
478:controlling the legs and
330:electromagnetic induction
309:Electromagnetic induction
214:peripheral nervous system
115:electromagnetic induction
81:
67:
51:
37:
32:
3304:Neuropsychopharmacology.
2678:. 85 Pt 3 (3): 961–970.
2585:10.3389/fneur.2015.00210
1845:Clinical Neurophysiology
1629:Clinical Neurophysiology
1599:Clinical Neurophysiology
1325:Clinical Neurophysiology
1256:10.1177/1545968309345270
1152:Clinical Neurophysiology
963:Clinical Neurophysiology
615:Other neurological areas
392:throughout its tissues.
3405:Treatment of depression
2990:. Cigna. Archived from
2954:. Aetna. Archived from
2850:"Medical Policy Manual"
2480:(Supplement C): 52–56.
2117:10.1136/jme.2010.039966
847:Vagus nerve stimulation
753:United States: Medicare
678:National Health Service
2716:About NICE: What we do
2572:Frontiers in Neurology
2416:Medical Device Network
1811:10.1186/2045-5380-2-14
722:Blue Cross Blue Shield
621:European Economic Area
442:long-term potentiation
418:motor evoked potential
396:Frequency and duration
325:
317:
210:central nervous system
176:
126:central nervous system
2822:Policy Number NMP 508
1733:10.1152/jn.00716.2011
1301:10.3233/RNN-2010-0552
672:The United Kingdom's
324:TMS – butterfly coils
323:
316:
174:
109:is used to induce an
3365:Diagnostic neurology
2789:Policy No. BEH.00002
2010:Functional Neurology
769:after December 2013.
601:in the treatment of
521:had a corresponding
414:primary motor cortex
206:primary motor cortex
151:, cognitive change,
105:in which a changing
3425:Bioelectromagnetics
1899:European Psychiatry
1019:Psychiatry Research
866:NICE. January 2014
682:primary care trusts
649:Parkinson's disease
629:Alzheimer's disease
492:Parkinson's disease
486:Research directions
437:corticospinal tract
46:(schematic diagram)
3420:2008 introductions
3415:1985 introductions
2765:. 16 December 2015
1886:PMCID: PMC7710977.
1489:Systematic Reviews
1414:10.2147/NDT.S91126
519:electrical current
326:
318:
277:cardiac pacemakers
226:multiple sclerosis
189:VA medical centers
177:
2307:10.1111/pme.12792
1959:978-0-19-856892-6
1851:(12): 2584–2596.
1778:978-0-340-72009-7
1670:Brain Stimulation
1605:(11): 2150–2206.
1593:(November 2014).
1566:978-0-521-84471-0
1469:978-3-642-36466-2
900:Clin Neurophysiol
761:In early 2012 in
718:Kaiser Permanente
560:Regulatory status
511:electrophysiology
459:ferromagnetically
424:. If used on the
412:. If used in the
408:and discharge an
103:brain stimulation
92:
91:
16:(Redirected from
3432:
3380:Magnetic devices
3349:
3342:
3333:
3326:
3320:
3313:
3307:
3300:
3294:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3229:
3223:
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3220:
3219:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
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3155:
3148:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3091:. Archived from
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3035:
3024:
3012:
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2996:
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2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2924:
2917:
2909:UnitedHealthcare
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2889:
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2867:
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2800:
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2459:
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2393:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2318:
2301:(9): 1827–1834.
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2264:businesswire.com
2256:
2250:
2249:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2180:
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2144:
2100:
2083:
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1999:
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1970:
1964:
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1937:
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1834:
1833:
1823:
1813:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1744:
1727:(5): 1257–1259.
1712:
1706:
1703:
1693:
1660:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1589:
1583:
1580:
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1100:
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1025:(2–3): 232–238.
1014:
1005:
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986:
954:
937:
936:
923:
894:
885:
879:
870:
864:
734:UnitedHealthcare
643:, chronic pain,
637:bipolar disorder
426:occipital cortex
422:electromyography
410:action potential
367:between 2 and 3
242:neuropathic pain
111:electric current
85:edit on Wikidata
77:
42:
30:
29:
21:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3410:Medical devices
3395:Neurotechnology
3390:Neuropsychology
3385:Neurophysiology
3355:
3354:
3353:
3352:
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3179:Berlin, Vermont
3173:
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2466:
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2452:
2450:
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2419:
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2400:
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2389:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2367:
2365:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2287:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2266:. 11 June 2012.
2258:
2257:
2253:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2198:
2194:
2157:
2148:
2101:
2086:
2033:
2029:
2006:
2002:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1938:
1934:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1841:
1837:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1765:Pascual-Leone A
1762:
1758:
1713:
1709:
1622:
1618:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1553:
1549:
1536:
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1528:
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1477:
1470:
1444:
1440:
1393:
1389:
1348:
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1320:
1316:
1285:
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1236:
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1137:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1107:
1103:
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1015:
1008:
955:
940:
895:
888:
880:
873:
865:
861:
856:
851:
792:
776:
755:
706:
686:hospital trusts
670:
665:
617:
591:
579:
567:
562:
515:Michael Faraday
513:. In the 1830s
504:
488:
451:
398:
365:magnetic fields
311:
305:
285:
250:
248:Adverse effects
234:
201:
169:
88:
73:
47:
45:
28:
23:
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12:
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3427:
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3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3375:Electrotherapy
3372:
3367:
3351:
3350:
3334:
3321:
3308:
3295:
3282:
3253:
3224:
3199:
3166:
3134:
3105:
3075:
3046:
3018:(2013-06-01).
3007:
2979:(2013-01-15).
2968:
2946:(2013-10-11).
2935:
2911:(2013-12-01).
2900:
2869:
2866:on 2012-10-28.
2841:
2805:
2776:
2750:
2736:
2719:
2707:
2662:
2609:
2558:
2529:(4): 432–440.
2523:JAMA Neurology
2509:
2460:
2429:
2398:
2387:www.healio.com
2374:
2350:
2330:
2281:
2269:
2251:
2233:
2212:(4): 208–213.
2192:
2146:
2111:(3): 137–143.
2084:
2047:(39): e34960.
2027:
2016:(3): 113–122.
2000:
1965:
1958:
1932:
1888:
1878:
1835:
1784:
1777:
1756:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1661:
1635:(4): 775–779.
1616:
1584:
1572:
1565:
1547:
1526:
1475:
1468:
1438:
1387:
1358:(6215): 1307.
1342:
1331:(3): 504–532.
1314:
1295:(4): 531–544.
1279:
1250:(2): 125–135.
1230:
1203:(7): 484–488.
1187:
1158:(5): 858–882.
1135:
1121:
1101:
1072:(4): 208–213.
1052:
1006:
969:(1): 269–306.
938:
906:(2): 474–528.
886:
871:
858:
857:
855:
852:
850:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
793:
791:
788:
775:
772:
771:
770:
766:
754:
751:
705:
702:
669:
668:United Kingdom
666:
664:
661:
616:
613:
590:
587:
578:
575:
566:
563:
561:
558:
542:mental illness
536:had developed
523:magnetic field
503:
500:
487:
484:
450:
447:
446:
445:
433:
397:
394:
342:magnetic field
307:Main article:
304:
301:
284:
281:
269:working memory
249:
246:
233:
230:
200:
197:
168:
165:
161:defibrillators
107:magnetic field
90:
89:
82:
79:
78:
71:
65:
64:
55:
49:
48:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
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3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
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3411:
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3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3331:
3325:
3318:
3312:
3305:
3299:
3292:
3286:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3189:on 2012-03-25
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3156:on 2013-12-13
3152:
3145:
3138:
3124:on 2013-04-05
3123:
3119:
3118:Press Release
3115:
3109:
3095:on 2014-02-17
3094:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3065:on 2014-02-14
3064:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3036:on 2014-12-09
3032:
3028:
3027:Policy No. 17
3021:
3017:
3011:
2997:on 2017-02-04
2993:
2989:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2958:on 2013-10-22
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2925:on 2013-05-20
2921:
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3247:2014-02-17
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3193:2012-10-12
3160:2013-12-11
3128:2012-10-11
3099:2014-02-17
3069:2014-02-14
3040:2013-12-11
3001:2013-12-11
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2835:2012-09-05
2799:2013-12-11
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496:dyskinesia
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390:conduction
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289:landmarks
283:Procedure
273:induction
265:hypomania
232:Treatment
199:Diagnosis
149:hypomania
130:neurology
62:neurology
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