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161:. Hundreds of thousands of Greek residents from Asia Minor fled to Smyrna seeking transportation across the sea to escape the advancing Turks. The pro-royalist government in Athens lost control of the situation and could only watch as the events unfolded. The retreating Greek "Army of the East" abandoned Smyrna on 8 September, the day before the Turkish Army moved in. Transportation arrived late and in too small numbers relative to the number of people trying to flee, resulting in chaos and panic. In a chaotic and bloody battle which would come to be known as the "
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352:, convicted, and sentenced to death. They were executed a few hours after the verdict was handed down, and before its publication on 28 November 1922 (15 November). According to the decision, the six with their support for the return of exiled Constantine to the throne and with their decisions during the war against Kemal, damaged the national interests and strained the relations with the
487:
604:
In 2010, Greek courts annulled the convictions due to new evidence and then also dismissed the charges for high treason for the six due to the limitation period. Former prime minister Petros
Protopapadakis’ grandson was able to present new evidence in court that had been absent in the 1922 trial and
608:
The lawsuit to overturn the previous convictions for high treason was made in an effort to rewrite school textbooks that had been unfair to the six, and promote the belief that the six had been scapegoats to appease public anger at the humiliation that the Greeks had suffered in the Asia Minor
395:
at the time. He was arrested, transported to Athens, tried by the same tribunal a few days later, and found guilty of the same crimes and sentenced to death. His sentence was then mitigated to banishment from Greece for life as he was found to be "completely lacking in high military command
525:
471:
441:
28:
595:
supported that the victims were indeed not guilty "for treason", but he couldn't and wouldn't condemn any revolutionary officers of the military tribune, because they acted in patriotic and virtuous way.
584:
The executions were a kind of shock for the Greek conservatives, while they exacerbated the conflict between the royalists and the liberals the next decades, at least until the establishment of the
203:(considered responsible for the defeat). They demanded as well the resignation of the royalist government, and the punishment of those responsible for the military disaster. The coup was aided by
211:, then stationed in Athens. Backed by massive demonstrations in the capital, the coup was successful: two days later, on 13/26 September, when Plastiras and Gonatas disembarked in the port of
496:
329:
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experience" (Greek: "της τελείας απειρίας περί την διοίκησιν ανωτέρων μονάδων"). The prince and his family (which included his infant son – carried in a wooden vegetable crate –
515:
337:
577:
The embassies of Sweden, Netherlands and United
Kingdom objected and tried to cancel the punishments without success. After the executions, and in response, the
165:", Greece lost the Asia Minor land mandate to Turkey. Those who survived the bloody evacuation of the area would spend the rest of their lives as refugees.(
511:
492:
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Catastrophe and that they (who had no desire to see Greek forces defeated) had been in reality just victims of circumstances they were unable to control.
227:, where he died four months later. The government ministers were arrested and the new king consented to a new administration, one favorable to the coup.
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unfolded in Athens and the Aegean
Islands. Backed by an angry civil response to the defeat in the fields of battle, on 11/24 September 1922, Colonels
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360:, "leader of the revolution" to sign. When the decision was published it started with "In the name of the King of Hellenes George II".
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On 25 October 1922 (12 October on the "old style" Greek calendar in use at the time), the junta constituted an "extraordinary
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Anti-royalist factions, seizing the moment of public outrage, moved against the Pro-Royalist government and a military
33:
The bench of the accused: from left to right, Goudas, Baltatzis, Stratigos, Gounaris, Stratos, Theotokis, Protopapadakis
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and carried out a 15 day trial in which the five most senior members of the overthrown administration (
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On 9 September 1922, Turkish military and guerilla forces entered the city of Smyrna (now
131:. The trial culminated in the death sentence and execution of six of the nine defendants.
8:
220:
356:, leading the country to the defeat. The decision was previously taken to the office of
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655:"Αθώοι οι καταδικασθέντες της «Δίκης των Έξι» του 1922, αποφαίνεται ο Άρειος Πάγος"
461:
333:
578:
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140:
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625:"Το κείμενον της καταδικαστικής αποφάσεως δια την Μικρασιατικήν συμφοράν".
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formed a "Revolutionary
Committee" that demanded the abdication of King
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643:(in Greek). Vol. ΙΕ. Athens: Εκδοτική Αθηνών. 1978. p. 259.
348:(last commander-in-chief of the Asia Minor campaign) were tried for
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abdicated on 14/27 September in favour of his first-born son,
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320:", which convened on 13 November (31 October) in the then
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In 1932, during a speech in parliament, Prime
Minister
681:"Greek court reverses traitor convictions from 1922"
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581:withdrew its ambassador to Greece for some time.
703:
383:, received a life imprisonment sentence. The
298:, placed as exterior representative of Greece
605:which was deemed sufficient for a retrial.
398:Prince Philip, later the Duke of Edinburgh
27:
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400:) were evacuated on the British warship,
362:
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215:with the military units they commanded,
704:
679:Nicholas Paphitis (October 20, 2010).
129:Greek military defeat in Asia Minor
127:officials held responsible for the
13:
629:(in Greek). 1922-11-15. p. 3.
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722:Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
712:History of Greece (1909–1924)
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63:2 sentenced to life in prison
641:Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους
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183:11 September 1922 Revolution
16:1922 treason trial in Greece
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169:: Μικρασιατική Καταστροφή,
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727:Modern history of Athens
371:Two defendants, Admiral
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171:Mikrasiatiki Katastrophi
406:on December 4, leaving
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153:, which was previously
123:, in late 1922, of the
661:(in Greek). 2010-10-20
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367:Prince Andrew on trial
336:, Nikolaos Theotokis (
328:, Georgios Baltatzis (
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478:Georgios Hatzianestis
447:Petros Protopapadakis
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346:Georgios Hatzianestis
342:Petros Protopapadakis
312:The military tribunal
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296:Eleftherios Venizelos
181:Further information:
139:Further information:
586:4th of August Regime
552:), life imprisonment
282:Alexandros Othonaios
117:Execution of the Six
92:Alexandros Othonaios
60:6 sentenced to death
533:, life imprisonment
322:parliament building
687:. Associated Press
531:Xenophon Stratigos
512:Nikolaos Theotokis
493:Georgios Baltatzis
432:Dimitrios Gounaris
381:Xenophon Stratigos
369:
326:Dimitrios Gounaris
314:
268:Theodoros Pangalos
240:Nikolaos Plastiras
209:Theodoros Pangalos
193:Nikolaos Plastiras
119:was the trial for
318:military tribunal
254:Stylianos Gonatas
197:Stylianos Gonatas
163:Greco-Turkish War
157:by Greece by the
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732:Trials in Greece
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217:King Constantine
159:Treaty of Sèvres
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101:Trial of the Six
83:Court membership
50:28 November 1922
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22:Trial of the Six
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125:Anti-Venizelist
42:13 October 1922
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737:Treason trials
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379:) and General
373:Michail Goudas
344:) and General
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109:Δίκη των Έξ(ι)
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565:Prince Andrew
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689:. Retrieved
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663:. Retrieved
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387:'s brother,
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350:high treason
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77:High treason
742:1922 in law
418:Punishments
410:island for
403:HMS Calypso
201:Constantine
189:coup d'état
706:Categories
691:August 31,
665:2022-08-31
613:References
600:Overturned
205:Venizelist
151:Asia Minor
135:Background
593:Venizelos
573:Aftermath
358:Plastiras
115:) or the
518:), death
499:), death
476:General
412:Brindisi
207:General
155:occupied
66:1 exiled
685:TheStar
567:, exile
480:, death
464:, death
449:, death
434:, death
385:ex-king
340:), and
213:Laurium
121:treason
55:Verdict
47:Decided
39:Started
354:Allies
225:Sicily
221:George
149:), in
73:Charge
659:in.gr
627:Έθνος
408:Corfu
393:Corfu
304:Trial
167:Greek
147:İzmir
105:Greek
693:2017
195:and
177:Coup
99:The
332:),
173:).
708::
683:.
657:.
588:.
550:el
516:el
497:el
414:.
377:el
338:el
330:el
111:,
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695:.
668:.
548:(
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375:(
103:(
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