Triathlon - Knowledge

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26 °C (79 °F) or less. In non-sanctioned events or in "age group" classes where most racers are simply participating for the enjoyment of the sport instead of vying for official triathlon placing, wetsuits can often be used at other temperatures. Race directors will sometimes discourage or ban wetsuits if the water temperature is above 29 °C (84 °F) due to overheating that can occur while wearing a wetsuit. Other rules have been implemented by race organizers regarding both wetsuit thickness as well as the use of "swim skins;" which need to be considered by those participating in future triathlons. Some triathlon sanctioning bodies have placed limits on the thickness of the wetsuit material. Under World Triathlon and some national governing bodies' rules no wetsuit may have a thickness of more than 5 mm (0.20 in).

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the bicycle (e.g. while repairing a mechanical problem). Failure to comply with this rule will result in disqualification. Additionally, while on the bike course, all bicycles shall be propelled only by human force and human power. Other than pushing a bicycle, any propulsive action brought on by use of the hands is prohibited. Should a competitor's bike malfunction they can proceed with the race as long as they are doing so with their bicycle in tow. There are also strict rules regarding the 'bike mount' line. Competitors may not begin riding their bicycle out of transition until they are over a clearly marked line. Mounting the bike prior to this may incur a penalty (example: a 15-second time penalty at the

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for the second time and placing in the top ten, Johnstone desired more of this style of race and with equal emphasis on the swim. So he petitioned the chairman of the San Diego Track Club who told him he would add a race to the club calendar. But the rest of the race was up to Johnstone to organise, and at the same time he was to contact Don Shanahan so there wouldn't be too many "weird" races on the club schedule. Shanahan told Johnstone that he wanted to include a biking leg to the race; whilst hesitant Johnstone agreed to the addition. When naming the event the pair used the unofficially agreed naming system for multisport events, already used for

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up a steep dirt bank to finish. Most participants were not skilled swimmers, so Johnstone recruited his 13-year-old son to float on his surfboard and act as lifeguard. Some participants took longer than expected, and it began to get dark as they finished their swims. Shanahan recalls they pulled up a few cars and turned on the headlights so the athletes could see. Johnstone and Shanahan were surprised by the large number of entrants (46), mainly coming from local running clubs. Two notable entrants, Judy and John Collins, would four years later found the event which brought international attention to the new sport: the

49: 1305: 1342:, is between the bicycle and running segments. Most events have one common transition area for both T1 and T2, while some point to point events have two separate transition areas. The time spent in transition is a timed segment and contributes towards the overall finishing time of the event. Races can hinge on transition skills, either by gaining or losing time in transition itself, or because of time penalties taken for faulty changeovers. As such, transition is commonly described during races as the 'fourth discipline.' 258: 418:) which detailed the events of the Nice Triathlon. This program introduced the sport to the general public. Some fans of traditional sports strongly criticised this new practice as seven of the entrants were hospitalised due to the swim, as the temperature of the Mediterranean was only 14 °C (57 °F). Despite this criticism IMG's plan succeeded and throughout the 1980s. The Nice Triathlon was, alongside Hawaii, one of the two important long-distance races each year for both prize money and media attention. 551:(PTO), an athlete-owned body that represents non-drafting professional triathletes, was launched in 2016. The organisation focuses on promoting the athletes and their performances with high-quality international broadcasts. In 2022 The PTO launched the PTO Tour, the first series of pro-triathlon 'majors' each with a prize purse of $ 1M including the PTO Canadian Open, Collins Cup and PTO US Open. A unique aspect of the Professional Triathletes Organization (PTO) is that it is an athlete-owned entity. 4842: 4386: 5222: 1150: 422:

The following year, the eleven nations that composed the ETU met in Brussels to standardise the national structures of each European country. During this time France dominated discussions, as it was the only federation recognised by its own National Olympic Committee. With the legitimacy from CONADET, forerunner of the French Triathlon Federation (FFTri), which has been organising triathlon in France since 1984 the French system became standard all over Europe.

555: 5817: 1082: 469:, France. After further discussions on the way forward to reach the Olympics, including the refusal to follow the path of the UIPMB and how triathlon should develop both economically and as a sport, the Congress endorsed the creation of the International Triathlon Union and elected its first executive committee. McDonald was elected president. The city of Avignon was also given the honour of hosting the first World Championship. 1232: 992: 305:, though it consisted of three distinct events, swimming a 200 m (660 ft) channel crossing, a 10 km (6 mi) bike competition around the harbour of La Rochelle and the parc Laleu, and a 1.2 km (0.75 mi) run in the stadium André-Barbeau. Throughout this growth with new events appearing no unified rules ever existed and as a whole triathlon would remain a minority event on the world stage. 1544:. A 465 km (289 mi) triathlon from Marble Arch, London to the Arc de Triomphe, Paris. Run from Marble Arch in London to Dover 140 km (87 mi), swim the English Channel 35 km (22 mi) to Calais, and then cycle 291 km (181 mi) from Calais to Paris. For this challenge, the clock starts at Marble Arch and stops at Arc de Triomphe. Only 46 people in history have completed this event. 450:(UIPMB). Many within the triathlon community were unhappy with the arrangement wishing for their own federation not to be held as part of UIPMB. Unable to accept the offer, Samaranch established an Olympic working committee for triathlon in an effort to form a consensus on an Olympic route for the sport. McDonald was selected as President of the committee, while Sweden's Sture Jonasson was elected as Secretary. 5827: 4327: 1798: 1325:, which may be caused by lactate accumulation and the bizarre, sometimes painful sensation in their thighs a few hundred yards into the run, and discover that they run at a much slower pace than they are accustomed to in training. Triathletes train for this phenomenon through transition workouts known as "bricks": back-to-back workouts involving two disciplines, most commonly cycling and running. 385:, worked in partnership with the American channel CBS (direct competitor of ABC who held the exclusive rights to Hawaii), to create a new event that would take place in Europe. The initial aim was to establish a new premier competition, the European Triathlon, with the goal of being of the same size and prestige to directly compete with that of Hawaii. Originally, the event was to be hosted in 980: 1040:

both swimming and cycling, allowing many racers to have a transition that consists of only removing their wetsuit, cap, and goggles and pulling on a helmet and cycling shoes. In some cases, racers leave their cycling shoes attached to their bicycle pedals and slip their feet into them while riding. Some triathletes don't wear socks, decreasing their time spent in transition even more.

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stemmed from WTC not recognising the ITU as the sport's governing body as WTC was attempting to set up their own federation. Furthermore, ITU and USAT argued against supporting WTC because they were a profit driven organisation, that it was directly conflicting with ITU titles, such as the long and standard distance world championship, and that the WTC was not following

572:(WADA) rules. If ITU member nations did not comply with International Olympic Committee (IOC) Charter rules they risked being excluded from the Olympic program. However, in 2006, the ITU backed down on its stance allowing national federations to once again sanction WTC events. This was due to an out-of-court settlement days before a lawsuit was to be argued at the 1028:

minutes. An athlete's wave is usually determined either by age group or by predicted swim time. Wave starts are more common in shorter races where a large number of amateur athletes are competing. Another option is individual time trial starts, where athletes enter the water one at a time, a few seconds apart.

281:" (The Three Sports). It was advertised as an event for "the sportsmen of the time" and consisted of a run, a bicycle and a canoe segment. By 19 June 1921, the event in Joinville-le-Pont had become more like a standard triathlon, with the canoe segment being replaced with a swim. According to the newspaper 527:

in October while the Ironman 70.3 World Championship is held in September and changes location each year. The "Ironman" and "Iron" brands are property of the WTC. Therefore, long-distance multi-sport events organized by groups other than the WTC may not officially be called "Ironman" or "Iron" races.

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All-American swim teams. Then in 1973, Johnstone learned of the Dave Pain Birthday Biathlon, a 7.2 km (4.5 mi) run followed by what was billed as a quarter-mile (0.4 km) swim (the actual distance was only between 200 and 300 yards). The following year, after competing in the event

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is a series of 5 Olympic distance races: The Lifetime Fitness in Minneapolis, the NYC Triathlon in New York City, the Chicago Triathlon, the LA Triathlon in Los Angeles, and the U.S. Open in Dallas. There is a combined $ 1.5 Million prize purse at stake for the professionals who come from around the

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In addition to the above distances, two new long-distance events have appeared, the 111 and 222 events. The 111 distance is 1 km (0.62 mi) swimming, 100 km (62 mi) bicycling and 10 km (6.2 mi) running, totalling 111 km (69 mi). The 222 distance is double that.

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to use a wave's energy for a bit of speed at the end of the swim stage. Also, open-water swims necessitate "sighting": raising the head to look for landmarks or buoys that mark the course. A modified stroke allows the triathlete to lift the head above water to sight without interrupting the swim or

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One rule involving the cycle leg is that the competitor's helmet must be donned before the competitor mounts (or even takes possession of, in certain jurisdictions) the bike, and it must remain on until the competitor has dismounted; the competitor may not be required to wear the helmet when not on

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The cycling stage proceeds around a marked course, typically on public roads. In many cases, especially smaller triathlons, roads are not closed to automobiles; however, traffic coordinators are often present to help control traffic. Typically, the cycling stage finishes back at the same transition

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before athletes exit the water near the transition area. Racers exit out of the water, enter the transition area, and change from their swim gear and into their cycling gear. Competition and pressure for faster times have led to the development of specialized triathlon clothing that is adequate for

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On the day of the race, before the start of competition, athletes will generally be provided with a bike rack to hold their bicycle and a small section of ground space for shoes, clothing, etc. in the transition area. In some triathlons, there are two transition areas, one for the swim/bike change,

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Since 2008, coinciding with leadership changes at both the ITU and WTC, the two organisations have been steadily working together. Efforts in 2012 and 2014 resulted in the announcement that Ironman would standardise the rule set for its 2015 races and would start the unification toward ITU rules on

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for a total of 8.0 km (5 mi). Entrants would then get off the bikes, take their shoes off and run into the water to swim to the mainland. That was followed by running in bare feet, then swimming again along the bay, then one last swim up to the entrance of Fiesta Island, and a final crawl

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While specific rules for triathlon can vary depending on the governing body (e.g. World Triathlon, USA Triathlon), as well as for an individual race venue, there are some basic universal rules. Traditionally, triathlon is an individual sport and each athlete is competing against the course and the

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The year 1985 saw the creation of the first international triathlon structure, the European Triathlon Union (ETU) with the objectives to federate the triathlon structures in each European country and to act as a counterbalance to American triathlon in the creation of a future worldwide federation.

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Triathletes will often use their legs less vigorously and more carefully than other swimmers, conserving their leg muscles for the cycle and run to follow. Many triathletes use altered swim strokes to compensate for turbulent, aerated water and to conserve energy for a long swim. In addition, the

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categories. Amateurs, who make up the large majority of triathletes, are often referred to as "age groupers" since they are typically further classified by sex and age; which offers the opportunity to compete against others of one's own gender and age group. The age groups are defined in five- or

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Two major rule making bodies, the ITU and WTC, had an overlap of rules and authority, an issue which began to create conflict in the 2000s. This culminated in 2005 when the ITU and USAT asked all national triathlon federations to refuse to continue sanctioning any WTC events. The reasons for this

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Triathletes spend many hours training for competitions, like other endurance event participants. There are three components that have been researched to improve endurance sports performance; aerobic capacity, lactate threshold, and economy. Injuries that are incurred from long hours of a single

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Other rules of triathlon vary from race to race and generally involve descriptions of allowable equipment (for example, wetsuits are allowed in USAT events in the swimming stage of some races when the water temperature is below 25.6 °C (78.1 °F)), and prohibitions against interference

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Depending on the type and size of the race, there may be any of the following methods implemented to start the race. In a mass start, all athletes enter the water and begin the competition following a single start signal. In wave start events, smaller groups of athletes begin the race every few

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The primary distinguishing feature of running in a triathlon is that it occurs after the athlete has already been exercising in two other disciplines for an extended period of time, so many muscles are already tired. The effect of switching from cycling to running can be profound; first-time

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The first attempt to create a global triathlon entity was the Triathlon Federation International (TFI), it had only 22 members most of which were national European federations. But immediately, fights of influences broke out between the European and UK-American federations over many issues,

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on the island of Hawaii. The cycling stage of the race covers more than 160 km (100 mi) over lava flats on the big island of Hawaii, where mid-day temperatures often reach over 43 °C (110 °F) and cross-winds sometimes blow at 89 km/h (55 mph). The race is often

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have been developed in a variety of styles to match the conditions of the water. For example, wetsuits that are sleeveless and cut above the knee are designed for warmer waters, while still providing buoyancy. Wetsuits are legal in sanctioned events at which the surface water temperature is

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ten-year intervals. There is typically a lower age limit; which can vary from race to race. In some triathlons, heavier amateur athletes may have the option to compete against others closer to their own weight since weight is often considered an impediment to speed. As an example, under

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as Ironman France. During the 1980s the Nice Long Distance triathlon (swim 4 km (2.5 mi), bike 120 km (75 mi), run 30 km (19 mi)) was, alongside the World Championships in Kona, one of the two important races each year with prize money and media attention.

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Once the triathletes have completed the event, there is typically another aid station for them to get water, fruit, and other post-race refreshments. Occasionally, at the end of larger or longer events, the provided amenities and post-race celebrations may be more elaborate.

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The change over from sport to sport takes place in a designated transition area. The transition provides a staging area where bicycles, running shoes, hydration and other gear is set up ready to be used during the course of the event. The first transition, known as

544:, which involves triathlon in distances longer than an iron-distance race. Additionally, each nation, generally, has a sanctioning body for triathlon events in their respective country with regard to athletes competing and qualifying for Olympic competition. 924:

The standard Olympic distance of 1.5/40/10 km (0.93/24.8/6.2 miles) was created by longtime triathlon race director Jim Curl in the mid-1980s, after he and partner Carl Thomas produced the U.S. Triathlon Series (USTS) between 1982 and 1997.

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on the Central Coast of California since 1983. Known for a particularly hilly course, it has expanded now to include three races of different lengths and is one of the largest triathlon events in the world, with over 8,000 athletes attending each

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challenging even to competitors with experience in other iron-distance events. Being a world championship race, only competitors that meet qualifying guidelines can enter, typically qualifying slots are awarded in other Ironman sanctioned events.

269:, consider events in early twentieth century France to be the beginnings of triathlon, with many three element multisport events of differing composition appearing, all called by different names. The earliest record for an event was from 1901 in 446:. Samaranch had already declared his intention to add triathlon to the Olympic games as fast as possible, and assured that triathlon could appear as a demonstration sport at the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona but only under the auspices of the 951:

The World Triathlon accepts a 5% margin of error in the cycle and run course distances. Though there can be some variation in race distances, particularly among short triathlons, most triathlons conform to one of those above standards.

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Many other organisations exist beginning with local clubs that may host a single small race once per year to companies like the Challenge Family brand that produces long-distance events around the world, which includes events like

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effect that athletes achieve from training for one sport by doing a second activity applies to triathlon training. Additional activities that triathletes perform for cross-training benefits are yoga, pilates, and weight training.

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in 2000 over the Olympic Distance (swim: 1,500 m (1,650 yd) – bike: 40 km (24.9 mi) – run: 10 km (6.2 mi)). A mixed relay event was introduced, using 4 Super Sprint distance legs, in the

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area. Racers enter the transition area, rack their bicycles, and quickly change into running shoes before heading out for the final stage. The running stage usually ends at a separate finish line near the transition area.

1558:. Held in the last week of April every year, this race attracts professional and amateur triathletes from around the world. One of the largest Olympic Distance triathlon in the U.S. with over 4,000 participants each year. 964:, and, if the event is being electronically timed, a timing band. Athletes will either be provided or briefed on details of the course, rules, and any problems to look out for (road conditions, closures, traffic lights, 920:

Triathlons are not necessarily restricted to these prescribed distances. Distances can be any combination of distance set by race organizers to meet various distance constraints or to attract a certain type of athlete.

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Results are usually posted on official websites and will show for each triathlete his/her swim time; cycle time (with transitions included); run time; and total time. Some races also post transition times separately.

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clock for the best time. As such, athletes are not allowed to receive assistance from anyone else outside the race, with the exception of race-sanctioned aid volunteers who distribute food and water on the course.

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Thousands of individual triathlons are held around the world each year. A few of these races are well known because they have a long history or because they have particularly grueling courses and race conditions.

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Most triathlons are individual events. Another format is relay triathlons, where a team of competitors take turns to compete at a race; each competitor must do a segment of swimming, cycling and running. The

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was held on 20 November 1982 where fifty seven competitors took the start, for an ill-defined competition that consisted of 1,500 m (0.93 mi) of swimming, 100 km (62 mi) of cycling and a

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is allowed during competition. In some competitions, like those governed by USA Triathlon and the World Triathlon Corporation, drafting is not allowed, and thus the cycling portion more closely resembles

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majority of triathlons involve open-water (outdoor) swim stages, rather than pools with lane markers. As a result, triathletes in the swim stage must jockey for position, and can gain some advantage by

496:) was founded in 1989 as the international governing body of the sport, with the chief goal, at that time, of putting triathlon on the Olympic program. The World Triathlon sanctions and organises the 3487: 1024:" athletes are women over 75 kg (165 lb). Other races and organizations can choose whether or not to offer Clydesdale- and Athena-type divisions and set their own weight standards. 928:

Sprint triathlons are the most common triathlon distance in the United States. In 2022, for example, there were 839 USAT sanctioned sprint triathlons, more than all other distances combined.

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over various distances. Triathletes compete for fastest overall completion time, racing each segment sequentially with the time transitioning between the disciplines included. The word is of

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benefits. Additionally, triathletes encounter fewer injuries than those who only use running as part of their exercise routine due to the incorporation of low impact swim and bike training.

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or a long course championship, triathletes may be required to set up and check-in their bike in the transition area a day or two before the race start, leaving it overnight and under guard.

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mountain at 1,850 m (6,070 ft) above sea level. Famous for its lower temperatures and 5,000 m (16,000 ft) total ascent, this race accepts only 200 competitors each year.

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Island to shore, followed by an 29 km (18 mi) bicycle and 13 km (8 mi) run in the extremely hilly terrain of the San Francisco Bay Area. The run includes the notorious "

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Standard Super Sprint course, also used for individual legs of the Olympic and World Mixed Relay events. It is shorter compared to the sprint race and is often based around swimming pools.

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of the sport were created and still exist. It also led to other three-stage races using the name triathlon despite not being continuous or not consisting of swim, bike, and run elements.

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In general, participation in a triathlon requires an athlete to register and sign up in advance of the actual race. After registration, racers are often provided a race number, colored

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on September 25, 1974. The race was conceived and directed by two members of the San Diego Track Club, Jack Johnstone and Don Shanahan. Johnstone recalls that he was a part of the

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races each year, with annual world champions crowned each year for elite pro-triathletes, junior pro-triathletes, and age-group athletes. World Triathlon races are conducted in a

1616:. The race had the richest prize purse awarded for a single triathlon. The race was formally part of the World Triathlon Cup series from 2008 to 2010 and briefly served as the 1538:

is a Nice-Distance race except during a short period from late 2006 to early 2008, in which it was 3 km (1.9 mi) + 80 km (50 mi) + 2 km (1.2 mi).

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Also known as "middle distance", "70.3" (total miles traveled), "long" (USAT designation), or "half-ironman", this race has become more popular around the world since 2005.

3718: 3086: 1547: 3331: 350:, hence naming the event the Mission Bay Triathlon. It is worthy of note that neither founder had heard of the French events; both believed their race was a unique idea. 3428: 3693: 1031:

The swim leg can occur in any available body of water, whether a natural body of water or a swimming pool. Swim legs not occurring in a swimming pool are considered

1653:. The circuit comprises five triathlons and by the French Triathlon Federation and attracts professional international triathletes hired by French triathlon clubs. 3194: 983:

Competition and pressure for faster times have led to the development of specialized triathlon clothing that is adequate for both swimming and cycling, such as

3169: 5863: 3296:(WTC), only races licensed by the WTC may be called "Ironman" or "Iron". As a result, other races of the same distances are called "full" or "long" distance. 1275:

angle both to improve aerodynamics and to spare muscle groups needed for running. At the end of the bike segment, triathletes also often cycle with a higher

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between athletes. Additionally, the use of flippers or other swim propulsion and flotation aids are illegal in triathlon and can result in disqualification.

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is a variant of the triathlon for athletes with a physical disability. The Paralympic event originally scheduled a sprint race with athletes competing in

1086: 484:, Argentina. Then in September 1994, triathlon was added to the Olympic program as a medal earning sport at the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia. 378:. The Netherlands, Belgium and West Germany followed, each of them hosting an event in 1981. But media coverage of these events was almost non-existent. 940:

began with two separate classifications for men and women. In 2009, it adopted a 4×4 mixed relay format, where each team has two men and two women. The

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are legal. This places an emphasis on running performance as several athletes will enter the bike to run transition at the same time due to drafting.

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races each year. These races serve as qualifying events for their own annual World Championships. The Ironman World Championship is held annually in

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legal format for the bike leg, whereas drafting is not permitted at the amateur level. In addition, the ITU has a Long Distance Triathlon series.

4375: 4201: 4120: 289:, all staged consecutively and without a break. Throughout the 1920s other bike, run, and swim events appeared in different cities, such as the 3776: 238:

The sport originated in the late 1970s in Southern California as sports clubs and individuals developed the sport. This history has meant that

3365: 3650: 301:. These multisport events would continue to slowly spread and grow in popularity: by 1934 "Les Trois Sports" was being hosted in the city of 2965: 2789: 2208: 2114: 1293: 576:. This settlement had a large effect on WTC races, including WADA membership for the WTC and out-of-competition testing for elite athletes. 353:

On Wednesday, September 25, 1974, the race started. It began with a run of a 4.8 km (3 mi) loop, followed by biking twice around

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particularly in view of a favourable vote system for the ETU, this caused immediate fracturing and the TFI never fully establish itself.

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and that after entering a few races he was not regaining his "mediocre fitness" despite having been a member of the 1957 Collegiate and

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The evolution of triathlon as a distinct sport is difficult to trace with precision. Many, including triathlon historian and author

6094: 1659:, established in 2006 by the 2002 Long Distance World Champion Cyrille Neveu, is one of the best known single triathlons in France. 6462: 1419: 3750: 3725: 3094: 5477: 3339: 2289: 1479: 393:

in September 1982, the previous agreements fell through. IMG refused to cancel the event so it was reorganised to be hosted in

4094: 4289: 4268: 4026: 3955: 3909: 3830: 3601: 3535: 3471: 3235: 2864: 2072: 2035: 1957: 1924: 1891: 1408: 945: 548: 4146: 5849: 3435: 1213: 941: 3686: 2726: 2667: 2645: 2462: 2088: 285:, the race consisted of a 3 km (1.9 mi) run, a 12 km (7.5 mi) bike ride and the crossing of the river 7139: 4368: 1474: 1464: 1212:

Because open water swim areas are often cold and because wearing a wetsuit provides a competitive advantage, specialized

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Also known as "international distance", "standard course", "intermediate" (USAT designation), or "short course".

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In 1991, the IOC recognized the ITU as the sole governing body for the sport of triathlon at its 97th session in

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In 2017, the ITU and WTC signed a memorandum of understanding in which the two organisations stated they will:

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training for each of the three disciplines, as well as combination workouts and general strength conditioning.

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Half the Olympic distance. For pool-based races, a 400 or 500 m (1,300 or 1,600 ft) swim is common.

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A history and philosophy of sport and physical education: from ancient civilizations to the modern world

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on the bike in a non-drafting race, improper passing, littering on course, and unsportsmanlike conduct.

7119: 6289: 5470: 4972: 4331: 3971: 3306: 1495: 359: 354: 33: 3872: 2363: 1739:, an Ultra-long-distance three-day triathlon covering 510 kilometres (320 mi) in separate stages. 245:

Triathletes train to achieve endurance, strength and speed. The sport requires focused persistent and

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finally from the start of the run to the end of the run, at which time the triathlon is completed.

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Aerothlon (or as sometimes called Alpine Triathlon) is an extreme triathlon format consisting of

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Triathlon bicycles are generally optimized for aerodynamics, having special handlebars called

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Triathletes competing in the swim component of race. Wetsuits are common but not universal

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from the beginning of the second transition to the end of the second transition (T2 time);

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Triathlon cycling can differ from most professional bicycle racing depending on whether

1100:

from the beginning of the first transition to the end of the first transition (T1 time);

465:(ITU). Then on 1 April 1989, 30 National Federations attended the first ITU Congress in 7109: 7000: 6913: 6878: 6730: 6246: 6151: 6055: 5947: 5880: 5206: 4992: 4982: 4440: 4279: 4258: 4016: 1942: 1623: 1572:. This non-standard-length race begins with a 2.4 km (1.5 mi) swim in frigid 1272: 477: 6720: 5736: 1271:, and other components. Triathlon bikes use a specialized geometry, including a steep 999:, dressed to compete in the 2008 Nautica Triathlon Malibu Individual Open for females. 32:

This article is about a type of three-sport athletic competition. For other uses, see

6979: 6818: 6810: 6750: 6710: 6599: 6414: 6176: 6166: 5952: 5787: 5281: 5230: 5196: 5121: 5002: 4967: 4735: 4590: 4306: 4285: 4264: 4022: 3951: 3905: 3826: 3597: 3531: 3524: 3467: 3231: 2966:"Professional Triathletes Organization to host 2023 US Open in Milwaukee this summer" 2820: 2529: 2519: 2316: 2190: 2180: 2068: 2031: 1953: 1920: 1887: 1825: 1691: 1598: 1581: 1573: 1276: 1127: 969: 870: 540:. International Ultra-Triathlon Association (IUTA) is the official governing body of 516: 327: 270: 2281: 1338:, is between the swimming and bicycle segments of the race. The second transition, 1304: 869:

Also known as "long distance", "full distance", "140.6" (total miles traveled), or "

6893: 6795: 6700: 6449: 6299: 6294: 6271: 6211: 6040: 5912: 5766: 5756: 5651: 5529: 5414: 5276: 5201: 5108: 5083: 5070: 5007: 4977: 4940: 4935: 4894: 4806: 4655: 4423: 1768: 1742: 1726: 1720: 1702: 1609: 1591: 1186: 1165: 1158: 1017: 196: 176: 172: 150: 96: 2868: 2734: 2675: 1510:, only five years after the sport of triathlon was founded; it was later moved to 257: 6898: 6858: 6853: 6457: 6344: 6339: 6123: 6060: 6030: 5995: 5990: 5957: 5922: 5893: 5792: 5691: 5388: 5322: 5186: 5098: 4798: 4758: 4610: 4605: 4150: 3293: 1909: 1772: 1750: 1712: 1708: 1322: 1313: 1297: 996: 914: 493: 403: 192: 68: 1764:(SUP), Trail running and Mountain biking. Designed as an entry-level triathlon. 1705:, consisting of a pool swim, stationary bike, and indoor track or treadmill run. 1172:

activity are not as common in triathlon as they are in single sport events. The

1097:

from the start of the swim to the beginning of the first transition (swim time);

6959: 6843: 6823: 6705: 6690: 6577: 6562: 6557: 6517: 6497: 6409: 6251: 6231: 6196: 6128: 6113: 6020: 5942: 5902: 5656: 5636: 5609: 5541: 5507: 5176: 5144: 5060: 4841: 4719: 4714: 4595: 4455: 4413: 4403: 4389: 1729:, consists of swimming in cold water, cycling with significant height gain and 1627: 1427: 1264: 1226: 1173: 1162: 580:

long-distance racing with specific interest on the drafting and penalty rules.

541: 537: 375: 339: 208: 5841: 5455: 5221: 2580: 1988: 1161:. With each sport being an endurance event, training for a triathlon provides 1137:

Other time penalties can be incurred during the race for, among other things,

590:

Fully establish the ITU as the singular international federation for triathlon

7103: 7040: 7035: 7020: 7005: 6954: 6949: 6715: 6680: 6634: 6594: 6589: 6349: 6221: 6181: 5927: 5907: 5726: 5631: 5393: 5378: 5327: 5136: 5093: 5045: 5035: 4925: 4904: 4868: 4858: 4709: 4615: 4516: 4509: 4494: 4385: 4353: 4176: 4098: 3570: 3493:. Ironman – World Triathlon Corporation. 2009. p. 9. Archived from 2767: 2533: 1803: 1754: 1730: 1716: 1565: 1435: 1399: 1131: 1013: 810: 529: 481: 382: 286: 155: 137: 4205: 2463:"San Diegans Remember World's First Triathlon 40 Years Ago — At Mission Bay" 2419:"triathlon | Origin and meaning of triathlon by Online Etymology Dictionary" 2418: 2194: 1525:, France. A race that existed until 2002 when the course was adopted by the 7030: 6780: 6765: 6755: 6604: 6535: 6404: 6369: 6284: 6226: 6101: 6000: 5962: 5937: 5802: 5686: 5671: 5646: 5594: 5574: 5564: 5519: 5352: 5347: 5258: 5238: 5211: 5088: 5078: 4959: 4899: 4850: 4630: 4600: 4573: 4543: 4531: 4477: 4472: 2092: 1641: 1635: 1205: 1201: 1157:

Participants in triathlon often use the sport to improve or maintain their

1103:

from the start of the cycling to the end of the cycling leg (cycling time);

1004: 593:

Develop a unified athlete focused rule set for specific distance categories

520: 274: 266: 4172: 2637: 944:

also has a 4× mixed relay since 2010, and the event was introduced at the

6939: 6863: 6567: 6530: 6477: 6201: 6186: 6161: 6035: 5782: 5731: 5698: 5681: 5676: 5621: 5599: 5569: 5502: 5362: 5181: 5171: 5163: 5030: 5017: 4930: 4484: 3387: 1845: 1776: 1684:, composed of alternating swimming and running stages without transition. 1511: 1268: 1149: 1048: 965: 390: 302: 200: 167: 3170:"Aligning with ITU: global standardization of IRONMAN competition rules" 2489:"The first Triathlon ever… | L.O.S.T. Swimming (Lake Ontario Swim Team)" 7045: 6725: 6609: 6549: 6507: 6379: 6216: 6084: 6025: 6015: 5932: 5761: 5721: 5524: 5312: 5253: 5154: 5055: 4909: 4821: 4650: 4558: 4489: 4450: 4428: 1850: 1840: 1569: 1309: 1197: 1056: 1052: 473: 331: 554: 7015: 6934: 6903: 6833: 6745: 6502: 6389: 6374: 6314: 6261: 6256: 6156: 6079: 6069: 5967: 5429: 5286: 5243: 4997: 4667: 4635: 4445: 1675: 1541: 1231: 984: 454: 335: 294: 282: 230: 218: 189: 6685: 6652: 6329: 6171: 6138: 5703: 5589: 5424: 5398: 4863: 4826: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4580: 4526: 4521: 4467: 2393: 1830: 1687: 1669: 1577: 1081: 961: 862: 648: 407: 346:(three) for the number of events, followed by the already familiar 3488:"2009 Athlete Information Guide – Ironman World Championship" 2701: 2059:

The 12-Week Triathlete: Train for a Triathlon in Just Three Months

2022:

The 12-Week Triathlete: Train for a Triathlon in Just Three Months

991: 371: 6995: 6944: 6472: 6467: 6429: 6334: 6206: 6143: 5661: 5641: 5626: 5584: 5559: 4945: 4789: 4625: 4538: 4435: 4173:"Paratriathlon - Triathlon.org - The Official Triathlon Resource" 1681: 1590:

is a half-iron distance race held on the first weekend of May at

1555: 1288: 1257: 1008: 466: 204: 1020:" athletes are those men over 100 kg (220 lb), while " 6790: 6662: 6487: 6482: 6434: 6424: 6394: 6319: 6074: 6005: 5977: 5876: 5751: 5049: 4873: 4781: 4640: 4462: 4326: 1699:, a triathlon in which each leg takes approximately equal time. 1631: 1613: 1503: 1431: 1021: 596:

Align efforts to foster the growth and development of the sport

480:

approved triathlon for competition at the 1995 Pan Am Games in

458: 386: 298: 4348: 3994:"USA Triathlon Adopts New Wetsuit Regulation Starting In 2013" 3286: 1035:

where the course typically proceeds around a series of marked

6888: 6873: 6828: 6572: 6545: 6492: 6359: 6354: 6324: 6309: 6118: 5888: 5872: 5579: 3426: 3285:

Because "Ironman Triathlon" is a registered trademark of the

3143:"Ironman and ITU confirm global standarization [sic]" 1780: 1036: 224: 212: 2916: 979: 528:

For its part, the ITU does not sanction WTC races; however,

515:(WTC) is a private company that sanctions and organises the 6918: 6883: 6439: 6399: 6364: 4585: 4553: 4338: 3362:"USA Triathlon Hall of Fame Banquet Caps Memorable Weekend" 2118: 1522: 1507: 673:

Standard novice distance course in Australia (often called

406:. In December of that year the national television station 394: 370:

The first European triathlon was held on 30 August 1980 in

3724:(in French). Triathlon Québec. 17 May 2008. Archived from 1989:"Triathlon | Nutrition, Gear & Race Prep | Britannica" 1944:

Triathlon Revolution: Training, Technique, and Inspiration

1784: 976:

then one for the bike/run change at a different location.

6838: 6279: 4750: 4343: 3751:"Alistair Brownlee storms to Olympic gold at London 2012" 3307:"Appendix A | Category Rules | Downloads | Triathlon.org" 3195:"IRONMAN Partners with the International Triathlon Union" 3620:. HRMS Naperville Sprint Triathlon. 2010. Archived from 2516:

20 ans de passion! 20 ans de triathlon! : 1989-2009

1690:, composed of only cycling and running stages including 2984:"Ironman Triathlon to take ITU to court to retain name" 1442:

according to the nature of their physical impairments.

453:

Then in February 1989, an informal meeting was held in

1733:

on mountains. Such races includes the XTRI World Tour.

1612:, started in 2007 by the mid-west grocery store chain 1534:

won here 10 consecutive times. The World Triathlon's

448:

International Union of Modern Pentathlon and Biathlon

4044:"Advice for Handling the Fourth Discipline of a Tri" 3034:

Union, International Triathlon (14 September 2005).

1793: 1382: 913:

Triathlons longer than full distance are classed as

2940:"That Collins Cup money... where did it come from?" 2265:Howard, John (March 1993). "The First Triathlon?". 1880:Garrett, William E.; Kirkendall, Donald T. (2000). 1649:, the French club championship series sponsored by 1584:", a 400-step staircase climb up a beachside cliff. 1350: 896:So-called triple Olympic Distance, distance of the 746:Standard novice/fitness distance course in Europe. 3692:. International Triathlon Union. 23 January 2010. 3523: 2845:. International Triathlon Union. 14 September 2005 2608:"The 31 Most Important Races in Triathlon History" 2056: 2019: 1941: 1908: 1886:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 919. 1196:, following a competitor closely to swim in their 1093:Triathlons are timed in five sequential sections: 1879: 313:The first modern swim/bike/run event was held at 7101: 3364:. USA Triathlon. 14 January 2010. Archived from 2760:"History of Triathlon | Content | USA Triathlon" 1300:during world record-breaking 26,000 km triathlon 1204:" and diving to make headway against waves, and 700:Standard novice distance course in New Zealand. 492:The International Triathlon Union (now known as 5871: 5485: 3116:Union, International Triathlon (23 June 2014). 3008:Union, International Triathlon (13 June 2005). 2867:. Slowtwitch.com. 27 March 2006. Archived from 1678:, composed of only swimming and running stages. 1672:, composed of only swimming and cycling stages. 1003:Racers are generally categorized into separate 4383: 3036:"Congress votes to no longer sanction Ironman" 2843:"Congress votes to no longer sanction Ironman" 1235:Triathlete in the cycling portion of the event 5857: 5471: 4766: 4369: 4069:"Transition, the 4th Discipline in Triathlon" 3743: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3463:First Triathlon: Your Perfect Plan to Success 3230:. Axis Publishing Limited. 2010. p. 12. 3060:Union, International Triathlon (5 May 2006). 2865:"Ironman and USAT are again brothers in arms" 2857: 2782: 2445:Triathlon' A Personal History by Scott Tinley 2336:Union, International Triathlon (9 May 2012). 1248:racing. In other races, such as those in the 101:Yes, separate competitions & mixed relays 3866: 3864: 3765: 3753:. International Triathlon Union. August 2012 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3466:. Meyer & Meyer Verlag. pp. 13–16. 1535: 27:Swimming, cycling, and distance running race 3636: 3596:(3 ed.). Human Kinetics. p. 272. 2919:. International Ultra Triathlon Association 2917:"International Ultra-Triathlon Association" 1372:World Triathlon Long Distance Championships 898:World Triathlon Long Distance Championships 842:World Triathlon Long Distance Championships 239: 5864: 5850: 5478: 5464: 4773: 4759: 4376: 4362: 4228:"A rookie's guide to #SUPBIKERUN – Part 1" 3791: 3544: 3459: 3062:"ITU and WTC Agree to Settle Out of Court" 2081: 2007: 1745:, typically includes two events of either 1321:triathletes are often astonished at their 4277: 4123:. Rio 2016. 6 August 1989. Archived from 4042:Triathlon, Grand Rapids (17 April 2014). 4041: 3861: 3668: 3228:The Complete Triathlete's Training Manual 3118:"ITU & IRONMAN hold historic meeting" 2835: 2436: 2338:"San Diego - the birthplace of triathlon" 2310: 2304: 2089:"Tri Sports History Timeline (1902–2008)" 2044: 1939: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1663: 1377:World Triathlon Mixed Relay Championships 938:World Triathlon Mixed Relay Championships 647:Distances vary with age of athlete. See: 3939: 3719:"Triathlon Québec Règles de compétition" 3517: 3515: 3453: 3249: 3247: 2818: 2460: 1303: 1292: 1230: 1148: 1144: 1080: 990: 978: 840:Double Olympic Distance distance of the 558:The symbol for triathlon in the Olympics 553: 256: 6463:International scale of river difficulty 4298: 3354: 2937: 2605: 2513: 2254:from the original on 24 September 2007. 2050: 2013: 1420:Paratriathlon at the Summer Paralympics 1312:amongst runners at Ironman 70.3 on the 14: 7102: 3972:"At what temps can you use a wetsuit?" 3820: 3814: 3591: 3585: 3427:International Triathlon Union (2003). 3404:. Star Production SARL. Archived from 3267:from the original on 27 September 2011 2695: 2693: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2279: 2264: 1972: 1933: 1915:(2 ed.). Human Kinetics. p. 1900: 1868: 1480:Triathlon at the Southeast Asian Games 1256:racing, drafting and the formation of 904: 425: 5845: 5459: 4754: 4357: 4256: 4014: 4008: 3996:. Competitor Group, Inc. 21 June 2010 3924: 3893: 3649:. USA Triathlon. 2010. Archived from 3521: 3512: 3244: 3222: 3220: 3115: 3059: 3033: 3007: 2963: 2754: 2752: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2461:Trageser, Claire (11 December 2014). 2456: 2454: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2335: 2232: 2230: 2174: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2107: 1760:SUPBIKERUN triathlon, consisting of 1066: 549:Professional Triathletes Organisation 365: 297:and "La Course des Débrouillards" in 5826: 3800:"20 Great Reasons to do a Triathlon" 3797: 3610: 3167: 2964:Meyer, Maredithe (27 January 2023). 1906: 1134:, for mounting his bike too early.) 995:Reality TV's "Survivor" contestant, 955: 942:triathlon at the Youth Olympic Games 308: 3699:from the original on 21 August 2010 3644:"2010 Most Common Rules Violations" 3460:Watson, Lance; Motz, Jason (2010). 3087:"ITU and WTC Look to Work Together" 2823:. Street & Smith's Sports Group 2690: 2648:from the original on 6 January 2016 2625: 2486: 2209:"La journée sportive d'aujourd'hui" 1475:Triathlon at the Pan American Games 1465:Triathlon at the Commonwealth Games 24: 4250: 3217: 2821:"Iron Man calls this fight a draw" 2749: 2540: 2451: 2442: 2381: 2361: 2292:from the original on 17 March 2015 2280:Tinley, Scott (12 December 2014). 2227: 2179:. Malaurent, Max. Paris: Laffont. 2163: 1977:. USA Triathlon Life. p. 101. 1948:. The Mountaineers Books. p. 1620:'s 5150 Series U.S. Championships. 381:Then in 1982, the event organiser 315:Mission Bay, San Diego, California 25: 7151: 4320: 3870: 3773:"Rules Education: Time Penalties" 3618:"Age Group Time Trial Swim Start" 3567:"USA Triathlon Competitive Rules" 2938:Levison, John (21 January 2020). 2766:. 25 January 2009. Archived from 2699: 2562:. 19 October 2014. Archived from 2149:Казахстанская Федерация Триатлона 1606:world to take part in the series. 1496:Hawaii Ironman World Championship 1383:World Triathlon sanctioned events 1345: 1059:, fruit, cookies, soup, and ice. 175:(invitational) – 5825: 5816: 5815: 5220: 4840: 4384: 4325: 4149:. Paralympic.org. Archived from 3010:"USAT Breaks with Ironman Races" 2970:BizTimes Milwaukee Business News 2700:Union, International Triathlon. 1810: 1796: 1398:The sport made its debut on the 1394:Triathlon at the Summer Olympics 1351:World Triathlon organised events 968:). At a major event, such as an 487: 47: 6620:Flooded grasslands and savannas 4220: 4190: 4165: 4139: 4113: 4087: 4073:Asian Triathlon Online Magazine 4061: 4035: 4018:The Triathlete's Training Bible 3986: 3964: 3933: 3918: 3887: 3839: 3825:. Human Kinetics. p. 286. 3823:Championship Triathlon Training 3775:. USA Triathlon. Archived from 3711: 3480: 3420: 3394: 3388:"USA Triathlon Events Calendar" 3380: 3324: 3299: 3279: 3187: 3161: 3135: 3109: 3079: 3053: 3027: 3001: 2976: 2957: 2931: 2909: 2893:. TEAMChallenge. Archived from 2883: 2819:Williams, Pete (8 April 2008). 2812: 2719: 2660: 2599: 2573: 2507: 2480: 2411: 2355: 2329: 2273: 2258: 2201: 2137: 2053:"Chapter 9: Triathlon Training" 2016:"Chapter 9: Triathlon Training" 1642:Ironman 70.3 World Championship 1485: 600: 444:International Olympic Committee 434:Around the same time, Canadian 416:Journey to the End of Suffering 412:Voyage au bout de la souffrance 2727:"Historique de Triathlon 1989" 2668:"Historique de Triathlon 1994" 2606:Babbitt, Bob (15 March 2023). 2394:"Story of the First Triathlon" 1981: 1966: 1455:Triathlon at the African Games 1414: 1200:. Triathletes will often use " 1085:Transition area (bicycles) of 574:Court of Arbitration for Sport 13: 1: 3526:Triathlon: going the distance 2115:"ESPN – Triathlon milestones" 1861: 1470:Triathlon at the Island Games 1328: 587:Harmonise anti-doping efforts 463:International Triathlon Union 6786:Universal Soil Loss Equation 6736:Hydrological transport model 6630:Storm Water Management Model 3940:Gandolfo, Christina (2005). 3255:"ITU Competition Rules 2008" 2790:"Olympic History: Triathlon" 2581:"Histoire du triathlon:1982" 2553:"30 years of nice triathlon" 2315:. McGraw-Hill. p. 279. 1973:Matlow, Jeff (Winter 2011). 1460:Triathlon at the Asian Games 319:70s jogging craze in America 261:1922 Course des trois sports 231: 219: 7: 5487:Water sports and activities 5318:Radio-controlled car racing 4147:"Para-Triathlon | IPC" 3974:. TriathlonWetsuitStore.com 3946:. Human Kinetics. pp. 3287:World Triathlon Corporation 2733:(in French). Archived from 2674:(in French). Archived from 1789: 1618:World Triathlon Corporation 1387: 1180: 900:most years including 2016. 562: 513:World Triathlon Corporation 10: 7156: 7140:Cycle racing by discipline 6290:Antecedent drainage stream 4973:Mountain bike orienteering 4780: 4302:Your First Triathlon Guide 3900:. Human Kinetics. p. 3821:Dallam, George M. (2008). 3798:Harr, Eric (6 July 2005). 3592:Hanlon, Thomas W. (2009). 3402:"TriStar Triathlon Events" 2988:runningnetworkarchives.com 2364:"History of the Triathlon" 2311:Mechikoff, Robert (2009). 1883:Exercise and sport science 1757:and finishes with running. 1719:. Such races includes the 1624:Norseman Extreme Triathlon 1391: 1286: 1282: 1224: 1220: 1184: 1070: 252: 225: 213: 162: – present 145: – present 34:Triathlon (disambiguation) 31: 7054: 7026:River valley civilization 6988: 6927: 6909:Riparian-zone restoration 6809: 6671: 6643: 6544: 6516: 6448: 6270: 6137: 6054: 5976: 5887: 5811: 5775: 5712: 5550: 5493: 5440: 5407: 5371: 5340: 5305: 5297:Offshore powerboat racing 5267: 5249:Motorcycle chariot racing 5229: 5218: 5162: 5153: 5135: 5107: 5069: 5016: 4958: 4918: 4882: 4849: 4838: 4797: 4788: 4728: 4688: 4396: 4281:Triathlon Training Basics 4198:"Arch 2 Arc Solo Results" 3168:Gary (13 February 2015). 3147:Triathlon Magazine Canada 1940:Schneider, Terri (2008). 1818:Sport of athletics portal 1657:Triathlon EDF Alpe d'Huez 1308:An athlete competes in a 291:"Course des Trois Sports" 166: 149: 136: 128: 123: 113: 105: 95: 87: 82: 74: 61: 46: 7089:Countries without rivers 7064:Rivers by discharge rate 6776:Runoff model (reservoir) 6741:Infiltration (hydrology) 5292:Inshore powerboat racing 4278:Bernhardt, Gale (2004). 3332:"Race Distances Defined" 2891:"About Challenge Family" 1711:, consists of swimming, 1506:. First held in 1978 on 1449:Other multi-sport events 570:World Anti-Doping Agency 442:, then President of the 389:, but with the death of 6761:River Continuum Concept 6526:Agricultural wastewater 5445:List of forms of racing 4812:Middle-distance running 3894:Finch, Michael (2004). 3847:"Cardio Exercise Ideas" 3687:"ITU Competition Rules" 3429:"ITU Competition Rules" 2638:"Histoire du triathlon" 2514:Gasquet, Frank (2009). 2282:"The French Connection" 2175:Yves., Cordier (1991). 2063:. Fair Winds. pp. 2026:. Fair Winds. pp. 1647:Grand Prix de Triathlon 1424:2016 Summer Paralympics 53:Triathlon venue at the 7084:River name etymologies 7011:Hydraulic civilization 6869:Floodplain restoration 6645:Point source pollution 6420:Sedimentary structures 5737:Outrigger canoe racing 5287:Jet sprint boat racing 4048:Grand Rapids Triathlon 3530:. Contemporary Books. 2560:ligue-ca-triathlon.com 2368:beginnertriathlete.com 2238:"History of Triathlon" 2145:"History of triathlon" 1762:Standup paddleboarding 1664:Nonstandard variations 1362:World Triathlon Series 1317: 1301: 1250:World Triathlon Series 1236: 1154: 1090: 1000: 988: 559: 498:World Triathlon Series 440:Juan Antonio Samaranch 262: 129:Country or region 7130:Summer Olympic sports 6696:Discharge (hydrology) 6658:Industrial wastewater 6139:Sedimentary processes 5747:Synchronized swimming 4890:Cross country running 4817:Long-distance running 4740:Winter Olympic sports 4678:Greco-Roman wrestling 4390:Summer Olympic sports 4334:at Wikimedia Commons 4299:Collins, Von (2013). 3594:The sports rules book 3174:endurancebusiness.com 2051:Holland, Tom (2005). 2014:Holland, Tom (2005). 1697:Equilateral triathlon 1542:Enduroman Arch to Arc 1392:Further information: 1307: 1296: 1265:aero-bars or tri-bars 1246:individual time trial 1234: 1152: 1145:Triathlon and fitness 1084: 994: 982: 557: 410:broadcast a program, 260: 6801:Volumetric flow rate 6385:Riffle-pool sequence 5384:Cross-country skiing 5358:Slalom skateboarding 5041:Mountain bike racing 4689:Discretionary sports 4260:Your First Triathlon 3943:The Woman Triathlete 3873:"Triathlon Training" 3779:on 22 September 2014 3522:Plant, Mike (1987). 2398:triathlonhistory.com 2245:multisportaustria.at 1747:cross-country skiing 1603:Life Time Tri Series 1562:Escape from Alcatraz 1130:, a competitor from 1124:London 2012 Olympics 946:2020 Summer Olympics 397:, France. The first 277:: it called itself " 55:2024 Summer Olympics 7135:Open water swimming 6975:Whitewater kayaking 6970:Whitewater canoeing 6771:Runoff curve number 6615:Flood pulse concept 5742:Synchronized diving 5552:Activities on water 5495:Activities in water 5192:Pickup truck racing 5127:Paralympic swimming 5117:Open water swimming 5026:Road bicycle racing 4673:Freestyle wrestling 4569:Rhythmic gymnastics 4564:Artistic gymnastics 4257:Friel, Joe (2006). 4015:Friel, Joe (2004). 3927:Your Best Triathlon 3925:Friel, Joe (2010). 3342:on 22 December 2015 3097:on 28 February 2019 2569:on 22 October 2015. 2267:Triathlete Magazine 1907:Mora, John (2009). 1856:Triathlon equipment 1836:List of triathletes 1367:World Triathlon Cup 1254:World Triathlon Cup 1073:Triathlon equipment 1033:open water swimming 682:3–9–3 (New Zealand) 644:(0.62–3.11 mi) 525:Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 502:World Triathlon Cup 476:, UK. In 1993, the 426:A global federation 338:. So they used the 118:Triathlon equipment 64:governing body 43: 7001:Aquatic toxicology 6914:Stream restoration 6879:Infiltration basin 6731:Hydrological model 6247:Sediment transport 6070:Estavelle/Inversac 5948:Subterranean river 5732:Dragon boat racing 5408:Multi-sport racing 5207:Touring car racing 4993:Canoe orienteering 4988:Radio orienteering 4983:Trail orienteering 4127:on 6 December 2013 4101:. 11 December 2010 3897:Triathlon Training 3731:on 7 February 2019 3292:2011-03-05 at the 3149:. 13 February 2015 2770:on 25 January 2009 2495:on 29 January 2020 2151:. 19 February 2017 1993:www.britannica.com 1737:Ultraman triathlon 1651:Lyonnaise des Eaux 1601:Triathlon Series. 1356:World competitions 1318: 1302: 1269:aerodynamic wheels 1237: 1214:triathlon wetsuits 1155: 1091: 1067:Rules of triathlon 1001: 989: 878:Long Distance (O3) 822:Long Distance (O2) 655:Novice (Australia) 560: 478:Pan American Games 366:European migration 263: 235:), 'competition'. 41: 7120:Individual sports 7097: 7096: 7074:Whitewater rivers 6980:Whitewater slalom 6811:River engineering 6711:Groundwater model 6672:River measurement 6600:Flood forecasting 6415:Sedimentary basin 6272:Fluvial landforms 6177:Bed material load 5953:River bifurcation 5839: 5838: 5788:Modern pentathlon 5453: 5452: 5336: 5335: 5282:Hydroplane racing 5231:Motorcycle racing 5197:Sports car racing 5122:Marathon swimming 5003:Mountain marathon 4968:Foot orienteering 4954: 4953: 4748: 4747: 4736:Paralympic sports 4591:Modern pentathlon 4419:Marathon Swimming 4330:Media related to 4291:978-1-931382-25-0 4284:. na: VeloPress. 4270:978-1-931382-85-4 4263:. na: VeloPress. 4028:978-1-931382-42-7 3957:978-0-7360-5430-0 3911:978-0-7360-5444-7 3832:978-0-7360-8154-2 3624:on 10 August 2009 3603:978-0-7360-7632-6 3537:978-0-8092-4774-5 3500:on 7 October 2009 3473:978-1-84126-116-4 3368:on 7 January 2011 3311:www.triathlon.org 3237:978-0-7641-4384-7 2897:on 6 January 2014 2737:on 6 January 2016 2678:on 6 January 2016 2467:KPBS Public Media 2269:. pp. 42–43. 2177:Triathlon : 2125:on 12 August 2008 2074:978-1-59233-126-0 2037:978-1-59233-126-0 1995:. 6 December 2023 1959:978-1-59485-096-7 1926:978-0-7360-7944-0 1893:978-0-683-03421-9 1826:Ironman Triathlon 1692:Powerman Duathlon 1599:Life Time Fitness 1574:San Francisco Bay 1128:Jonathan Brownlee 1087:Hamburg Triathlon 956:Race organization 911: 910: 907: 871:Ironman Triathlon 638:(3.1–9.3 mi) 631:(110–820 yd) 309:Modern beginnings 271:Joinville-le-Pont 182: 181: 16:(Redirected from 7147: 7059:Rivers by length 6894:River morphology 6796:Wetted perimeter 6701:Drainage density 6212:Headward erosion 6041:Perennial stream 5913:Blackwater river 5866: 5859: 5852: 5843: 5842: 5829: 5828: 5819: 5818: 5767:Water volleyball 5757:Water basketball 5480: 5473: 5466: 5457: 5456: 5415:Adventure racing 5277:Drag boat racing 5269:Motorboat racing 5224: 5202:Stock car racing 5160: 5159: 5084:Greyhound racing 5008:Car orienteering 4978:Ski orienteering 4941:Snowshoe running 4936:Backward running 4895:Mountain running 4883:Off-road running 4844: 4795: 4794: 4775: 4768: 4761: 4752: 4751: 4656:Beach volleyball 4397:Mandatory sports 4388: 4378: 4371: 4364: 4355: 4354: 4349:Xterra Triathlon 4329: 4316: 4295: 4274: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4204:. 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Archived from 3433: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3408:on 14 March 2012 3398: 3392: 3391: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3338:. Archived from 3328: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3303: 3297: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3266: 3259: 3251: 3242: 3241: 3224: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3201:. Archived from 3191: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3093:. Archived from 3083: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2800:on 10 March 2012 2796:. Archived from 2786: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2756: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2697: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2634: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2603: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2568: 2557: 2549: 2538: 2537: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2491:. Archived from 2484: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2458: 2449: 2448: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2390: 2379: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2242: 2234: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2213:Le Petit Journal 2205: 2199: 2198: 2172: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2121:. Archived from 2111: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2095:on 31 March 2010 2091:. Archived from 2085: 2079: 2078: 2062: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2025: 2011: 2005: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1985: 1979: 1978: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1947: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1914: 1904: 1898: 1897: 1877: 1820: 1815: 1814: 1813: 1806: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1769:Mountain Running 1743:Winter triathlon 1727:Xtreme Triathlon 1721:XTERRA Triathlon 1703:Indoor triathlon 1610:Hy-Vee Triathlon 1592:Lake San Antonio 1209:wasting energy. 1187:Swimming (sport) 1159:physical fitness 1047:In most races, " 915:ultra-triathlons 905: 639: 632: 605: 604: 438:held talks with 279:Les Trois Sports 234: 228: 227: 223:), 'three', and 222: 216: 215: 51: 44: 40: 21: 7155: 7154: 7150: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7145: 7144: 7115:Endurance games 7100: 7099: 7098: 7093: 7069:Drainage basins 7050: 6984: 6923: 6899:Retention basin 6859:Erosion control 6854:Detention basin 6805: 6721:Hjulström curve 6673: 6667: 6639: 6583:Non-water flood 6540: 6512: 6458:Helicoidal flow 6444: 6345:Fluvial terrace 6340:Floating island 6266: 6141: 6133: 6124:Rhythmic spring 6058: 6050: 6031:Stream gradient 5972: 5958:River ecosystem 5923:Channel pattern 5891: 5883: 5870: 5840: 5835: 5807: 5771: 5708: 5546: 5489: 5484: 5454: 5449: 5436: 5403: 5389:Snowboard cross 5367: 5332: 5323:Slot car racing 5301: 5263: 5225: 5216: 5187:Off-road racing 5149: 5131: 5103: 5099:Sled dog racing 5065: 5012: 4950: 4914: 4878: 4845: 4836: 4784: 4779: 4749: 4744: 4724: 4684: 4500:Mountain biking 4392: 4382: 4339:World Triathlon 4323: 4313: 4292: 4271: 4253: 4251:Further reading 4248: 4247: 4237: 4235: 4234:. 24 March 2015 4232:Supboardmag.com 4226: 4225: 4221: 4211: 4209: 4208:on 6 March 2021 4196: 4195: 4191: 4181: 4179: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4156: 4154: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4130: 4128: 4121:"Paratriathlon" 4119: 4118: 4114: 4104: 4102: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4078: 4076: 4075:. 7 August 2021 4067: 4066: 4062: 4052: 4050: 4040: 4036: 4029: 4013: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3977: 3975: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3958: 3938: 3934: 3923: 3919: 3912: 3892: 3888: 3878: 3876: 3869: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3819: 3815: 3805: 3803: 3796: 3792: 3782: 3780: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3756: 3754: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3669: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3627: 3625: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3604: 3590: 3586: 3576: 3574: 3565: 3564: 3545: 3538: 3520: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3458: 3454: 3444: 3442: 3441:on 14 June 2006 3438: 3431: 3425: 3421: 3411: 3409: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3345: 3343: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3315: 3313: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3294:Wayback Machine 3284: 3280: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3253: 3252: 3245: 3238: 3226: 3225: 3218: 3208: 3206: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3178: 3176: 3166: 3162: 3152: 3150: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3126: 3124: 3114: 3110: 3100: 3098: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3070: 3068: 3058: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3032: 3028: 3018: 3016: 3006: 3002: 2992: 2990: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2962: 2958: 2948: 2946: 2936: 2932: 2922: 2920: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2900: 2898: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2874: 2872: 2871:on 18 July 2011 2863: 2862: 2858: 2848: 2846: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2826: 2824: 2817: 2813: 2803: 2801: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2773: 2771: 2758: 2757: 2750: 2740: 2738: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2710: 2708: 2698: 2691: 2681: 2679: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2651: 2649: 2636: 2635: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2604: 2600: 2589: 2587: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2566: 2555: 2551: 2550: 2541: 2526: 2512: 2508: 2498: 2496: 2487:Swimmer, LOST. 2485: 2481: 2471: 2469: 2459: 2452: 2443:Tinley, Scott. 2441: 2437: 2427: 2425: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2402: 2400: 2392: 2391: 2382: 2372: 2370: 2362:Ehritz, Kelly. 2360: 2356: 2346: 2344: 2334: 2330: 2323: 2309: 2305: 2295: 2293: 2278: 2274: 2263: 2259: 2251: 2240: 2236: 2235: 2228: 2218: 2216: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2187: 2173: 2164: 2154: 2152: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2128: 2126: 2113: 2112: 2108: 2098: 2096: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2075: 2049: 2045: 2038: 2012: 2008: 1998: 1996: 1987: 1986: 1982: 1971: 1967: 1960: 1938: 1934: 1927: 1905: 1901: 1894: 1878: 1869: 1864: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1802: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1773:Mountain Biking 1753:or outdoor-ice 1751:mountain biking 1713:mountain biking 1709:Cross triathlon 1666: 1488: 1445: 1422:debuted at the 1417: 1402:program at the 1396: 1390: 1385: 1353: 1348: 1331: 1323:muscle weakness 1314:Boise Greenbelt 1298:Jonas Deichmann 1291: 1285: 1229: 1223: 1202:dolphin kicking 1189: 1183: 1147: 1126:was imposed on 1075: 1069: 997:Parvati Shallow 958: 892: 887: 882: 864: 858: 853: 849:Triathlon 140.6 836: 831: 826: 812: 806: 801: 788: 783: 778: 765: 760: 755: 742: 737: 732: 728:Novice (Europe) 719: 714: 709: 696: 691: 686: 669: 664: 659: 643: 637: 635: 630: 628: 603: 565: 494:World Triathlon 490: 428: 368: 311: 255: 193:multisport race 109:Endurance sport 83:Characteristics 69:World Triathlon 57: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7153: 7143: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7095: 7094: 7092: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7055: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6992: 6990: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6960:Stone skipping 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6931: 6929: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6844:Drop structure 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6824:Balancing lake 6821: 6815: 6813: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6751:Playfair's law 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6706:Exner equation 6703: 6698: 6693: 6691:Bradshaw model 6688: 6683: 6677: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6649: 6647: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6580: 6578:Urban flooding 6570: 6565: 6563:Crevasse splay 6560: 6558:100-year flood 6554: 6552: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6522: 6520: 6518:Surface runoff 6514: 6513: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6498:Stream capture 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6454: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6410:Rock-cut basin 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6276: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6252:Suspended load 6249: 6244: 6242:Secondary flow 6239: 6234: 6232:Retrogradation 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6197:Dissolved load 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6148: 6146: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6131: 6129:Spring horizon 6126: 6121: 6116: 6114:Mineral spring 6111: 6110: 6109: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6095:list in the US 6092: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6066: 6064: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6021:Stream channel 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5982: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5943:Drainage basin 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5903:Alluvial river 5899: 5897: 5885: 5884: 5869: 5868: 5861: 5854: 5846: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5833: 5823: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5718: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5695: 5694: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5657:Stone skipping 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5618: 5617: 5610:Paddleboarding 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5556: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5542:Water aerobics 5539: 5538: 5537: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5516: 5515: 5505: 5499: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5483: 5482: 5475: 5468: 5460: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5447: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5417: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5309: 5307: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5273: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5235: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5177:Formula racing 5174: 5168: 5166: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5147: 5145:Speed climbing 5141: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5113: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5075: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5061:Cycle speedway 5058: 5053: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5022: 5020: 5018:Bicycle racing 5014: 5013: 5011: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4964: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4855: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4803: 4801: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4778: 4777: 4770: 4763: 4755: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4742: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4692: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4675: 4665: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4621:Sport climbing 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4577: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4465: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4393: 4381: 4380: 4373: 4366: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4322: 4321:External links 4319: 4318: 4317: 4312:978-1521804834 4311: 4305:. na: Amazon. 4296: 4290: 4275: 4269: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4219: 4189: 4164: 4153:on 7 July 2012 4138: 4112: 4086: 4060: 4034: 4027: 4007: 3985: 3963: 3956: 3932: 3917: 3910: 3886: 3875:. Military.com 3860: 3838: 3831: 3813: 3802:. Men's Health 3790: 3764: 3742: 3710: 3667: 3656:on 1 June 2010 3635: 3609: 3602: 3584: 3573:. January 2013 3543: 3536: 3511: 3479: 3472: 3452: 3419: 3393: 3379: 3353: 3323: 3298: 3278: 3260:. p. 52. 3243: 3236: 3216: 3205:on 3 July 2019 3186: 3160: 3134: 3108: 3078: 3052: 3026: 3000: 2975: 2956: 2930: 2908: 2882: 2856: 2834: 2811: 2781: 2748: 2718: 2689: 2659: 2624: 2598: 2572: 2539: 2525:978-2907590594 2524: 2506: 2479: 2450: 2435: 2423:etymonline.com 2410: 2380: 2354: 2328: 2321: 2303: 2272: 2257: 2226: 2215:. 19 June 1921 2200: 2185: 2162: 2136: 2106: 2080: 2073: 2043: 2036: 2006: 1980: 1965: 1958: 1932: 1925: 1899: 1892: 1866: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1822: 1821: 1807: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1765: 1758: 1740: 1734: 1724: 1706: 1700: 1694: 1685: 1679: 1673: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1654: 1644: 1639: 1628:Hardangerfjord 1621: 1607: 1596: 1585: 1559: 1552:St. Petersburg 1545: 1539: 1519:Nice Triathlon 1516: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1451: 1450: 1440:six categories 1428:Rio de Janeiro 1416: 1413: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1346:Notable events 1344: 1330: 1327: 1284: 1281: 1227:Bicycle racing 1222: 1219: 1182: 1179: 1174:cross-training 1163:cardiovascular 1146: 1143: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1068: 1065: 957: 954: 909: 908: 902: 901: 894: 889: 884: 879: 875: 874: 867: 865:(26.2 mi) 860: 855: 850: 846: 845: 838: 833: 828: 823: 819: 818: 815: 813:(13.1 mi) 808: 803: 798: 797:Triathlon 70.3 794: 793: 790: 785: 780: 779:(0.93 mi) 775: 771: 770: 767: 762: 757: 756:(0.47 mi) 752: 748: 747: 744: 739: 734: 733:(0.25 mi) 729: 725: 724: 721: 716: 711: 710:(0.25 mi) 706: 702: 701: 698: 693: 688: 683: 679: 678: 671: 666: 661: 656: 652: 651: 645: 640: 633: 629:100–750 m 626: 622: 621: 618: 615: 612: 609: 602: 599: 598: 597: 594: 591: 588: 564: 561: 542:Ultratriathlon 538:Challenge Roth 489: 486: 427: 424: 399:Nice Triathlon 391:Princess Grace 376:Czechoslovakia 367: 364: 360:Hawaii Ironman 310: 307: 254: 251: 195:consisting of 180: 179: 170: 164: 163: 153: 147: 146: 140: 134: 133: 130: 126: 125: 121: 120: 115: 111: 110: 107: 103: 102: 99: 93: 92: 89: 85: 84: 80: 79: 76: 72: 71: 66: 59: 58: 52: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7152: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7053: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7041:Surface water 7039: 7037: 7036:Sacred waters 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7021:Riparian zone 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7006:Body of water 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6987: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6955:Riverboarding 6953: 6951: 6950:River surfing 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6926: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6808: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6674:and modelling 6670: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6642: 6636: 6635:Return period 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6595:Flood control 6593: 6591: 6590:Flood barrier 6588: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6515: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6447: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6222:Palaeochannel 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6182:Granular flow 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6140: 6136: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6103: 6100: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6057: 6053: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5928:Channel types 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5908:Braided river 5906: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5867: 5862: 5860: 5855: 5853: 5848: 5847: 5844: 5832: 5824: 5822: 5814: 5813: 5810: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5793:Sailing races 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5727:Dinghy racing 5725: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5632:Riverboarding 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5540: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5481: 5476: 5474: 5469: 5467: 5462: 5461: 5458: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5394:Speed skating 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5379:Alpine skiing 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372:Winter racing 5370: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5329: 5328:Street racing 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5223: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5152: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5106: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5094:Pigeon racing 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5071:Animal racing 5068: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5051: 5047: 5046:Track cycling 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5036:Gravel racing 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4926:Tower running 4924: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4905:Trail running 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4869:Ultramarathon 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4859:Half marathon 4857: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4799:Track running 4796: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4771: 4769: 4764: 4762: 4757: 4756: 4753: 4741: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4727: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4710:Flag football 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4663:Weightlifting 4661: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4616:Skateboarding 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4518: 4515: 4511: 4510:Track cycling 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4495:Freestyle BMX 4493: 4491: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4405: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4379: 4374: 4372: 4367: 4365: 4360: 4359: 4356: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4328: 4314: 4308: 4304: 4303: 4297: 4293: 4287: 4283: 4282: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4262: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4207: 4203: 4202:Enduroman.com 4199: 4193: 4178: 4177:Triathlon.org 4174: 4168: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4100: 4099:Triathlon.org 4096: 4090: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4030: 4024: 4021:. VeloPress. 4020: 4019: 4011: 3995: 3989: 3973: 3967: 3959: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3944: 3936: 3929:. p. 15. 3928: 3921: 3913: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3898: 3890: 3874: 3871:Smith, Stew. 3867: 3865: 3848: 3842: 3834: 3828: 3824: 3817: 3801: 3794: 3778: 3774: 3768: 3752: 3746: 3727: 3720: 3714: 3695: 3688: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3652: 3645: 3639: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3605: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3572: 3571:USA Triathlon 3568: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3539: 3533: 3528: 3527: 3518: 3516: 3496: 3489: 3483: 3475: 3469: 3465: 3464: 3456: 3437: 3430: 3423: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3389: 3383: 3367: 3363: 3357: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3295: 3291: 3288: 3282: 3263: 3256: 3250: 3248: 3239: 3233: 3229: 3223: 3221: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3190: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3148: 3144: 3138: 3123: 3122:Triathlon.org 3119: 3112: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3067: 3066:Triathlon.org 3063: 3056: 3041: 3040:Triathlon.org 3037: 3030: 3015: 3014:Triathlon.org 3011: 3004: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2960: 2945: 2941: 2934: 2918: 2912: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2870: 2866: 2860: 2844: 2838: 2822: 2815: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2785: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2755: 2753: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2722: 2707: 2706:Triathlon.org 2703: 2696: 2694: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2613: 2609: 2602: 2586: 2582: 2576: 2565: 2561: 2554: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2521: 2517: 2510: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2468: 2464: 2457: 2455: 2446: 2439: 2424: 2420: 2414: 2399: 2395: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2369: 2365: 2358: 2343: 2342:Triathlon.org 2339: 2332: 2324: 2322:9780073376493 2318: 2314: 2307: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2276: 2268: 2261: 2250: 2246: 2239: 2233: 2231: 2214: 2210: 2204: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2182: 2178: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2150: 2146: 2140: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2110: 2094: 2090: 2084: 2076: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2060: 2054: 2047: 2039: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2023: 2017: 2010: 1994: 1990: 1984: 1976: 1969: 1961: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1945: 1936: 1928: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1912: 1911:Triathlon 101 1903: 1895: 1889: 1885: 1884: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1867: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1808: 1805: 1804:Sports portal 1794: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1759: 1756: 1755:speed skating 1752: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1731:trail running 1728: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1717:trail running 1714: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1566:San Francisco 1563: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1548:St. Anthony's 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1536:Long Distance 1533: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1436:Paratriathlon 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1412: 1410: 1405: 1401: 1395: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1355: 1354: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1326: 1324: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1233: 1228: 1218: 1215: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1188: 1178: 1175: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1151: 1142: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1132:Great Britain 1129: 1125: 1119: 1115: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1064: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1014:USA Triathlon 1010: 1006: 998: 993: 986: 981: 977: 973: 971: 967: 963: 953: 949: 947: 943: 939: 933: 929: 926: 922: 918: 916: 903: 899: 895: 890: 885: 883:(2.5 mi) 880: 877: 876: 872: 868: 866: 861: 859:(112 mi) 856: 854:(2.4 mi) 851: 848: 847: 843: 839: 834: 829: 827:(1.9 mi) 824: 821: 820: 816: 814: 809: 804: 802:(1.2 mi) 799: 796: 795: 791: 789:(6.2 mi) 786: 781: 776: 773: 772: 768: 766:(3.1 mi) 763: 761:(12 mi) 758: 753: 750: 749: 745: 743:(3.1 mi) 740: 738:(12 mi) 735: 730: 727: 726: 722: 720:(1.6 mi) 717: 715:(6.2 mi) 712: 707: 704: 703: 699: 697:(1.9 mi) 694: 692:(5.6 mi) 689: 687:(330 yd) 684: 681: 680: 677:triathlons). 676: 672: 670:(1.2 mi) 667: 665:(5.0 mi) 662: 660:(330 yd) 657: 654: 653: 650: 646: 641: 634: 627: 625:Kids of Steel 624: 623: 619: 616: 613: 610: 607: 606: 595: 592: 589: 586: 585: 584: 581: 577: 575: 571: 556: 552: 550: 545: 543: 539: 533: 531: 530:USA Triathlon 526: 522: 518: 514: 509: 507: 503: 499: 495: 488:Organisations 485: 483: 482:Mar del Plata 479: 475: 470: 468: 464: 460: 456: 451: 449: 445: 441: 437: 432: 423: 419: 417: 413: 409: 405: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 379: 377: 373: 363: 361: 356: 355:Fiesta Island 351: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 324: 320: 316: 306: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 259: 250: 248: 243: 241: 236: 233: 221: 211:origin, from 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 191: 187: 178: 174: 171: 169: 165: 161: 157: 156:Paratriathlon 154: 152: 148: 144: 141: 139: 135: 131: 127: 122: 119: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 98: 94: 90: 86: 81: 77: 73: 70: 67: 65: 60: 56: 50: 45: 39: 35: 30: 19: 7079:Flash floods 7031:River cruise 6964: 6928:River sports 6781:Stream gauge 6766:Rouse number 6756:Relief ratio 6605:Flood-meadow 6536:Urban runoff 6450:Fluvial flow 6435:River valley 6405:River island 6370:Meander scar 6285:Alluvial fan 6227:Progradation 6102:Karst spring 6046:Winterbourne 6001:Chalk stream 5963:River source 5938:Distributary 5803:Yacht racing 5797: 5776:Competitions 5687:Water skiing 5672:Wakeboarding 5647:Skimboarding 5605:Kneeboarding 5595:Kiteboarding 5575:Cable skiing 5565:Bodyboarding 5535:synchronized 5520:Scuba diving 5513:synchronized 5419: 5353:Sandboarding 5348:Longboarding 5341:Board racing 5259:Track racing 5239:Beach racing 5212:Truck racing 5155:Motor racing 5089:Horse racing 5079:Camel racing 4960:Orienteering 4900:Fell running 4851:Road running 4832:Steeplechase 4732: 4645: 4631:Table tennis 4601:Rugby sevens 4574:Trampolining 4544:Field hockey 4532:Show jumping 4505:Road cycling 4478:Canoe sprint 4473:Canoe slalom 4324: 4301: 4280: 4259: 4238:23 September 4236:. 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