Steam engine - Knowledge

1273: 1455: 2132: 1589:. The complete expansion of the steam now occurs across multiple cylinders, with the overall temperature drop within each cylinder reduced considerably. By expanding the steam in steps with smaller temperature range (within each cylinder) the condensation and re-evaporation efficiency issue (described above) is reduced. This reduces the magnitude of cylinder heating and cooling, increasing the efficiency of the engine. By staging the expansion in multiple cylinders, variations of torque can be reduced. To derive equal work from lower-pressure cylinder requires a larger cylinder volume as this steam occupies a greater volume. Therefore, the bore, and in rare cases the stroke, are increased in low-pressure cylinders, resulting in larger cylinders. 1969:

speed, therefore they are usually connected to reduction gearing to drive lower speed applications, such as a ship's propeller. In the vast majority of large electric generating stations, turbines are directly connected to generators with no reduction gearing. Typical speeds are 3600 revolutions per minute (RPM) in the United States with 60 Hertz power, and 3000 RPM in Europe and other countries with 50 Hertz electric power systems. In nuclear power applications, the turbines typically run at half these speeds, 1800 RPM and 1500 RPM. A turbine rotor is also only capable of providing power when rotating in one direction. Therefore, a reversing stage or gearbox is usually required where power is required in the opposite direction.

2482: 1028: 1923:

temperature. The aim of the uniflow is to remedy this defect and improve efficiency by providing an additional port uncovered by the piston at the end of each stroke making the steam flow only in one direction. By this means, the simple-expansion uniflow engine gives efficiency equivalent to that of classic compound systems with the added advantage of superior part-load performance, and comparable efficiency to turbines for smaller engines below one thousand horsepower. However, the thermal expansion gradient uniflow engines produce along the cylinder wall gives practical difficulties..

912: 1500: 2524: 947: 1766: 459: 754: 1422: 1997:(in the 1990s about 90% of the world's electric production was by use of steam turbines) however the recent widespread application of large gas turbine units and typical combined cycle power plants has resulted in reduction of this percentage to the 80% regime for steam turbines. In electricity production, the high speed of turbine rotation matches well with the speed of modern electric generators, which are typically direct connected to their driving turbines. In marine service, (pioneered on the 475: 1552:

exhaust pressure. As high-pressure steam is admitted into the working cylinder, much of the high-temperature steam is condensed as water droplets onto the metal surfaces, significantly reducing the steam available for expansive work. When the expanding steam reaches low pressure (especially during the exhaust stroke), the previously deposited water droplets that had just been formed within the cylinder/ports now boil away (re-evaporation) and this steam does no further work in the cylinder.

2505: 789: 1938: 2042: 1751: 1446:, which uses a steam jet usually supplied from the boiler. Injectors became popular in the 1850s but are no longer widely used, except in applications such as steam locomotives. It is the pressurization of the water that circulates through the steam boiler that allows the water to be raised to temperatures well above 100 °C (212 °F) boiling point of water at one atmospheric pressure, and by that means to increase the efficiency of the steam cycle. 938:. Many of these vehicles were acquired by enthusiasts for preservation, and numerous examples are still in existence. In the 1960s, the air pollution problems in California gave rise to a brief period of interest in developing and studying steam-powered vehicles as a possible means of reducing the pollution. Apart from interest by steam enthusiasts, the occasional replica vehicle, and experimental technology, no steam vehicles are in production at present. 2258: 1808:" or rather, shortening the admission event; this in turn proportionately lengthens the expansion period. However, as one and the same valve usually controls both steam flows, a short cutoff at admission adversely affects the exhaust and compression periods which should ideally always be kept fairly constant; if the exhaust event is too brief, the totality of the exhaust steam cannot evacuate the cylinder, choking it and giving excessive compression ( 495: 1977: 451: 2364:, who also advised Watt on experimental procedures. Watt was also aware of the change in the boiling point of water with pressure. Otherwise, the improvements to the engine itself were more mechanical in nature. The thermodynamic concepts of the Rankine cycle did give engineers the understanding needed to calculate efficiency which aided the development of modern high-pressure and -temperature boilers and the steam turbine. 2003:), steam turbines with reduction gearing (although the Turbinia has direct turbines to propellers with no reduction gearbox) dominated large ship propulsion throughout the late 20th century, being more efficient (and requiring far less maintenance) than reciprocating steam engines. In recent decades, reciprocating Diesel engines, and gas turbines, have almost entirely supplanted steam propulsion for marine applications. 2278:

provide a practical heat/power conversion system. The heat is supplied externally to a closed loop with some of the heat added being converted to work and the waste heat being removed in a condenser. The Rankine cycle is used in virtually all steam power production applications. In the 1990s, Rankine steam cycles generated about 90% of all electric power used throughout the world, including virtually all

2407:(94 pounds) of coal. The best examples of Newcomen designs had a duty of about 7 million, but most were closer to 5 million. Watt's original low-pressure designs were able to deliver duty as high as 25 million, but averaged about 17. This was a three-fold improvement over the average Newcomen design. Early Watt engines equipped with high-pressure steam improved this to 65 million. 773:

workings at depths originally impractical using traditional means, and for providing reusable water for driving waterwheels at factories sited away from a suitable "head". Water that passed over the wheel was pumped up into a storage reservoir above the wheel. In 1780 James Pickard patented the use of a flywheel and crankshaft to provide rotative motion from an improved Newcomen engine.

2328:) processes in the theoretical Carnot cycle. In this cycle, a pump is used to pressurize the working fluid which is received from the condenser as a liquid not as a gas. Pumping the working fluid in liquid form during the cycle requires a small fraction of the energy to transport it compared to the energy needed to compress the working fluid in gaseous form in a compressor (as in the 2038:, but were not repeated. Elsewhere, notably in the United States, more advanced designs with electric transmission were built experimentally, but not reproduced. It was found that steam turbines were not ideally suited to the railroad environment and these locomotives failed to oust the classic reciprocating steam unit in the way that modern diesel and electric traction has done. 1481:

Exhibition in 1862. The steam engine indicator traces on paper the pressure in the cylinder throughout the cycle, which can be used to spot various problems and calculate developed horsepower. It was routinely used by engineers, mechanics and insurance inspectors. The engine indicator can also be used on internal combustion engines. See image of indicator diagram below (in

1527:

whenever there was a speed change. As a consequence, engines equipped only with this governor were not suitable for operations requiring constant speed, such as cotton spinning. The governor was improved over time and coupled with variable steam cut off, good speed control in response to changes in load was attainable near the end of the 19th century.

1658: 1686:. Y-S-T engines divided the low-pressure expansion stages between two cylinders, one at each end of the engine. This allowed the crankshaft to be better balanced, resulting in a smoother, faster-responding engine which ran with less vibration. This made the four-cylinder triple-expansion engine popular with large passenger liners (such as the 1964:(static discs) fixed to the turbine casing. The rotors have a propeller-like arrangement of blades at the outer edge. Steam acts upon these blades, producing rotary motion. The stator consists of a similar, but fixed, series of blades that serve to redirect the steam flow onto the next rotor stage. A steam turbine often exhausts into a 1596:) engines expanded the steam in two stages. The pairs may be duplicated or the work of the large low-pressure cylinder can be split with one high-pressure cylinder exhausting into one or the other, giving a three-cylinder layout where cylinder and piston diameter are about the same, making the reciprocating masses easier to balance. 1406:), is then pumped back up to pressure and sent back to the boiler. A dry-type cooling tower is similar to an automobile radiator and is used in locations where water is costly. Waste heat can also be ejected by evaporative (wet) cooling towers, which use a secondary external water circuit that evaporates some of flow to the air. 869:

applications. Thereafter, technological developments and improvements in manufacturing techniques (partly brought about by the adoption of the steam engine as a power source) resulted in the design of more efficient engines that could be smaller, faster, or more powerful, depending on the intended application.

1901: 1633:), the pistons worked in the same phase driving a common crosshead and crank, again set at 90° as for a two-cylinder engine. With the three-cylinder compound arrangement, the LP cranks were either set at 90° with the HP one at 135° to the other two, or in some cases, all three cranks were set at 120°. 2335:

The working fluid in a Rankine cycle can operate as a closed loop system, where the working fluid is recycled continuously, or may be an "open loop" system, where the exhaust steam is directly released to the atmosphere, and a separate source of water feeding the boiler is supplied. Normally water is

929:

had developed the use of high-pressure steam, around 1800, that mobile steam engines became a practical proposition. The first half of the 19th century saw great progress in steam vehicle design, and by the 1850s it was becoming viable to produce them on a commercial basis. This progress was dampened

852:

The meaning of high pressure, together with an actual value above ambient, depends on the era in which the term was used. For early use of the term Van Reimsdijk refers to steam being at a sufficiently high pressure that it could be exhausted to atmosphere without reliance on a vacuum to enable it to

3544:

A south Wales town has begun months of celebrations to mark the 200th anniversary of the invention of the steam locomotive. Merthyr Tydfil was the location where, on 21 February 1804, Richard Trevithick took the world into the railway age when he set one of his high-pressure steam engines on a local

2232:

melts and the steam escapes, warning the operators, who may then manually suppress the fire. Except in the smallest of boilers the steam escape has little effect on dampening the fire. The plugs are also too small in area to lower steam pressure significantly, depressurizing the boiler. If they were

2096:

of a conventional reciprocating steam engine. Many such engines have been designed, from the time of James Watt to the present day, but relatively few were actually built and even fewer went into quantity production; see link at bottom of article for more details. The major problem is the difficulty

633:

Reciprocating piston type steam engines were the dominant source of power until the early 20th century. The efficiency of stationary steam engine increased dramatically until about 1922. The highest Rankine Cycle Efficiency of 91% and combined thermal efficiency of 31% was demonstrated and published

1972:

Steam turbines provide direct rotational force and therefore do not require a linkage mechanism to convert reciprocating to rotary motion. Thus, they produce smoother rotational forces on the output shaft. This contributes to a lower maintenance requirement and less wear on the machinery they power

1356:

In a steam engine, a piston or steam turbine or any other similar device for doing mechanical work takes a supply of steam at high pressure and temperature and gives out a supply of steam at lower pressure and temperature, using as much of the difference in steam energy as possible to do mechanical

2355:

The steam engine contributed much to the development of thermodynamic theory; however, the only applications of scientific theory that influenced the steam engine were the original concepts of harnessing the power of steam and atmospheric pressure and knowledge of properties of heat and steam. The

2165:

In more modern times there has been limited use of steam for rocketry – particularly for rocket cars. Steam rocketry works by filling a pressure vessel with hot water at high pressure and opening a valve leading to a suitable nozzle. The drop in pressure immediately boils some of the water and the

1824:

by lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve in such a way as to overlap the port on the admission side, with the effect that the exhaust side remains open for a longer period after cut-off on the admission side has occurred. This expedient has since been generally considered satisfactory for most

1819:

riding on the back of the main slide valve; the latter usually had fixed or limited cutoff. The combined setup gave a fair approximation of the ideal events, at the expense of increased friction and wear, and the mechanism tended to be complicated. The usual compromise solution has been to provide

1542:

In a simple engine, or "single expansion engine" the charge of steam passes through the entire expansion process in an individual cylinder, although a simple engine may have one or more individual cylinders. It is then exhausted directly into the atmosphere or into a condenser. As steam expands in

1480:

The most useful instrument for analyzing the performance of steam engines is the steam engine indicator. Early versions were in use by 1851, but the most successful indicator was developed for the high speed engine inventor and manufacturer Charles Porter by Charles Richard and exhibited at London

876:

was developed by Trevithick and others in the 1810s. It was a compound cycle engine that used high-pressure steam expansively, then condensed the low-pressure steam, making it relatively efficient. The Cornish engine had irregular motion and torque through the cycle, limiting it mainly to pumping.

780:

described a two-cylinder high-pressure steam engine. The invention was published in his major work "Theatri Machinarum Hydraulicarum". The engine used two heavy pistons to provide motion to a water pump. Each piston was raised by the steam pressure and returned to its original position by gravity.

2277:

The Rankine cycle is the fundamental thermodynamic underpinning of the steam engine. The cycle is an arrangement of components as is typically used for simple power production, and uses the phase change of water (boiling water producing steam, condensing exhaust steam, producing liquid water)) to

2220:

traditionally used a simple lever to restrain a plug valve in the top of a boiler. One end of the lever carried a weight or spring that restrained the valve against steam pressure. Early valves could be adjusted by engine drivers, leading to many accidents when a driver fastened the valve down to

1968:

that provides a vacuum. The stages of a steam turbine are typically arranged to extract the maximum potential work from a specific velocity and pressure of steam, giving rise to a series of variably sized high- and low-pressure stages. Turbines are only efficient if they rotate at relatively high

891:

Early builders of stationary steam engines considered that horizontal cylinders would be subject to excessive wear. Their engines were therefore arranged with the piston axis in vertical position. In time the horizontal arrangement became more popular, allowing compact, but powerful engines to be

2456:

In practice, a reciprocating steam engine cycle exhausting the steam to atmosphere will typically have an efficiency (including the boiler) in the range of 1–10%. However, with the addition of a condenser, Corliss valves, multiple expansion, and high steam pressure/temperature, it may be greatly

1861:

Before the exhaust phase is quite complete, the exhaust side of the valve closes, shutting a portion of the exhaust steam inside the cylinder. This determines the compression phase where a cushion of steam is formed against which the piston does work whilst its velocity is rapidly decreasing; it

1555:

There are practical limits on the expansion ratio of a steam engine cylinder, as increasing cylinder surface area tends to exacerbate the cylinder condensation and re-evaporation issues. This negates the theoretical advantages associated with a high ratio of expansion in an individual cylinder.

1551:

The dominant efficiency loss in reciprocating steam engines is cylinder condensation and re-evaporation. The steam cylinder and adjacent metal parts/ports operate at a temperature about halfway between the steam admission saturation temperature and the saturation temperature corresponding to the

1219:

The widely used reciprocating engine typically consisted of a cast-iron cylinder, piston, connecting rod and beam or a crank and flywheel, and miscellaneous linkages. Steam was alternately supplied and exhausted by one or more valves. Speed control was either automatic, using a governor, or by a

973:

exhausted steam into successively larger cylinders to accommodate the higher volumes at reduced pressures, giving improved efficiency. These stages were called expansions, with double- and triple-expansion engines being common, especially in shipping where efficiency was important to reduce the

2448:

One principal advantage the Rankine cycle holds over others is that during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump, the working fluid being in its liquid phase at this point. By condensing the fluid, the work required by the pump consumes only 1% to 3% of the

2108:

By the 1840s, it was clear that the concept had inherent problems and rotary engines were treated with some derision in the technical press. However, the arrival of electricity on the scene, and the obvious advantages of driving a dynamo directly from a high-speed engine, led to something of a

1636:

The adoption of compounding was common for industrial units, for road engines and almost universal for marine engines after 1880; it was not universally popular in railway locomotives where it was often perceived as complicated. This is partly due to the harsh railway operating environment and

1413:

in which cold water from the river is injected into the exhaust steam from the engine. Cooling water and condensate mix. While this was also applied for sea-going vessels, generally after only a few days of operation the boiler would become coated with deposited salt, reducing performance and

1922:

Uniflow engines attempt to remedy the difficulties arising from the usual counterflow cycle where, during each stroke, the port and the cylinder walls will be cooled by the passing exhaust steam, whilst the hotter incoming admission steam will waste some of its energy in restoring the working

1677:

respectively. These engines use a series of cylinders of progressively increasing diameter. These cylinders are designed to divide the work into equal shares for each expansion stage. As with the double-expansion engine, if space is at a premium, then two smaller cylinders may be used for the

1526:

were building. The governor could not actually hold a set speed, because it would assume a new constant speed in response to load changes. The governor was able to handle smaller variations such as those caused by fluctuating heat load to the boiler. Also, there was a tendency for oscillation

772:

around 1712. It improved on Savery's steam pump, using a piston as proposed by Papin. Newcomen's engine was relatively inefficient, and mostly used for pumping water. It worked by creating a partial vacuum by condensing steam under a piston within a cylinder. It was employed for draining mine

868:

in 1801 introduced engines using high-pressure steam; Trevithick obtained his high-pressure engine patent in 1802, and Evans had made several working models before then. These were much more powerful for a given cylinder size than previous engines and could be made small enough for transport

1238:

to raise the temperature of the steam above its saturated vapour point, and various mechanisms to increase the draft for fireboxes. When coal is used, a chain or screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine or motor may be included to move the fuel from a supply bin (bunker) to the firebox.

642:

resulted in the gradual replacement of steam engines in commercial usage. Steam turbines replaced reciprocating engines in power generation, due to lower cost, higher operating speed, and higher efficiency. Note that small scale steam turbines are much less efficient than large ones.

2221:

allow greater steam pressure and more power from the engine. The more recent type of safety valve uses an adjustable spring-loaded valve, which is locked such that operators may not tamper with its adjustment unless a seal is illegally broken. This arrangement is considerably safer.

903:, the committee said that "no one invention since Watt's time has so enhanced the efficiency of the steam engine". In addition to using 30% less steam, it provided more uniform speed due to variable steam cut off, making it well suited to manufacturing, especially cotton spinning. 3199:

Nuvolari, A; Verspagen, Bart; Tunzelmann, Nicholas (2003). "The Diffusion of the Steam Engine in Eighteenth-Century Britain. Applied Evolutionary Economics and the Knowledge-based Economy" (Document). Eindhoven, The Netherlands: Eindhoven Centre for Innovation Studies (ECIS).

1322:

Fire-tube boilers were the main type used for early high-pressure steam (typical steam locomotive practice), but they were to a large extent displaced by more economical water tube boilers in the late 19th century for marine propulsion and large stationary applications.

608:

is considered the inventor of the first commercially used steam powered device, a steam pump that used steam pressure operating directly on the water. The first commercially successful engine that could transmit continuous power to a machine was developed in 1712 by

1166:

starting in the late part of the 19th century. Steam turbines are generally more efficient than reciprocating piston type steam engines (for outputs above several hundred horsepower), have fewer moving parts, and provide rotary power directly instead of through a

1171:

system or similar means. Steam turbines virtually replaced reciprocating engines in electricity generating stations early in the 20th century, where their efficiency, higher speed appropriate to generator service, and smooth rotation were advantages. Today most

930:

by legislation which limited or prohibited the use of steam-powered vehicles on roads. Improvements in vehicle technology continued from the 1860s to the 1920s. Steam road vehicles were used for many applications. In the 20th century, the rapid development of

2414:, in which heat is moved from a high-temperature reservoir to one at a low temperature, and the efficiency depends on the temperature difference. For the greatest efficiency, steam engines should be operated at the highest steam temperature possible ( 617:

made a critical improvement in 1764, by removing spent steam to a separate vessel for condensation, greatly improving the amount of work obtained per unit of fuel consumed. By the 19th century, stationary steam engines powered the factories of the

725:. It used condensing steam to create a vacuum which raised water from below and then used steam pressure to raise it higher. Small engines were effective though larger models were problematic. They had a very limited lift height and were prone to 1417:

Evaporated water cannot be used for subsequent purposes (other than rain somewhere), whereas river water can be re-used. In all cases, the steam plant boiler feed water, which must be kept pure, is kept separate from the cooling water or air.

1176:

is provided by steam turbines. In the United States, 90% of the electric power is produced in this way using a variety of heat sources. Steam turbines were extensively applied for propulsion of large ships throughout most of the 20th century.

1317:

Hot gas is passed through tubes immersed in water, the same water also circulates in a water jacket surrounding the firebox and, in high-output locomotive boilers, also passes through tubes in the firebox itself (thermic syphons and security

2192:) can and have in the past caused great loss of life. While variations in standards may exist in different countries, stringent legal, testing, training, care with manufacture, operation and certification is applied to ensure safety. 1629:). When the double-expansion group is duplicated, producing a four-cylinder compound, the individual pistons within the group are usually balanced at 180°, the groups being set at 90° to each other. In one case (the first type of 1074:. The design incorporated a number of important innovations that included using high-pressure steam which reduced the weight of the engine and increased its efficiency. Trevithick visited the Newcastle area later in 1804 and the 1247:

The heat required for boiling the water and raising the temperature of the steam can be derived from various sources, most commonly from burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space (e.g.,

2215:

Steam engines frequently possess two independent mechanisms for ensuring that the pressure in the boiler does not go too high; one may be adjusted by the user, the second is typically designed as an ultimate fail-safe. Such

1704:

The image in this section shows an animation of a triple-expansion engine. The steam travels through the engine from left to right. The valve chest for each of the cylinders is to the left of the corresponding cylinder.

2067:

to direct steam into and out of the cylinder. Instead of valves, the entire cylinder rocks, or oscillates, such that one or more holes in the cylinder line up with holes in a fixed port face or in the pivot mounting

843:

Watt developed his engine further, modifying it to provide a rotary motion suitable for driving machinery. This enabled factories to be sited away from rivers, and accelerated the pace of the Industrial Revolution.

1547:

and results in steam entering the cylinder at high temperature and leaving at lower temperature. This causes a cycle of heating and cooling of the cylinder with every stroke, which is a source of inefficiency.

681:

during the first century AD. In the following centuries, the few steam-powered engines known were, like the aeolipile, essentially experimental devices used by inventors to demonstrate the properties of steam.

3068:"LXXII. An engine for raising water by fire; being on improvement of saver'y construction, to render it capable of working itself, invented by Mr. De Moura of Portugal, F. R. S. Described by Mr. J. Smeaton". 1191:

Although the reciprocating steam engine is no longer in widespread commercial use, various companies are exploring or exploiting the potential of the engine as an alternative to internal combustion engines.

1360:

These "motor units" are often called 'steam engines' in their own right. Engines using compressed air or other gases differ from steam engines only in details that depend on the nature of the gas although

2453:, for instance, have turbine entry temperatures approaching 1500 °C. Nonetheless, the efficiencies of actual large steam cycles and large modern simple cycle gas turbines are fairly well matched. 1661:

An animation of a simplified triple-expansion engine. High-pressure steam (red) enters from the boiler and passes through the engine, exhausting as low-pressure steam (blue), usually to a condenser.

1388:

to avoid the weight and bulk of condensers. Some of the released steam is vented up the chimney so as to increase the draw on the fire, which greatly increases engine power, but reduces efficiency.

2481: 1781:(counterflow), entering and exhausting from the same end of the cylinder. The complete engine cycle occupies one rotation of the crank and two piston strokes; the cycle also comprises four 1853:

profiled so as to give ideal events; most of these gears never succeeded outside of the stationary marketplace due to various other issues including leakage and more delicate mechanisms.

2449:

turbine (or reciprocating engine) power and contributes to a much higher efficiency for a real cycle. The benefit of this is lost somewhat due to the lower heat addition temperature.

2938: 1862:

moreover obviates the pressure and temperature shock, which would otherwise be caused by the sudden admission of the high-pressure steam at the beginning of the following cycle.

2332:). The cycle of a reciprocating steam engine differs from that of turbines because of condensation and re-evaporation occurring in the cylinder or in the steam inlet passages. 899:, patented in 1849, which was a four-valve counter flow engine with separate steam admission and exhaust valves and automatic variable steam cutoff. When Corliss was given the 745:

in the Philosophical Transactions published in 1751. It continued to be manufactured until the late 18th century. At least one engine was still known to be operating in 1820.

2425:

levels for the working fluid, the temperature range over which the cycle can operate is small; in steam turbines, turbine entry temperatures are typically 565 °C (the

1641:(particularly in Britain, where compounding was never common and not employed after 1930). However, although never in the majority, it was popular in many other countries. 1414:

increasing the risk of a boiler explosion. Starting about 1834, the use of surface condensers on ships eliminated fouling of the boilers, and improved engine efficiency.

233: 1800:

The simplest valve gears give events of fixed length during the engine cycle and often make the engine rotate in only one direction. Many however have a reversing

1678:

low-pressure stage. Multiple-expansion engines typically had the cylinders arranged inline, but various other formations were used. In the late 19th century, the

1438:

Most steam boilers have a means to supply water whilst at pressure, so that they may be run continuously. Utility and industrial boilers commonly use multi-stage

857:, p. 22 states that Watt's condensing engines were known, at the time, as low pressure compared to high pressure, non-condensing engines of the same period. 2384:

The efficiency of an engine cycle can be calculated by dividing the energy output of mechanical work that the engine produces by the energy put into the engine.

437: 2112:

Of the few designs that were manufactured in quantity, those of the Hult Brothers Rotary Steam Engine Company of Stockholm, Sweden, and the spherical engine of

820:'s improved version of Newcomen's. Newcomen's and Watt's early engines were "atmospheric". They were powered by air pressure pushing a piston into the partial 600:

As noted, steam-driven devices such as the aeolipile were known in the first century AD, and there were a few other uses recorded in the 16th century. In 1606

3726: 934:

technology led to the demise of the steam engine as a source of propulsion of vehicles on a commercial basis, with relatively few remaining in use beyond the

4771: 1625:

With two-cylinder compounds used in railway work, the pistons are connected to the cranks as with a two-cylinder simple at 90° out of phase with each other (

4358: 2475:

in which the waste heat is used for heating a lower boiling point working fluid or as a heat source for district heating via saturated low-pressure steam.

2228:

may be present in the crown of the boiler's firebox. If the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly, the

5733: 1665:

It is a logical extension of the compound engine (described above) to split the expansion into yet more stages to increase efficiency. The result is the

2754: 1712:, the expansion engine dominated marine applications, where high vessel speed was not essential. It was, however, superseded by the British invention 1012:

As the development of steam engines progressed through the 18th century, various attempts were made to apply them to road and railway use. In 1784,

1020:

inventor, built a model steam road locomotive. An early working model of a steam rail locomotive was designed and constructed by steamboat pioneer

263: 2523: 2391:

was its "duty". The concept of duty was first introduced by Watt in order to illustrate how much more efficient his engines were over the earlier

2072:). These engines are mainly used in toys and models because of their simplicity, but have also been used in full-size working engines, mainly on 5486: 2356:

experimental measurements made by Watt on a model steam engine led to the development of the separate condenser. Watt independently discovered

1701:, by far the largest number of identical ships ever built. Over 2700 ships were built, in the United States, from a British original design. 1815:

In the 1840s and 1850s, there were attempts to overcome this problem by means of various patent valve gears with a separate, variable cutoff

974:

weight of coal carried. Steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century, when advances in the design of the

2337: 3501: 2630: 1326:

Many boilers raise the temperature of the steam after it has left that part of the boiler where it is in contact with the water. Known as

2946: 1054:

and, on 21 February 1804, the world's first railway journey took place as Trevithick's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the

1051: 430: 223: 4423: 3798: 1886:

comprising the ports and the cylinder ends (not part of the piston-swept volume) before the steam begins to exert effort on the piston.

809: 238: 1429:

uses a jet of steam to force water into the boiler. Injectors are inefficient but simple enough to be suitable for use on locomotives.

1024:

in the United States probably during the 1780s or 1790s. His steam locomotive used interior bladed wheels guided by rails or tracks.

4764: 3202:(Paper to be presented at 50th Annual North American Meetings of the Regional Science Association International 20–22 November 2003) 2316:

begins to resemble the Carnot cycle. The main difference is that heat addition (in the boiler) and rejection (in the condenser) are

1731:

of 1905 was the first major warship to replace the proven technology of the reciprocating engine with the then-novel steam turbine.

2504: 1708:

Land-based steam engines could exhaust their steam to atmosphere, as feed water was usually readily available. Prior to and during

1522:

was adopted by James Watt for use on a steam engine in 1788 after Watt's partner Boulton saw one on the equipment of a flour mill

6041: 5726: 5646: 1212:

in fixed buildings may have the boiler and engine in separate buildings some distance apart. For portable or mobile use, such as

1272: 986:

gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating (piston) steam engines, with merchant shipping relying increasingly upon

5519: 4591: 2336:

the fluid of choice due to its favourable properties, such as non-toxic and unreactive chemistry, abundance, low cost, and its

2030:

were manufactured. Some non-condensing direct-drive locomotives did meet with some success for long haul freight operations in

423: 5656: 1679: 4346: 4325: 4302: 4280: 4248: 4215: 4190: 3919: 3831: 3633: 3361: 3316: 3278: 3127: 2989: 2812: 1543:

passing through a high-pressure engine, its temperature drops because no heat is being added to the system; this is known as

1391:

Sometimes the waste heat from the engine is useful itself, and in those cases, very high overall efficiency can be obtained.

4914: 3623: 860:

Watt's patent prevented others from making high pressure and compound engines. Shortly after Watt's patent expired in 1800,

5552: 5325: 4757: 4029: 705:

received patents in 1606 for 50 steam-powered inventions, including a water pump for draining inundated mines. Frenchman

5221: 925:

The first experimental road-going steam-powered vehicles were built in the late 18th century, but it was not until after

5719: 4729: 1454: 690: 1683: 5216: 3778: 3760: 3610: 3480:"Nation Park Service Steam Locomotive article with photo of Fitch Steam model and dates of construction as 1780–1790" 3336: 2837: 2468:

etc. will achieve efficiency in the mid 40% range, with the most efficient units approaching 50% thermal efficiency.

2058: 2046: 409: 5364: 1804:

which additionally can provide means for saving steam as speed and momentum are gained by gradually "shortening the

6067: 5680: 5592: 3730: 2585: 2018:

either use a steam turbine directly for main propulsion, with generators providing auxiliary power, or else employ

1130: 17: 4295:

The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present

3948: 2595: 2422: 1570:

A method to lessen the magnitude of energy loss to a very long cylinder was invented in 1804 by British engineer

1116: 374: 5546: 702: 601: 5651: 5295: 2565: 1816: 920: 46: 2694:

Landes refers to Thurston's definition of an engine and Thurston's calling Newcomen's the "first true engine".

2265:. 1) Feedwater pump 2) Boiler or steam generator 3) Turbine or engine 4) Condenser; where 2101:; the resulting leakage made them very inefficient. Lack of expansive working, or any means of control of the 2063:

An oscillating cylinder steam engine is a variant of the simple expansion steam engine which does not require

1697:. It is noted, however, that triple-expansion reciprocating steam engines were used to drive the World War II 5540: 4939: 2298: 741:

introduced an improvement of Savery's construction "to render it capable of working itself", as described by

384: 5527: 5315: 2802: 1785:– admission, expansion, exhaust, compression. These events are controlled by valves often working inside a 1462:

For safety reasons, nearly all steam engines are equipped with mechanisms to monitor the boiler, such as a

1137: 331: 311: 268: 258: 183: 143: 5665: 4384: 2205:

buildup of sediment and scale which cause local hot spots, especially in riverboats using dirty feed water

1078:

in north-east England became the leading centre for experimentation and development of steam locomotives.

6077: 5383: 5355: 5239: 4851: 4794: 3331:"The Pictorial History of Steam Power" J.T. Van Reimsdijk and Kenneth Brown, Octopus Books Limited 1989, 2460:

A modern, large electrical power station (producing several hundred megawatts of electrical output) with

2421:

The efficiency of a Rankine cycle is usually limited by the working fluid. Without the pressure reaching

2392: 2019: 655: 228: 5254: 6072: 5133: 4693: 4584: 4531: 2906: 2733: 1878:, it has been found advantageous since the late 1830s to advance the admission phase, giving the valve 1875: 983: 931: 639: 558: 316: 1230:) to supply water to the boiler during operation, condensers to recirculate the water and recover the 6082: 5685: 5674: 5532: 5231: 4844: 3479: 2570: 2429:

limit of stainless steel) and condenser temperatures are around 30 °C. This gives a theoretical

2073: 2015: 1687: 1186: 574: 2010:

plants generate electricity by heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an

1027: 5459: 5391: 4651: 4521: 2434: 2085: 2027: 1507: 1442:; however, other types are used. Another means of supplying lower-pressure boiler feed water is an 1284: 1205: 1035: 764:

The first commercially successful engine that could transmit continuous power to a machine was the

379: 321: 306: 301: 248: 3304:

Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age: Technological Invention in the United States 1790–1865

2379: 1136:

Steam locomotives continued to be manufactured until the late twentieth century in places such as

6087: 5751: 5695: 5690: 5611: 5480: 5335: 5280: 5002: 4958: 4564: 4101:"Remarks on the Duty of the Steam Engines employed in the Mines of Cornwall at different periods" 4072: 3505: 2660: 2560: 1398:

as a cold sink. The condensers are cooled by water flow from oceans, rivers, lakes, and often by

1277: 1223:

Engines equipped with a condenser are a separate type than those that exhaust to the atmosphere.

1209: 886: 738: 674: 594: 463: 200: 127: 5498: 5259: 4046: 41:"Steam machine" and "Steam-powered" redirect here. For the video game distribution service, see 6062: 6005: 5700: 5598: 5472: 5439: 5320: 5022: 4971: 4909: 3308: 3302: 1994: 1960: 1954: 1834: 1754: 1725: 1717: 1253: 1121: 678: 467: 351: 336: 296: 278: 173: 79: 72: 4336: 4100: 646:

As of 2023, large reciprocating piston steam engines are still being manufactured in Germany.

5565: 5290: 5211: 5184: 4981: 4899: 4809: 4577: 4180: 3805: 2580: 2555: 2345: 2117: 2102: 1826: 1805: 1652: 1565: 1021: 970: 911: 801: 619: 530: 404: 205: 133: 57: 5625: 4417: 2716: 1882:

so that admission occurs a little before the end of the exhaust stroke in order to fill the

1402:

which evaporate water to provide cooling energy removal. The resulting condensed hot water (

1338:'. It avoids the steam condensing in the engine cylinders, and gives a significantly higher 5974: 5310: 5249: 5110: 4976: 4924: 4861: 4814: 4646: 4526: 4130: 3625:

Creating the Twentieth Century: Technical Innovations of 1867–1914 and Their Lasting Impact

2925: 2011: 1905: 1895: 1838: 1745: 1519: 1503: 1499: 896: 837: 546: 356: 94: 2139:

rotates due to the steam escaping from the arms. No practical use was made of this effect.

1133:

opened in 1830 making exclusive use of steam power for both passenger and freight trains.

1081:

Trevithick continued his own experiments using a trio of locomotives, concluding with the

8: 5880: 5822: 5786: 5619: 5153: 5027: 4944: 4934: 4740: 4666: 4641: 3349: 2575: 2550: 2426: 2109:

revival in interest in the 1880s and 1890s, and a few designs had some limited success..

964: 951: 341: 273: 4496: 4485: 4226: 4134: 3134:. Collected Papers of Rhys Jenkins, Former Senior Examiner in the British Patent Office. 5115: 4611: 4466: 4458: 4210:] (in French). Translated by Carpenter, George W. Camden Miniature Steam Services. 4156: 3085: 2388: 2373: 2321: 2169: 1789:

adjacent to the cylinder; the valves distribute the steam by opening and closing steam

1777:

In most reciprocating piston engines, the steam reverses its direction of flow at each

1257: 1249: 1096: 1075: 1047: 946: 926: 861: 765: 670: 168: 114: 1773:

showing the four events in a double piston stroke. See: Monitoring and control (above)

1621:: The cylinders are arranged in a V (usually at a 90° angle) and drive a common crank. 1384:

The simplest cold sink is to vent the steam to the environment. This is often used on

458: 5416: 5264: 5203: 5158: 5138: 5125: 5105: 5087: 5032: 4986: 4856: 4799: 4502: 4470: 4342: 4321: 4298: 4276: 4269: 4244: 4211: 4186: 4160: 4148: 3915: 3827: 3756: 3629: 3606: 3381: 3357: 3332: 3312: 3274: 3123: 3089: 3018: 2985: 2833: 2808: 2430: 2341: 2121: 2098: 1965: 1770: 1757:

stationary engine. This was the common mill engine of the mid 19th century. Note the

1630: 1544: 1523: 1494: 1474: 1395: 1335: 1304: 1106: 1102: 1031: 877:

Cornish engines were used in mines and for water supply until the late 19th century.

833: 805: 793: 538: 397: 243: 88: 4405:

A Brief History of the Age of Steam: From the First Engine to the Boats and Railways

3882: 2208:

pressure vessel failure of the boiler due to inadequate construction or maintenance.

1765: 1657: 1339: 5979: 5875: 5492: 5453: 5179: 5097: 5067: 4919: 4535: 4450: 4363: 4236: 4143: 4138: 4118: 3077: 2317: 2185: 1778: 1439: 1385: 1312: 1213: 1082: 999: 935: 813: 726: 578: 479: 326: 253: 31: 4375: 2457:

improved. Historically into the range of 10–20%, and very rarely slightly higher.

1581:

in 1805. In the compound engine, high-pressure steam from the boiler expands in a

1119:. This was the first public steam railway in the world and then in 1829, he built 753: 454:

A model of a beam engine featuring James Watt's parallel linkage for double action

5958: 5896: 5807: 5781: 5398: 5340: 5148: 5143: 5057: 5012: 4688: 4616: 4314: 4201: 4033: 3433: 2665: 2605: 2181: 2159: 2113: 2035: 2023: 1850: 1290: 1261: 1126: 1111: 1099: 1013: 1003: 955: 769: 730: 721:

The first commercial steam-powered device was a water pump, developed in 1698 by

698: 610: 604:

patented his invention of the first steam-powered water pump for draining mines.

582: 188: 178: 138: 42: 737:

powering textile machinery. One advantage of Savery's engine was its low cost.

5984: 5927: 5766: 5584: 5433: 5405: 5082: 4904: 4894: 4804: 4626: 4367: 4026: 3883:"Stirling | Internal Combustion Engine | Cylinder (Engine) | Free 30-day Trial" 3527: 2917: 2645: 2610: 2545: 2442: 2400: 2248: 2128:. They were eventually replaced in these niche applications by steam turbines. 1830: 1613: 1463: 1421: 1374: 1362: 1294: 1173: 1168: 1145: 1092: 1063: 1055: 979: 873: 710: 635: 627: 561:, where the working fluid is separated from the combustion products. The ideal 534: 514: 487: 346: 4454: 474: 6056: 5901: 5817: 5802: 5372: 5345: 5244: 5163: 4999: 4698: 4676: 4661: 4559: 4152: 3385: 3271:

The Most Powerful Idea in the World: A Story of Steam, Industry and Invention

2879: 2650: 2640: 2291: 2279: 2262: 2252: 2242: 2089: 2007: 1986: 1942: 1932: 1911: 1713: 1638: 1477:

to regulate the speed of the engine without the need for human interference.

1410: 1399: 1220:

manual valve. The cylinder casting contained steam supply and exhaust ports.

1157: 1087: 1007: 987: 975: 969:

Near the end of the 19th century, compound engines came into widespread use.

900: 777: 757: 722: 694: 686: 605: 566: 562: 550: 522: 35: 5711: 4506: 788: 557:

as "steam engines". The essential feature of steam engines is that they are

6000: 5953: 5776: 5771: 5573: 5330: 5077: 5062: 5017: 4871: 4866: 4711: 4412: 4290: 4073:"GEOTHERMAL BINARY CYCLE POWER PLANT PRINCIPLES, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE" 3081: 2738: 2655: 2635: 2600: 2488: 2472: 2461: 2411: 2361: 2349: 2329: 2309: 2225: 2217: 2149: 1842: 1698: 1571: 1327: 1141: 865: 825: 817: 782: 742: 623: 483: 99: 4539: 4501:. The International Scientific Series. New York: D. Appleton and Company. 3680: 1669:. Such engines use either three or four expansion stages and are known as 1162:

The final major evolution of the steam engine design was the use of steam

6021: 5948: 5917: 5859: 5425: 4996: 4966: 4839: 4716: 4636: 4621: 4600: 2625: 2530: 2511: 2450: 2438: 2415: 2396: 2357: 2325: 2294: 2233:

any larger, the volume of escaping steam would itself endanger the crew.

2131: 1946: 1937: 1758: 1750: 1721: 1709: 1467: 1235: 1231: 734: 706: 590: 510: 148: 3205: 1958:(rotating discs) mounted on a drive shaft, alternating with a series of 1085:

in 1808. Only four years later, the successful twin-cylinder locomotive

5504: 5447: 5072: 5007: 4991: 4929: 4886: 4876: 4656: 4631: 4462: 2615: 2590: 2492: 2465: 2313: 2287: 2257: 2202:

insufficient water in the boiler causing overheating and vessel failure

2125: 2097:

of sealing the rotors to make them steam-tight in the face of wear and

2093: 2064: 2041: 1900: 1846: 1794: 1511: 1378: 1059: 614: 549:

as just described, although some authorities have also referred to the

525:. The steam engine uses the force produced by steam pressure to push a 153: 104: 4441:

Robinson, Eric H. (March 1974). "The Early Diffusion of Steam Power".

3905: 3903: 1458:

Richard's indicator instrument of 1875. See: Indicator diagram (below)

5932: 5922: 5854: 5849: 5300: 5285: 4681: 4262:. Vol. 2: Steam Power. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. 3122:. Cambridge: The Newcomen Society at the Cambridge University Press. 2902: 2620: 2155: 2136: 2026:

set with propulsion provided by electric motors. A limited number of

1331: 1067: 666: 554: 499: 163: 84: 2433:

of about 63% compared with an actual efficiency of 42% for a modern

1976: 1693:), but this was ultimately replaced by the virtually vibration-free 545:

force for work. The term "steam engine" is most commonly applied to

494: 5189: 4416: 3900: 3120:

Links in the History of Engineering and Technology from Tudor Times

2515: 2302: 2069: 1999: 1981: 1915: 1443: 1426: 1227: 1046:

The first full-scale working railway steam locomotive was built by

1017: 829: 542: 109: 4554: 3787:, p. 123, 'The Steam Engine Indicator' Stillman, Paul (1851). 2418:), and release the waste heat at the lowest temperature possible. 1918:

at the top. High-pressure steam enters, red, and exhausts, yellow.

450: 5812: 4297:. Cambridge; NY: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. 3256:

Duty comparison was based on a carefully conducted trial in 1778.

2496: 2441:) is why the Rankine cycle is often used as a bottoming cycle in 2283: 2184:

that contain a great deal of potential energy. Steam escapes and

1801: 1163: 836:

had to be large because the only usable force acting on them was

158: 4749: 4565:

Video of the 1900 steam engine aboard paddle steamer Unterwalden

4119:"A review of gas turbine engine with inter-stage turbine burner" 3974:. Chicago: Farm Implement News Company. 1928. pp. 108–109 . 3972:

The Tractor Field Book: With Power Farm Equipment Specifications

3753:

The Coming of the Comet: The Rise and Fall of the Paddle Steamer

1716:

where speed was required, for instance in warships, such as the

1208:, and the "motor unit", referred to itself as a "steam engine". 665:

As noted, one recorded rudimentary steam-powered engine was the

5305: 5042: 4569: 4275:. Vol. 3: The Transmission of Power. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 3978: 3682:

Mechanization in Industry, National Bureau of Economic Research

3380:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. xvi. 3049: 2685:

This model was built by Samuel Pemberton between 1880 and 1890.

2404: 2031: 1201: 821: 586: 526: 3398:

The American Car since 1775, Pub. L. Scott. Baily, 1971, p. 18

1195: 4824: 4271:

A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930

4260:

A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930

3307:. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 2189: 1071: 1039: 518: 3914:. Penrhyn, UK: Atlantic Transport Publishers. pp. 2–3. 2180:

Steam engines possess boilers and other components that are

2166:

steam leaves through a nozzle, creating a propulsive force.

1473:

Many engines, stationary and mobile, are also fitted with a

3211: 3198: 2998: 2783:(6th ed.). USA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. p. 405. 2229: 2120:

to drive lighting dynamos on their locomotives, and by the

1200:

There are two fundamental components of a steam plant: the

713:

in 1679, and first used a piston to raise weights in 1690.

4356:

Payton, Philip (2004). "Trevithick, Richard (1771–1833)".

4241:

Power from Steam: A history of the stationary steam engine

3576:(reprint of 1923 ed.). Lewes, UK: the Book Guild Ltd. 2924:, pp. 34–35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science, 2853: 2308:

The Rankine cycle is sometimes referred to as a practical

1845:

gears had separate admission and exhaust valves driven by

4386:

Thermodynamics of the Steam-engine and Other Heat-engines

3709: 3707: 3657:, pp. 495–96 Description of the Colt portable engine 3531: 3401: 3376:

Dickinson, Henry W; Titley, Arthur (1934). "Chronology".

3070:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

2804:

Energy resources: occurrence, production, conversion, use

2755:"The History and Future of High Efficiency Steam Engines" 1793:

communicating with the cylinder end(s) and are driven by

490:

of engine was built in 1942–1950 and operated until 1988.

4520: 3865: 3863: 3766: 2320:(constant pressure) processes in the Rankine cycle and 3704: 2984:. Valencia: Universidad de Valencia. pp. 443–54. 2437:. This low turbine entry temperature (compared with a 1260:

and a few full scale cases, the heat source can be an

1226:

Other components are often present; pumps (such as an

4434:

Watt's Perfect Engine: Steam and the Age of Invention

3860: 3502:"Richard Trevithick's steam locomotive | Rhagor" 3447: 3445: 3425: 3413: 3228:. London: B. Steill, Paternoster-Row. pp. 23–24. 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3137: 3101: 3099: 2211:

escape of steam from pipework/boiler causing scalding

2052: 573:

can refer to either complete steam plants (including

4117:

Yin, Feijia; Rao, Arvind Gangoli (1 February 2020).

3692: 3603:

Baureihe 52.80 – Die rekonstruierte Kriegslokomotive

3149: 2718:

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

2471:

It is also possible to capture the waste heat using

2105:, is also a serious problem with many such designs. 1870:

The above effects are further enhanced by providing

1309:

Water is passed through tubes surrounded by hot gas.

4555:

Animated engines – Illustrates a variety of engines

2961: 1825:purposes and makes possible the use of the simpler 1293:that contain water to be boiled, and features that 4313: 4268: 4105:Transactions of the Institution of Civil Engineers 3442: 3161: 3096: 2832:(7th ed.). USA: McGraw-Hill. pp. 29–24. 2715: 2261:Flow diagram of the four main devices used in the 630:, and steam locomotives operated on the railways. 4427:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). pp. 818–850. 3949:"Valves and Steamchest - Advanced Steam Traction" 3356:, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 74, 2768:(8): 24–25 – via engineersaustralia.org.au. 2360:, which was confirmed by the original discoverer 2172:'s carriage was powered by an aeolipile in 1679. 1612:: The cylinders are end to end, driving a common 565:cycle used to analyze this process is called the 27:Engine that uses steam to perform mechanical work 6054: 4080:Orkustofnun (Islandic National Energy Authority) 3990: 3857:Basic Mechanical Engineering by Mohan Sen p. 266 3023:Introductory Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics 2312:because, when an efficient turbine is used, the 4182:Society and Economy in Modern Britain 1700–1850 3468:. London: Frederick Warne and Co. pp. 7–9. 3431: 3375: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 2722:(4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000. 1365:has been used in steam engines without change. 880: 3727:"Fossil Energy: How Turbine Power Plants Work" 3591:. The Hamlyn Publishing Group. pp. 24–30. 3586: 2410:No heat engine can be more efficient than the 2124:for driving dynamos on board the ships of the 2116:are notable. Tower's engines were used by the 1889: 634:in 1921 and 1928. Advances in the design of 5741: 5727: 4765: 4585: 4001:. London: Virtue and Company. pp. 61–63. 3909: 3550: 2922:Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering 2273:=work. Most of the heat is rejected as waste. 2084:It is possible to use a mechanism based on a 1644: 1394:Steam engines in stationary power plants use 533:. This pushing force can be transformed by a 431: 4362:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 4316:An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology 4266: 3936:Dreadnought Gunnery at the Battle of Jutland 3784: 3378:Richard Trevithick, the engineer and the man 3287: 3273:. University of Chicago Press. p. 185. 3253: 2631:Steam power during the Industrial Revolution 2348:. Low boiling hydrocarbons can be used in a 4498:A History of the Growth of the Steam-engine 4016:. London: Charles Griffin. pp. 56–108. 3621: 3435:New England Manufacturers and Manufactories 2387:The historical measure of a steam engine's 1865: 1599:Two-cylinder compounds can be arranged as: 1196:Components and accessories of steam engines 816:'s early engines used half as much coal as 5734: 5720: 4772: 4758: 4592: 4578: 4267:Hunter, Louis C.; Bryant, Lynwood (1991). 3824:A History of Control Engineering 1800–1930 3719: 3580: 3565: 3037: 1373:As with all heat engines, the majority of 915:Steam powered road-locomotive from England 895:The acme of the horizontal engine was the 438: 424: 4487:A Descriptive History of the Steam Engine 4243:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4142: 3212:Nuvolari, Verspagen & Tunzelmann 2003 2905:(1st century BC), published 17, June, 08 2890: 1761:with concave, almost D-shaped, underside. 1449: 1351: 781:The two pistons shared a common four-way 4560:Howstuffworks – "How Steam Engines Work" 4527:The Steam Turbine: The Rede Lecture 1911 4494: 4440: 4199: 3984: 3264: 3262: 3223: 2931: 2778: 2752: 2256: 2130: 2040: 1975: 1973:than a comparable reciprocating engine. 1952:A steam turbine consists of one or more 1936: 1899: 1764: 1749: 1680:Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing "system" 1656: 1498: 1453: 1420: 1271: 1026: 945: 910: 847: 787: 752: 493: 473: 457: 449: 6042:Glossary of steam locomotive components 5647:Glossary of steam locomotive components 4431: 4382: 4359:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4228:The Steam-engine and Other Heat-engines 3846: 3821: 3713: 3628:, Oxford University Press, p. 62, 3556: 3354:A Social History of American Technology 3300: 3238: 3117: 2945:. History.rochester.edu. Archived from 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2079: 1739: 1734: 1585:and then enters one or more subsequent 1530: 748: 701:in Italy in 1629. The Spanish inventor 14: 6055: 4483: 4355: 4311: 4289: 4257: 4116: 4071:Parada, Angel Fernando Monroy (2013). 4070: 4011: 3869: 3796: 3772: 3678: 3666: 3654: 3589:The Pictorial Encyclopedia of Railways 3463: 3451: 3419: 3407: 3186: 3143: 3105: 3055: 2979: 2911: 2162:, although not for direct propulsion. 1993:The main use for steam turbines is in 1180: 785:connected directly to a steam boiler. 589:or turbine machinery alone, as in the 5715: 4753: 4573: 4411: 4402: 4235: 4224: 4178: 3698: 3571: 3348: 3268: 3259: 3155: 3043: 3004: 2943:online history resource, chapter one" 2827: 2800: 2753:Mierisch, Robert Charles (May 2018). 2708: 2380:Engine efficiency § Steam engine 990:, and warships on the steam turbine. 854: 729:. Savery's engine was used in mines, 4107:, Volume 3 (14 January 1840), p. 457 3996: 3669:See description of steam locomotives 3615: 3574:Timothy Hackworth and the Locomotive 3016: 3010: 2901:from "Ten Books on Architecture" by 2830:Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook 2787: 2016:Nuclear-powered ships and submarines 1694: 993: 660: 4477:Rose, Joshua. (1887, reprint 2003) 4334: 3804:. pp. xxv–xxvi. Archived from 3729:. Fossil.energy.gov. Archived from 3504:. Museumwales.ac.uk. Archived from 3438:. volume 1. Van Slyck. p. 198. 2967: 2158:represents the use of steam by the 2076:where their compactness is valued. 1874:: as was later discovered with the 1592:Double-expansion (usually known as 1559: 24: 5499:National Museum of Scotland engine 4730:Timeline of heat engine technology 4395: 3247: 2053:Oscillating cylinder steam engines 2028:steam turbine railroad locomotives 1926: 800:The next major step occurred when 716: 25: 6099: 4779: 4548: 4490:. London: J. Knight and H. Lacey. 4051:Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame 3561:. Cannwood Press. pp. 18–19. 2199:over-pressurisation of the boiler 2059:Oscillating cylinder steam engine 2047:oscillating cylinder steam engine 2036:express passenger work in Britain 1797:, of which there are many types. 1606:: The cylinders are side by side. 1151: 1125:which was entered in and won the 941: 410:Outline of prehistoric technology 317:History of electrical engineering 5681:List of steam technology patents 4599: 4515:Pictorial History of Steam Power 4225:Ewing, Sir James Alfred (1894). 3826:. London: Peter Peregrinus Ltd. 3528:"Steam train anniversary begins" 3241:Theatri Machinarum Hydraulicarum 2734:"Who Invented the Steam Engine?" 2586:List of steam technology patents 2522: 2514:bicycle by John van de Riet, in 2503: 2480: 1537: 1276:An industrial boiler used for a 1216:, the two are mounted together. 1131:Liverpool and Manchester Railway 1042:"Northern" type steam locomotive 906: 4495:Thurston, Robert Henry (1878). 4443:The Journal of Economic History 4110: 4093: 4064: 4039: 4020: 4005: 3963: 3941: 3928: 3875: 3851: 3840: 3815: 3790: 3745: 3672: 3660: 3648: 3595: 3520: 3494: 3472: 3457: 3392: 3369: 3342: 3325: 3232: 3217: 3192: 3111: 3061: 2973: 2688: 1914:are controlled by the rotating 1684:marine triple-expansion engines 1381:at relatively low temperature. 1300:The two most common types are: 1117:Stockton and Darlington Railway 832:of expanding steam. The engine 375:Timeline of historic inventions 5666:Murdoch's model steam carriage 5652:History of steam road vehicles 4383:Peabody, Cecil Hobart (1893). 4341:. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. 4231:. Cambridge: University Press. 4144:10.1016/j.paerosci.2020.100695 4123:Progress in Aerospace Sciences 3601:Michael Reimer, Dirk Endisch: 2941:The growth of the steam engine 2939:"University of Rochester, NY, 2884:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2872: 2846: 2821: 2772: 2746: 2726: 2679: 2566:History of steam road vehicles 2236: 2143: 2092:in place of the cylinders and 1856: 1637:limited space afforded by the 1345: 1295:transfer the heat to the water 1242: 921:History of steam road vehicles 47:Steam machine (disambiguation) 13: 1: 5593:Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine 4389:. New York: Wiley & Sons. 3755:, Seaforth Publishing, 2012, 3466:Our Home Railways, volume one 3017:Lira, Carl T. (21 May 2013). 2781:Steam Power Plant Engineering 2701: 2533:with steam-powered water pump 2367: 2299:William John Macquorn Rankine 1587:lower-pressure (LP) cylinders 1433: 1409:River boats initially used a 808:of Newcomen's engine, with a 569:. In general usage, the term 352:History of nuclear technology 34:. For the steam turbine, see 5316:Return connecting rod engine 4513:Van Riemsdijk, J. T. (1980) 4436:. Columbia University Press. 4376:UK public library membership 4014:Manual of Marine Engineering 3910:van Riemsdijk, John (1994). 3243:. Leipzig: Christoph Zunkel. 2982:Mas alla de la Leyenda Negra 2344:is the working fluid in the 1470:to monitor the water level. 1368: 1297:as effectively as possible. 1256:, furnace). In the case of 881:Horizontal stationary engine 709:did some useful work on the 703:Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont 602:Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont 498:A steam ploughing engine by 332:History of materials science 312:History of computer hardware 269:Arab Agricultural Revolution 184:Fourth Industrial Revolution 144:Second Industrial Revolution 30:For the railway engine, see 7: 5240:Condensing steam locomotive 4530:(1st ed.), Cambridge: 3482:. Nps.gov. 14 February 2002 3226:History of the Steam Engine 3025:. Michigan State University 2807:. Birkhäuser. p. 190. 2538: 2195:Failure modes may include: 2022:, where the steam drives a 2020:turbo-electric transmission 1890:Uniflow (or unaflow) engine 1675:quadruple-expansion engines 1583:high-pressure (HP) cylinder 1488: 1352:§ Types of motor units 984:internal combustion engines 954:on the 1907 oceangoing tug 656:History of the steam engine 640:internal combustion engines 559:external combustion engines 553:and devices such as Hero's 169:Third Industrial Revolution 134:First Industrial Revolution 10: 6104: 5547:"Coalbrookdale Locomotive" 4532:Cambridge University Press 2899:: Chapter VI (paragraph 2) 2801:Wiser, Wendell H. (2000). 2443:combined-cycle gas turbine 2377: 2371: 2246: 2240: 2147: 2056: 1930: 1893: 1876:internal combustion engine 1743: 1650: 1645:Multiple-expansion engines 1563: 1492: 1349: 1282: 1267: 1258:model or toy steam engines 1184: 1155: 997: 962: 932:internal combustion engine 918: 892:fitted in smaller spaces. 884: 653: 649: 40: 29: 6034: 6014: 5993: 5967: 5941: 5910: 5889: 5868: 5842: 5835: 5795: 5759: 5750: 5639: 5610: 5583: 5564: 5553:"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive 5518: 5471: 5424: 5415: 5382: 5363: 5354: 5273: 5230: 5222:Single- and double-acting 5202: 5172: 5124: 5096: 5050: 5041: 4957: 4885: 4832: 4823: 4787: 4738: 4725: 4707: 4607: 4455:10.1017/S002205070007964X 4258:Hunter, Louis C. (1985). 4200:Chapelon, André (2000) . 3224:Galloway, Elajah (1828). 2980:Garcia, Nicholas (2007). 2491:No.1744 at Weybourne nr. 2403:delivered by burning one 2175: 2160:rocket-reaction principle 1667:multiple-expansion engine 1508:Boulton & Watt engine 1187:Advanced steam technology 675:Hellenistic mathematician 622:. Steam engines replaced 385:Complete list by category 347:History of simple machine 5392:Newcomen Memorial Engine 4522:Charles Algernon Parsons 4185:. Taylor & Francis. 4171: 4032:24 November 2019 at the 3785:Hunter & Bryant 1991 3545:iron master's tram rails 3432:Van Slyck, J.D. (1879). 3254:Hunter & Bryant 1991 2672: 2435:coal-fired power station 2395:. Duty is the number of 2338:thermodynamic properties 2086:pistonless rotary engine 1866:Lead in the valve timing 1285:Boiler (steam generator) 1262:electric heating element 1210:Stationary steam engines 689:device was described by 529:back and forth inside a 380:Technological revolution 322:History of manufacturing 307:History of communication 302:History of biotechnology 6068:18th-century inventions 5696:Timeline of steam power 5691:Stationary steam engine 5574:Woolf's compound engine 5481:Soho Manufactory engine 5336:Steeple compound engine 5003:straight line mechanism 4484:Stuart, Robert (1824). 4424:Encyclopædia Britannica 4338:Power Plant Engineering 4179:Brown, Richard (2002). 4047:"William J. M. Rankine" 3987:, pp. 56–72, 120-. 3587:Hamilton Ellis (1968). 3269:Rosen, William (2012). 3239:Leupold, Jacob (1725). 3118:Jenkins, Ryhs (1971) . 2779:Gebhardt, G.F. (1928). 2661:Timeline of steam power 2561:Geared steam locomotive 2487:A steam locomotive – a 1718:dreadnought battleships 1278:stationary steam engine 887:Stationary steam engine 739:Bento de Moura Portugal 733:and supplying water to 595:stationary steam engine 577:etc.), such as railway 128:Proto-industrialization 6006:steam-powered aircraft 5836:Transport applications 5701:Water-returning engine 5675:Lean's Engine Reporter 5448:Chacewater Mine engine 5321:Six-column beam engine 4403:Crump, Thomas (2007). 4368:10.1093/ref:odnb/27723 4203:La locomotive à vapeur 3799:"The Engine Indicator" 3679:Jerome, Harry (1934). 3572:Young, Robert (2000). 3557:Garnett, A.F. (2005). 3301:Thomson, Ross (2009). 3082:10.1098/rstl.1751.0073 3007:, pp. 15, 16, 33. 2571:Lean's Engine Reporter 2274: 2140: 2049: 2045:Operation of a simple 1995:electricity generation 1990: 1949: 1919: 1774: 1762: 1662: 1515: 1459: 1450:Monitoring and control 1430: 1280: 1043: 960: 916: 828:steam, instead of the 804:developed (1763–1775) 797: 761: 585:, or may refer to the 502: 491: 471: 468:Stott Park Bobbin Mill 455: 337:History of measurement 297:History of agriculture 264:Medieval Islamic world 174:Digital transformation 45:. For other uses, see 5541:London Steam Carriage 4672:Steam (reciprocating) 4432:Marsden, Ben (2004). 4320:. London: Routledge. 3797:Walter, John (2008). 3464:Gordon, W.J. (1910). 2581:List of steam museums 2346:mercury vapor turbine 2260: 2134: 2118:Great Eastern Railway 2044: 1979: 1940: 1903: 1768: 1753: 1660: 1653:Compound steam engine 1566:Compound steam engine 1502: 1457: 1424: 1350:Further information: 1275: 1234:of vaporisation, and 1030: 949: 914: 853:perform useful work. 848:High-pressure engines 791: 760:'s steam engine, 1720 756: 620:Industrial Revolution 547:reciprocating engines 497: 477: 461: 453: 405:Outline of technology 291:By type of technology 218:By historical regions 206:Emerging technologies 66:By technological eras 58:History of technology 5980:steam tank (wheeled) 5975:Steam tank (tracked) 5487:Bradley Works engine 5311:Reciprocating engine 5134:Babcock & Wilcox 4977:Centrifugal governor 4479:Modern Steam Engines 4418:"Steam Engine" 4312:McNeil, Ian (1990). 4208:The Steam Locomotive 4012:Seaton, A E (1918). 3912:Compound Locomotives 3822:Bennett, S. (1979). 3622:Vaclav Smil (2005), 3350:Cowan, Ruth Schwartz 2926:University of Aleppo 2529:British horse-drawn 2297:. It is named after 2080:Rotary steam engines 2012:electrical generator 1941:A rotor of a modern 1906:uniflow steam engine 1896:Uniflow steam engine 1746:Reciprocating engine 1740:Reciprocating piston 1735:Types of motor units 1576:Woolf high-pressure 1531:Engine configuration 1520:centrifugal governor 1504:Centrifugal governor 1483:Types of motor units 897:Corliss steam engine 838:atmospheric pressure 749:Piston steam engines 369:Technology timelines 357:History of transport 95:Neolithic Revolution 5881:fireless locomotive 5028:Sun and planet gear 4741:Thermodynamic cycle 4652:Pistonless (Rotary) 4642:Photo-Carnot engine 4413:Ewing, James Alfred 4335:Nag, P. K. (2002). 4135:2020PrAeS.12100695Y 3997:Bell, A.M. (1950). 3410:, pp. 601–628. 2908:accessed 2009-07-07 2854:"Spilling Products" 2828:Green, Don (1997). 2576:List of steam fairs 2551:Compound locomotive 1574:, who patented his 1545:adiabatic expansion 1377:must be emitted as 1181:Present development 965:Marine steam engine 952:marine steam engine 950:A triple-expansion 806:an improved version 342:History of medicine 327:History of maritime 234:Indian subcontinent 6078:English inventions 5752:Stationary engines 5528:Richard Trevithick 5126:Water-tube boilers 4940:Gresley conjugated 3775:, pp. 341–43. 3688:. pp. 166–67. 3534:. 21 February 2004 2374:Thermal efficiency 2275: 2170:Ferdinand Verbiest 2141: 2050: 1991: 1950: 1920: 1775: 1763: 1663: 1524:Boulton & Watt 1516: 1460: 1431: 1396:surface condensers 1281: 1250:combustion chamber 1048:Richard Trevithick 1044: 961: 927:Richard Trevithick 917: 862:Richard Trevithick 810:separate condenser 798: 766:atmospheric engine 762: 671:Hero of Alexandria 503: 492: 472: 470:, Cumbria, England 456: 279:Renaissance Europe 6073:Energy conversion 6050: 6049: 6030: 6029: 5831: 5830: 5709: 5708: 5635: 5634: 5514: 5513: 5198: 5197: 5098:Fire-tube boilers 4953: 4952: 4747: 4746: 4374:(Subscription or 4348:978-0-07-043599-5 4327:978-0-415-14792-7 4304:978-0-521-09418-4 4282:978-0-262-08198-6 4250:978-0-521-34356-5 4237:Hills, Richard L. 4217:978-0-9536523-0-3 4192:978-0-203-40252-8 3921:978-0-906899-61-8 3833:978-0-86341-047-5 3811:on 10 March 2012. 3733:on 12 August 2011 3635:978-0-19-516874-7 3363:978-0-19-504606-9 3318:978-0-8018-9141-0 3280:978-0-226-72634-2 3129:978-0-8369-2167-0 3076:: 436–438. 1752. 3019:"The Savery Pump" 2991:978-84-370-6791-9 2897:"De Architectura" 2814:978-0-387-98744-6 2596:Mechanical stoker 2431:Carnot efficiency 2416:superheated steam 2389:energy efficiency 2186:boiler explosions 2099:thermal expansion 1966:surface condenser 1771:Indicator diagram 1682:was used on some 1631:Vauclain compound 1495:Governor (device) 1440:centrifugal pumps 1386:steam locomotives 1336:superheated steam 1305:Water-tube boiler 1214:steam locomotives 1107:George Stephenson 1103:Middleton Railway 1076:colliery railways 1032:Union Pacific 844 994:Steam locomotives 864:and, separately, 727:boiler explosions 661:Early experiments 579:steam locomotives 448: 447: 249:Hellenistic world 244:Maya civilization 16:(Redirected from 6095: 6083:Gas technologies 5876:Steam locomotive 5840: 5839: 5808:pumping stations 5757: 5756: 5736: 5729: 5722: 5713: 5712: 5659:fardier à vapeur 5493:Whitbread Engine 5454:Smethwick Engine 5422: 5421: 5361: 5360: 5180:Feedwater heater 5048: 5047: 4830: 4829: 4774: 4767: 4760: 4751: 4750: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4571: 4570: 4542: 4510: 4491: 4474: 4437: 4428: 4420: 4408: 4390: 4379: 4371: 4352: 4331: 4319: 4308: 4291:Landes, David S. 4286: 4274: 4263: 4254: 4232: 4221: 4196: 4165: 4164: 4146: 4114: 4108: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4077: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4043: 4037: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4009: 4003: 4002: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3945: 3939: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3907: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3858: 3855: 3849: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3803: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3619: 3613: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3541: 3539: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3508:on 15 April 2011 3498: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3440: 3439: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3346: 3340: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3298: 3285: 3284: 3266: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3201: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3133: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3094: 3093: 3065: 3059: 3058:, p. 62, Note 2. 3053: 3047: 3046:, pp. 16–20 3041: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2935: 2929: 2915: 2909: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2860:. 5 October 2023 2850: 2844: 2843: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2798: 2785: 2784: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2759: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2742:. 19 March 2014. 2730: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2712: 2695: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2526: 2507: 2484: 2445:power stations. 2393:Newcomen designs 2182:pressure vessels 1884:clearance volume 1610:Tandem compounds 1560:Compound engines 1313:Fire-tube boiler 1291:pressure vessels 1095:was used by the 1083:Catch Me Who Can 1062:ironworks, near 1000:Steam locomotive 971:Compound engines 936:Second World War 814:Boulton and Watt 731:pumping stations 677:and engineer in 583:portable engines 480:steam locomotive 440: 433: 426: 259:Byzantine Empire 54: 53: 32:steam locomotive 21: 18:Triple-expansion 6103: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6046: 6026: 6010: 5989: 5963: 5959:portable engine 5937: 5906: 5897:Traction engine 5885: 5864: 5827: 5791: 5782:portable engine 5767:Winding engines 5746: 5740: 5710: 5705: 5631: 5606: 5579: 5560: 5510: 5467: 5411: 5399:Fairbottom Bobs 5384:Newcomen engine 5378: 5350: 5296:Expansion valve 5269: 5255:Watt's separate 5226: 5194: 5168: 5120: 5092: 5037: 5013:Parallel motion 4949: 4900:Stephenson link 4881: 4819: 4788:Operating cycle 4783: 4778: 4748: 4743: 4734: 4721: 4703: 4603: 4598: 4551: 4546: 4398: 4396:Further reading 4393: 4373: 4349: 4328: 4305: 4283: 4251: 4218: 4193: 4174: 4169: 4168: 4115: 4111: 4098: 4094: 4084: 4082: 4075: 4069: 4065: 4055: 4053: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4034:Wayback Machine 4025: 4021: 4010: 4006: 3995: 3991: 3983: 3979: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3954: 3952: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3933: 3929: 3922: 3908: 3901: 3891: 3889: 3881: 3880: 3876: 3868: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3820: 3816: 3808: 3801: 3795: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3750: 3746: 3736: 3734: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3712: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3620: 3616: 3600: 3596: 3585: 3581: 3570: 3566: 3555: 3551: 3537: 3535: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3511: 3509: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3485: 3483: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3462: 3458: 3450: 3443: 3430: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3393: 3374: 3370: 3364: 3347: 3343: 3330: 3326: 3319: 3299: 3288: 3281: 3267: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3237: 3233: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3197: 3193: 3185: 3162: 3158:, pp. 60-. 3154: 3150: 3142: 3138: 3130: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3097: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3015: 3011: 3003: 2999: 2992: 2978: 2974: 2970:, p. 432–. 2966: 2962: 2952: 2950: 2949:on 24 July 2011 2937: 2936: 2932: 2916: 2912: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2886:. 18 July 2007. 2878: 2877: 2873: 2863: 2861: 2858:www.spilling.de 2852: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2799: 2788: 2777: 2773: 2757: 2751: 2747: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2666:Traction engine 2606:Salomon de Caus 2541: 2534: 2527: 2518: 2508: 2499: 2485: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2255: 2245: 2239: 2178: 2152: 2146: 2114:Beauchamp Tower 2082: 2061: 2055: 2024:turbo generator 1935: 1929: 1927:Turbine engines 1909: 1904:Animation of a 1898: 1892: 1868: 1859: 1847:trip mechanisms 1817:expansion valve 1748: 1742: 1737: 1655: 1647: 1619:Angle compounds 1604:Cross compounds 1578:compound engine 1568: 1562: 1540: 1533: 1497: 1491: 1452: 1436: 1371: 1354: 1348: 1287: 1270: 1245: 1206:steam generator 1198: 1189: 1183: 1160: 1154: 1148:was produced). 1140:and the former 1127:Rainhill Trials 1100:rack and pinion 1014:William Murdoch 1010: 1004:Traction engine 998:Main articles: 996: 980:electric motors 967: 944: 923: 909: 889: 883: 850: 770:Thomas Newcomen 751: 719: 717:Pumping engines 699:Giovanni Branca 697:in 1551 and by 663: 658: 652: 636:electric motors 628:paddle steamers 624:sails for ships 611:Thomas Newcomen 515:mechanical work 444: 415: 414: 400: 398:Article indices 390: 389: 370: 362: 361: 292: 284: 283: 274:Medieval Europe 219: 211: 210: 201:Post-industrial 189:Imagination Age 179:Information Age 139:Standardization 67: 50: 43:Steam (service) 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6101: 6091: 6090: 6088:Piston engines 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6038: 6036: 6032: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6024: 6018: 6016: 6015:Miscellaneous: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6008: 6003: 5997: 5995: 5994:Space and air: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5987: 5985:steam catapult 5982: 5977: 5971: 5969: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5945: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5935: 5930: 5928:steam tricycle 5925: 5920: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5904: 5899: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5883: 5878: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5846: 5844: 5837: 5833: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5823:cable tramways 5820: 5818:cable railways 5815: 5810: 5805: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5787:marine engines 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5763: 5761: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5739: 5738: 5731: 5724: 5716: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5671: 5670: 5669: 5663: 5649: 5643: 5641: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5623: 5616: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5596: 5589: 5587: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5577: 5570: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5558: 5557: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5524: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5477: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5465: 5457: 5451: 5445: 5437: 5434:Kinneil Engine 5430: 5428: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5406:Elsecar Engine 5403: 5395: 5388: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5376: 5369: 5367: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5326:Steeple engine 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5236: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5208: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5192: 5187: 5185:Feedwater pump 5182: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5130: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5102: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5054: 5052: 5051:Simple boilers 5045: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5035: 5033:Watt's linkage 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4982:Connecting rod 4979: 4974: 4969: 4963: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4891: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4836: 4834: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4784: 4777: 4776: 4769: 4762: 4754: 4745: 4744: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4732: 4726: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4719: 4714: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4694:Thermoacoustic 4691: 4686: 4685: 4684: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4597: 4596: 4589: 4582: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4550: 4549:External links 4547: 4545: 4544: 4518: 4511: 4492: 4481: 4475: 4438: 4429: 4409: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4391: 4380: 4353: 4347: 4332: 4326: 4309: 4303: 4287: 4281: 4264: 4255: 4249: 4233: 4222: 4216: 4197: 4191: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4109: 4092: 4063: 4038: 4019: 4004: 3989: 3977: 3970:"Backfiring". 3962: 3940: 3934:Brooks, John. 3927: 3920: 3899: 3874: 3872:, p. 445. 3859: 3850: 3839: 3832: 3814: 3789: 3777: 3765: 3744: 3718: 3716:, p. 384. 3703: 3701:, p. 248. 3691: 3671: 3659: 3647: 3634: 3614: 3594: 3579: 3564: 3549: 3519: 3493: 3471: 3456: 3441: 3424: 3422:, p. 601. 3412: 3400: 3391: 3368: 3362: 3341: 3324: 3317: 3286: 3279: 3258: 3246: 3231: 3216: 3204: 3191: 3160: 3148: 3146:, p. 101. 3136: 3128: 3110: 3095: 3060: 3048: 3036: 3009: 2997: 2990: 2972: 2960: 2930: 2918:Ahmad Y Hassan 2910: 2889: 2871: 2845: 2838: 2820: 2813: 2786: 2771: 2745: 2725: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2687: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2646:Steam tricycle 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2611:Steam aircraft 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2528: 2521: 2519: 2509: 2502: 2500: 2486: 2479: 2372:Main article: 2369: 2366: 2249:Thermodynamics 2241:Main article: 2238: 2235: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2177: 2174: 2148:Main article: 2145: 2142: 2081: 2078: 2057:Main article: 2054: 2051: 2006:Virtually all 1931:Main article: 1928: 1925: 1894:Main article: 1891: 1888: 1867: 1864: 1858: 1855: 1744:Main article: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1695:turbine engine 1651:Main article: 1646: 1643: 1623: 1622: 1616: 1614:connecting rod 1607: 1564:Main article: 1561: 1558: 1539: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1493:Main article: 1490: 1487: 1464:pressure gauge 1451: 1448: 1435: 1432: 1400:cooling towers 1375:primary energy 1370: 1367: 1363:compressed air 1347: 1344: 1320: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1307: 1283:Main article: 1269: 1266: 1244: 1241: 1197: 1194: 1185:Main article: 1182: 1179: 1174:electric power 1169:connecting rod 1156:Main article: 1153: 1152:Steam turbines 1150: 1146:DR Class 52.80 1093:Matthew Murray 1064:Merthyr Tydfil 1052:United Kingdom 995: 992: 988:diesel engines 963:Main article: 943: 942:Marine engines 940: 919:Main article: 908: 905: 885:Main article: 882: 879: 874:Cornish engine 849: 846: 796:pumping engine 768:, invented by 750: 747: 718: 715: 711:steam digester 685:A rudimentary 662: 659: 654:Main article: 651: 648: 535:connecting rod 513:that performs 446: 445: 443: 442: 435: 428: 420: 417: 416: 413: 412: 407: 401: 396: 395: 392: 391: 388: 387: 382: 377: 371: 368: 367: 364: 363: 360: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 293: 290: 289: 286: 285: 282: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 224:Ancient Africa 220: 217: 216: 213: 212: 209: 208: 203: 197: 196: 192: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 123: 122: 118: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 82: 76: 75: 73:Pre-industrial 68: 65: 64: 61: 60: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6100: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6063:Steam engines 6061: 6060: 6058: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6033: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5992: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5966: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5942:Construction: 5940: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5909: 5903: 5902:steam tractor 5900: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5803:Power station 5801: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5777:steam donkeys 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5744: 5737: 5732: 5730: 5725: 5723: 5718: 5717: 5714: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5638: 5627: 5624: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5609: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5563: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5542: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5534:Puffing Devil 5531: 5530: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5520:High-pressure 5517: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5473:Rotative beam 5470: 5463: 5462: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5381: 5374: 5373:Savery Engine 5371: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5347: 5346:Working fluid 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5023:Rotative beam 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 5000:hypocycloidal 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4781:Steam engines 4775: 4770: 4768: 4763: 4761: 4756: 4755: 4752: 4742: 4737: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4724: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4709: 4706: 4700: 4699:Manson engine 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4677:Steam turbine 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4612:Carnot engine 4610: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4595: 4590: 4588: 4583: 4581: 4576: 4575: 4572: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4519: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4499: 4493: 4489: 4488: 4482: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4449:(1): 91–107. 4448: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4400: 4388: 4387: 4381: 4377: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4360: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4340: 4339: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4318: 4317: 4310: 4306: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4273: 4272: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4229: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4198: 4194: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4113: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4081: 4074: 4067: 4052: 4048: 4042: 4035: 4031: 4028: 4027:Steam Rockets 4023: 4015: 4008: 4000: 3993: 3986: 3985:Chapelon 2000 3981: 3973: 3966: 3951:. 3 June 2017 3950: 3944: 3937: 3931: 3923: 3917: 3913: 3906: 3904: 3888: 3884: 3878: 3871: 3866: 3864: 3854: 3848: 3843: 3835: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3807: 3800: 3793: 3786: 3781: 3774: 3769: 3762: 3761:1-4738-1328-X 3758: 3754: 3751:Nick Robins, 3748: 3732: 3728: 3722: 3715: 3710: 3708: 3700: 3695: 3684: 3683: 3675: 3668: 3663: 3656: 3651: 3637: 3631: 3627: 3626: 3618: 3612: 3611:3-7654-7101-1 3608: 3604: 3598: 3590: 3583: 3575: 3568: 3560: 3553: 3546: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3481: 3475: 3467: 3460: 3453: 3448: 3446: 3437: 3436: 3428: 3421: 3416: 3409: 3404: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3372: 3365: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3345: 3338: 3337:0-7064-0976-0 3334: 3328: 3320: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3305: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3282: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3263: 3255: 3250: 3242: 3235: 3227: 3220: 3213: 3208: 3195: 3188: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3157: 3152: 3145: 3140: 3131: 3125: 3121: 3114: 3107: 3102: 3100: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3057: 3052: 3045: 3040: 3024: 3020: 3013: 3006: 3001: 2993: 2987: 2983: 2976: 2969: 2964: 2948: 2944: 2942: 2934: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2907: 2904: 2898: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2875: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2841: 2839:0-07-049841-5 2835: 2831: 2824: 2816: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2782: 2775: 2767: 2763: 2756: 2749: 2741: 2740: 2735: 2729: 2720: 2719: 2711: 2707: 2691: 2682: 2678: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2651:Steam turbine 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2641:Steam tractor 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2543: 2532: 2525: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2512:steam-powered 2506: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2478: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2452: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2423:supercritical 2419: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2381: 2375: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2301:, a Scottish 2300: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2263:Rankine cycle 2259: 2254: 2253:Heat transfer 2250: 2244: 2243:Rankine cycle 2234: 2231: 2227: 2226:fusible plugs 2222: 2219: 2218:safety valves 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2151: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2090:Wankel engine 2087: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2060: 2048: 2043: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2008:nuclear power 2004: 2002: 2001: 1996: 1989:-powered ship 1988: 1987:steam turbine 1984: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1957: 1956: 1948: 1944: 1943:steam turbine 1939: 1934: 1933:Steam turbine 1924: 1917: 1913: 1912:poppet valves 1907: 1902: 1897: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1863: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1841:, and later, 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1772: 1767: 1760: 1756: 1755:Double acting 1752: 1747: 1732: 1730: 1729: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1714:steam turbine 1711: 1706: 1702: 1700: 1699:Liberty ships 1696: 1692: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1642: 1640: 1639:loading gauge 1634: 1632: 1628: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1579: 1573: 1567: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1546: 1538:Simple engine 1535: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1486: 1484: 1478: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1456: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1411:jet condenser 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1366: 1364: 1358: 1353: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1318:circulators). 1316: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1286: 1279: 1274: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1193: 1188: 1178: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1159: 1158:Steam turbine 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1009: 1008:Steam tractor 1005: 1001: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 976:steam turbine 972: 966: 959: 958: 953: 948: 939: 937: 933: 928: 922: 913: 907:Road vehicles 904: 902: 901:Rumford Medal 898: 893: 888: 878: 875: 870: 867: 863: 858: 856: 845: 841: 839: 835: 831: 827: 824:generated by 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 795: 790: 786: 784: 779: 778:Jacob Leupold 774: 771: 767: 759: 758:Jacob Leupold 755: 746: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 723:Thomas Savery 714: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 695:Ottoman Egypt 692: 688: 687:steam turbine 683: 680: 676: 672: 669:described by 668: 657: 647: 644: 641: 637: 631: 629: 625: 621: 616: 612: 607: 606:Thomas Savery 603: 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 567:Rankine cycle 564: 563:thermodynamic 560: 556: 552: 551:steam turbine 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 523:working fluid 520: 516: 512: 508: 501: 496: 489: 485: 481: 476: 469: 465: 460: 452: 441: 436: 434: 429: 427: 422: 421: 419: 418: 411: 408: 406: 403: 402: 399: 394: 393: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 372: 366: 365: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 294: 288: 287: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 239:Ancient China 237: 235: 232: 230: 229:Ancient Egypt 227: 225: 222: 221: 215: 214: 207: 204: 202: 199: 198: 194: 193: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 129: 125: 124: 120: 119: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 90: 86: 83: 81: 78: 77: 74: 70: 69: 63: 62: 59: 56: 55: 52: 48: 44: 37: 36:steam turbine 33: 19: 6001:Steam rocket 5954:steam shovel 5949:Steam roller 5890:Agriculture: 5772:rolling mill 5745:applications 5743:Steam engine 5742: 5686:Modern steam 5673: 5658: 5620:Porter-Allen 5599: 5533: 5460: 5440: 5397: 5331:Safety valve 5260:"Pickle-pot" 5154:Thimble tube 4780: 4712:Beale number 4671: 4667:Split-single 4601:Heat engines 4525: 4514: 4497: 4486: 4478: 4446: 4442: 4433: 4422: 4404: 4385: 4357: 4337: 4315: 4294: 4270: 4259: 4240: 4227: 4207: 4202: 4181: 4126: 4122: 4112: 4104: 4095: 4083:. Retrieved 4079: 4066: 4054:. Retrieved 4050: 4041: 4022: 4013: 4007: 3998: 3992: 3980: 3971: 3965: 3953:. Retrieved 3943: 3935: 3930: 3911: 3890:. Retrieved 3886: 3877: 3853: 3847:Bennett 1979 3842: 3823: 3817: 3806:the original 3792: 3780: 3768: 3752: 3747: 3737:25 September 3735:. Retrieved 3731:the original 3721: 3714:Peabody 1893 3694: 3681: 3674: 3662: 3650: 3639:, retrieved 3624: 3617: 3605:, GeraMond, 3602: 3597: 3588: 3582: 3573: 3567: 3559:Steel Wheels 3558: 3552: 3543: 3536:. Retrieved 3522: 3510:. Retrieved 3506:the original 3496: 3484:. Retrieved 3474: 3465: 3459: 3434: 3427: 3415: 3403: 3394: 3377: 3371: 3353: 3344: 3327: 3303: 3270: 3249: 3240: 3234: 3225: 3219: 3214:, p. 4. 3207: 3194: 3151: 3139: 3119: 3113: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3051: 3039: 3027:. Retrieved 3022: 3012: 3000: 2981: 2975: 2963: 2951:. Retrieved 2947:the original 2940: 2933: 2921: 2913: 2896: 2892: 2883: 2874: 2862:. Retrieved 2857: 2848: 2829: 2823: 2803: 2780: 2774: 2765: 2762:EHA Magazine 2761: 2748: 2739:Live Science 2737: 2728: 2717: 2710: 2690: 2681: 2656:Still engine 2636:Steam shovel 2601:James Rumsey 2489:GNR N2 Class 2473:cogeneration 2470: 2462:steam reheat 2459: 2455: 2451:Gas turbines 2447: 2420: 2412:Carnot cycle 2409: 2386: 2383: 2362:Joseph Black 2354: 2350:binary cycle 2334: 2330:Carnot cycle 2310:Carnot cycle 2307: 2295:power plants 2276: 2270: 2266: 2223: 2214: 2194: 2179: 2168: 2164: 2153: 2150:Steam rocket 2111: 2107: 2088:such as the 2083: 2062: 2005: 1998: 1992: 1985:– the first 1980: 1971: 1959: 1953: 1951: 1945:, used in a 1921: 1883: 1879: 1871: 1869: 1860: 1843:poppet valve 1821: 1814: 1809: 1799: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1776: 1727: 1722:ocean liners 1707: 1703: 1688: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1664: 1648: 1635: 1626: 1624: 1618: 1609: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1591: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1572:Arthur Woolf 1569: 1554: 1550: 1541: 1534: 1517: 1482: 1479: 1472: 1461: 1437: 1416: 1408: 1403: 1393: 1390: 1383: 1372: 1359: 1355: 1328:superheating 1325: 1321: 1299: 1289:Boilers are 1288: 1246: 1236:superheaters 1225: 1222: 1218: 1199: 1190: 1161: 1142:East Germany 1135: 1120: 1110: 1086: 1080: 1060:Pen-y-darren 1045: 1011: 968: 956: 924: 894: 890: 871: 866:Oliver Evans 859: 851: 842: 818:John Smeaton 799: 783:rotary valve 775: 763: 743:John Smeaton 735:water wheels 720: 684: 664: 645: 632: 599: 571:steam engine 570: 507:steam engine 506: 504: 484:East Germany 254:Roman Empire 126: 71:Premodern / 51: 6022:Steam clock 5918:Steam wagon 5860:steam yacht 5417:Watt engine 5217:Oscillating 5173:Boiler feed 5018:Plate chain 4997:Tusi couple 4910:Walschaerts 4795:Atmospheric 4717:West number 4637:Minto wheel 4622:Gas turbine 4099:John Enys, 4085:13 December 4056:13 December 3999:Locomotives 3870:Hunter 1985 3773:Hunter 1985 3763:, Chapter 4 3667:McNeil 1990 3655:Hunter 1985 3452:Payton 2004 3420:Hunter 1985 3408:Hunter 1985 3187:Hunter 1985 3144:Landes 1969 3106:Landes 1969 3056:Landes 1969 2626:Steam crane 2546:Boyle's law 2531:fire engine 2439:gas turbine 2397:foot-pounds 2358:latent heat 2326:temperature 2237:Steam cycle 2188:(typically 2144:Rocket type 1947:power plant 1857:Compression 1835:Walschaerts 1810:"kick back" 1787:steam chest 1759:slide valve 1728:Dreadnought 1710:World War I 1468:sight glass 1346:Motor units 1243:Heat source 1232:latent heat 1144:(where the 1097:edge railed 707:Denis Papin 691:Taqi al-Din 679:Roman Egypt 591:beam engine 511:heat engine 464:mill engine 149:Machine Age 80:Prehistoric 6057:Categories 5796:Continuous 5760:Reversible 5626:Ljungström 5612:High-speed 5505:Lap Engine 5461:Resolution 5365:Precursors 5250:Kirchweger 5212:Locomotive 5159:Three-drum 5139:Field-tube 5106:Locomotive 5088:Lancashire 5008:Link chain 4992:Crankshaft 4959:Mechanisms 4887:Valve gear 4657:Rijke tube 4378:required.) 4129:: 100695. 4036:Tecaeromax 3699:Hills 1989 3512:3 November 3486:3 November 3200:p. 3. 3156:Brown 2002 3044:Hills 1989 3005:Hills 1989 2953:3 February 2702:References 2616:Steam boat 2591:Live steam 2493:Sheringham 2466:economizer 2378:See also: 2368:Efficiency 2324:(constant 2322:isothermal 2314:TS diagram 2269:=heat and 2247:See also: 2126:Royal Navy 2094:valve gear 1827:Stephenson 1795:valve gear 1769:Schematic 1512:Lap Engine 1485:section). 1434:Water pump 1404:condensate 1379:waste heat 1340:efficiency 1330:it turns ' 1122:The Rocket 1112:Locomotion 1109:built the 1105:. In 1825 1022:John Fitch 855:Ewing 1894 826:condensing 802:James Watt 615:James Watt 543:rotational 154:Atomic Age 105:Bronze Age 100:Copper Age 5968:Military: 5933:steam car 5923:steam bus 5855:steamship 5850:Steamboat 5813:factories 5657:Cugnot's 5600:Salamanca 5301:Hydrolock 5286:Crosshead 5232:Condenser 5068:Egg-ended 4682:Aeolipile 4543:(lecture) 4540:Q19099885 4471:153489574 4161:226624605 4153:0376-0421 3641:3 January 3386:637669420 3090:186208904 2903:Vitruvius 2880:"turbine" 2864:5 October 2621:Steam car 2156:aeolipile 2137:aeolipile 2122:Admiralty 1837:motions. 1802:mechanism 1726:HMS 1627:quartered 1369:Cold sink 1332:wet steam 1088:Salamanca 1070:in south 1068:Abercynon 1058:from the 834:cylinders 776:In 1720, 667:aeolipile 555:aeolipile 164:Space Age 85:Stone Age 6035:See also 5640:See also 5566:Compound 5441:Old Bess 5281:Blowback 5204:Cylinder 5190:Injector 5149:Stirling 5144:Sentinel 5058:Haystack 4972:Cataract 4945:Southern 4935:Caprotti 4810:Compound 4689:Stirling 4617:Fluidyne 4536:Wikidata 4524:(1911), 4507:16507415 4415:(1911). 4293:(1969). 4239:(1989). 4030:Archived 3938:. p. 14. 3352:(1997), 3029:11 April 2968:Nag 2002 2920:(1976). 2556:Cylinder 2539:See also 2516:Dortmund 2318:isobaric 2303:polymath 2070:trunnion 2034:and for 2000:Turbinia 1982:Turbinia 1916:camshaft 1594:compound 1489:Governor 1475:governor 1444:injector 1427:injector 1334:' into ' 1228:injector 1164:turbines 1115:for the 1018:Scottish 957:Hercules 830:pressure 531:cylinder 110:Iron Age 5843:Marine: 5356:History 5265:Surface 5083:Cornish 5043:Boilers 4925:Corliss 4862:Corliss 4845:D slide 4815:Uniflow 4805:Cornish 4627:Hot air 4463:2116960 4131:Bibcode 3955:19 June 3538:13 June 3339:, p. 30 2497:Norfolk 2342:Mercury 2292:nuclear 2284:biomass 1961:stators 1839:Corliss 1689:Olympic 1671:triple- 1506:in the 1268:Boilers 1254:firebox 1056:tramway 1050:in the 650:History 575:boilers 521:as its 486:. This 159:Jet Age 115:Ancient 5668:(1784) 5662:(1769) 5628:(1908) 5622:(1862) 5603:(1812) 5595:(1805) 5585:Murray 5576:(1803) 5555:(1804) 5549:(1803) 5543:(1803) 5537:(1801) 5507:(1788) 5501:(1786) 5495:(1785) 5489:(1783) 5483:(1782) 5464:(1781) 5456:(1779) 5450:(1778) 5444:(1777) 5436:(1768) 5408:(1795) 5402:(1760) 5394:(1725) 5375:(1698) 5341:Stroke 5306:Piston 5291:Cutoff 5164:Yarrow 5116:Launch 5111:Scotch 4872:Sleeve 4867:Poppet 4852:Piston 4833:Valves 4825:Valves 4662:Rocket 4647:Piston 4538: 4505: 4469: 4461: 4372: 4345: 4324: 4301: 4279: 4247: 4214: 4189: 4159: 4151: 3918: 3892:21 May 3887:Scribd 3830: 3759: 3632: 3609: 3384: 3360: 3335: 3315: 3277: 3126: 3088: 2988: 2836: 2811: 2405:bushel 2290:, and 2190:BLEVEs 2176:Safety 2103:cutoff 2065:valves 2032:Sweden 1955:rotors 1833:, and 1806:cutoff 1783:events 1779:stroke 1720:, and 1466:and a 1357:work. 1202:boiler 1129:. The 1034:, an " 1006:, and 982:, and 822:vacuum 792:Early 587:piston 527:piston 517:using 195:Future 121:Modern 89:lithic 5911:Road: 5869:Rail: 5274:Other 5078:Flued 5063:Wagon 4987:Crank 4930:Lentz 4920:Baker 4915:Allan 4840:Slide 4467:S2CID 4459:JSTOR 4206:[ 4172:Books 4157:S2CID 4076:(PDF) 3809:(PDF) 3802:(PDF) 3686:(PDF) 3086:S2CID 2758:(PDF) 2673:Notes 2427:creep 2280:solar 2224:Lead 2074:ships 1791:ports 1691:class 1510:1788 1138:China 1072:Wales 1040:4-8-4 1036:FEF-3 541:into 539:crank 519:steam 509:is a 500:Kemna 488:class 482:from 466:from 5426:Beam 4967:Beam 4877:Bash 4857:Drop 4800:Watt 4503:OCLC 4343:ISBN 4322:ISBN 4299:ISBN 4277:ISBN 4245:ISBN 4212:ISBN 4187:ISBN 4149:ISSN 4087:2022 4058:2022 3957:2024 3916:ISBN 3894:2020 3828:ISBN 3757:ISBN 3739:2011 3643:2009 3630:ISBN 3607:ISBN 3540:2009 3514:2009 3488:2009 3382:OCLC 3358:ISBN 3333:ISBN 3313:ISBN 3275:ISBN 3124:ISBN 3031:2014 2986:ISBN 2955:2010 2866:2023 2834:ISBN 2809:ISBN 2401:work 2288:coal 2251:and 2230:lead 2154:The 1910:The 1880:lead 1872:lead 1851:cams 1673:and 1518:The 1016:, a 872:The 794:Watt 673:, a 638:and 593:and 581:and 537:and 5245:Jet 5073:Box 4905:Joy 4895:Gab 4632:Jet 4451:doi 4364:doi 4139:doi 4127:121 3532:BBC 3078:doi 2399:of 2135:An 1849:or 1831:Joy 1822:lap 1812:). 1425:An 1204:or 1091:by 1066:to 693:in 626:on 6059:: 4534:, 4465:. 4457:. 4447:34 4445:. 4421:. 4155:. 4147:. 4137:. 4125:. 4121:. 4103:, 4078:. 4049:. 3902:^ 3885:. 3862:^ 3706:^ 3542:. 3530:. 3444:^ 3311:. 3309:34 3289:^ 3261:^ 3163:^ 3098:^ 3084:. 3074:47 3072:. 3021:. 2882:. 2856:. 2789:^ 2764:. 2760:. 2736:. 2510:A 2495:, 2464:, 2352:. 2340:. 2305:. 2286:, 2282:, 2014:. 1829:, 1724:. 1342:. 1264:. 1252:, 1038:" 1002:, 978:, 840:. 812:. 613:. 597:. 505:A 478:A 462:A 5735:e 5728:t 5721:v 4773:e 4766:t 4759:v 4593:e 4586:t 4579:v 4517:. 4509:. 4473:. 4453:: 4407:. 4370:. 4366:: 4351:. 4330:. 4307:. 4285:. 4253:. 4220:. 4195:. 4163:. 4141:: 4133:: 4089:. 4060:. 3959:. 3924:. 3896:. 3836:. 3741:. 3516:. 3490:. 3454:. 3388:. 3321:. 3283:. 3189:. 3132:. 3108:. 3092:. 3080:: 3033:. 2994:. 2957:. 2928:. 2868:. 2842:. 2817:. 2766:2 2271:W 2267:Q 2068:( 1908:. 1514:. 439:e 432:t 425:v 91:) 87:( 49:. 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index