1711:
4662:
3086:
3882:
541:
520:
4256:
3996:
4432:
101:
2211:
4586:
3195:
999:. However, George T. Beech states that there is only one documented battle that William fought in the Iberian Peninsula, and it occurred towards the end of his life. Beech adds that while the sources of William's inspirations are uncertain, he and his father did have individuals within their extended family with Iberian origins, and he may have been friendly with some Europeans who could speak the Arabic language. Regardless of William's personal involvement in the tradition's creation,
3544:
4499:
4792:
7864:
4549:
7874:
1388:
4729:
3813:. When a writer seeks to avoid using unglossed Occitan, the incipit of the song may be given in translation instead or a title may even be invented to reflect the theme of the work. Especially in translations designed for a popular audience, such as Ezra Pound's, English titles are commonly invented by the translator/editor. There are examples, however, of troubadour songs given Occitan titles in the manuscripts, such as an anonymous
3481:
3449:
3126:. The messenger was commonplace in troubadour poetry; many songs reference a messenger who will bring it to its intended ear. A troubadour often stayed with a noble patron of his own and entertained his court with his songs. Court songs could be used not only as entertainment but also as propaganda, praising the patron, mocking his enemies, encouraging his wars, teaching ethics and etiquette, and maintaining religious unity.
3298:
3955:
4183:
33:
4109:
3842:, who placed sources he considered more reliable higher in the alphabet. This system is imperfect, however, since many of the chansonniers produced for an Italian audience are heavily edited and do not necessarily more closely resemble the original compositions. While parchment chansonniers are more durable, paper ones also exist and have received lower-case
1309:. It is viewed either as a strength or weakness that this theory requires a second theory about how the neoplatonism was transmitted to the troubadours; perhaps it can be coupled with one of the other origins stories or perhaps it is just peripheral. Käte Axhausen has "exploited" this theory and A. J. Denomy has linked it with the Arabist (through
1087:, among the aristocracy of Europe can account for the idea (fusion) of "courtly love". The existence of pre-Christian matriarchy has usually been treated with scepticism as has the persistence of underlying paganism in high medieval Europe, though the Celts and Germanic tribes were certainly less patriarchal than the Greco-Romans.
1750:, is not generally applied to the composition of music or to singing, though the troubadour's poetry itself is not so careful. Sometime in the middle of the 12th century, however, a distinction was definitely being made between an inventor of original verse and the performers of others'. The latter were called
3833:
The number of
Occitan parchment chansonniers given as extant varies between authors, depending on how they treat fragmentary and multilingual manuscripts. Conventionally, fragments are classified as fragments of the surviving chansonnier they most closely resemble and not as chansonniers in their own
1544:
The 450 or so troubadours known to historians came from a variety of backgrounds. They made their living in a variety of ways, lived, and travelled in many different places, and were actors in many types of social context. The troubadours were not wandering entertainers. Typically, they stayed in one
1461:
The classical period of troubadour activity lasted from about 1170 until about 1213. The most famous names among the ranks of troubadours belong to this period. During this period the lyric art of the troubadours reached the height of its popularity and the number of surviving poems is greatest from
1395:
The first half of the 12th century saw relatively few recorded troubadours. Only in the last decades of the century did troubadour activity explode. Almost half of all troubadour works that survive are from the period 1180–1220. In total, moreover, there are over 2,500 troubadour lyrics available to
983:
and other scholars found three lines that they believed were in some form of Arabic, indicating a potential
Andalusian origin for his works. The scholars attempted to translate the lines in question, though the medievalist Istvan Frank contended that the lines were not Arabic at all, but instead the
3269:
Beginning in the early 13th century, the spread of
Occitan verse demanded grammars and dictionaries, especially for those whose native tongue was not Occitan, such as the Catalan and Italian troubadours, and their imitators. The production of such works only increased with the academisation of the
1169:
resembling that of the troubadours. On those grounds, no theory of the latter's origins in classical or post-classical Latin can be constructed, but that has not deterred some, who believe that a pre-existing Latin corpus must merely be lost to us. That many troubadours received their grammatical
1493:
The classical period came to be seen by later generations, especially in the 14th and 15th centuries and outside of
Occitania, as representing the high point of lyric poetry and models to be emulated. The language of the classic poets, its grammar and vocabulary, their style and themes, were the
1050:
Chronologically, however, this hypothesis is hard to sustain, as the forces believed to have given rise to the phenomenon arrived later than it, but the influence of
Bernardine and Marian theology can be retained without the origins theory. This theory was advanced early by Eduard Wechssler and
1994:
975:) influences on the music of the troubadours. Later scholars like J.B. Trend have asserted that the poetry of troubadours is connected to Arabic poetry written in the Iberian Peninsula, while others have attempted to find direct evidence of this influence. In examining the works of
1326:
3390:
1194:
This theory or set of related theories has gained ground in the 20th century. It is more a methodological approach to the question than a theory; it asks not from where the content or form of the lyric came but rather in what situation or circumstances did it arise. Under
2337:. All the trobairitz whose families we know were high-born ladies; only one, Lombarda, was probably of the merchant class. All the trobairitz known by name lived around the same time: the late 12th and the early 13th century (c. 1170 – c. 1260). The earliest was probably
542:
2019:
party and writing political verse in
Occitan rhyme. These figures generally came from the urban middle class. They aspired to high culture and though, unlike the nobility, they were not patrons of literature, they were its disseminators and its readers.
2588:, though the term lived on as an antique expression for the troubadours' early works and was even employed with a more technically meaning by the last generation of troubadours (mid-14th century), when it was thought to derive from the Latin word
521:
2444:
regularly escapes modern scholarly interpretation. Words are commonly used metaphorically and symbolically and what a poem appears to be about on its surface is rarely what is intended by the poet or understood by audiences "in the know". The
1042:
that most strongly influenced the development of the troubadour genre. Specifically, the emphasis on religious and spiritual love, disinterestedness, mysticism, and devotion to Mary explained "courtly love". The emphasis of the reforming
5340:
Les vies des plus célèbres et anciens poètes provençaux ([Reprod. en fac-sim.]) / Jehan de
Nostredame ; nouvelle édition ... préparée par Camille Chabaneau ; et publiée avec une introduction et commentaire par Joseph
950:
The early study of the troubadours focused intensely on their origins. No academic consensus was ever achieved in the area. Today, one can distinguish at least eleven competing theories (the adjectives used below are a blend from the
1836:
assured that it covered a multitude of activities, some, no doubt, with which
Riquier did not wish to be associated. In the end Riquier argued—and Alfonso X seems to agree, though his "response" was probably penned by Riquier—that a
1651:
Many troubadours also possessed a clerical education. For some this was their springboard to composition, since their clerical education equipped them with an understanding of musical and poetic forms as well as vocal training. The
1958:
are important early works of vernacular prose nonfiction. Nevertheless, it appears that many of them derive their facts from literal readings of their objects' poems, which leaves their historical reliability in doubt. Most of the
1289:. This poem was originally inserted in a serial of modulations ending a liturgic song. Then the trope became an autonomous piece organized in stanza form. The influence of late 11th-century poets of the "Loire school", such as
1368:(c. 1102). This may be the earliest reference to troubadour lyrics. Orderic also provides us (1135) with what may be the first description of a troubadour performance: an eyewitness account of William of Aquitaine.
2592:(truth) and was thus used to describe moralising or didactic pieces. The early troubadours developed many genres and these only proliferated as rules of composition came to be put in writing. The known genres are:
623:, musical, and poetical fiction. After the "classical" period around the turn of the 13th century and a mid-century resurgence, the art of the troubadours declined in the 14th century and around the time of the
2207:) survives. Out of a total of about 450 troubadours and 2,500 troubadour works, the trobairitz and their corpus form a minor but interesting and informative portion. They are, therefore, quite well studied.
3801:, that is, their opening lines. If this is long, or after it has already been mentioned, an abbreviation of the incipit may be used for convenience. A few troubadour songs are known by "nicknames", thus
2488:
or a hybrid of the two. They were often moralising in tone and critical of contemporary courtly society. Another early school, whose style seems to have fallen out of favour, was the "Gascon school" of
4827:
1620:
Later troubadours especially could belong to lower classes, ranging from the middle class of merchants and "burgers" (persons of urban standing) to tradesmen and others who worked with their hands.
3213:
1141:
religious doctrine. While the theory is supported by the traditional and near-universal account of the decline of the troubadours coinciding with the suppression of
Catharism during the
1502:
in 1323) and their
Catalan and Castilian contemporaries aspired. During the classical period the "rules" of poetic composition had first become standardised and written down, first by
2540:. The latter three were natives of Béziers and all four lived there. All were members of the urban middle class and no courtesans: Miralhas was possibly a potter and Bernart was a
2218:
The trobairitz were in most respects as varied a lot as their male counterparts, with the general exceptions of their poetic style and their provenance. They wrote predominantly
3211:
2566:. The Béziers poets are a shining example of the transformation of Occitania in the aftermath of the Albigensian Crusade, but also of the ability of troubadours to survive it.
1553:
The earliest known troubadour, the Duke of Aquitaine, came from the high nobility. He was followed immediately by two poets of unknown origins, known only by their sobriquets,
2464:
Modern scholars recognise several "schools" in the troubadour tradition. Among the earliest is a school of followers of Marcabru, sometimes called the "Marcabrunian school":
47:
2063:. It was probably during his three-year tenure there that he introduced Occitan lyric poetry to the city, which was later to develop a flourishing Occitan literary culture.
2967:. Among the more than one hundred works of Cerverí de Girona are many songs with unique labels, which may correspond more to "titles" than "genres", but that is debatable:
1373:
Picauensis uero dux ... miserias captiuitatis suae ... coram regibus et magnatis atque Christianis coetibus multotiens retulit rythmicis uersibus cum facetis modulationibus
1352:, however, believes that " songs represent not the beginnings of a tradition but summits of achievement in that tradition." His name has been preserved because he was the
1378:
Then the Poitevin duke ... the miseries of his captivity ... before kings, magnates, and Christian assemblies many times related with rhythmic verses and witty measures.
906:
In archaic and classical troubadour poetry, the word is only used in a mocking sense, having more or less the meaning of "somebody who makes things up". Cercamon writes:
1545:
place for a lengthy period of time under the patronage of a wealthy nobleman or woman. Many did travel extensively, however, sojourning at one court and then another.
3114:, many of which have survived, or possibly from more rudimentary (and temporary) songbooks, none of which have survived, if they even existed. Some troubadours, like
2278:. None of the trobairitz were prolific, or if they were their work has not survived. Only two have left us more than one piece: the Comtessa de Dia, with four, and
1145:(first half of the 13th century), support for it has come in waves. The explicitly Catholic meaning of many early troubadour works also works against the theory.
3212:
4030:
1710:
4390:
3249:. Fewer than 300 melodies out of an estimated 2500 survive. Most were composed by the troubadours themselves. Some were set to pre-existing pieces of music.
1813:
were performers who did not usually compose. They often performed the troubadours' songs: singing, playing instruments, dancing, and even doing acrobatics.
938:, after which he proceeds to explain why none of them is worth anything. When referring to themselves seriously, troubadours almost invariably use the word
5115:
4999:
698:
was borrowed from the French word first recorded in 1575 in a historical context to mean "langue d'oc poet at the court in the 12th and 13th century" (
3415:, the last section of which, "Perilhos tractatz d'amor de donas, seguon qu'en han tractat li antic trobador en lurs cansos", is an Occitan grammar.
4968:
4936:
1954:, the manuscript collections of medieval troubadour poetry, the works of a particular author are often accompanied by a short prose biography. The
445:
2917:
and they could be used to attack and renounce a figure other than a lady or a lover, like a commanding officer (when combined, in a way, with the
5355:
5525:
3788:
Some 2,600 poems or fragments of poems have survived from around 450 identifiable troubadours. They are largely preserved in songbooks called
2199:
There are several anonymous texts ascribed to women; the total number of trobairitz texts varies from twenty-two (Schultz-Gora), twenty-five (
5682:
Beech, George T. (1992). "Troubadour Contacts with Muslim Iberia and Knowledge of Arabic: New Evidence Concerning William IX of Aquitaine".
2195:. The number of trobairitz varies between sources: there were twenty or twenty-one named trobairitz, plus an additional poet known only as
1281:
means "inventing a trope", the trope being a poem where the words are used with a meaning different from their common signification, i.e.
51:
6193:
2728:
2196:
5621:
Veldeman, Marie-Christine (2001). "Egypt, or the quest for syncretism and spiritual wholeness in Lawrence Durrell's Avignon Quintet".
3834:
right. Some chansonniers have received both Occitan and French letters: troubadour D is trouvère H, W is M and X is U. The lettering (
2524:, once the centre of pre-Albigensian Languedoc and of the Trencavel lordships, in the 1260s–80s. Four poets epitomise this "school":
2513:
and was characterised by references to nature: leaves, flowers, birds, and their songs. This Gascon "literary fad" was unpopular in
6497:
2791:
2009:
A phenomenon arose in Italy, recognised around the turn of the 20th century by Giulio Bertoni, of men serving in several cities as
2601:(morning song) – the song of a lover as dawn approaches, often with a watchman warning of the approach of a lady's jealous husband
1974:(from Occitan for "reason") was a similar short piece of Occitan prose detailing the circumstances of a particular composition. A
7035:
2562:, the only known one of its kind, to a burgher of Béziers. Joan Esteve and Bernart both composed in support of the French in the
1211:
have suggested that the "essential hegemony" in the castle of the lord's wife during his absence was a driving force. The use of
6249:
The world of Eleanor of Aquitaine : literature and society in southern France between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries
1844:
Despite the distinctions noted, many troubadours were also known as jongleurs, either before they began composing or alongside.
7527:
1247:, Jeanroy's reviewer, in 1891 who first located troubadour origins in the festive dances of women hearkening the spring in the
925:(These troubadours, between truth and lies/corrupt lovers, women and husbands, / and keep saying that Love proceeds obliquely).
5467:
3319:
Prose guide to poetic composition that defends the superiority of Occitan over other vernaculars. Occitan–Italian dictionary.
6279:
6134:
4235:
1018:, though it only began translating major romances from Arabic into Latin in the second half of the thirteenth century, with
6527:
1742:(compose, invent), which was usually applied to the writing of poetry. It signified that a poem was original to an author (
438:
143:
2345:, who died in 1242, though her period of poetic patronage and composition probably occurred a quarter century earlier, or
6364:
Trobador Poets: Selections from the Poems of Eight Trobadors, Translated from the Provençal with Introduction & Notes
3129:
The court was not the only venue for troubadour performance. Competitions were held from an early date. According to the
1746:) and was not merely sung or played by one. The term was used mostly for poetry only and in more careful works, like the
5132:
4961:
4894:
4858:
4810:
4754:
4639:
4521:
4342:
4274:
4201:
4054:
3973:
3932:
3018:
but sometimes separately. Some styles became popular in other languages and in other literary or musical traditions. In
7369:
6861:
6305:
5922:
5743:
5718:
5663:
1519:
2461:, rather it employs a rich vocabulary, using many words, rare words, invented words, and unusual, colourful wordings.
1396:
be studied as linguistic artifacts (Akehurst, 23). The troubadour tradition seems to have begun in western Aquitaine (
1305:
This theory is one of the more intellectualising. The "ennobling effects of love" in specific have been identified as
6256:
6168:
6115:
6067:
5994:
73:
7751:
3179:
awarded floral prizes to the best poetry in various categories, judging it by its accordance with a code called the
2574:
Troubadours, at least after their style became established, usually followed some set of "rules", like those of the
2203:), thirty-six (Bruckner, Shepard, and White), and forty-six (Rieger). Only one melody composed by a trobairitz (the
7736:
7709:
6522:
1805:, in general and in specific, with named individuals being called out. It is clear, for example from the poetry of
1215:
terminology in troubadour poems is seen as evidence. This theory has been developed away from sociological towards
151:
4575:
7731:
4022:
1824:, a noted patron of literature and learning of all kinds, for clarification on the proper reference of the terms
1648:
as coming from a poor family, but whether this family was poor by noble standards or materially is not apparent.
1175:
431:
55:
7741:
6990:
6333:
Silverstein, Theodore (1949). "Andreas, Plato, and the Arabs: Remarks on Some Recent Accounts of Courtly Love".
2764:– a poetical exchange between two or more poets in which one is presented with a dilemma by another and responds
980:
7047:
6655:
6537:
4830:. Also trouvère manuscript U and therefore has marks of French influence. Contains troubadour music. Owned by
2424:). The first was by far the most common: the wording is straightforward and relatively simple compared to the
7949:
7944:
7939:
6856:
6460:
2643:
1841:
was a courtly entertainer (as opposed to popular or low-class one) and a troubadour was a poet and composer.
5586:
Abu-Haidar, JA (1989). "The Diminutives in the "dīwān" of Ibn Quzmān: A Product of Their Hispanic Milieu?".
3149:. The most famous contests were held in the twilight of the troubadours in the 14th and 15th centuries. The
7929:
7914:
7904:
6975:
6890:
6490:
2359:
1527:
1015:
967:
The sixteenth century Italian historian Giammaria Barbieri was perhaps the first to suggest Arabian (also
7919:
94:
6289:
4661:
7854:
7719:
6517:
5196:
3082:) was first mentioned in the troubadour tradition (c. 1324), but only as being performed by jongleurs.
2269:
1669:
1003:
states that Arab poetry was likely one of several influences on European "courtly love poetry", citing
880:
853:
269:
139:
17:
4139:
2341:, who was active in the 1150s (the date of her known composition is uncertain). The latest was either
1174:, clerics) and that many were trained musically by the Church is well-attested. The musical school of
7934:
7909:
7714:
7389:
7384:
7030:
6431:
1978:
normally introduced the poem it explained; it might, however, share some of the characteristics of a
988:
952:
6445:
6042:
4831:
3566:
3156:
3085:
2924:
1781:
At the height of troubadour poetry (the "classical period"), troubadours are often found attacking
1535:
1499:
1257:
raises the question of the extent of literature (oral or written) in the 11th century and earlier.
6268:
Trobairitz: Der Beitrag der Frau in der altokzitanischen höfischen Lyrik. Edition des Gesamtkorpus
2149:
of Arles in 1220, though he does not fit the phenomenon Giulio Bertoni first identified in Italy.
7867:
7015:
6945:
6483:
6437:
6272:
Trobairitz: The Contribution of Women in Old Occitan Courtly Poetry. Edition of the entire corpus
6218:(1981). "Close Encounters in Medieval Provence: Spain's Role in the Birth of Troubadour Poetry".
4602:
4374:
3570:
3172:
2374:
2342:
2016:
1715:
1539:
1345:
1329:
976:
818:
116:
7726:
6416:
5413:, coll. Que sais-je ?, éditions PUF, 1982, p. 49. 2) Imparisyllabiques β) Mots en -OR -ŌRE.
3881:
3510:
2138:
as variously a Ghibelline and a Guelph. He was a patron as well as a composer of Occitan lyric.
42:
may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
7924:
7877:
7756:
7562:
7218:
6905:
5541:"Of the Arab Origin of Modern Europe: Giammaria Barbieri, Juan Andrés, and the Origin of Rhyme"
5014:
4922:
4678:
4480:
4448:
2432:. This style was the most accessible and it was immensely popular. The most famous poet of the
2235:
2142:
1885:
6598:
4255:
2716:– a long didactic poem, usually not divided into stanzas, teaching a moral or practical lesson
2210:
7818:
7133:
6985:
6841:
6836:
6698:
6315:
6247:
Paden, William D. (2005). "Troubadours and History". In Marcus Bull; Catherine Léglu (eds.).
5820:
5655:
5649:
4778:
4129:
3758:
3250:
2548:
and the French aristocracy against the native Occitan nobility. They have been described as "
2322:
1570:
1440:, whence to the rest of modern Spain and then Portugal. This development has been called the
1294:
1129:
then available to scholars have all been cited as classical influences on troubadour poetry.
1034:
According to the Bernardine-Marianist (or Christian) theory, it was the theology espoused by
611:
583:. Under the influence of the troubadours, related movements sprang up throughout Europe: the
222:
147:
7280:
6910:
6215:
4245:
1228:
7899:
7630:
7625:
7532:
7349:
7336:
7285:
7254:
7203:
7094:
6940:
6755:
6740:
6683:
6633:
6593:
6550:
6178:
3995:
3494:
3430:
3146:
3138:
3094:
2853:– a poetical debate which was usually an exchange between two poets, but could be fictional
2437:
2334:
2028:
1821:
1473:
1436:(c. 1200). Finally, in the early 13th century it began to spread into first Italy and then
1357:
1314:
1035:
1008:
349:
344:
294:
264:
249:
176:
7000:
6770:
6183:
4431:
2932:
1832:. According to Riquier, every vocation deserved a name of its own and the sloppy usage of
8:
7833:
7828:
7676:
7459:
7249:
7148:
7079:
6955:
6950:
6895:
6811:
6781:
6638:
6628:
6583:
6545:
6319:
5498:
5101:
5075:
4983:
4782:
4710:
4688:
4458:
4411:
4308:
4162:
4088:
3898:
3204:
2959:
in the new sense (a moralising song) that was also highly critical and thus combined the
2861:– a poetical debate between three or more persons, often with a judge (like a tournament)
2525:
2477:
2364:
2346:
2318:
2298:
2245:
2177:
2079:
1881:
1661:
1610:
1602:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1344:
The earliest troubadour whose work survives is Guilhèm de Peitieus, better known as Duke
1142:
1044:
931:
386:
259:
171:
6920:
6562:
4906:
4533:
4354:
4066:
3985:
2748:– a boasting song, often presented as a challenge, often similar to modern sports chants
991:
stated that the troubadour tradition was created by William, who had been influenced by
7787:
7777:
7746:
7557:
7537:
7379:
7275:
7223:
7183:
7168:
7084:
6935:
6846:
6618:
6392:
6350:
6235:
6094:
5603:
5568:
5519:
5349:
4951:
4800:
4773:
4012:
3778:
3700:
3673:
3651:
3613:
3164:
3134:
3090:
3057:
2545:
2498:
2386:
2127:
2075:
1913:
1877:
1845:
1677:
1657:
1183:
1056:
699:
5486:
5317:: "Compendium of the knowledge of the vices that can be expressed in the Gay Science".
5315:
Compendi de la conexença dels vicis que.s podon esdevenir en las dictats del Gay Saber
3502:
Mainly covers rhetoric and errors, and is littered with examples of troubadour verse.
3122:, probably both a singer and a messenger, who carried his love songs to his lady, was
3118:, had their own jongleurs who were dedicated to singing their patron's work. Arnaut's
2509:("of that time"). This style of poetry seems to be attached to early troubadours from
1480:, reputed by his biographer to be the greatest composer of melodies to ever live, and
1047:
on "matronage" to achieve his ends can explain the troubadour attitude towards women.
1014:
Methods of transmission from Arab Iberia to the rest of Europe did exist, such as the
7873:
7659:
7547:
7517:
7477:
7424:
7359:
7270:
7265:
7213:
7173:
7110:
7089:
6995:
6980:
6930:
6791:
6750:
6678:
6588:
6301:
6275:
6252:
6164:
6130:
6111:
6063:
5990:
5918:
5876:
5739:
5714:
5659:
5607:
5560:
4539:
4098:
3115:
3019:
2580:(compiled between 1328 and 1337). Initially all troubadour verses were called simply
2563:
2469:
2338:
2249:
1869:
1857:
1849:
1641:
1598:
1477:
1353:
1122:
580:
418:
371:
299:
289:
284:
193:
100:
3529:
containing a unique grammar, including a catalogue of poetic genres, expands on the
2901:
could be written with religious significance, addressed to God or the Virgin; and a
1673:
7671:
7419:
7342:
7295:
7259:
7229:
7208:
6900:
6885:
6644:
6384:
6342:
6227:
6086:
5691:
5630:
5595:
5552:
5468:
Richard Lemay, « À propos de l'origine arabe de l'art des troubadours »,
5228:
5038:
4585:
4565:
4121:
3806:
3640:
3557:
2517:
in the early 13th century, harming the reputation of the poets associated with it.
2494:
1964:
1943:
1921:
1909:
1893:
1861:
1693:
1685:
1625:
1621:
1590:
1290:
1274:
1080:
814:
559:
535:
527:
468:
381:
304:
279:
5144:
4870:
4822:
4766:
4651:
4286:
4213:
3944:
2811:– the song of a lover waiting impatiently for the evening (to consummate his love)
2584:, yet this soon came to be reserved for only love songs and was later replaced by
1273:) songs. This theory is supported by Reto Bezzola, Peter Dronke, and musicologist
7823:
7647:
7552:
7512:
7448:
7404:
6796:
6775:
6760:
6706:
6613:
6449:
5398:
5253:
3462:
3403:
3181:
3071:
2799:
2576:
2354:
2240:
2204:
1865:
1853:
1817:
1806:
1629:
1582:
1481:
1449:
1365:
1364:
referred to William composing songs about his experiences on his return from the
1361:
1333:
1023:
873:"provoke emotion, excitement, agitation; make music, entertain by singing" as in
761:
606:
514:
366:
254:
6145:
6108:
The Origin and Meaning of Courtly Love: A Critical Study of European Scholarship
5455:
The origin and meaning of courtly love: a critical study of European scholarship
4993:
4616:
1200:
7782:
7652:
7642:
7522:
7453:
7414:
7394:
7374:
7104:
7074:
6960:
6816:
6786:
6506:
5338:
5085:
4538:
Contains more troubadour music than any other manuscript. Perhaps produced for
4421:
4318:
4172:
3908:
3735:
3346:
2807:
2553:
2537:
2378:
2258:
is usually assigned a female authorship. They wrote almost entirely within the
2087:
1873:
1665:
1614:
1578:
1574:
1266:
1240:
1232:
1052:
773:
594:
361:
309:
124:
5599:
4384:
3375:
A catalogue and explanation of the different poetic genres. It expands on the
2283:
2039:
between 1218 and 1221. Rambertino, a Guelph, served at one time or another as
1997:
Late 16th-century Italian cursive on paper, recording a song of Perceval Doria
1770:, which has come to refer to a more specific breed of performer. The medieval
7893:
7588:
7487:
7354:
7322:
7178:
7099:
6745:
6623:
6606:
6197:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 308–311.
6188:
5564:
4379:
3343:
2597:
2533:
2465:
2168:
2071:
1216:
1162:
1101:
769:
228:
6925:
5634:
5588:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
5369:
54:
any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
7813:
7620:
7583:
7542:
7507:
7482:
7467:
6965:
6801:
6576:
6077:
Aubrey, Elizabeth (1989). "References to Music in Old Occitan Literature".
5812:
5695:
3839:
3412:
3367:
3311:
3151:
2658:
2616:
2501:. Cercamon was said by his biographer to have composed in the "old style" (
2330:
1889:
1681:
1637:
1562:
1503:
1464:
1248:
1244:
1208:
1166:
726:
670:
635:
589:
555:
376:
339:
329:
90:
4498:
1251:. This theory has since been widely discredited, but the discovery of the
1243:
gave rise to troubadour poetry in 1883. According to F. M. Warren, it was
7808:
7803:
7598:
6970:
6915:
6821:
6669:
5223:
4791:
3790:
3543:
3526:
3111:
3075:
3038:
2777:
2529:
2421:
2416:
2274:
2107:
2031:, possibly the first troubadour native to the Italian Peninsula, who was
1990:
in terms of reliability. Many are likewise the work of Uc de Saint Circ.
1951:
1306:
1072:
1019:
1000:
996:
660:
639:
624:
552:
187:
6877:
5572:
5540:
3188:
Troubadour songs are still performed and recorded today, albeit rarely.
2326:
2310:
602:
205:
7399:
7069:
6765:
6731:
6456:
4548:
3258:
3232:
2857:
2744:
2712:
2549:
2544:(teacher). All wrote in Occitan but were supporters of the French king
2410:
2404:
2314:
2279:
2260:
2200:
2191:
2158:
1606:
1490:, or political song, which became increasingly popular in this period.
1332:
portrayed as a knight, who first composed poetry on returning from the
1265:
Hans Spanke analysed the intertextual connexion between vernacular and
1204:
861:
849:
810:
786:
753:
730:
654:
648:
568:
6693:
6396:
6354:
6239:
6098:
5556:
5432:
5304:: "The flowers of the Gay Science, which are called the laws of love".
2521:
2011:
1569:
as poor knights. It was one of the most common descriptors of status.
1360:
is often credited as a predecessor, though none of his work survives.
1114:
274:
7610:
7472:
7290:
7025:
6426:
6411:
6156:
5943:
5186:
4884:
4728:
4702:
4619:. Called Z in the reassignment of letter names by François Zufferey.
4607:
4594:
4227:
4044:
3963:
3922:
3868:
3334:
3246:
3176:
3123:
3048:
2976:
2823:
2768:
2736:
2605:
2306:
2294:
2070:-troubadours to follow Rambertino, four were from Genoa: the Guelphs
1917:
1901:
1820:
bemoaned the inexactness of his contemporaries and wrote a letter to
1801:". Inevitably, however, pieces of these genres are verbal attacks at
1689:
1507:
1486:
1468:, or love song, became distinguishable as a genre. The master of the
1437:
1421:
1387:
1270:
1039:
886:
845:
676:
584:
576:
575:
The troubadour school or tradition began in the late 11th century in
566:
is etymologically masculine, a female equivalent is usually called a
334:
210:
6688:
3470:
Contains many examples of troubadour verse, designed to augment the
2845:) – an Italian genre imported into Occitan verse in the 13th century
2402:
Three main styles of Occitan lyric poetry have been identified: the
2238:, survives (though two anonymous ones are attributed to women). One
1186:
were in use there in the era preceding the troubadours' appearance.
7772:
7692:
7615:
7578:
7061:
6851:
6831:
6806:
6388:
6346:
6231:
6090:
5734:
Mona Baker and Kirsten Malmkjaer, ed. (1997). "Spanish tradition".
5019:
4927:
4848:
4683:
4670:
4629:
4557:
4511:
4507:
4485:
4472:
4453:
4440:
4403:
4332:
4300:
4264:
4240:
4191:
4154:
4117:
4080:
4004:
3890:
3708:
A catalogue of all the "vices" one can commit by transgressing the
3480:
3448:
3160:
3066:
2865:
2760:
2704:
2696:
2666:
2514:
2490:
2473:
2450:
2357:, known between 1235 and 1257. There exist brief prose biographies—
2302:
2265:
1905:
1775:
1633:
1586:
1558:
1554:
1523:
1495:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1310:
1286:
1282:
1236:
1004:
844:
as "to compose, to discuss, to invent". It has the support of some
715:
631:
620:
598:
548:
402:
216:
105:
5171:
3297:
3110:(singers) also performed troubadours' songs. They could work from
3106:
Troubadours performed their own songs. Jongleurs (performers) and
2609:– a song defined by poetic metre, but perhaps once related to the
86:
Composer and performer of lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages
7686:
7664:
7635:
7593:
7364:
7020:
6568:
6555:
6475:
6202:
Jones, W. Powell (1931). "The Jongleur Troubadours of Provence".
6182:
3798:
2815:
2688:
2682:
2510:
2185:
but in feminine form. There were also female counterparts to the
2135:
2131:
2119:
2095:
2083:
2044:
1993:
1767:
1723:
1405:
1196:
1179:
1158:
1154:
1084:
992:
706:, p. 14 in Gdf. Compl.). The first use and earliest form of
396:
354:
181:
5733:
5433:"Pride and Prejudice in Medieval Studies: European and Oriental"
5176:
4108:
3954:
3349:. A rhymary and Latin–Occitan dictionary designed for Italians.
7409:
7331:
6826:
5201:
5043:
4956:
4844:
4738:
4715:
4570:
4182:
4017:
3168:
3028:
2838:
2828:
2773:
2752:
2651:
2633:
2220:
2115:
2060:
2056:
1897:
1719:
1594:
1433:
1397:
1253:
1212:
1138:
1137:
According to this thesis, troubadour poetry is a reflection of
1118:
1055:) and Guido Errante. Mario Casella and Leo Spitzer have added "
643:
6421:
1325:
492:
7681:
7605:
5191:
5181:
5161:
5139:
4901:
4865:
4817:
4761:
4646:
4528:
4368:
4349:
4281:
4208:
4134:
4061:
3980:
3939:
3389:
2943:
and not a mixture of genres as sometimes supposed. Cerverí's
2849:
2783:
2720:
2673:
2637:
2610:
2558:
2290:, which has not survived; no other piece of hers has either.
2254:
2226:
2103:
2091:
2052:
2048:
2036:
1126:
776:
682:
665:
480:
391:
2803:– a love letter addressed to another, not always one's lover
2787:– a lament, especially on the death of some important figure
1227:
This theory may relate to spring folk rituals. According to
642:, intellectual, and formulaic. Many were humorous or vulgar
501:
5166:
5106:
5080:
4988:
4416:
4313:
4167:
4093:
3903:
3145:, some sort of poetry society associated with the court of
3060:. The troubadours were not averse to borrowing either. The
2756:– a song complaining about a lady's behaviour and character
2369:
2167:
were the female troubadours, the first female composers of
2099:
1531:
1153:
The troubadour lyric may be a development of the Christian
1096:
1076:
984:
result of the rewriting of the original by a later scribe.
741:
486:
5931:
5844:
1785:
and at least two small genres arose around the theme: the
1613:
is described as the son of a noble jongleur, presumably a
1472:
and the troubadour who epitomises the classical period is
1356:, but his work plays with already established structures;
6125:
Bruckner, Matilda; Shepard, Laurie; White, Sarah (2000).
5767:
Gerald A. Bond, "Origins", in Akehurst and Davis, p. 243.
5758:
Gerald A. Bond, "Origins", in Akehurst and Davis, p. 246.
5337:
Nostredame, Jean de (1507?-1577) Auteur du texte (1913).
3257:("The Calends of May") to music composed by jongleurs at
2272:, are usually considered to belong to the more demanding
1656:
of the following troubadours note their clerical status:
840:
There is an alternative theory to explain the meaning of
630:
The texts of troubadour songs deal mainly with themes of
6442:
5302:
Las flors del Gay Saber, estiers dichas las leys d'amors
2692:– a song heavily discordant in verse form and/or feeling
1793:. These terms are debated, however, since the adjective
1476:. He was highly regarded by his contemporaries, as were
1095:
The classical Latin theory emphasises parallels between
893:. Another Arabic root had already been proposed before:
6321:
Die provenzalischen Dichterinnen: Biographien und Texte
1182:
has been singled out in this regard. "Para-liturgical"
934:
also begins his famous mockery of contemporary authors
704:
Les vies des plus célèbres et anciens Poètes provençaux
6422:
The University of Naples' troubadours' text collection
6009:
edited by Stanley Sadie. Macmillan Press Ltd., London.
5832:
Gerald A. Bond, "Origins", in Akehurst and Davis, 244.
3872:(with external link to digitization, where available)
3565:
First commissioned in 1323. Prose rules governing the
2873:
All these genres were highly fluid. A cross between a
903:) "strike", by extension "play a musical instrument".
686:
were especially popular in the post-classical period.
5967:
5955:
2724:– a poem expressing indignation or feelings of insult
764:. This reconstructed form is based on the Latin root
6124:
5949:
5894:
5882:
3797:
Troubadour songs are generally referred to by their
1408:, from there spreading over into eastern Aquitaine (
1113:
that predominated in the 11th century in and around
721:
The French word itself is borrowed from the Occitan
498:
489:
483:
477:
474:
5782:
5770:
2632:– the love song, usually consisting of five or six
2453:but only favoured by a few masters thereafter. The
2282:, with three or four. One of the known trobairitz,
2141:Mention should be made of the Provençal troubadour
789:Latin shifted regularly to in Occitan (cf. Latin
471:
1494:ideal to which poets of the troubadour revival in
1062:
772:. In turn, the Latin word derives ultimately from
6027:Paden, "Manuscripts", in Akehurst and Davis, 329.
3141:, a prized hunting bird, for his poetry from the
2905:may be nothing more than a political attack. The
2831:, originally put in the mouth of a paid soldier (
2428:and literary devices are less common than in the
7891:
6326:The Provençal Women Poets: Biographies and Texts
3010:Most "Crusading songs" are classified either as
1051:further by Dmitri Scheludko (who emphasises the
579:, but it subsequently spread to the Italian and
6452:- site on courtly love, literature, troubadours
6438:Troubadour Poetry: An Intercultural Experience.
6251:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 157–182.
3621:Final, expanded, prose version of the previous
1165:has even been suggested. There is no preceding
89:"Trovatore" redirects here. For the opera, see
6226:(1 (Williams Memorial Issue, Winter)): 43–64.
5987:An Introduction to Old Provençal Versification
1297:, is stressed in this connexion by Brinkmann.
1260:
856:practices. According to them, the Arabic word
852:to justify the troubadours' origins in Arabic
809:explains the Occitan suffix, according to its
646:. Works can be grouped into three styles: the
6491:
6058:Akehurst, F. R. P.; Davis, Judith M. (1995).
6057:
5736:Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies
1963:were composed in Italy in the 1220s, many by
1011:" as an example of a similar Arab tradition.
439:
6314:
6062:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
5937:
5799:
5797:
5677:
5675:
5130:
4892:
4856:
4808:
4752:
4637:
4519:
4340:
4272:
4199:
4052:
3971:
3930:
3264:
1754:in both Occitan and Catalan, from the Latin
1628:were described as the sons of merchants and
898:
874:
868:
7141:
6455:
6332:
6294:Los trovadores: historia literaria y textos
6110:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
5850:
5470:Annales. Économies, sociétés, civilisations
5457:. Manchester University Press. p. 131.
5452:
5354:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3097:as a prize for his performance in a contest
2520:In the late 13th century a school arose at
2293:The trobairitz came almost to a woman from
1738:are relatively rare compared with the verb
1718:. These were in the court of the king, two
1170:training in Latin through the Church (from
6498:
6484:
5708:
5585:
5524:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5416:
5336:
3766:A rhymary and Catalan–Occitan dictionary.
2181:and its derivation is the same as that of
2074:, who also served in Florence, Milan, and
1565:. Many troubadours are described in their
760:"to compose, to invent a poem" by regular
714:, found in a 12th-century Occitan text by
446:
432:
6288:
6163:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5973:
5794:
5672:
5509:
4771:Also trouvère manuscript M. Contains the
3379:and may be the concluding section of the
2893:could be "invented" by a single poet; an
1561:, and by a member of the princely class,
1420:. At its height it had become popular in
995:music and poetry while fighting with the
752:may come, in turn, from the hypothetical
74:Learn how and when to remove this message
6461:"Troubadors: Their Sorts and Conditions"
6328:] (in German). Leipzig: Gustav Fock.
6300:] (in Spanish). Barcelona: Planeta.
6154:
6150:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5620:
5538:
3828:
3084:
2209:
1992:
1709:
1699:
1386:
1324:
99:
7132:
7036:List of Galician-Portuguese troubadours
6427:Complete works of the major troubadours
6298:Troubadours: Literary History and Texts
6274:] (in German). Tübingen: Niemeyer.
6214:
6143:
6040:
5817:Observatoire de terminologie littéraire
5385:The Poetry of Cercamon and Jaufre Rudel
5362:
5296:
5294:
5292:
3442:, poorly preserved in the manuscripts.
2130:, a nobleman of high rank who governed
1942:is a brief prose biography, written in
1029:
957:The Origins and Meaning of Courtly Love
14:
7892:
6412:Database of extant Troubadour melodies
6371:Warren, F. M. (1912). "The Troubadour
6370:
6361:
6265:
6076:
5961:
5788:
5776:
5647:
5391:
5370:"Troubadour: Etymologie de Troubadour"
5114:Copy of a lost manuscript compiled by
4998:Copy of a lost manuscript compiled by
4967:Copy of a lost manuscript compiled by
4935:Copy of a lost manuscript compiled by
3270:troubadour lyric in the 14th century.
2001:
1636:was the son of a "poor fisherman" and
1632:was the son of a burger and jongleur.
93:. For other uses of "troubadour", see
6479:
6366:. New York: Cooper Square Publishers.
6246:
6201:
6177:
6105:
6007:The Grove Concise Dictionary of Music
5917:. Abingdon: Routlegde. pp. xiv.
5900:
5888:
5681:
5472:, vol. 21, n°5, 1966, p. 991 (French)
4828:Chansonnier de Saint-Germain-des-Prés
3361:"Doctrinal of understanding sayings"
2397:
2297:. There are representatives from the
1986:suffer from the same problems as the
1797:seems to imply "in the manner of the
1448:
1348:(1071–1126). Peter Dronke, author of
1109:, and the lyric of courtly love. The
1067:The survival of pre-Christian sexual
740:"to compose, to discuss, to invent" (
534:
513:
6018:Gaunt and Kay, "Appendix 4", 303–04.
5912:
5806:
5654:. University of California. p.
5483:Puois nostre temps comens'a brunezir
5382:
5289:
5286:: "Verses and rules of composition".
3438:A condensed verse adaptation of the
2772:– the tale of the love request of a
2700:– a dance designed for sad occasions
1462:this period. During this period the
26:
6862:Other troubadours and trobairitz...
5411:La formation de la langue française
3862:Provenance (place of origin, date)
3070:and the sonnet was stolen from the
2377:, the Comtessa de Dia, Castelloza,
2252:) is also extant and one anonymous
2175:was first used in the 13th-century
2171:in the Western tradition. The word
2086:, and Bologna, and the Ghibellines
1456:
899:
875:
869:
664:(closed). Likewise there were many
24:
6505:
6417:Literary Encyclopedia: Troubadour.
5950:Bruckner, Shepard & White 2000
5866:, Perennial Library, 1968. p. 111.
4964:= Càmpori Appendice 426, 427, 494
3193:
1927:
1520:List of troubadours and trobairitz
1090:
25:
7961:
6405:
6043:"The Rhetoric of the Troubadours"
5709:Bogin, Magda; Bogin, Meg (1995).
3743:An Occitan rhymary for Catalans.
1758:, giving rise also to the French
921:E van dizen qu'Amors vay en biays
916:Afollon drutz e molhers et espos,
911:Ist trobador, entre ver e mentir,
848:, specialists of literature, and
7872:
7863:
7862:
6161:The Troubadours: An Introduction
6129:. New York: Garland Publishing.
5989:, (Darby, PA: Diane Publishing,
5133:Bibliothèque nationale de France
4895:Bibliothèque nationale de France
4859:Bibliothèque nationale de France
4811:Bibliothèque nationale de France
4790:
4755:Bibliothèque nationale de France
4727:
4660:
4640:Bibliothèque nationale de France
4584:
4547:
4522:Bibliothèque nationale de France
4497:
4430:
4343:Bibliothèque nationale de France
4275:Bibliothèque nationale de France
4254:
4202:Bibliothèque nationale de France
4181:
4107:
4055:Bibliothèque nationale de France
3994:
3974:Bibliothèque nationale de France
3953:
3933:Bibliothèque nationale de France
3880:
3654:, identical in structure to the
3542:
3479:
3447:
3388:
3296:
3231:Problems playing this file? See
3209:
2552:". Raimon Gaucelm supported the
1950:means "life" in Occitan. In the
1189:
1132:
617:fictio rethorica musicaque poita
615:defined the troubadour lyric as
467:
31:
6033:
6021:
6012:
6000:
5979:
5906:
5869:
5856:
5835:
5826:
5761:
5752:
5727:
5702:
5641:
5614:
5579:
5532:
5503:
5491:
5476:
5307:
5276:
5263:
5238:
5215:
3783:
3516:"Little Chansonnier of Ripoll"
1339:
1121:ideology that held sway in the
1063:Celtic or chivalric-matriarchal
1038:and the increasingly important
6127:Songs of the Women Troubadours
5461:
5446:
5425:
5403:
5376:
5330:
5221:The earliest reference to the
3855:Troubadour manuscript letter (
3594:Verse adaptation of the prose
3308:"Explanations of composition"
3245:Troubadour songs were usually
3173:Consistori de la Gaya Sciència
3101:
2819:– highly structured verse form
2457:style is not as opaque as the
2264:style; only two poems, one by
1450:[ʁɛjɔnəmɑ̃detʁubaduːʁ]
1300:
13:
1:
6857:William IX, Duke of Aquitaine
6060:A Handbook of the Troubadours
5713:. WW Norton. pp. 46–47.
5539:Dainotto, Roberto M. (2006).
5387:. London: Garland Publishing.
5324:
4785:. Contains troubadour music.
4744:
3531:Doctrina de compondre dictats
3522:1346, Roussillon or Cerdagne
3357:Doctrina de compondre dictats
2681:– a lively dance song with a
2152:
1714:Musicians in the time of the
1148:
801:"to know"). The Latin suffix
748:, editions I. Arnold, 3342).
668:, the most popular being the
6144:Chaytor, Henry John (1912).
5915:The Vidas of the Troubadours
3732:(or "Dictionary of rhymes")
3219:The only existing song by a
2795:– a poem expressing pleasure
2449:style was invented early by
1946:, of a troubadour. The word
1528:Vida (Occitan literary form)
1022:removed in deference to the
1020:objectionable sexual content
1016:Toledo School of Translators
689:
562:(1100–1350). Since the word
56:Knowledge's inclusion policy
7:
6528:List of musical instruments
6085:(2 (May–August)): 110–149.
5431:Maria Rosa Menocal (1985),
5231:, who attributes it to the
5154:
4246:Conventi Soppressi F.IV.776
4144:Contains troubadour music.
3637:"Doctrinal of composition"
3427:"Doctrinal of concordance"
3064:developed out of the Latin
2939:, both to refer to a short
2655:– a song renouncing a lover
2505:) and Guiraut's songs were
2480:. These poets favoured the
1924:were jongleur-troubadours.
1442:rayonnement des troubadours
1261:Medieval Latin or Goliardic
1222:
936:cantarai d'aquest trobadors
785:), meaning "turn, manner".
627:(1348) and since died out.
95:Troubadour (disambiguation)
10:
7966:
5985:Frank M. Chambers (1985),
5738:. Routledge. p. 553.
5197:Dziady (wandering beggars)
3794:made for wealthy patrons.
3776:
3223:which survives with music.
2913:were often connected as a
2669:, usually encouraging them
2270:Alais, Yselda, and Carenza
2156:
1670:Guillem Ramon de Gironella
1517:
1320:
1313:) and the Cathar (through
945:
777:
88:
7844:
7796:
7765:
7702:
7571:
7500:
7441:
7390:Matheus de Sancto Johanne
7385:Johannes Symonis Hasprois
7320:
7316:
7242:
7196:
7161:
7128:
7059:
7055:
7046:
7031:Galician-Portuguese lyric
6976:Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras
6891:Andrieu Contredit d'Arras
6876:
6725:
6667:
6663:
6654:
6536:
6513:
6375:and Latin Lyric Poetry".
6341:(2 (November)): 117–126.
6266:Rieger, Angelica (1991).
6041:Abraham, Mary C. (2012).
5600:10.1017/S0041977X00035448
5512:Peire d'Alvernha, Liriche
5131:
4893:
4857:
4809:
4753:
4638:
4520:
4341:
4273:
4200:
4053:
3972:
3931:
3865:Location (library, city)
3772:
3265:Grammars and dictionaries
2869:– a traveller's complaint
2569:
2389:, and Tibors de Sarenom.
1816:In the late 13th century
1548:
1382:
962:
953:Grove Dictionary of Music
7420:Antonio Zacara da Teramo
6362:Smythe, Barbara (1966).
5913:Egan, Margarita (2018).
5235:of the mid-14th century.
5208:
5055:, since Pillet-Carstens
4781:. Possibly produced for
3567:Consistori del Gay Saber
3491:"Mirror of composition"
3342:An Occitan imitation of
3240:
3157:Consistori del Gay Saber
2925:Peire Bremon Ricas Novas
2708:– a riddle or cryptogram
2392:
2325:, may have been born in
2286:, wrote a song entitled
2122:. Among the non-Genoese
2015:on behalf of either the
1536:Consistori del Gay Saber
1513:
1500:Consistori del Gay Saber
1391:Trobadours, 14th century
6946:Gillebert de Berneville
6523:List of music theorists
6432:Books about Troubadours
6194:Encyclopædia Britannica
5635:10.3406/equiv.2001.1233
5284:Vers e regles de trobar
5273:: "Doctrinal of court".
4603:Biblioteca de Catalunya
3809:is commonly called the
3571:Consistori de Barcelona
3459:"Rules of composition"
2935:uses a similar phrase,
2375:Azalais de Porcairagues
2363:—for eight trobairitz:
2343:Garsenda of Forcalquier
2082:, who served in Milan,
1716:Cantigas de Santa Maria
1676:(who became an abbot),
1664:(who became a bishop),
1540:Consistori de Barcelona
1346:William IX of Aquitaine
1330:William IX of Aquitaine
1161:. The influence of the
1071:and warrior codes from
981:Évariste Lévi-Provençal
977:William IX of Aquitaine
736:"composer", related to
7219:Gherardello da Firenze
6906:Le Chastelain de Couci
6699:Philippe le Chancelier
6383:(4 (April)): 469–487.
5696:10.3406/roma.1992.2180
5648:Malkin, Peter (1979).
5545:Comparative Literature
5510:Del Monte, A. (1955).
5485:; read the whole text
5024:Plut. XC inferiore 26
5015:Biblioteca Laurenziana
4923:Biblioteca Riccardiana
4832:Saint-Germain-des-Prés
4679:Biblioteca Laurenziana
4481:Biblioteca Riccardiana
4449:Biblioteca Laurenziana
3819:Mentre per una ribeira
3730:"Book of concordances"
3198:
3098:
2827:– a political poem or
2647:– a stand-alone stanza
2236:Gormonda de Monpeslier
2215:
1998:
1886:Peire Raimon de Tolosa
1727:
1609:are all so described.
1392:
1380:
1336:
885:) could partly be the
531:
109:
7528:Johannes de Garlandia
6842:Raimbaut de Vaqueiras
6465:The Quarterly Journal
6179:Gosse, Edmund William
6106:Boase, Roger (1977).
5875:Translation based on
5821:University of Limoges
5711:The Women Troubadours
5383:Wolf, George (1983).
4834:in the 18th century.
4779:Theobald I of Navarre
4130:Biblioteca Ambrosiana
3829:Table of chansonniers
3811:Sirventes contra Roma
3720:Libre de concordances
3658:of Guilhem Molinier.
3282:Translation of title
3251:Raimbaut de Vaqueyras
3197:
3088:
2665:) – a song about the
2213:
1996:
1713:
1571:Berenguier de Palazol
1390:
1370:
1328:
1295:Hildebert of Lavardin
1277:. According to them,
1235:first suggested that
612:De vulgari eloquentia
165:Movements and schools
103:
7950:Medieval occupations
7945:Obsolete occupations
7940:Occupations in music
7849:Also music theorist*
7533:Johannes de Grocheio
7350:Conradus de Pistoria
7337:Philippus de Caserta
7286:Philippus de Caserta
7255:Antonello da Caserta
7204:Andreas de Florentia
7095:Guillaume de Machaut
6756:Bernart de Ventadorn
6741:Aimeric de Peguilhan
6684:Albertus Parisiensis
6634:Adam of Saint Victor
6594:Saint Martial school
6551:Notker the Stammerer
6436:Said I. Abdelwahed.
6210:(2 (June)): 307–311.
5497:read the whole text
5453:Roger Boase (1977).
5096:e (Pillet-Carstens)
4236:Biblioteca Nazionale
4031:Poetarum Provinciali
3838:) was introduced by
3821:, which is entitled
3681:A commentary on the
3511:Cançoneret de Ripoll
3431:Terramagnino da Pisa
3383:of Jaufre de Foixa.
3331:"Provençal Donatus"
3147:Alfonso II of Aragon
2438:Bernart de Ventadorn
2029:Rambertino Buvalelli
2017:Guelph or Ghibelline
1822:Alfonso X of Castile
1787:ensenhamen joglaresc
1644:is specified in his
1484:, the master of the
1474:Bernart de Ventadorn
1358:Eble II of Ventadorn
1315:John Scotus Eriugena
1125:, and the scraps of
1036:Bernard of Clairvaux
1030:Bernardine-Marianist
1009:The Ring of the Dove
989:Ramón Menéndez Pidal
829:(subject case) and *
605:in northern France.
7930:Galician literature
7915:Medieval literature
7905:Medieval performers
7460:Contenance angloise
7250:Bartolino da Padova
7149:Marchetto da Padova
7080:Magister Franciscus
6956:Guillaume le Vinier
6951:Gontier de Soignies
6896:Audefroi le Bastart
6782:Folquet de Marselha
6639:Wulfstan the Cantor
6629:Hildegard of Bingen
6599:Adémar de Chabannes
6584:Fulbert of Chartres
6546:Abbey of Saint Gall
6538:Early (before 1150)
6316:Schultz-Gora, Oskar
6216:Menocal, María Rosa
5102:Biblioteca Vaticana
5076:Biblioteca Vaticana
4984:Biblioteca Vaticana
4783:Charles I of Naples
4711:Biblioteca Marciana
4412:Biblioteca Vaticana
4391:Philipps Manuscript
4309:Biblioteca Vaticana
4163:Biblioteca Vaticana
4089:Biblioteca Vaticana
3899:Biblioteca Vaticana
3683:Doctrinal de trobar
3633:Doctrinal de trobar
3499:early 14th century
3400:"Breviary of love"
3396:Lo breviari d'amors
2740:– a dance-like song
2732:– a lover's apology
2365:Almucs de Castelnau
2347:Guilleuma de Rosers
2178:Romance of Flamenca
2143:Isnart d'Entrevenas
2080:Luchetto Gattilusio
1882:Nicoletto da Torino
1791:sirventes joglaresc
1662:Folquet de Marselha
1611:Albertet de Sestaro
1603:Rigaut de Berbezilh
1424:and the regions of
1143:Albigensian Crusade
1075:societies, be they
1059:" influence to it.
1045:Robert of Arbrissel
419:Renaissance music →
7920:Occitan literature
7788:Neo-Medieval music
7778:Medieval folk rock
7558:Berno of Reichenau
7538:Iacobus de Ispania
7380:Petrus de Goscalch
7281:Niccolò da Perugia
7276:Grazioso da Padova
7224:Lorenzo da Firenze
7184:Vincenzo da Rimini
7169:Giovanni da Cascia
7001:Other trouvères...
6986:Perrin d'Angicourt
6936:Gautier de Dargies
6911:Chrétien de Troyes
6847:Raimon de Miravalh
6837:Raimbaut d'Aurenga
6448:2014-08-17 at the
6184:"Troubadour"
5879:, in Bond, p. 240.
5864:The Medieval Lyric
5651:Provence and Pound
5409:Jacques Allières,
5111:Barberiniani 3965
5059:is a mere copy of
4952:Biblioteca Estense
4774:chansonnier du roi
4634:late 13th century
4159:late 13th century
4126:late 13th century
4025:= Kg.4.MS2 = E.45
4013:Biblioteca Estense
3803:D'un sirventes far
3779:Occitan literature
3763:late 14th century
3725:Diccionari de rims
3701:Joan de Castellnou
3674:Joan de Castellnou
3652:Peter IV of Aragon
3614:Joan de Castellnou
3591:1337–47, Toulouse
3562:1328–37, Toulouse
3435:1282–96, Sardinia
3372:late 13th century
3199:
3165:Peter IV of Aragon
3135:Monge de Montaudon
3120:joglar et cantaire
3099:
3091:Monge de Montaudon
3058:Italian literature
3056:became popular in
2983:(legal petition),
2499:Guiraut de Calanso
2398:Schools and styles
2387:Maria de Ventadorn
2329:, Northern Italy,
2321:. One trobairitz,
2234:by a named woman,
2216:
2128:Alberico da Romano
1999:
1914:Uc de la Bacalaria
1878:Guiraut de Calanso
1846:Aimeric de Belenoi
1730:The Occitan words
1728:
1678:Peire de Bussignac
1658:Aimeric de Belenoi
1393:
1350:The Medieval Lyric
1337:
1229:María Rosa Menocal
955:and Roger Boase's
860:"music" (from the
854:Andalusian musical
700:Jean de Nostredame
601:, and that of the
581:Iberian Peninsulas
536:[tɾuβaˈðu]
515:[tʁubaduʁ]
110:
108:playing his fiddle
7887:
7886:
7855:Renaissance music
7563:Aurelian of Réôme
7548:Johannes de Muris
7518:Franco of Cologne
7496:
7495:
7478:Arnold de Lantins
7437:
7436:
7433:
7432:
7360:Johannes Cuvelier
7312:
7311:
7308:
7307:
7304:
7303:
7271:Giovanni Mazzuoli
7266:Matteo da Perugia
7238:
7237:
7214:Francesco Landini
7192:
7191:
7174:Jacopo da Bologna
7157:
7156:
7124:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7111:Philippe de Vitry
7090:Jehan de Lescurel
7011:
7010:
6996:Raoul de Soissons
6941:Gautier d'Espinal
6931:Gautier de Coincy
6872:
6871:
6792:Giraut de Bornelh
6771:Cerverí de Girona
6751:Arnaut de Mareuil
6721:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6679:Notre-Dame school
6589:Heriger of Lobbes
6518:List of composers
6290:de Riquer, Martín
6281:978-3-4845-223-36
6136:978-0-81533-568-9
6079:Acta Musicologica
6047:Musical Offerings
5938:Schultz-Gora 1888
5877:Marjorie Chibnall
5557:10.1215/-58-4-271
5152:
5151:
4994:Barberiniani 4087
4962:Gamma.N.8.4.11–13
4720:fr. App. cod. XI
4540:Henry II of Rodez
3770:
3769:
3495:Berenguer d'Anoia
3214:
3116:Arnaut de Maruelh
2953:vers e miga canço
2933:Cerverí de Girona
2564:Aragonese Crusade
2556:and even wrote a
2470:Bernart de Venzac
2349:, who composed a
2339:Tibors de Sarenom
2126:-troubadours was
1870:Falquet de Romans
1858:Arnaut de Mareuil
1850:Aimeric de Sarlat
1642:Arnaut de Mareuil
1640:of a blacksmith.
1599:Raimon de Miraval
1498:(creation of the
1478:Giraut de Bornelh
1354:Duke of Aquitaine
1099:, especially his
694:The English word
551:and performer of
456:
455:
194:Notre-Dame school
84:
83:
76:
16:(Redirected from
7957:
7935:Music of Galicia
7910:High Middle Ages
7876:
7866:
7865:
7672:Liturgical drama
7439:
7438:
7346:
7343:Johannes Ciconia
7318:
7317:
7314:
7313:
7296:Zacara da Teramo
7260:Johannes Ciconia
7240:
7239:
7230:Paolo da Firenze
7209:Donato da Cascia
7194:
7193:
7159:
7158:
7139:
7138:
7130:
7129:
7126:
7125:
7114:
7057:
7056:
7053:
7052:
7048:Late (1300–1400)
6991:Philippe de Rémi
6921:Conon de Béthune
6901:Blondel de Nesle
6886:Adam de la Halle
6874:
6873:
6812:Peire d'Alvernha
6723:
6722:
6710:
6665:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6656:High (1150–1300)
6645:Wipo of Burgundy
6610:
6580:
6572:
6563:Stephen of Liège
6500:
6493:
6486:
6477:
6476:
6472:
6459:(October 1913).
6400:
6377:Modern Philology
6367:
6358:
6335:Modern Philology
6329:
6311:
6285:
6262:
6243:
6211:
6198:
6186:
6174:
6151:
6140:
6121:
6102:
6073:
6054:
6028:
6025:
6019:
6016:
6010:
6004:
5998:
5983:
5977:
5971:
5965:
5959:
5953:
5952:, p. xxxvi.
5947:
5941:
5935:
5929:
5928:
5910:
5904:
5898:
5892:
5886:
5880:
5873:
5867:
5860:
5854:
5851:Silverstein 1949
5848:
5842:
5839:
5833:
5830:
5824:
5810:
5804:
5801:
5792:
5786:
5780:
5774:
5768:
5765:
5759:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5731:
5725:
5724:
5706:
5700:
5699:
5679:
5670:
5669:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5523:
5515:
5507:
5501:
5495:
5489:
5480:
5474:
5465:
5459:
5458:
5450:
5444:
5429:
5423:
5420:
5414:
5407:
5401:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5380:
5374:
5373:
5366:
5360:
5359:
5353:
5345:
5334:
5318:
5311:
5305:
5298:
5287:
5280:
5274:
5271:Doctrina de cort
5267:
5261:
5242:
5236:
5229:Raimon de Cornet
5219:
5136:
5135:
5116:Miquel de la Tor
5051:Pillet-Carstens
5039:Staatsbibliothek
5000:Miquel de la Tor
4898:
4897:
4862:
4861:
4814:
4813:
4794:
4758:
4757:
4749:
4746:
4731:
4664:
4643:
4642:
4588:
4566:Bodleian Library
4551:
4525:
4524:
4501:
4434:
4371:, ca. 1285-1300
4346:
4345:
4278:
4277:
4258:
4205:
4204:
4185:
4111:
4058:
4057:
3998:
3977:
3976:
3957:
3936:
3935:
3884:
3849:
3848:
3807:Guilhem Figueira
3641:Raimon de Cornet
3558:Guilhem Molinier
3546:
3487:Mirall de trobar
3483:
3467:1289–91, Sicily
3455:Regles de trobar
3451:
3423:Doctrina d'acort
3392:
3344:Latin grammarian
3327:Donatz proensals
3300:
3273:
3272:
3216:
3215:
3196:
3137:, he received a
2931:(half song) and
2663:canso de crozada
2526:Bernart d'Auriac
2507:d'aquella saison
2503:la uzansa antiga
2495:Peire de Valeira
2478:Peire d'Alvernhe
2246:Azalais d'Altier
2090:, who served in
2027:-troubadour was
1965:Uc de Saint Circ
1922:Uc de Saint Circ
1894:Peire de Valeira
1862:Elias de Barjols
1722:players and one
1694:Uc de Saint Circ
1686:Raimon de Cornet
1626:Elias de Barjols
1591:Peire de Maensac
1457:Classical period
1452:
1447:
1291:Marbod of Rennes
1275:Jacques Chailley
932:Peire d'Alvernha
902:
901:
878:
877:
872:
871:
837:(oblique case).
780:
779:
560:High Middle Ages
546:
545:
544:
538:
525:
524:
523:
517:
512:
508:
507:
504:
503:
500:
495:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
466:
448:
441:
434:
382:Liturgical drama
280:Adam de la Halle
112:
111:
79:
72:
68:
65:
59:
35:
34:
27:
21:
7965:
7964:
7960:
7959:
7958:
7956:
7955:
7954:
7890:
7889:
7888:
7883:
7882:
7859:
7840:
7792:
7761:
7698:
7648:Gregorian chant
7567:
7553:Walter Odington
7513:Guido of Arezzo
7492:
7449:Johannes Alanus
7429:
7405:Jacob Senleches
7341:
7300:
7234:
7188:
7153:
7116:
7109:
7042:
7007:
6868:
6797:Guiraut Riquier
6776:Comtessa de Dia
6761:Bertran de Born
6729:
6713:
6707:Petrus de Cruce
6705:
6650:
6614:Notker Physicus
6605:
6575:
6567:
6532:
6509:
6504:
6450:Wayback Machine
6408:
6403:
6308:
6282:
6259:
6220:Hispanic Review
6171:
6147:The Troubadours
6137:
6118:
6070:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6022:
6017:
6013:
6005:
6001:
5997:.), pp. 195–96.
5984:
5980:
5972:
5968:
5960:
5956:
5948:
5944:
5936:
5932:
5925:
5911:
5907:
5899:
5895:
5887:
5883:
5874:
5870:
5861:
5857:
5849:
5845:
5840:
5836:
5831:
5827:
5811:
5807:
5802:
5795:
5787:
5783:
5775:
5771:
5766:
5762:
5757:
5753:
5746:
5732:
5728:
5721:
5707:
5703:
5680:
5673:
5666:
5646:
5642:
5619:
5615:
5584:
5580:
5537:
5533:
5517:
5516:
5508:
5504:
5496:
5492:
5481:
5477:
5466:
5462:
5451:
5447:
5437:Hispanic Review
5430:
5426:
5421:
5417:
5408:
5404:
5396:
5392:
5381:
5377:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5347:
5346:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5322:
5321:
5312:
5308:
5299:
5290:
5281:
5277:
5268:
5264:
5254:Bertran de Born
5250:sirventes-canso
5246:canso-sirventes
5243:
5239:
5220:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5157:
5138:
5105:
5079:
5048:Phillipps 1910
5042:
5018:
4987:
4955:
4926:
4900:
4888:
4864:
4852:
4816:
4804:
4760:
4747:
4742:
4714:
4706:
4682:
4674:
4645:
4633:
4606:
4598:
4569:
4561:
4527:
4515:
4484:
4476:
4452:
4444:
4415:
4407:
4378:
4375:Pierpont Morgan
4348:
4336:
4312:
4304:
4280:
4268:
4239:
4231:
4207:
4195:
4166:
4158:
4133:
4125:
4092:
4084:
4060:
4048:
4016:
4009:12 August 1254
4008:
3979:
3967:
3938:
3926:
3902:
3894:
3871:
3831:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3731:
3722:
3646:
3618:1355, Toulouse
3610:"Laws of love"
3585:"Laws of love"
3554:"Laws of love"
3472:Razos de trobar
3463:Jaufre de Foixa
3404:Matfre Ermengau
3365:
3304:Razos de trobar
3267:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3207:
3200:
3194:
3104:
3072:Sicilian School
3003:(anniversary),
2572:
2400:
2395:
2355:Lanfranc Cigala
2288:Coblas e dansas
2205:Comtessa de Dia
2161:
2155:
2007:
1936:
1866:Elias Fonsalada
1854:Albertet Cailla
1818:Guiraut Riquier
1807:Bertran de Born
1772:jongleur/joglar
1708:
1630:Elias Fonsalada
1583:Guiraudo lo Ros
1551:
1542:
1516:
1482:Bertran de Born
1459:
1445:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1366:Crusade of 1101
1362:Orderic Vitalis
1342:
1334:Crusade of 1101
1323:
1303:
1263:
1225:
1192:
1176:Saint Martial's
1151:
1135:
1093:
1091:Classical Latin
1065:
1032:
1024:Catholic Church
965:
948:
882:ṭarab ʾandalusī
762:phonetic change
692:
607:Dante Alighieri
540:
539:
519:
518:
510:
497:
470:
464:
463:
452:
410:
409:
408:
367:Gregorian chant
324:
316:
315:
314:
244:
236:
235:
234:
166:
156:
155:
104:The troubadour
98:
87:
80:
69:
63:
60:
46:Please help by
45:
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7963:
7953:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7885:
7884:
7881:
7880:
7870:
7852:
7851:
7850:
7846:
7845:
7842:
7841:
7839:
7838:
7837:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7806:
7800:
7798:
7794:
7793:
7791:
7790:
7785:
7783:Medieval metal
7780:
7775:
7769:
7767:
7763:
7762:
7760:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7723:
7722:
7717:
7706:
7704:
7700:
7699:
7697:
7696:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7668:
7667:
7657:
7656:
7655:
7653:Pope Gregory I
7645:
7640:
7639:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7602:
7601:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7575:
7573:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7523:Johannes Cotto
7520:
7515:
7510:
7504:
7502:
7498:
7497:
7494:
7493:
7491:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7464:
7463:
7454:John Dunstaple
7451:
7445:
7443:
7435:
7434:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7415:Johannes Susay
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7395:Gacian Reyneau
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7375:Martinus Fabri
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7339:
7334:
7328:
7326:
7310:
7309:
7306:
7305:
7302:
7301:
7299:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7257:
7252:
7246:
7244:
7243:3rd generation
7236:
7235:
7233:
7232:
7227:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7200:
7198:
7197:2nd generation
7190:
7189:
7187:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7165:
7163:
7162:1st generation
7155:
7154:
7152:
7151:
7145:
7143:
7136:
7122:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7107:
7105:Jehan Vaillant
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7075:Denis Le Grant
7072:
7067:
7065:
7050:
7044:
7043:
7041:
7040:
7039:
7038:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7012:
7009:
7008:
7006:
7005:
7004:
7003:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6981:Moniot d'Arras
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6961:Guiot de Dijon
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6882:
6880:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6864:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6817:Peire Cardenal
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6787:Gaucelm Faidit
6784:
6779:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6737:
6735:
6719:
6718:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6711:
6703:
6702:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6675:
6673:
6658:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6648:
6642:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6603:
6602:
6601:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6573:
6565:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6553:
6542:
6540:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6507:Medieval music
6503:
6502:
6495:
6488:
6480:
6474:
6473:
6453:
6440:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6407:
6406:External links
6404:
6402:
6401:
6389:10.1086/386873
6368:
6359:
6347:10.1086/388831
6330:
6312:
6307:978-8434405479
6306:
6286:
6280:
6263:
6257:
6244:
6232:10.2307/472655
6212:
6199:
6189:Chisholm, Hugh
6175:
6169:
6155:Gaunt, Simon;
6152:
6141:
6135:
6122:
6116:
6103:
6091:10.2307/932607
6074:
6068:
6055:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6020:
6011:
5999:
5978:
5974:de Riquer 1975
5966:
5964:, p. xii.
5954:
5942:
5930:
5924:978-0367189440
5923:
5905:
5903:, p. 163.
5893:
5891:, p. 161.
5881:
5868:
5862:Peter Dronke,
5855:
5853:, p. 118.
5843:
5834:
5825:
5805:
5793:
5781:
5769:
5760:
5751:
5745:978-0415609845
5744:
5726:
5720:978-0393009651
5719:
5701:
5690:(449): 14–26.
5671:
5665:978-0520034884
5664:
5640:
5613:
5578:
5551:(4): 271–292.
5531:
5502:
5490:
5475:
5460:
5445:
5424:
5415:
5402:
5390:
5375:
5361:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5306:
5288:
5275:
5262:
5258:miei sirventes
5256:uses the term
5237:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5142:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5112:
5109:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5083:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5049:
5046:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5003:
4996:
4991:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4969:Bernart Amoros
4965:
4959:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4937:Bernart Amoros
4933:
4930:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4904:
4890:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4868:
4854:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4825:
4820:
4806:
4798:
4795:
4787:
4786:
4769:
4764:
4750:
4735:
4732:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4708:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4686:
4676:
4668:
4665:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4649:
4635:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4613:
4610:
4600:
4592:
4589:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4573:
4563:
4555:
4552:
4544:
4543:
4536:
4531:
4517:
4505:
4502:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4478:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4456:
4446:
4438:
4435:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4419:
4409:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4387:
4382:
4372:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4352:
4338:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4316:
4306:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4284:
4270:
4262:
4259:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4243:
4233:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4211:
4197:
4189:
4186:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4170:
4160:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4137:
4127:
4115:
4112:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:Chigi L.IV.106
4096:
4086:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4064:
4050:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4026:
4020:
4010:
4002:
3999:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3983:
3969:
3961:
3958:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3942:
3928:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3906:
3896:
3888:
3885:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3853:
3830:
3827:
3785:
3782:
3777:Main article:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3756:
3755:"Translation"
3753:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3736:Jaume March II
3733:
3728:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3706:
3703:
3698:
3695:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3679:
3676:
3671:
3668:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3648:
3647:(before 1341)
3643:
3638:
3635:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3619:
3616:
3611:
3608:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3563:
3560:
3555:
3552:
3547:
3539:
3538:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3492:
3489:
3484:
3476:
3475:
3468:
3465:
3460:
3457:
3452:
3444:
3443:
3436:
3433:
3428:
3425:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3409:
3406:
3401:
3398:
3393:
3385:
3384:
3373:
3370:
3362:
3359:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3347:Aelius Donatus
3340:
3337:
3332:
3329:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3309:
3306:
3301:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3266:
3263:
3242:
3239:
3228:
3218:
3208:
3205:A chantar m'er
3203:
3202:
3201:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3103:
3100:
2927:uses the term
2871:
2870:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2836:
2820:
2812:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2765:
2757:
2749:
2741:
2733:
2725:
2717:
2709:
2701:
2693:
2685:
2670:
2656:
2648:
2640:
2613:
2602:
2571:
2568:
2554:Eighth Crusade
2538:Raimon Gaucelm
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2379:Iseut de Capio
2250:Clara d'Anduza
2248:) to a woman (
2244:, by a woman (
2157:Main article:
2154:
2151:
2088:Perceval Doria
2006:
2000:
1935:
1926:
1874:Guillem Magret
1766:, and English
1707:
1698:
1674:Jofre de Foixà
1579:Guilhem Ademar
1575:Gausbert Amiel
1550:
1547:
1515:
1512:
1458:
1455:
1384:
1381:
1341:
1338:
1322:
1319:
1302:
1299:
1267:medieval Latin
1262:
1259:
1241:oral tradition
1233:Alfred Jeanroy
1224:
1221:
1191:
1188:
1150:
1147:
1134:
1131:
1123:Imperial court
1111:aetas ovidiana
1092:
1089:
1064:
1061:
1053:Cluniac Reform
1031:
1028:
987:Scholars like
973:Hispano-Arabic
964:
961:
947:
944:
929:
928:
927:
926:
918:
913:
691:
688:
454:
453:
451:
450:
443:
436:
428:
425:
424:
423:
422:
412:
411:
407:
406:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
358:
357:
352:
347:
337:
332:
326:
325:
322:
321:
318:
317:
313:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
246:
245:
242:
241:
238:
237:
233:
232:
225:
220:
213:
208:
203:
198:
197:
196:
184:
179:
174:
168:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:
158:
157:
138:
133:
132:
128:
127:
125:Medieval music
121:
120:
85:
82:
81:
39:
37:
30:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7962:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7925:Occitan music
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7897:
7895:
7879:
7875:
7871:
7869:
7861:
7860:
7857:
7856:
7848:
7847:
7843:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7811:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7801:
7799:
7795:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7770:
7768:
7764:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7712:
7711:
7710:British Isles
7708:
7707:
7705:
7701:
7695:
7694:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7666:
7663:
7662:
7661:
7658:
7654:
7651:
7650:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7623:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7600:
7597:
7596:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7576:
7574:
7572:Musical forms
7570:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7505:
7503:
7499:
7489:
7488:W. de Wycombe
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7462:
7461:
7457:
7456:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7446:
7444:
7440:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7355:Baude Cordier
7353:
7351:
7348:
7344:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7329:
7327:
7325:
7324:
7323:Ars subtilior
7319:
7315:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
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7264:
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7212:
7210:
7207:
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7179:Maestro Piero
7177:
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7144:
7140:
7137:
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7131:
7127:
7112:
7108:
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7103:
7101:
7100:P. des Molins
7098:
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6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6746:Arnaut Daniel
6744:
6742:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6728:
6724:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6697:
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6687:
6685:
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6681:
6680:
6677:
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6666:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6653:
6646:
6643:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6624:Peter Abelard
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6608:
6607:Odo of Arezzo
6604:
6600:
6597:
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6299:
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6283:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6264:
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6258:1-84383-114-7
6254:
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6170:0-521-57473-0
6166:
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6158:
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6149:
6148:
6142:
6138:
6132:
6128:
6123:
6119:
6117:0-87471-950-X
6113:
6109:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6075:
6071:
6069:0-520-07976-0
6065:
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6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6039:
6038:
6024:
6015:
6008:
6003:
5996:
5995:0-87169-167-1
5992:
5988:
5982:
5975:
5970:
5963:
5958:
5951:
5946:
5940:, p. 12.
5939:
5934:
5926:
5920:
5916:
5909:
5902:
5897:
5890:
5885:
5878:
5872:
5865:
5859:
5852:
5847:
5838:
5829:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5809:
5800:
5798:
5790:
5785:
5778:
5773:
5764:
5755:
5747:
5741:
5737:
5730:
5722:
5716:
5712:
5705:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5678:
5676:
5667:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5652:
5644:
5636:
5632:
5629:(2): 87–100.
5628:
5624:
5617:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5582:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
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5513:
5506:
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5464:
5456:
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5442:
5438:
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5428:
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5412:
5406:
5400:
5394:
5386:
5379:
5371:
5365:
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5351:
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5342:
5333:
5329:
5316:
5310:
5303:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5285:
5279:
5272:
5266:
5259:
5255:
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5247:
5241:
5234:
5230:
5226:
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5218:
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5185:
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5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5148:
5146:
5145:BN f.f. 12472
5143:
5141:
5134:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5108:
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5037:
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5023:
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5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4995:
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4990:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
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4974:
4970:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4953:
4950:
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4942:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4896:
4891:
4889:13th century
4886:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4860:
4855:
4853:13th century
4850:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4823:BN f.f. 20050
4821:
4819:
4812:
4807:
4805:13th century
4802:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4756:
4751:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4712:
4709:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4680:
4677:
4675:14th century
4672:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4652:BN f.f. 15211
4650:
4648:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4604:
4601:
4599:14th century
4596:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4567:
4564:
4562:13th century
4559:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4535:
4534:BN f.f. 22543
4532:
4530:
4523:
4518:
4516:14th century
4513:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4482:
4479:
4477:14th century
4474:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4450:
4447:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4413:
4410:
4408:14th century
4405:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4355:BN f.f. 12474
4353:
4351:
4344:
4339:
4337:14th century
4334:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4310:
4307:
4305:14th century
4302:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4287:BN f.f. 12473
4285:
4283:
4276:
4271:
4269:13th century
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4237:
4234:
4232:14th century
4229:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4203:
4198:
4196:13th century
4193:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4164:
4161:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4131:
4128:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4090:
4087:
4085:14th century
4082:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4056:
4051:
4049:14th century
4046:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4014:
4011:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3975:
3970:
3968:14th century
3965:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3934:
3929:
3927:13th century
3924:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3900:
3897:
3895:13th century
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3780:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3759:Luys d'Averçó
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3729:
3726:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:"Compendium"
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3650:Dedicated to
3649:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3236:
3234:
3222:
3206:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2999:(nostalgia),
2998:
2995:(challenge),
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2915:maldit-comiat
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2883:meg-sirventes
2880:
2876:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2731:
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2726:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2644:Cobla esparsa
2641:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2620:, originally
2619:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2534:Joan Miralhas
2531:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2466:Bernart Marti
2462:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2390:
2388:
2385:), Lombarda,
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2169:secular music
2166:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2072:Luca Grimaldi
2069:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2004:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1910:Salh d'Escola
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1622:Salh d'Escola
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1454:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1219:explanation.
1218:
1217:psychological
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1190:Feudal-social
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1163:Song of Songs
1160:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1133:Crypto-Cathar
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
982:
978:
974:
970:
960:
958:
954:
943:
941:
937:
933:
924:
923:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
908:
907:
904:
896:
892:
888:
884:
883:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
850:musicologists
847:
843:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
819:Gallo-Romance
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
732:
728:
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
687:
685:
684:
679:
678:
673:
672:
667:
663:
662:
657:
656:
651:
650:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
613:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:
586:
582:
578:
573:
571:
570:
565:
561:
557:
554:
550:
543:
537:
533:
529:
522:
516:
506:
461:
449:
444:
442:
437:
435:
430:
429:
427:
426:
421:
420:
416:
415:
414:
413:
405:
404:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
342:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
320:
319:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
247:
243:Major figures
240:
239:
231:
230:
229:Ars subtilior
226:
224:
221:
219:
218:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
195:
192:
191:
190:
189:
185:
183:
180:
178:
177:Saint Martial
175:
173:
170:
169:
162:
161:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
136:
135:
134:
130:
129:
126:
123:
122:
118:
114:
113:
107:
102:
96:
92:
78:
75:
67:
64:February 2023
57:
53:
49:
43:
40:This article
38:
29:
28:
19:
7853:
7819:Architecture
7691:
7643:Geisslerlied
7621:Formes fixes
7543:Notker Labeo
7508:Anonymous IV
7483:Leonel Power
7468:Thomas Fabri
7458:
7321:
7142:Predecessors
7060:
6966:Jehan Bretel
6802:Jaufre Rudel
6726:
6668:
6577:Odo of Cluny
6468:
6464:
6443:Courtly Site
6380:
6376:
6372:
6363:
6338:
6334:
6325:
6320:
6297:
6293:
6271:
6267:
6248:
6223:
6219:
6207:
6203:
6192:
6160:
6146:
6126:
6107:
6082:
6078:
6059:
6050:
6046:
6034:Bibliography
6023:
6014:
6006:
6002:
5986:
5981:
5969:
5957:
5945:
5933:
5914:
5908:
5896:
5884:
5871:
5863:
5858:
5846:
5841:Menocal, 46.
5837:
5828:
5816:
5808:
5803:Menocal, 47.
5791:, p. 7.
5784:
5779:, p. 4.
5772:
5763:
5754:
5735:
5729:
5710:
5704:
5687:
5683:
5650:
5643:
5626:
5623:Equivalences
5622:
5616:
5591:
5587:
5581:
5548:
5544:
5534:
5511:
5505:
5493:
5482:
5478:
5469:
5463:
5454:
5448:
5440:
5436:
5427:
5422:Allières 49.
5418:
5410:
5405:
5393:
5384:
5378:
5364:
5339:
5332:
5314:
5309:
5301:
5283:
5278:
5270:
5265:
5257:
5249:
5245:
5240:
5232:
5222:
5217:
5060:
5056:
5052:
4907:BN f.f. 1745
4772:
4617:Cançoner Gil
4067:BN f.f. 1749
4029:
3945:BN f.f. 1592
3856:
3843:
3840:Karl Bartsch
3835:
3832:
3822:
3818:
3817:that begins
3814:
3810:
3802:
3796:
3791:chansonniers
3789:
3787:
3784:Transmission
3750:
3724:
3719:
3709:
3705:before 1341
3692:
3682:
3665:
3655:
3632:
3622:
3606:Leys d'amors
3605:
3595:
3581:Leys d'amors
3580:
3550:Leys d'amors
3549:
3535:Leys d'amors
3534:
3530:
3509:
3486:
3471:
3454:
3439:
3422:
3413:encyclopedia
3395:
3380:
3376:
3368:Raimon Vidal
3356:
3326:
3312:Raimon Vidal
3303:
3288:Date, place
3268:
3255:Kalenda maya
3254:
3244:
3230:
3220:
3187:
3182:Leys d'amors
3180:
3155:held by the
3152:jocs florals
3150:
3142:
3139:sparrow hawk
3130:
3128:
3119:
3112:chansonniers
3107:
3105:
3095:sparrow hawk
3093:receiving a
3079:
3065:
3061:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2972:
2971:(nonsense),
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2929:mieja chanso
2928:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2872:
2864:
2856:
2848:
2842:
2832:
2822:
2814:
2806:
2800:Salut d'amor
2798:
2790:
2782:
2767:
2759:
2751:
2743:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2678:
2672:
2662:
2659:Crusade song
2650:
2642:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2604:
2596:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:Leys d'amors
2575:
2573:
2557:
2541:
2519:
2506:
2502:
2485:
2481:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2446:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2414:(rich), and
2409:
2403:
2401:
2382:
2368:
2367:(actually a
2358:
2350:
2292:
2287:
2273:
2268:and another
2259:
2253:
2241:salut d'amor
2239:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2162:
2146:
2140:
2123:
2111:
2067:
2065:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2022:
2010:
2008:
2005:-troubadours
2002:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1960:
1955:
1952:chansonniers
1947:
1939:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1890:Peire Rogier
1843:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1774:is really a
1771:
1763:
1762:, Castilian
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1704:
1700:
1682:Peire Rogier
1653:
1650:
1645:
1638:Elias Cairel
1619:
1566:
1563:Jaufre Rudel
1552:
1543:
1506:and then by
1504:Raimon Vidal
1492:
1485:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1441:
1394:
1372:
1371:
1349:
1343:
1340:Early period
1304:
1278:
1264:
1252:
1249:Loire Valley
1245:Gaston Paris
1226:
1209:Georges Duby
1201:Erich Köhler
1193:
1171:
1167:Latin poetry
1152:
1136:
1117:, the quasi-
1110:
1107:Ars amatoria
1106:
1100:
1094:
1068:
1066:
1049:
1033:
1013:
986:
972:
968:
966:
956:
949:
942:("singer").
939:
935:
930:
920:
915:
910:
905:
894:
890:
889:of the verb
881:
865:
857:
841:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
815:accentuation
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
782:
768:, meaning a
765:
757:
749:
745:
737:
733:
727:oblique case
725:. It is the
722:
720:
711:
707:
703:
695:
693:
681:
675:
669:
659:
658:(rich), and
653:
647:
640:metaphysical
638:. Most were
636:courtly love
629:
616:
610:
590:trovadorismo
588:
587:in Germany,
574:
567:
563:
556:lyric poetry
459:
457:
417:
401:
362:Geisslerlied
340:Formes fixes
227:
215:
200:
186:
146: /
142: /
91:Il trovatore
70:
61:
48:spinning off
41:
7900:Troubadours
7809:Middle Ages
7804:Early music
7766:Derivations
7599:Chansonnier
6971:Jehan Erart
6916:Colin Muset
6822:Peire Vidal
6670:Ars antiqua
6457:Pound, Ezra
5962:Rieger 1991
5789:Warren 1912
5777:Warren 1912
5227:comes from
5224:basse danse
4871:BN f.f. 795
4767:BN f.f. 844
4748: 1280
4689:Plut.XLI.43
4615:The famous
4459:Plut.XLI.42
4214:BN f.f. 854
3986:BN f.f. 856
3670:"Glossary"
3527:chansonnier
3408:begun 1288
3143:cour du Puy
3102:Performance
3080:bassa dansa
3076:basse danse
3039:pastourelle
3026:became the
2973:espingadura
2778:shepherdess
2530:Joan Esteve
2482:trobar clus
2442:trobar clus
2417:trobar clus
2284:Gaudairença
2275:trobar clus
2230:; only one
2110:, sometime
2108:Simon Doria
2076:Ventimiglia
1756:ioculatores
1666:Gui d'Ussel
1615:petty noble
1307:neoplatonic
1301:Neoplatonic
1199:influence,
1073:matriarchal
1057:Augustinian
1001:Magda Bogin
997:Reconquista
661:trobar clus
625:Black Death
558:during the
553:Old Occitan
323:Major forms
188:Ars antiqua
144:Instruments
7894:Categories
7834:Philosophy
7829:Literature
7797:Background
7703:Traditions
7070:F. Andrieu
6926:Gace Brulé
6766:Castelloza
6732:Trobairitz
6727:Troubadour
6619:St. Godric
6471:: 426–440.
6157:Kay, Sarah
5901:Paden 2005
5889:Paden 2005
5813:Troubadour
5594:(2): 241.
5443::1, 61–78.
5325:References
5282:Sometimes
5269:Sometimes
5252:was used.
5244:Sometimes
5086:Latin 7182
4508:Toulousain
4422:Latin 3208
4319:Latin 3206
4173:Latin 3207
3909:Latin 5232
3823:Porquieira
3588:Anonymous
3519:Anonymous
3364:Anonymous,
3291:Character
3259:Montferrat
3253:wrote his
3247:monophonic
3233:media help
3221:trobairitz
3171:, and the
3042:, and the
3007:(serene).
3001:aniversari
2993:acuyndamen
2937:miga canço
2858:Torneyamen
2713:Ensenhamen
2550:Gallicised
2455:trobar ric
2434:trobar leu
2411:trobar ric
2405:trobar leu
2317:, and the
2315:Toulousain
2280:Castelloza
2261:trobar leu
2214:Castelloza
2192:joglaresas
2173:trobairitz
2165:trobairitz
2159:Trobairitz
2153:Trobairitz
2145:, who was
2066:Among the
2023:The first
1607:Uc de Pena
1518:See also:
1446:pronounced
1205:Marc Bloch
1149:Liturgical
1119:Ciceronian
876:طرب أندلسي
862:triliteral
846:historians
833:→ Occitan
825:→ Occitan
811:declension
793:→ Occitan
787:Intervocal
754:Late Latin
731:nominative
696:troubadour
655:trobar ric
649:trobar leu
621:rhetorical
569:trobairitz
564:troubadour
460:troubadour
201:Troubadour
172:Saint Gall
52:relocating
18:Troubadors
7747:Lithuania
7611:Conductus
7501:Theorists
7473:Roy Henry
7400:Rodericus
7291:Sant Omer
7026:Minnesang
5823:, France.
5608:162509292
5565:0010-4124
5520:cite book
5397:Chaytor,
5350:cite book
5233:jongleurs
5187:Minstrels
4885:Occitania
4703:Catalonia
4608:Barcelona
4595:Catalonia
4576:Douce 269
4228:Occitania
4140:R 71 sup.
4045:Occitania
3964:Occitania
3923:Occitania
3869:Shelfmark
3815:pastorela
3751:Torcimany
3366:possibly
3335:Uc Faidit
3177:Barcelona
3124:Pistoleta
3108:cantaires
3049:jeu parti
3034:pastorela
3016:sirventes
2997:desirança
2991:(dream),
2985:esdemessa
2977:flageolet
2965:sirventes
2919:sirventes
2903:sirventes
2887:sirventes
2875:sirventes
2824:Sirventes
2769:Pastorela
2737:Estampida
2606:Arlabecca
2420:(closed,
2408:(light),
2335:Palestine
2307:Languedoc
2295:Occitania
2232:sirventes
1918:Uc Brunet
1902:Pistoleta
1811:jongleurs
1803:jongleurs
1799:jongleurs
1795:joglaresc
1783:jongleurs
1701:Trobadors
1690:Uc Brunet
1617:lineage.
1508:Uc Faidit
1487:sirventes
1438:Catalonia
1422:Languedoc
1402:Saintonge
1375:. (X.21)
1271:Goliardic
1269:(such as
1040:Mariology
940:chantaire
831:tropātōre
797:, French
712:trobadors
708:troubador
690:Etymology
677:sirventes
652:(light),
603:trouvères
585:Minnesang
577:Occitania
465:English:
335:Conductus
310:Dunstaple
260:Hildegard
211:Minnesang
152:Theorists
140:Composers
7868:Category
7773:Bardcore
7752:Portugal
7720:Scotland
7693:Planctus
7677:Madrigal
7616:Estampie
7579:Antiphon
7134:Trecento
7062:Ars nova
7021:Goliards
6878:Trouvère
6852:Sordello
6832:Perdigon
6807:Marcabru
6446:Archived
6318:(1888).
6292:(1975).
6181:(1911).
6159:(1999).
5573:40279344
5514:. Turin.
5155:See also
5020:Florence
4928:Florence
4849:Lombardy
4801:Lorraine
4737:perhaps
4684:Florence
4671:Lombardy
4630:Lombardy
4558:Lombardy
4512:Rouergue
4486:Florence
4473:Lombardy
4454:Florence
4441:Lombardy
4404:Lombardy
4380:New York
4333:Lombardy
4301:Lombardy
4265:Lombardy
4241:Florence
4192:Lombardy
4155:Lombardy
4118:Lombardy
4081:Lombardy
4005:Lombardy
3891:Lombardy
3799:incipits
3693:Compendi
3569:and the
3533:and the
3411:A pious
3339:c. 1243
3316:c. 1210
3161:Toulouse
3067:planctus
3044:partimen
2987:(leap),
2969:peguesca
2963:and the
2909:and the
2866:Viadeira
2761:Partimen
2729:Escondig
2705:Devinalh
2697:Desdansa
2667:Crusades
2636:with an
2546:Louis IX
2542:mayestre
2515:Provence
2491:Cercamon
2474:Gavaudan
2451:Marcabru
2422:hermetic
2381:(also a
2327:Périgord
2323:Ysabella
2319:Limousin
2311:Dauphiné
2303:Provence
2299:Auvergne
2266:Lombarda
2197:Domna H.
2183:trobaire
2012:podestàs
1906:Perdigon
1826:trobador
1789:and the
1776:minstrel
1760:jongleur
1744:trobador
1736:trobaire
1732:trobador
1634:Perdigon
1587:Marcabru
1559:Marcabru
1555:Cercamon
1524:Minstrel
1496:Toulouse
1430:Toulouse
1426:Rouergue
1418:Provence
1414:Auvergne
1410:Limousin
1311:Avicenna
1287:metonymy
1283:metaphor
1237:folklore
1223:Folklore
1081:Germanic
1005:Ibn Hazm
835:trobador
827:trobaire
823:tropātor
734:trobaire
723:trobador
716:Cercamon
632:chivalry
599:Portugal
549:composer
547:) was a
532:trobador
403:Planctus
387:Madrigal
223:Trecento
217:Ars nova
206:Trouvère
131:Overview
117:a series
115:Part of
106:Perdigon
7737:Germany
7715:England
7687:Organum
7665:Tydorel
7636:Virelai
7631:Rondeau
7626:Ballade
7594:Chanson
7370:Egidius
7365:Egardus
7085:Grimace
7016:Casella
6694:Pérotin
6569:Hucbald
6556:Tuotilo
6191:(ed.).
5684:Romania
5399:Part 1.
5341:Anglade
4122:Venetia
4023:α.R.4.4
3666:Glosari
3645:c. 1324
3285:Author
3133:of the
3054:sestina
2979:song),
2833:sirvens
2816:Sestina
2689:Descort
2683:refrain
2634:stanzas
2624:, also
2522:Béziers
2511:Gascony
2187:joglars
2147:podestà
2136:Treviso
2132:Vicenza
2124:podestà
2120:Albenga
2112:podestà
2096:Avignon
2084:Cremona
2068:podestà
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2041:podestà
2033:podestà
2025:podestà
2003:Podestà
1944:Occitan
1809:, that
1768:juggler
1752:joglars
1724:citoler
1705:joglars
1406:Gascony
1321:History
1254:jarchas
1197:Marxist
1180:Limoges
1172:clerici
1159:hymnody
1155:liturgy
1115:Orléans
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969:Arabist
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758:tropāre
729:of the
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595:Galicia
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355:Virelai
350:Rondeau
345:Ballade
305:Ciconia
300:Landini
295:Machaut
275:Pérotin
270:Walther
265:Bernart
182:Goliard
7878:Portal
7824:Poetry
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7727:Cyprus
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3875:Notes
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