Alexander III of Russia

1137: 2769: 740:, was suffering from chronic ill-health. Two days after Empress Marie died, his father told him, "I shall live as I wish, and my union with Princess Dolgorukova is definite" but assured him that "your rights will be safeguarded." Alexander was furious over his father's decision to marry Catherine a month after his mother's death, which he believed "forever ruined all the dear good memories of family life." His father threatened to disinherit him if he left court out of protest against the marriage. He privately denounced Catherine as "the outsider" and complained that she was "designing and immature". After his father's assassination, he reflected that his father's marriage to Catherine had caused the tragedy: "All the scum burst out and swallowed all that was holy. The guardian angel flew away and everything turned to ashes, finally culminating in the dreadful incomprehensible 1 March." 2008: 630: 2557: 1503: 467: 880: 2639: 1973: 1420:, who was a first cousin of Alexander and a Romanov Grand Duchess by birth, came with their children from Athens. In contrast to the strict security observed in Russia, Alexander and Maria revelled in the relative freedom that they enjoyed in Denmark, Alexander once commenting to the Prince and Princess of Wales near the end of a visit that he envied them being able to return to a happy home in England, while he was returning to his Russian prison. In Denmark, he was able to enjoy joining his children, nephews and nieces, in muddy ponds looking for tadpoles, sneaking into his father-in-law's orchard to steal apples, and playing pranks, such as turning a water hose on the visiting 1987: 1794: 2030: 2353: 1270: 2446: 2536: 2661: 2106: 2148: 1599: 326: 2276: 1980: 2387: 1365:(b. 1882). He told Dagmar that "only with can I relax mentally, enjoy them and rejoice, looking at them." He wrote in his diary that he "was crying like a baby" when Dagmar gave birth to their first child, Nicholas. He was much more lenient with his children than most European monarchs, and he told their tutors, "I do not need porcelain, I want normal healthy Russian children." General Cherevin believed that the clever George was "the favourite of both parents". Alexander enjoyed a more informal relationship with his youngest son Michael and doted on his youngest daughter, Olga. 2724: 2578: 1871: 2127: 2165: 1587: 2750: 2200: 2235: 793: 1829: 1773: 2430: 1850: 2332: 2050: 2071: 2702: 67: 2668: 2618: 2297: 831: 3462: 1071: 6842: 1136: 1906: 5196: 2493: 1924: 963: 2255: 1377: 1016: 3476: 537:

struck me like a blow. The Tsar's gaze! The look of a man who stood above all others, but who carried a monstrous burden and who every minute had to fear for his life and the lives of those closest to him. In later years I came into contact with the Emperor on several occasions, and I felt not the slightest bit timid. In more ordinary cases Tsar Alexander III could be at once kind, simple, and even almost homely.

5859: 3448: 1180: 490:, Alexander was seen as lacking refinement and elegance. Indeed, he rather relished the idea of being of the same rough texture as some of his subjects. His straightforward, abrupt manner savoured sometimes of gruffness, while his direct style of expression matched his rough-hewn, immobile features and somewhat sluggish movements. His education was not such as to soften these peculiarities. 1546:, who had come from her native Darmstadt to receive the Tsar's blessing. Despite being exceedingly weak, Alexander insisted on receiving Alix in full dress uniform, an event that left him exhausted. Soon after, his health began to deteriorate more rapidly. He died in the arms of his wife, and in the presence of his physician, 1329:

with the parents of Princess Dagmar of Denmark, who had been Nicholas' fiancée. Initially, the tsesarevich refused to travel to Copenhagen because he wanted to marry Maria. Enraged, the tsar ordered him to go straight to Denmark and propose to Princess Dagmar. The young Alexander wrote in his diary "Farewell, dear Dusenka."

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for her, and she was so delighted that Alexander gave her an egg every Easter. After Alexander died, his heir Nicholas doubled the tradition, every Easter commissioning an egg for his wife Alexandra Feodorovna, and one for his mother Dagmar. When Dagmar nursed him in his final illness, Alexander told

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Alexander and his father became estranged due to their different political views. In 1870, Alexander II supported Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War, which angered the younger Alexander. Influenced by his Danish wife Dagmar, Alexander criticized the "shortsighted government" for helping the "Prussian

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upon Nicholas's sudden death in 1865. He had been very close to his older brother, and he was devastated. When he became tsar, he reflected that "no one had such an impact on my life as my dear brother and friend Nixa " and lamented that "a terrible responsibility fell on my shoulders" when Nicholas

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After an unpleasant childhood experience on a bad-tempered mount, he developed a lifelong fear of horses. His wife once convinced him to go on a carriage ride with her, but as he reluctantly entered the carriage, the ponies reared back. He immediately left the carriage and no amount of pleading from

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depicts Alexander III sitting on a stump, his stretched arms resting on a sabre. An inscription says "Russia has only two allies: the Army and the Navy", although historians dispute whether the Tsar actually said those words. Alexander III is believed to be one of Putin's admired historic leaders,

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had proposed to her in early 1866, he told his parents that he was prepared to give up his rights of succession in order to marry his beloved "Dusenka". In 1866 after tsesarevich Nicholas's death, tsar Alexander II informed the new tsesarevich Alexander that Russia had come to a marriage agreement

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with the addition of Great Britain. That alliance brought France out of diplomatic isolation, and moved Russia from the German orbit to a coalition with France, one that was strongly supported by French financial assistance to Russia's economic modernisation. Girs was in charge of a diplomacy that

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It is very difficult to come to any satisfactory conclusion as to the real objects of Russian policy. I am more inclined to believe there are none; that the Emperor is really his own Minister, and so bad a Minister that no consequent or coherent policy is pursued; but that each influential person,

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Alexander III disliked the extravagance of the rest of his family. It was also expensive for the Crown to pay so many grand dukes each year. Each one received an annual salary of 250,000 rubles, and grand duchesses received a dowry of a million when they married. He limited the title of grand duke

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Alexander was concerned that his heir-apparent, Nicholas, was too gentle and naive to become an effective Emperor. When Witte suggested that Nicholas participate in the Trans-Siberian Committee, Alexander said, "Have you ever tried to discuss anything of consequence with His Imperial Highness the

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Despite his initial reluctance, Alexander grew fond of Dagmar, by the end of his life they loved each other deeply. A few weeks after their wedding, he wrote in his diary: "God grant that... I may love my darling wife more and more... I often feel that I am not worthy of her, but even if this was

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Alexander rejected foreign influence, German influence in particular, thus the adoption of local national principles was deprecated in all spheres of official activity, with a view to realizing his ideal of a Russia homogeneous in language, administration and religion. These ideas conflicted with

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about him. The look of his bright eyes made quite an impression on me. As he passed where I was standing, he raised his head for a second, and to this day I can remember what I felt as our eyes met. It was a look as cold as steel, in which there was something threatening, even frightening, and it

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Alexander III took initiatives to stimulate the development of trade and industry, as his father did before him. Russia's economy was still challenged by the Russian-Turkish war of 1877–1878, which created a deficit, so he imposed customs duties on imported goods. To further alleviate the budget

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The Tsesarevich could refer to these results as confirmation of the views he had expressed during the Franco-Prussian War; he concluded that for Russia, the best thing was to recover as quickly as possible from her temporary exhaustion, and prepare for future contingencies by military and naval

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with Great Britain, which was fearful that Russian expansion to the south would be a threat to India. Girs was usually successful in restraining the aggressive inclinations of Tsar Alexander convincing him that the very survival of the Tsarist system depended on avoiding major wars. With a deep

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On his deathbed, Nicholas allegedly expressed the wish that his fiancée, Princess Dagmar of Denmark, should marry Alexander. Alexander's parents encouraged the match. On 2 June 1866, Alexander went to Copenhagen to visit Dagmar. When they were looking at photographs of the deceased Nicholas,

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Despite the antipathy that Alexander had towards his stepmother, Catherine Dolgorukov, he nevertheless allowed her to remain in the Winter Palace for some time after his father's assassination and to retain keepsakes such Alexander II's blood-soaked uniform and his reading glasses.

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unexpectedly liked the monument. Following the Revolution of 1917, the statue remained in place as a symbol of tsarist autocracy until 1937 when it was placed in storage. In 1994, it was again put on public display, although in a different place – in front of the

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Grand Duke? Don't tell me you never noticed the Grand Duke is ... an absolute child. His opinions are utterly childish. How could he preside over such a committee?" He was worried that Nicholas had no experiences with women and arranged for the Polish ballerina

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where he commanded the left wing of the invading army. Never consulted on political questions, Alexander confined himself to military duties and fulfilled them in a conscientious and unobtrusive manner. After many mistakes and disappointments, the army reached

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of 1882. These laws encouraged open anti-Jewish sentiment and dozens of pogroms across the western part of the empire. As a result, many Jews emigrated to Western Europe and the United States. The laws banned Jews from inhabiting rural areas and

860:, who retained control of the Church in Russia through his long tenure as Procurator of the Holy Synod (from 1880 to 1905) and who became tutor to Alexander's son and heir, Nicholas. (Pobedonostsev appears as "Toporov" in Tolstoy's novel 6989: 725:. The union proved a happy one to the end; unlike nearly all of his predecessors since Peter I, there was no adultery in his marriage. The couple spent their wedding night at the Tsarevich's private dacha known as "My Property". 1448:

in 1888, Alexander joked, "I can imagine how disappointed Vladimir is going to be when he learns that we all stayed alive!" This tension was reflected in the rivalry between Maria Feodorovna and Vladimir's wife Marie Pavlovna.

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true, I will do my best to be." When she left his side, he missed her bitterly and complained: "My sweet darling Minny, for five years we've never been apart and Gatchina is empty and sad without you." In 1885, he commissioned

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needed to escort Vladimir out of the restaurant. Alexander was so furious that he temporarily exiled Vladimir and his wife and threatened to exile them permanently to Siberia. When Alexander and his family survived the

1309:. The palace was surrounded by moats, watch towers, and trenches, and soldiers were on guard night and day. Under heavy guard, he would make occasional visits into St. Petersburg, but even then he would stay in the 1041:

military or civil, snatches from him as opportunity offers the decisions which such person at the moment wants and that the mutual effect of these decisions on each other is determined almost exclusively by chance.

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Despite chilly relations with Berlin, the Tsar nevertheless confined himself to keeping a large number of troops near the German frontier. With regard to Bulgaria he exercised similar self-control. The efforts of

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setting up consultative commissions to advise the monarch. On ascending to the throne, however, Alexander III took Pobedonostsev's advice and cancelled the policy before its publication. He made it clear that his

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would mobilize two or three army corps against Russia, he twisted a silver fork into a knot and threw it onto the plate of the ambassador. He said, "That is what I am going to do to your two or three army corps."

1098:(for whom the Tsar had an immense dislike), and the unwillingness of Wilhelm II's government to renew the treaty. In response Alexander III then began cordial relations with France, eventually entering into an 1261:

deficit, he implemented increased frugality and accounting in state finances. Industrial development increased during his reign. Also during his reign, construction of the Trans Siberian Railway was started.

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insight into the tsar's moods and views, Girs was usually able to shape the final decisions by outmaneuvering hostile journalists, ministers, and even the Tsarina, as well as his own ambassadors.

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from 1865 to 1881 Alexander did not play a prominent part in public affairs, but allowed it to become known that he had ideas which did not coincide with the principles of the existing government.

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Though he was destined to be a strongly counter-reforming emperor, Alexander had little prospect of succeeding to the throne during the first two decades of his life, as he had an elder brother,

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Alexander was hostile to Jews, and his reign witnessed a sharp deterioration in their economic, social, and political condition. His policy was eagerly implemented by tsarist officials in the

7049: 581:, who seemed of robust constitution. Even when Nicholas first displayed symptoms of delicate health, the notion that he might die young was never taken seriously, and he was betrothed to 6959: 852:(elective local administrative bodies) and placed the administration of peasant communes under the supervision of land-owning proprietors appointed by his government, "land captains" ( 4768: 1058:

featured numerous negotiated settlements, treaties and conventions. These agreements defined Russian boundaries and restored equilibrium to dangerously unstable situations. The most

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In disposition, Alexander bore little resemblance to his soft-hearted, liberal father, and still less to his refined, philosophic, sentimental, chivalrous, yet cunning great-uncle

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Alexander had the political goal of Russification, which involved homogenizing the language and religion of Russia's people. He implemented changes such as teaching only the

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her, "Even before my death, I have known an angel." He died in Dagmar's arms, and his daughter Olga wrote that "my mother still held him in her arms" long after he died.

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those of his father, who had German sympathies despite being a patriot; Alexander II often used the German language in his private relations, occasionally ridiculed the

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to become his son's mistress. Even at the end of his life, he considered Nicholas a child and told him, "I can't imagine you as a fiancé – how strange and unusual!"

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In foreign affairs Alexander III was a man of peace, but not at any price, and held that the best means of averting war is to be well-prepared for it. Diplomat

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epidemic, which caused 375,000 to 500,000 deaths, and some liberal activity was tolerated, and the zemstvos were recruited to help with relief. Among others,

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Fedyashin, Anton (2023). "Book Review: Istoriia rossiiskogo gosudarstva. Tsar'-osvoboditel' i tsar'-mirotvorets. Lekarstvo dlia imperii by Boris Akunin".

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Alexander was extremely strong. He tore packs of cards in half with his bare hands to entertain his children. When the Austrian ambassador threatened that

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All of Alexander III's internal reforms aimed to reverse the liberalization from his father's reign. The new Emperor believed that the principles of

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unveiled a bronze monument to Alexander III on the site of the former Maly Livadia Palace in Crimea. The four-meter monument by Russian sculptor

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Photograph about arriving of Alexander III at the Fontell House (also known as "The House of Emperor") for the first time on August 4, 1885, in

7034: 7029: 2341: 1562:, with his funeral being attended by numerous foreign relatives, including King Christian IX of Denmark, the Prince and Princess of Wales, and 1129:), and he never allowed the bellicose partisans of a forward policy to get out of hand. His reign cannot be regarded as an eventful period of 6889: 6323: 6293: 6145: 5834: 1944: 4930: 1629:. Both the horse and rider were sculpted in massive form, leading to the nickname of "hippopotamus". Troubetzkoy envisioned the statue as a 1475:

remembered when he would play with her and her siblings: "The Emperor... seemed a playful and kind Goliath among all the romping children."

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nature restrained him from many exaggerations, and any popular illusions he may have imbibed were dispelled by personal observation in

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with the Germans. However, in 1890, the expiration of the treaty coincided with the dismissal of Bismarck by the new German emperor,

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failed to do what was expected of him by the Russian emperor. In return for the Russian support which had enabled him to create the

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to destroy Russian influence in the principality roused his indignation, but he vetoed all proposals to intervene by force of arms.

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remembered hearing the tsar say, "To think that after having faced the guns of the Turks I must retreat now before these skunks."

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Charles Jelavich, "Russo-Bulgarian relations, 1892–1896: with particular reference to the problem of the bulgarian succession".

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20 October] 1894 at the age of 49, and was succeeded by his eldest son Tsesarevich Nicholas, who took the throne as

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Margaret Maxwell, "A Re-examination of the Role of N. K. Giers as Russian Foreign Minister under Alexander III" pp. 352–353.

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and duchess to only children and male-line grandchildren of emperors. The rest would bear a princely title and the style of

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Following his father's assassination, Alexander III was advised that it would be difficult for him to be kept safe at the

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affairs he followed the traditional policy of gradually extending Russian domination without provoking conflict with the

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was used for all Tsar's sons from the times of Ivan IV to Peter I. Only heirs to the throne included in this template.

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made no effort to conceal his sympathies for the French. These sentiments would resurface during 1875–1879, when the

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The general negative consensus about the tsar's foreign policy follows the conclusions of the British Prime Minister

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I. Michael Aronson, "The Attitudes of Russian Officials in the 1880s toward Jewish Assimilation and Emigration."

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excited Russian society. At first, the Tsesarevich was more Slavophile than the Russian government. However, his

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Suny, Ronald Grigor. "Rehabilitating Tsarism: The Imperial Russian State and Its Historians. A Review Article"

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of the Orthodox Church in Russia. Pobedonostsev instilled into the young man's mind the belief that zeal for

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reorganization. In accordance with this conviction, he suggested that certain reforms should be introduced.

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Polunov, A. Iu. "The Orthodox Church in the Baltic Region and the Policies of Alexander Ill's Government."

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paid a visit and administered Communion to the Tsar. On 21 October, Alexander received Nicholas's fiancée,

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Even though he disliked their mother, Alexander was kind to his half-siblings. His youngest half-sister

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Alexander was known for his striking appearance, a tall, heavy-set man, of enormous muscular strength.

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Miranda Carter, George, Nicholas, and Wilhelm: Three Royal Cousins and the Road to World War I, p. 54

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The Borki Cathedral was one of many churches built to commemorate the Tsar's miraculous survival in

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was signed, but much that had been obtained by that important document had to be sacrificed at the

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Alexander III & the State Council: bureaucracy & counter-reform in late imperial Russia

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title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich as claimant to the Russian throne

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title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich as claimant to the Russian throne

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I. Michael Aronson, "The Prospects for the Emancipation of Russian Jewry during the 1880s."

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Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers

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coast, where their children were immersed in a Scandinavian lifestyle of relative modesty.

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Alexander III had six children (five of whom survived to adulthood) of his marriage with

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As tsesarevich, Alexander began to study the principles of law and administration under

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enduring into 21st century historiography. His major foreign policy achievement was the

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Kelly, Luke (November 2016). "British humanitarianism and the Russian famine, 1891–2".

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Grand painting by artist Georges Becker of the coronation of Emperor Alexander III and

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of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and his daughter-in-law to be, Alix of Hesse, and her brother,

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Bailiffs Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta

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Alexander III and Maria Feodorovna in the family circle on the porch of his home in

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Alexander resented his father for having a long-standing relationship with Princess

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The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature

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on 27 May 1883. Alexander's ascension to the throne was followed by an outbreak of

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Kalakaua to his sister, 12 July 1881, quoted in Greer, Richard A. (editor, 1967) "

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The Court of the Last Tsar: Pomp, Power and Pageantry in the Reign of Nicholas II

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Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark § Children of Dagmar and Alexander III

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Commemorative Medal for the Golden Wedding of King Christian IX and Queen Louise,

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policy in the territories occupied or annexed by Russia in the 18–21st centuries

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and dissolved German, Polish, and Swedish cultural and religious institutions.

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Dorpalen, Andreas. "Tsar Alexander III and the Boulanger Crisis in France."

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Alexander had six children by Dagmar, five of whom survived into adulthood:

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helped with relief efforts on his estate and through the British press, and

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Polunov, A. Iu. "Konstantin Petrovich Pobedonostsev – Man and Politician".

4533: 4183: 2861: 2115: 1677:. On 5 June 2021, he unveiled another monument to Alexander on the site of 1647: 1118: 1046: 869: 835: 158: 6101:'s son from his fifth (or seventh) marriage, and thus illegitimate by the 4987:"Troca de Decorações entre os Reis de Portugal e os Imperadores da Rússia" 1086:

towards Russia, he avoided an open rupture with Germany—even reviving the

396:

During his reign, Russia fought no major wars, and he came to be known as

6682: 5801: 3883:

https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-rule-of-alexander-iii-of-russia.html

3611: 2302: 2205: 1555: 1202: 1173: 1153: 1141: 896: 666: 606: 471: 440: 368: 226: 118: 6123: 4945:[Military William Order: Romanov, Alexander III Alexandrovich]. 4884: 3461: 1320:

In the 1860s, Alexander fell in love with his mother's lady-in-waiting,

1070: 5246: 4597: 4141: 4053: 4007: 2841: 2434: 1630: 1483: 1456:(who he made rear admiral and then grand admiral of the Russian Navy), 1385: 1210: 1157: 987: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 801: 736:(with whom he had several illegitimate children) while his mother, the 698: 690: 618: 372: 37: 5320: 5062:

Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach

1193:

Some differences between father and son had first appeared during the

764:. He and Maria Feodorovna were officially crowned and anointed at the 6819: 6517:

of 1886, limiting the style to sons and male-line grandsons of a tsar

6102: 4971:

Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: für ... 1872/73

4913:

Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Mecklenburg-Strelitz: 1878

2784: 1550:, at Maly Palace in Livadia on the afternoon of 1 November [ 1515: 813: 390: 4986: 1594:, shows the Emperor sitting heavily on the back of a ponderous horse 962: 872:(D. A. Tolstoy's successor in the latter post). Journalists such as 546:

Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich was born on 10 March 1845 at the

6799: 4535:

Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia, Alexander Mikhailovich

1563: 1274: 1214: 1179: 1082:

Though Alexander was indignant at the conduct of German chancellor

918: 908:

Russian language in Russian schools in Germany, Poland, and Finland

5201:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

4633: 1376: 1133:; but under his hard rule the country made considerable progress. 1015: 6814: 5858: 4614: 4513:"Putin unveils monument to Russia's Tsar Alexander III in Crimea" 4512: 1929: 1855: 1661:. It was opened by his son, Nicholas II, and exists to this day. 1657:, the French Republic commissioned a bridge named in his honour, 1643: 1603: 1165: 1145: 938: 892: 848: 444: 279: 50: 45: 1514:

In 1894, Alexander III became ill with terminal kidney disease (

933:

Encouraged by its successful assassination of Alexander II, the

6980:

Recipients of the Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog

6940:

Russian military personnel of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)

4699:(in French), 1866, p. 52 – via Archives de Bruxelles 2667: 2660: 2260: 2029: 1642:. Another pre-revolutionary memorial is located in the city of 1198: 923: 761: 605:. Great solicitude was devoted to the education of Nicholas as 531: 487: 4943:"Militaire Willems-Orde: Romanov, Aleksandr III Nikolajevitsj" 4808:

The Royal Tourist—Kalakaua's Letters Home from Tokio to London

1431:. At a restaurant, Vladimir had brawled with the French actor 1427:

Alexander had an extremely poor relationship with his brother

486:. Although an enthusiastic amateur musician and patron of the 6514: 1527: 1161: 930:) and restricted the occupations in which they could engage. 701:

to be cultivated by every right-minded emperor. While he was

7050:

Burials at Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg

4772:(1890), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 46 4769:

Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha

4078:

Imperial Rivals: China, Russia, and Their Disputed Frontier

2622: 1452:

Alexander had better relationships with his other brothers

1273:

Left to Right: Emperor Alexander III, Prince George (later

941:

uncovered the plot and five of the conspirators, including

868:(minister of education, and later of internal affairs) and 808: 650: 6960:

Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Second Degree

5290:

Alexander III His Life and Reign'm (2014), Gilbert's Books

5181:

Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreichs Württemberg: 1866

367:

from 13 March 1881 until his death in 1894. He was highly

4834:

Hof- und Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Hannover: 1865

3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3634: 937:

movement began planning the murder of Alexander III. The

796:

Alexander receiving rural district elders in the yard of

6795:

Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

4985:

Bragança, Jose Vicente de; Estrela, Paulo Jorge (2017).

4732:

State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1894

4568:"The Royal Role Model: Historical Revisionism in Russia" 4344: 4342: 4106:

Raymond A. Mohl, "Confrontation in Central Asia, 1885",

1152:

Alexander and his wife regularly spent their summers at

807:

On the day of his assassination, Alexander II signed an

5251:

Etty, John. "Alexander III, Tsar of Russia 1881–1889."

4615:

Russian Imperial Army – Emperor Alexander III of Russia

2342:

Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig

1176:

and based his foreign policy on the Prussian alliance.

903:

directed anti-cholera precautions in several villages.

827:, would quell revolutionary agitation and save Russia. 7015:

Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword

6965:

Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary

5358:

Romanovs. The eighth film. Alexander III; Nicholas II.

4935: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4147: 3681: 2598:

Bronze Commemorative Medal for the Russo-Turkish War,

1400:, held family reunions at the Danish royal palaces of 1289:). Probably taken on the imperial yacht near Denmark, 709:

Alexander proposed to Dagmar. On 9 November [

355:; 10 March 1845 – 1 November 1894) was 4371:

Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 128

4339: 3816:"Die Judenverfolgung in Rußland in der Krönungswoche" 3674: 3672: 3662: 3660: 3658: 451:, intermingling Russian influences with the shifting 413: 350: 7000:

Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of William

4674:

Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1867

4362:

John Van der Kiste, "The Romanovs 1818–1959", p. 121

4293:

John Curtis Perry, The Flight of the Romanovs, p. 54

4239:

Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 29

4221:

Carolly Erickson, Alexandra: The Last Tsarina, p. 19

3678:

John Van der Kiste, "The Romanovs 1818–1959", p. 133

3666:

John Van der Kiste, "The Romanovs 1818–1959", p. 132

3652:

John Van der Kiste, "The Romanovs 1818–1959", p. 101

3443: 1244:

for the purpose of counteracting Russian designs in

6945:

Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia)

4727:

Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1894

4351: 3779:

John Van der Kiste, "The Romanovs 1818–1959", p. 86

887:The government was overwhelmed in dealing with the 784:, as well as those outside of the Orthodox Church. 570:). He was born during the reign of his grandfather 6955:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class 5085:"Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro" 4724:Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1894) . 4717: 4075: 3799:"Alexander III., Alexandrovich, Emperor of Russia" 3669: 3655: 3646: 1590:The equestrian statue of Alexander III, by Prince 7025:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class) 7020:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania 4858:(1879), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" 4856:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Hessen 4723: 3555:13 March 1881 – 1 November 1894. 2924:(1868–1924); div. 16 October 1916; had no issue. 1602:Memorial dedicated to Alexander III in Pullapää, 6856: 6509:born a Grand Duke, but stripped of his title by 5269:The Romanovs : autocrats of all the Russias 4652:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden 4593:"Unveiling of monument to Emperor Alexander III" 4230:Alexander Mikhailovich, Once a Grand Duke, p. 65 2698: 1183:Alexander III and Nicholas II on French stamps, 7005:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal) 6995:Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion 5842: 5050:Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen (1867) 4984: 4967: 6975:Grand Commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog 6950:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class 4830: 4786:. Paris: Archives & Culture. p. 516. 4073: 2772:Alexander III with his wife and their children 2156:: Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion, 864:.) Other conservative advisors included Count 379:, a policy of "counter-reforms" (Russian: 161:, Livadia, Taurida Governorate, Russian Empire 6970:Recipients of the Order of Bravery, 1st class 6557: 6139: 5828: 5459: 4961: 2244:Grand Cross of the Mexican Eagle, with Collar 1945:Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog 1482:17 October] 1888 the Imperial train 1197:, when Alexander II supported the cabinet of 1090:for a period of time and in 1887, signed the 401: 380: 371:in domestic affairs and reversed some of the 338: 5473: 5052:(in German), "Königliche Ritter-Orden", p. 4 4824: 4248:Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 459 3788:Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 451 3770:Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 445 3761:Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 442 3752:Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 441 3730:Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 415 3721:Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 409 3712:Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 407 2830:Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia 876:supported the emperor's autocracy policies. 748:On 13 March 1881 (N.S.) Alexander's father, 509:his wife could convince him to get back in. 7040:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles 5236:Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917) 5177: 2882:Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia 1473:Princess Catherine Alexandrovna Yurievskaya 1053:of 1891, which was later expanded into the 697:thought was an essential factor of Russian 6564: 6550: 6146: 6132: 5835: 5821: 5466: 5452: 5317:Comparative Studies in Society and History 4910:"Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen". 4664: 4457:The Flight of the Romanovs: a Family Saga 3239:Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine 2890:Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia 2870:Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia 2783:(Note: all dates prior to 1918 are in the 657:, and behind Nicholas can be seen a young 512:An account from the memoirs of the artist 173:Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg 65: 6153: 5327:Romanovs: Europe's Most Obsessive Dynasty 4693:"Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold" 3975: 3564: 3333:Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden 3213:Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine 2910:Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia 2850:Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia 2753:Lesser Coat of Arms of the Russian Empire 1003:Learn how and when to remove this message 562:(Future Alexander II) and his first wife 4892:(in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 143. 4565: 4407: 4184:"The Economical Policy of Alexander III" 3603:The Decline of Bismarck's European Order 2767: 2748: 2004: 1597: 1585: 1501: 1375: 1268: 1178: 1135: 1069: 1014: 949:, were captured and hanged in May 1887. 878: 829: 791: 628: 465: 5206: 5064:(1869), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 4610: 4608: 4455:John Perry & Constantine Pleshakov 4153: 3700: 3640: 2713:Stranger Knight Companion of the Garter 2635: 1522:, offered to let him stay at her villa 637:, which took place on 27 May [ 516:gives one impression of Alexander III: 199: 14: 6857: 6329:Grand Duke Konstantine Konstantinovich 4931:Sovereign Ordonnance of 14 August 1883 4873:, Vincenzo Bona, Torino, 1886, p. 136. 4670: 4165: 3976:Florinsky, Michael T. (6 March 2019). 3599: 3312: 3192: 3188: 3178: 3149:Duchess Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 3070: 3029:Duchess Sophie Dorothea of Württemburg 2960: 2956: 1285:, Tsesarevich Nicholas (later Emperor 389:(1827–1907), he acted to maximize his 7035:Extra Knights Companion of the Garter 7030:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain 6790:Belarusian orthography reform of 1933 6545: 6339:Grand Duke Vyacheslav Konstantinovich 6127: 5816: 5447: 4486: 4410:"Diaries and Letters – Alexander III" 4328: 4326: 4020:"This day, May 15, in Jewish history" 3923: 3388: 3378: 3374: 3362: 3356: 3346: 3330: 3320: 3316: 3300: 3294: 3284: 3268: 3258: 3254: 3242: 3236: 3226: 3210: 3200: 3196: 3172: 3162: 3146: 3136: 3132: 3120: 3114: 3104: 3088: 3078: 3074: 3058: 3052: 3042: 3026: 3016: 3012: 3000: 2994: 2984: 2968: 2964: 2922:Duke Peter Alexandrovich of Oldenburg 2469:Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal 1781:: Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian 1460:(who he made governor of Moscow) and 1437:Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1322:Princess Maria Elimovna Meshcherskaya 1301:, and he relocated his family to the 1255: 821:Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality 599:Queen Alexandra of the United Kingdom 422: 6890:People from Sankt-Peterburgsky Uyezd 5009: 4899:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4882: 4781: 4605: 4543:. Illustrated Russia. Archived from 4437:(John Wiley & Sons, 2006) p. 325 3297:Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine 2946:Ancestors of Alexander III of Russia 2734:Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown 1653:For Alexander's role in forging the 1534:, they stayed at the Maly Palace in 1506:Alexander III in the uniform of the 1497: 1305:30 kilometres (20 mi) south of 1028:Foreign policy of the Russian Empire 985:adding citations to reliable sources 956: 846:Alexander weakened the power of the 787: 653:can be seen his young son and heir, 558:, the second son and third child of 439:that eventually embroiled Russia in 352:Aleksandr III Aleksandrovich Romanov 6985:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 6324:Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich 5151: 5017:"Königlich Preussische Ordensliste" 4745:from the original on 9 October 2022 2309:Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion 1324:. Dismayed to learn that Prince zu 1074:Alexander III and French President 883:5-ruble coin of Alexander III, 1888 340:Александр III Александрович Романов 27:Emperor of Russia from 1881 to 1894 24: 7010:Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz 6930:Children of Alexander II of Russia 6400:Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich 6268:Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaevich 6163:The generations are numbered from 4566:Torbakov, Igor (12 January 2018). 4527: 4323: 3391:Princess Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt 3271:Princess Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt 2780:, also known as Marie Feodorovna. 2627:Order of the Royal House of Chakri 2590:Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo 2505:Grand Cross of the Star of Romania 2399:Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword 520:After a performance of the ballet 144:, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire 25: 7061: 6900:House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov 6369:Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich 6334:Grand Duke Dmitri Konstantinovich 6304:Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich 5378:House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov 5347:Alexander III. Historical photos. 5340: 5139:(in Norwegian), 1890, p. 595 5112:Sveriges och Norges Statskalender 4711:"Knights of the Order of Bravery" 4336:(Sutton Publishing, 2003), p. 151 4050:Slavonic and East European Review 3546:10 March 1845 – 1 November 1894 2154:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1883:Grand Cross of the Southern Cross 1816:Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion 1435:when the latter kissed his wife, 1315:Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich 952: 715:Grand Church of the Winter Palace 713:28 October] 1866 in the 6841: 6840: 6410:Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich 6354:Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich 6294:Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich 6237:Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich 5857: 5194: 4871:Calendario reale per l'anno 1887 4654:(1876), "Großherzogliche Orden" 4123:(Sutton Publishing; 2003) p. 162 3834:"Rioting and Politics in Russia" 3474: 3460: 3446: 3091:Frederick William III of Prussia 2884:(1866–1933); had seven children 2722: 2700: 2666: 2659: 2637: 2616: 2576: 2555: 2534: 2491: 2444: 2437:: Order of the August Portrait, 2428: 2385: 2351: 2330: 2295: 2274: 2253: 2233: 2212:Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown 2198: 2163: 2146: 2125: 2104: 2069: 2048: 2028: 2006: 1985: 1978: 1971: 1954:Grand Commander of the Dannebrog 1922: 1904: 1869: 1848: 1827: 1792: 1771: 1576:Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig of Hesse 1544:Princess Alix of Hesse-Darmstadt 1392:Each summer his parents-in-law, 961: 823:, introduced by his grandfather 324: 6459:Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich 6436:Grand Duke John Konstantinovich 6425:Grand Duke Andrew Vladimirovich 6415:Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich 6405:Grand Duke George Alexandrovich 6359:Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich 6344:Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich 6314:Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich 6309:Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich 6273:Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich 5263:Late Imperial Russia: 1890–1917 5229: 5171: 5127: 5115:(in Swedish), 1866, p. 435 5103: 5091:(in Spanish). 1887. p. 146 5077: 5055: 5043: 4978: 4924: 4903: 4876: 4864: 4849: 4800: 4775: 4761: 4703: 4685: 4645: 4627: 4585: 4559: 4505: 4480: 4471: 4462: 4449: 4440: 4427: 4401: 4392: 4383: 4374: 4365: 4314: 4305: 4296: 4287: 4278: 4269: 4260: 4251: 4242: 4233: 4224: 4215: 4197: 4176: 4166:Baynes, Thomas Spencer (1902). 4159: 4126: 4113: 4100: 4067: 4058: 4042: 4012: 3996: 3969: 3944: 3917: 3872: 3863: 3845: 3827: 3809: 3791: 3782: 3773: 3764: 3755: 3746: 3743:(Sutton Publishing, 2003) p. 94 3733: 3724: 3715: 3706: 2824:(1872–1918); had five children 2567:Grand Cross of the White Falcon 972:needs additional citations for 756:by members of the organization 624: 427:), with the laudatory title of 270:Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov 195: 87:13 March 1881 – 6810:Russification in modern Russia 6495:Grand Duke George Mikhailovich 6453:Tsesarevich Alexei Nikolaevich 6420:Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich 6379:Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich 6374:Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich 6364:Grand Duke George Mikhailovich 6278:Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich 3984:. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc 3606:. Princeton University Press. 3593: 3558: 3549: 3540: 3522: 2930:(1881–1958); had two children 2791: 2605:Grand Cross of the White Eagle 2220:Cross for Distinction in War ( 2177:Grand Cordon of the Rising Sun 1705:Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky 1275:George V of the United Kingdom 1264: 766:Assumption Cathedral in Moscow 593:, and whose siblings included 461: 13: 1: 6905:19th-century Russian monarchs 6885:Royalty from Saint Petersburg 6825:Ukrainian orthography of 1933 6319:Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich 5319:31#1 (1989) pp. 168–179 4414:Alexander Palace Time Machine 4172:. Little, Brown. p. 260. 3952:"Czar Aleksandr III - Trivia" 3515: 3510:President of the Soviet Union 3117:Princess Charlotte of Prussia 2844:, aged 10 months and 26 days 2808:Emperor Nicholas II of Russia 1613:of Alexander III sculpted by 1290: 1184: 1060:dramatic success came in 1885 641:15 May] 1883 at the 595:King Frederik VIII of Denmark 541: 34:Eastern Slavic naming customs 6910:19th-century Polish monarchs 6722:Anti-Russification activists 6477:Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich 6349:Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich 6247:Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich 4782:M. & B. Wattel. (2009). 4634:"A Szent István Rend tagjai" 4205:"The Trans-Siberian Railway" 3359:Princess Wilhelmine of Baden 2937: 2523:Crossing of the Danube Cross 1581: 587:King Christian IX of Denmark 7: 6651:Organizers of Russification 6613:Great Russification program 6430:Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich 4819:Hawaiian Journal of History 3495:Tsars of Russia family tree 3439: 2904:(1880–1952); had one child 2789: 2650:Knight of the Golden Fleece 2471:House Order of Hohenzollern 2039:Grand Cross of the Redeemer 414: 351: 305:Marie of Hesse and by Rhine 10: 7066: 6179:Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich 5535:Sviatoslav III of Vladimir 5307:Russian Studies in History 5296:Russian Studies in History 5233: 3803:www.JewishEncyclopedia.com 3600:Kennan, George F. (1979). 3579:10.1177/02656914231199945a 3567:European History Quarterly 3505:Emperor of all the Russias 3306: 3190: 3064: 2958: 2928:Colonel Nikolai Kulikovsky 2926:married 16 November 1916, 2902:Natalia Sergeyevna Wulfert 2820:married 26 November 1894, 2778:Princess Dagmar of Denmark 2761: 2282:Principality of Montenegro 2265:Grand Cross of St. Charles 2187:Order of the Chrysanthemum 2137:Knight of the Annunciation 1996:Saxe-Ernestine House Order 1684: 1076:Marie François Sadi Carnot 1025: 583:Princess Dagmar of Denmark 385:). Under the influence of 216: 32:In this name that follows 31: 6915:Heads of state of Finland 6838: 6782: 6721: 6668:Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky 6650: 6580: 6504: 6486: 6468: 6445: 6387: 6286: 6255: 6224: 6208: 6187: 6171: 6161: 6087: 5998: 5971: 5870: 5851: 5727: 5643: 5483:Grand princes of Vladimir 5481: 5432: 5419: 5411: 5406: 5371: 5285:full-length old biography 5243:Journal of Modern History 5208:Wallace, Donald Mackenzie 4949:(in Dutch). 17 March 1881 4459:(Basic Books, 1999) p. 62 4134:Journal of Modern History 4110:(1969) 119#3 pp. 176–183. 3376: 3368: 3340: 3318: 3314: 3278: 3256: 3248: 3220: 3198: 3194: 3156: 3134: 3126: 3098: 3076: 3072: 3036: 3014: 3006: 2978: 2962: 2900:married 16 October 1912, 2457:Knight of the Black Eagle 1723:Knight of the White Eagle 1102:with the French in 1892. 889:Russian famine of 1891–92 424:[mʲɪrɐˈtvorʲɪt͡s] 402: 381: 339: 320: 310: 300: 290: 278: 269: 264: 260: 209: 180: 165: 148: 128: 124: 114: 104: 94: 83: 76: 71:Portrait photograph, 1885 64: 59: 6935:Sons of Russian emperors 5580:Dmitry the Terrible Eyes 5475:List of Russian monarchs 5373:Alexander III of Russia 5147:– via runeberg.org 5123:– via runeberg.org 5021:Preussische Ordens-Liste 4968:Staat Oldenburg (1873). 4639:22 December 2010 at the 4620:17 December 2018 at the 4515:. TASS. 18 November 2017 4334:The Romanovs: 1818–1959 4121:The Romanovs: 1818–1959 3869:Sebag Montefiore, p. 668 3857:www.yivoencyclopedia.org 3741:The Romanovs: 1818–1959 3500:List of Russian monarchs 2864:, aged 28; had no issue 2757: 2286:Order of Prince Danilo I 1912:Principality of Bulgaria 1745:Knight of St. Stanislaus 1508:Danish Royal Life Guards 1478:On 29 October [ 1382:Empress Maria Fyodorovna 1088:League of Three Emperors 858:Konstantin Pobedonostsev 743: 675:Konstantin Pobedonostsev 635:Empress Maria Fyodorovna 387:Konstantin Pobedonostsev 285:Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp 6895:Alexander III of Russia 5530:Yaroslav II of Vladimir 5279:Alexander III of Russia 5221:Encyclopædia Britannica 4947:Ministerie van Defensie 4831:Staat Hannover (1865). 4813:19 October 2019 at the 4697:Almanach Royal Officiel 4491:. Pimlico. p. 15. 4487:Figes, Orlando (1997). 4082:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 4074:S. C. M. Paine (1996). 3982:Encyclopædia Britannica 3938:10.1111/1468-2281.12140 3175:Alexander III of Russia 2920:married 9 August 1901, 2880:married 6 August 1894, 2744: 2688:Grand Cross of St. Olav 2546:Knight of the Rue Crown 1807:House Order of Fidelity 1655:Franco-Russian Alliance 1560:Peter and Paul Fortress 1548:Ernst Viktor von Leyden 1422:King Oscar II of Sweden 1414:King George I of Greece 1380:Alexander and his wife 1371:Mathilde Kschessinskaya 1051:Franco-Russian Alliance 945:, the older brother of 800:in Moscow; painting by 683:Moscow State University 603:King George I of Greece 591:Queen Louise of Denmark 566:(née Princess Marie of 501:Unlike his extroverted 476:Sergei Lvovich Levitsky 437:international relations 433:Franco-Russian Alliance 361:King of Congress Poland 6925:Tsesarevichs of Russia 6581:By annexed territories 5729:Emperors of all Russia 5302:, by a leading scholar 5245:23.2 (1951): 122–136. 5159:The Knights of England 5089:Guía Oficial de España 4974:. Schulze. p. 29. 4837:. Berenberg. pp. 4136:24.4 (1952): 341–351. 3821:Das interessante Blatt 3055:Alexander II of Russia 2822:Princess Alix of Hesse 2773: 2754: 2679:Knight of the Seraphim 2584:Principality of Serbia 2409:Sash of the Two Orders 2319:Military William Order 1936:Knight of the Elephant 1858:: Grand Cordon of the 1732:Knight of St. Vladimir 1606: 1595: 1511: 1389: 1326:Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn 1294: 1190: 1149: 1079: 1064:long-standing tensions 1023: 884: 843: 816:would not be limited. 804: 685:and later (from 1880) 677:, then a professor of 662: 655:the Tsarevich Nicholas 539: 479: 295:Alexander II of Russia 7045:Deaths from nephritis 6920:Grand dukes of Russia 6744:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud 6155:Grand Dukes of Russia 5972:Without special title 5540:Andrey II of Vladimir 5510:Vsevolod the Big Nest 5426:Grand Duke of Finland 5273:online free to borrow 4677:. Landesamt. p. 4398:Van Der Kiste, p. 119 4389:Van Der Kiste, p. 118 4380:Van Der Kiste, p. 141 4348:Van Der Kiste, p. 152 4024:Cleveland Jewish News 2771: 2762:Further information: 2752: 2514:Military Virtue Medal 2344:, with Golden Crown, 2284:: Grand Cross of the 2214:, with Crown in Ore, 2114:: Grand Cross of the 2060:Order of Kamehameha I 2058:: Grand Cross of the 2017:: Grand Cross of the 1994:: Grand Cross of the 1664:On 18 November 2017, 1601: 1589: 1518:). His first cousin, 1505: 1379: 1337:to produce the first 1287:Nicholas II of Russia 1272: 1224:Treaty of San Stefano 1182: 1139: 1073: 1018: 910:. He also patronized 882: 833: 795: 734:Catherine Dolgorukova 649:. On the left of the 632: 560:Tsesarevich Alexander 518: 469: 365:Grand Duke of Finland 6805:Lithuanian press ban 6708:Alexander Lukashenko 5653:Ivan IV the Terrible 5520:Konstantin of Rostov 5500:Andrei I Bogolyubsky 5383:Cadet branch of the 5309:39.4 (2001): 66–76. 5261:Hutchinson, John F. 5178:Württemberg (1866). 5157:Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) 5136:Norges Statskalender 4332:Van Der Kiste, John 4320:The Romanovs, p. 479 4311:The Romanovs, p. 477 4302:The Romanovs, p. 475 4275:The Romanovs, p. 460 4266:The Romanovs, p. 484 4257:The Romanovs, p. 483 4119:Van Der Kiste, John 3739:Van Der Kiste, John 3612:10.2307/j.ctv141649s 2997:Nicholas I of Russia 2563:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 2374:Order of Distinction 2185:Grand Cordon of the 2112:Grand Duchy of Hesse 2093:Royal Guelphic Order 2083:Knight of St. George 1839:Knight of St. Hubert 1783:Order of St. Stephen 1754:Knight of St. George 1696:Knight of St. Andrew 1623:Moscow Rail Terminal 1520:Queen Olga of Greece 1446:Borki train disaster 1021:the 1888 train crash 981:improve this article 782:morganatic marriages 232:Grand Duke Alexander 5645:Tsars of all Russia 5620:Vasily II the Blind 5560:Dmitry of Pereslavl 5525:Yuri II of Vladimir 5515:Yuri II of Vladimir 5505:Mikhail of Vladimir 5336:(Rutgers UP, 1982). 5298:39.4 (2001): 8–32. 5267:Lincoln, W. Bruce. 5071:8 June 2020 at the 4006:34.1 (1975): 1–18. 3926:Historical Research 3643:, pp. 561–562. 2407:Grand Cross of the 2393:Kingdom of Portugal 2317:Grand Cross of the 2091:Grand Cross of the 1891:Grand Cross of the 1526:, on the island of 1429:Grand Duke Vladimir 1339:jeweled Easter eggs 1195:Franco-Prussian War 854:zemskiye nachalniki 484:Emperor Alexander I 435:, a major shift in 242:Grand Duchess Xenia 6870:Emperors of Russia 6608:February Manifesto 6598:Bessarabia/Moldova 5625:Ivan III the Great 5565:Andrey of Gorodets 5555:Vasily of Kostroma 5386:House of Oldenburg 4547:on 17 January 2022 4489:A People's Tragedy 3940:– via EBSCO. 3839:The New York Times 2774: 2755: 2499:Kingdom of Romania 2451:Kingdom of Prussia 2077:Kingdom of Hanover 1835:Kingdom of Bavaria 1714:Knight of St. Anna 1659:Pont Alexandre III 1619:Znamenskaya Square 1609:In 1909, a bronze 1607: 1596: 1512: 1390: 1335:Peter Carl Fabergé 1295: 1256:Trade and Industry 1228:Congress of Berlin 1191: 1150: 1110:and afterwards of 1092:Reinsurance Treaty 1080: 1024: 928:Pale of Settlement 885: 844: 805: 780:. He also forbade 663: 568:Hesse and by Rhine 564:Maria Alexandrovna 480: 252:Grand Duchess Olga 247:Grand Duke Michael 18:Tsar Alexander III 6852: 6851: 6729:Kastus Kalinouski 6698:Nikita Khrushchev 6539: 6538: 6165:Peter I of Russia 6121: 6120: 5854:Tsardom of Russia 5810: 5809: 5610:Dmitry of the Don 5585:Alexander of Tver 5495:Yuri I Dolgorukiy 5442: 5441: 5433:Succeeded by 5422:Emperor of Russia 5352:A short biography 5332:Whelan, Heide W. 5325:Thomson, Oliver. 4993:(in Portuguese). 4793:978-2-35077-135-9 4052:(1977): 348–369. 3905:Missing or empty 3436: 3435: 3432: 3431: 2935: 2934: 2542:Kingdom of Saxony 2475:25 September 1872 2365:Order of Osmanieh 2056:Kingdom of Hawaii 2035:Kingdom of Greece 1992:Ernestine duchies 1897:15 September 1868 1615:Paolo Troubetzkoy 1611:equestrian statue 1592:Paolo Troubetzkoy 1540:John of Kronstadt 1498:Illness and death 1439:. The prefect of 1410:Princess of Wales 1394:King Christian IX 1096:Kaiser Wilhelm II 1084:Otto von Bismarck 1078:forge an alliance 1013: 1012: 1005: 943:Aleksandr Ulyanov 926:(even within the 912:Eastern Orthodoxy 788:Domestic policies 770:anti-Jewish riots 665:Alexander became 659:Grand Duke George 528:Mariinsky Theatre 470:Alexander III as 453:balances of power 449:Otto von Bismarck 429:Tsar’-Mirotvorets 412: 391:autocratic powers 357:Emperor of Russia 349: 332: 331: 274: 273: 237:Grand Duke George 187:Dagmar of Denmark 78:Emperor of Russia 16:(Redirected from 7057: 6844: 6843: 6688:Nikolay Bobrikov 6566: 6559: 6552: 6543: 6542: 6532: 6525: 6518: 6148: 6141: 6134: 6125: 6124: 6113:tsarevich Dmitry 5861: 5837: 5830: 5823: 5814: 5813: 5720: 5605:Dmitry of Suzdal 5600:Ivan II the Fair 5595:Simeon the Proud 5550:Yaroslav of Tver 5545:Alexander Nevsky 5468: 5461: 5454: 5445: 5444: 5412:Preceded by 5402: 5395: 5369: 5368: 5359: 5277:Lowe, Charles. 5255:60 (2008): 1–5. 5225: 5200: 5198: 5197: 5186: 5185: 5175: 5169: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5081: 5075: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4939: 4933: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4891: 4880: 4874: 4868: 4862: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4828: 4822: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4779: 4773: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4752: 4750: 4744: 4737: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4668: 4662: 4649: 4643: 4631: 4625: 4612: 4603: 4602: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4540:Book of Memories 4531: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4484: 4478: 4475: 4469: 4466: 4460: 4453: 4447: 4444: 4438: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4405: 4399: 4396: 4390: 4387: 4381: 4378: 4372: 4369: 4363: 4360: 4349: 4346: 4337: 4330: 4321: 4318: 4312: 4309: 4303: 4300: 4294: 4291: 4285: 4282: 4276: 4273: 4267: 4264: 4258: 4255: 4249: 4246: 4240: 4237: 4231: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4130: 4124: 4117: 4111: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4081: 4071: 4065: 4062: 4056: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4026:. 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328: 315:Russian Orthodox 262: 261: 220: 203: 201: 197: 175:, Russian Empire 169:18 November 1894 155: 138: 136: 90: 69: 57: 56: 21: 7065: 7064: 7060: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7055: 7054: 6855: 6854: 6853: 6848: 6834: 6830:Valuev Circular 6778: 6769:Atner Khuzangai 6717: 6703:Leonid Brezhnev 6646: 6576: 6570: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6523: 6508: 6500: 6487:10th generation 6482: 6464: 6441: 6383: 6282: 6251: 6220: 6204: 6183: 6167: 6157: 6152: 6122: 6117: 6083: 5994: 5967: 5866: 5847: 5841: 5811: 5806: 5723: 5718: 5639: 5570:Mikhail of Tver 5477: 5472: 5438: 5429: 5424: 5417: 5401:1 November 1894 5396: 5390: 5389: 5381: 5374: 5357: 5343: 5238: 5232: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5176: 5172: 5156: 5152: 5142: 5140: 5133: 5132: 5128: 5118: 5116: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5094: 5092: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5073:Wayback Machine 5060: 5056: 5048: 5044: 5015: 5014: 5010: 5000: 4998: 4983: 4979: 4966: 4962: 4952: 4950: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4925: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4896: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4854: 4850: 4829: 4825: 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3968: 3943: 3916: 3871: 3862: 3844: 3842:, 1 June 1883. 3826: 3824:, 7 June 1883. 3808: 3790: 3781: 3772: 3763: 3754: 3745: 3732: 3723: 3714: 3705: 3703:, p. 562. 3680: 3668: 3654: 3645: 3633: 3592: 3573:(4): 698–700. 3557: 3548: 3538: 3537: 3534: 3533: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3471: 3457: 3454:History portal 3441: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3273: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3209: 3206: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3199: 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2612: 2611: 2602: 2596: 2573: 2571:3 October 1864 2552: 2531: 2530: 2529: 2520: 2511: 2488: 2487: 2486: 2480:Pour le Mérite 2477: 2467: 2441: 2435:Persian Empire 2425: 2424: 2423: 2405: 2382: 2381: 2380: 2371: 2359:Ottoman Empire 2348: 2327: 2326: 2325: 2315: 2292: 2290:4 January 1867 2271: 2269:14 August 1883 2250: 2240:Mexican Empire 2230: 2229: 2228: 2218: 2195: 2194: 2193: 2183: 2181:28 August 1879 2160: 2143: 2122: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2089: 2066: 2045: 2025: 2002: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1960: 1951: 1942: 1919: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1889: 1866: 1845: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1813: 1805:Knight of the 1789: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1751: 1742: 1729: 1720: 1711: 1702: 1686: 1683: 1666:Vladimir Putin 1627:St. Petersburg 1617:was placed in 1583: 1580: 1499: 1496: 1441:St. Petersburg 1384:on holiday in 1361:(b. 1878) and 1307:St. Petersburg 1266: 1263: 1257: 1254: 1246:Eastern Europe 1220:Constantinople 1123:United Kingdom 1055:Triple Entente 1043: 1042: 1034:Lord Salisbury 1026:Main article: 1011: 1010: 969: 967: 960: 954: 953:Foreign policy 951: 947:Vladimir Lenin 874:Mikhail Katkov 789: 786: 745: 742: 719:St. Petersburg 647:Moscow Kremlin 643:Uspensky Sobor 626: 623: 619:military drill 613:, English and 585:, daughter of 556:Russian Empire 543: 540: 463: 460: 400:(Russian: 398:The Peacemaker 337:(Russian: 330: 329: 322: 318: 317: 312: 308: 307: 302: 298: 297: 292: 288: 287: 282: 276: 275: 272: 271: 267: 266: 258: 257: 255: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 223: 221: 207: 206: 191: 185: 184: 182: 178: 177: 171: 167: 163: 162: 156:(aged 49) 150: 146: 145: 130: 126: 125: 122: 121: 116: 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 98: 92: 91: 85: 81: 80: 74: 73: 70: 62: 61: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7062: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 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6506: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6485: 6479: 6478: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6461: 6460: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6386: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6299:Alexander III 6297: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6285: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6254: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6223: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6160: 6156: 6149: 6144: 6142: 6137: 6135: 6130: 6129: 6126: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6097: 6094: 6090: 6089: 6086: 6079: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6026: 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4888: 4887: 4883:刑部芳則 (2017). 4879: 4872: 4867: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4827: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4803: 4795: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4771: 4770: 4764: 4756: 4741: 4733: 4729: 4728: 4720: 4712: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4680: 4676: 4675: 4667: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4642: 4638: 4635: 4630: 4623: 4619: 4616: 4611: 4609: 4600: 4599: 4594: 4588: 4573: 4569: 4562: 4546: 4542: 4541: 4536: 4530: 4514: 4508: 4500: 4498:0-7126-7327-X 4494: 4490: 4483: 4474: 4465: 4458: 4452: 4443: 4436: 4430: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4395: 4386: 4377: 4368: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4345: 4343: 4335: 4329: 4327: 4317: 4308: 4299: 4290: 4281: 4272: 4263: 4254: 4245: 4236: 4227: 4218: 4210: 4209:History Today 4206: 4200: 4185: 4179: 4171: 4170: 4162: 4155: 4150: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4122: 4116: 4109: 4108:History Today 4103: 4095: 4093:9781563247248 4089: 4085: 4080: 4079: 4070: 4061: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4009: 4005: 4004:Slavic Review 3999: 3983: 3979: 3972: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3920: 3912: 3899: 3884: 3881: 3875: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3823: 3822: 3818:(in German), 3817: 3812: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3785: 3776: 3767: 3758: 3749: 3742: 3736: 3727: 3718: 3709: 3702: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3675: 3673: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3649: 3642: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3604: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3552: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3525: 3521: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3482:Russia portal 3472: 3469: 3463: 3458: 3455: 3444: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3395: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3365: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3350: 3349: 3344: 3343: 3338: 3337: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3310: 3309: 3304: 3303: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3275: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3252: 3251: 3246: 3245: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3224: 3223: 3218: 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2632: 2628: 2624: 2614: 2610: 2609:29 April 1883 2606: 2603: 2601: 2600:17 April 1878 2597: 2595: 2594:26 March 1878 2591: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2461:10 March 1855 2458: 2455: 2454: 2452: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2394: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367:, 1st Class, 2366: 2363: 2362: 2360: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2328: 2324: 2323:17 March 1881 2320: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2304: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2251: 2249: 2248:10 April 1866 2245: 2241: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2207: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2078: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1981: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1931: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1878: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1769: 1768: 1766: 1765: 1759: 1756:, 2nd Class, 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747:, 1st Class, 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738:; 3rd Class, 1737: 1734:, 4th Class, 1733: 1730: 1728: 1727:10 March 1845 1724: 1721: 1719: 1718:10 March 1845 1716:, 1st Class, 1715: 1712: 1710: 1709:10 March 1845 1706: 1703: 1701: 1700:10 March 1845 1697: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1675:Joseph Stalin 1671: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1640:Marble Palace 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1605: 1600: 1593: 1588: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1509: 1504: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1447: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1433:Lucien Guitry 1430: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1372: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1340: 1336: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1299:Winter Palace 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1262: 1253: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1238:German Empire 1235: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1181: 1177: 1175: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1119:Central Asian 1115: 1113: 1109: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1035: 1029: 1022: 1017: 1007: 1004: 996: 986: 982: 976: 975: 970:This section 968: 964: 959: 958: 950: 948: 944: 940: 936: 931: 929: 925: 920: 915: 913: 909: 904: 902: 898: 894: 890: 881: 877: 875: 871: 870:I. N. Durnovo 867: 866:D. A. Tolstoy 863: 859: 855: 851: 850: 841: 837: 832: 828: 826: 822: 817: 815: 810: 803: 799: 794: 785: 783: 779: 773: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 741: 739: 735: 730: 726: 724: 720: 716: 712: 706: 704: 703:heir apparent 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 671: 668: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 631: 622: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 575: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 548:Winter Palace 538: 535: 533: 529: 525: 524: 517: 515: 510: 506: 504: 499: 496: 491: 489: 485: 477: 473: 468: 459: 456: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 425: 416: 410: 399: 394: 392: 388: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 353: 347: 336: 335:Alexander III 327: 323: 319: 316: 313: 309: 306: 303: 299: 296: 293: 289: 286: 283: 281: 277: 268: 263: 259: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 224: 222: 219: 218: 212: 208: 188: 183: 179: 174: 168: 164: 160: 151: 147: 143: 142:Winter Palace 139:10 March 1845 131: 127: 123: 120: 117: 113: 110: 107: 103: 99: 97: 93: 86: 82: 79: 75: 68: 63: 60:Alexander III 58: 53: 52: 47: 44: and the 43: 42:Alexandrovich 39: 35: 30: 19: 6759:Albert Razin 6754:Vasyl Makukh 6739:Eduard Polón 6734:Leo Mechelin 6677: 6663:Alexander II 6510: 6493: 6475: 6457: 6434: 6298: 6263:Alexander II 6092: 6057: 6050: 6049: 6035: 6027: 6013: 6005: 5986: 5978: 5947: 5939: 5919: 5912: 5904: 5897: 5889: 5796: 5792:Alexander II 5772:Catherine II 5689: 5677: 5420: 5415:Alexander II 5398: 5391: 5384: 5376: 5333: 5329:(2008) ch 13 5326: 5316: 5306: 5295: 5289: 5288:Nelipa, M., 5278: 5268: 5262: 5252: 5242: 5230:Bibliography 5219: 5180: 5173: 5162: 5158: 5153: 5141:, retrieved 5135: 5129: 5117:, retrieved 5111: 5105: 5093:. 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