136:
111:
142:
666:
827:, a site involved in epigenetic regulation, in the human Tsix gene prevents Tsix from imprinting on the X chromosomes. Instead, the human Tsix chromosome is coexpressed with the human Xist gene on the inactivated X chromosome, indicating that it does not play an important role in random X chromosome inactivation. An
831:
may be a more likely candidate for regulating this process in humans. The presence of Tsix in humans may be an evolutionary vestige, a sequence that no longer has a function in humans. Alternately, it may be necessary to study cells closer to the X inactivation stage rather than older cells in order
752:
among other mechanisms that are currently being studied. This inactivation happens at random in each individual cell, allowing for a different X chromosome to be inactivated in each cell. Female mammals are therefore called genetic mosaics, for having two different X chromosomes expressed throughout
718:
problems: the two X chromosomes in the female will create twice as many gene products as the one X in the male. To mitigate this, one of the X chromosomes is inactivated in females, so that each sex only has one set of X chromosome genes. The inactive X chromosome in cells of females is visible as a
726:
Xist is only expressed from the future inactive X chromosome in females and is able to "coat" the chromosome from which it was produced. Many copies of Xist RNA bind the future inactivated X chromosome. Tsix prevents the accumulation of Xist on the future active female X chromosome to maintain the
764:
Tsix and Xist regulate X chromosome protein production in female mice to prevent early embryonic mortality. X inactivation allows for equal dosage of X-linked genes for both males and females by inactivating the extra X chromosome in the females. Mutation of the maternal Tsix gene can cause over
765:
accumulation of Xist on both X chromosomes, silencing both X chromosomes in females and the single X chromosome in male. This can cause early mortality. However, if the paternal Tsix allele is active, it can rescue female embryos from the over-accumulation of Xist.
773:
When one allele of Tsix in mice is null, the inactivation is skewed toward the mutant X chromosome. This is due to an accumulation of Xist that is not countered by Tsix, and causes the mutant chromosome to be inactivated. When both alleles of Tsix are null
810:
network, are recruited to the Tsix promoter and transcription elongation of Tsix occurs. Along with Tsix and other proteins, factor PRDM14 has been shown to be necessary for the return to pluripotency. Assisted by Tsix, PRDM14 can associate with Xist and
757:. Thus, Xist does not condense chromatin on the other X chromosome, letting it remain active. This does not occur on the other chromosome, and Xist proceeds to inactivate that chromosome. Tsix also functions to silence transcription of Xist through
739:
In the extra-embryonic lineage in mice and some other mammals, all female individuals have two X chromosomes. However, during embryonic development, an X chromosome is deactivated, while the other X chromosome is left untouched, in a process called
798:
in an embryonic stem cell, factors inhibit Xist transcription. These factors also upregulate transcription of Tsix, which serves to inhibit Xist further. This cell is then able to remain pluripotent as X inactivation is not accomplished.
149:
1178:
Navarro P, Oldfield A, Legoupi J, Festuccia N, Dubois A, Attia M, Schoorlemmer J, Rougeulle C, Chambers I, Avner P (2010). "Molecular coupling of Tsix regulation and pluripotency".
741:
399:
896:
608:
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mutant), the results are low fertility, lower proportion of female births and a reversion to random X inactivation rather than
753:
their body. Tsix binds complementary Xist RNA and renders it non-functional. After binding it, Xist is made inactive through
1359:
966:
879:
883:
1132:
Lee JT (2002). "Homozygous Tsix mutant mice reveal a sex-ratio distortion and revert to random X-inactivation".
1364:
1097:
Sado T, Wang Z, Sasaki H, Li E (2001). "Regulation of imprinted X-chromosome inactivation in mice by Tsix".
442:
1040:"A functional role for Tsix transcription in blocking Xist RNA accumulation but not in X-chromosome choice"
135:
110:
68:
1229:
Payer B, Rosenberg M, Yamaji M, Yabuta Y, Koyanagi-Aoi M, Hayashi K, Yamanaka S, Saitou M, Lee JT (2013).
1369:
17:
919:
Lee JT, Davidow LS, Warshawsky D (1999). "Tsix, a gene antisense to Xist at the X-inactivation centre".
823:
X chromosome inactivation is random in human females, and imprinting does not occur. The deletion of a
148:
812:
695:
141:
55:
841:
791:
698:. The name Tsix comes from the reverse of Xist, which stands for X-inactive specific transcript.
1021:"Tsix MGI Mouse Gene Detail - MGI:1336196 - X (inactive)-specific transcript, opposite strand"
758:
59:, LINC00013, NCRNA00013, XIST-AS, XIST-AS1, XISTAS, Tsix, TSIX transcript, XIST antisense RNA
1231:"Tsix RNA and the germline factor, PRDM14, link X reactivation and stem cell reprogramming"
1187:
1051:
124:
80:
8:
749:
723:
under the microscope. Males do not have Barr bodies, as they only have one X chromosome.
715:
1191:
1055:
1340:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Website
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88:
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National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
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677:
744:. Xist inactivates an X chromosome at random in female mice by condensing the
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385:
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1013:
803:
680:
1228:
794:. This is accomplished by normal Xist function. To confer
1334:
691:
669:
Simplified flowchart of Tsix's role in Xist gene function
714:. The X chromosome has many active genes. This leads to
211:
1339:
790:
In development, X chromosome inactivation is a part of
785:
333:
918:
832:to accurately locate Tsix expression and function.
875:
873:
871:
1037:
158:
1351:
1096:
1280:"Is Tsix repression of Xist specific to mouse?"
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1171:
955:
868:
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912:
910:
962:
960:
958:
1271:
1222:
1168:
1125:
1090:
1031:
985:Cobb K (August 17, 2002). "Not a turn-on".
980:
978:
907:
880:GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000270641
813:remove the inactivation of an X chromosome
27:Non-coding RNA in the species Homo sapiens
1295:
1277:
1254:
1073:
1063:
1027:. The Jackson Laboratory. 20 March 2013.
975:
664:
14:
1352:
1131:
984:
734:
1038:Stavropoulos N, Lu N, Lee JT (2001).
163:
122:
117:
967:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
24:
806:, as well as other members of the
786:Regulation in cell differentiation
25:
1381:
1323:
818:
1345:Mouse Genome Informatics Website
1330:U.S.National Library of Medicine
731:state of the chosen chromosome.
147:
140:
134:
109:
1290:(3): 337, author reply 337–8.
889:
322:More reference expression data
13:
1:
862:
710:and males have one X and one
701:
132:
1247:10.1016/j.molcel.2013.10.023
1044:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
768:
7:
1360:Genes on human chromosome X
835:
10:
1386:
897:"Human PubMed Reference:"
696:X chromosome inactivation
694:. Tsix binds Xist during
655:
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108:
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53:
46:
41:
37:
32:
1025:Mouse Genome Informatics
842:Cellular differentiation
792:cellular differentiation
742:imprinted X-inactivation
706:Female mammals have two
609:Chr X: 73.79 – 73.83 Mb
285:mucosa of sigmoid colon
1111:10.1242/dev.128.8.1275
1065:10.1073/pnas.171243598
670:
1365:Genes mutated in mice
759:epigenetic regulation
668:
125:X chromosome (human)
1297:10.1038/ng0303-337a
1200:10.1038/nature09496
1192:2010Natur.468..457N
1056:2001PNAS...9810232S
750:histone methylation
735:Function in mammals
716:dosage compensation
1370:Molecular genetics
1278:Migeon BR (2003).
671:
281:lower lobe of lung
253:buccal mucosa cell
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662:
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16:(Redirected from
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1186:(7322): 457–60.
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1123:
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648:
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561:RefSeq (protein)
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500:
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410:
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360:
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269:Brodmann area 46
257:lactiferous duct
245:
243:Top expressed in
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200:
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144:
138:
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113:
97:
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89:TSIX - orthologs
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30:
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21:
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1227:
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1176:
1169:
1130:
1126:
1095:
1091:
1050:(18): 10232–7.
1036:
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1019:
1018:
1014:
999:10.2307/4013787
983:
976:
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956:
917:
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780:gene imprinting
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652:View/Edit Human
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604:Location (UCSC)
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443:ENSG00000270641
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265:mucosa of ileum
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100:Gene location (
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15:
12:
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5:
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1324:External links
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1140:(1): 195–200.
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1105:(8): 1275–86.
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1030:
1012:
993:(7): 100–101.
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852:X-inactivation
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819:Tsix in humans
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678:non-coding RNA
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747:
743:
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730:
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708:X chromosomes
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582:
576:
570:
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559:
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518:RefSeq (mRNA)
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501:
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469:
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458:
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82:
78:
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70:
62:
57:
50:
45:
40:
36:
31:
19:
1287:
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1273:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1183:
1179:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1047:
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1033:
1024:
1015:
990:
987:Science News
986:
933:10.1038/7734
927:(4): 400–4.
924:
920:
900:
891:
822:
808:pluripotency
801:
796:pluripotency
789:
772:
763:
738:
725:
712:Y chromosome
705:
673:
672:
591:
572:
548:
529:
507:
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460:
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417:
398:
378:
373:
227:
220:
64:External IDs
1099:Development
802:The marker
729:euchromatin
261:pericardium
186:73,829,231
173:73,792,205
42:Identifiers
18:Tsix (gene)
1354:Categories
1335:Nature.com
1284:Nat. Genet
1134:Nat. Genet
921:Nat. Genet
886:, May 2017
863:References
825:CpG island
776:homozygous
702:Background
231:(ortholog)
1235:Mol. Cell
1216:205222742
857:Barr body
769:Mutations
746:chromatin
721:Barr body
685:antisense
364:Orthologs
77:GeneCards
1306:12610550
1265:24268575
1208:21085182
1162:22497302
1154:12145659
1119:11262229
1084:11481444
969:(OMIM):
949:30636065
941:10192391
882:–
836:See also
829:autosome
683:that is
641:Wikidata
277:testicle
273:duodenum
1314:9658810
1256:3950835
1188:Bibcode
1052:Bibcode
1007:4013787
884:Ensembl
727:active
687:to the
472:UniProt
429:Ensembl
370:Species
206:pattern
49:Aliases
1312:
1304:
1263:
1253:
1214:
1206:
1180:Nature
1160:
1152:
1117:
1082:
1072:
1005:
971:300181
947:
939:
748:, via
624:search
622:PubMed
386:Entrez
334:BioGPS
165:Xq13.2
73:300181
1310:S2CID
1212:S2CID
1158:S2CID
1075:56944
1003:JSTOR
945:S2CID
755:dicer
676:is a
379:Mouse
374:Human
229:Mouse
222:Human
169:Start
102:Human
1302:PMID
1261:PMID
1204:PMID
1150:PMID
1115:PMID
1080:PMID
937:PMID
847:Xist
804:Rex1
689:Xist
681:gene
674:Tsix
400:9383
212:Bgee
160:Band
119:Chr.
81:TSIX
69:OMIM
56:TSIX
33:TSIX
1292:doi
1251:PMC
1243:doi
1196:doi
1184:468
1142:doi
1107:doi
1103:128
1070:PMC
1060:doi
995:doi
991:162
929:doi
692:RNA
630:n/a
615:n/a
593:n/a
574:n/a
550:n/a
531:n/a
508:n/a
461:n/a
418:n/a
342:n/a
309:n/a
182:End
85:OMA
1356::
1308:.
1300:.
1288:33
1286:.
1282:.
1259:.
1249:.
1239:52
1237:.
1233:.
1210:.
1202:.
1194:.
1182:.
1170:^
1156:.
1148:.
1138:32
1136:.
1113:.
1101:.
1078:.
1068:.
1058:.
1048:98
1046:.
1042:.
1023:.
1001:.
989:.
977:^
957:^
943:.
935:.
925:21
923:.
909:^
899:.
870:^
815:.
782:.
761:.
188:bp
175:bp
83:;
79::
75:;
71::
1316:.
1294::
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1198::
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1144::
1121:.
1109::
1086:.
1062::
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997::
951:.
931::
903:.
774:(
490:a
486:n
104:)
87::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
