22:
1031:
1021:
181:"It's the baby boomers. Here you have a group of people that lost their shirts in the stock market after 9/11 but still have disposable income and are tired of sitting in the office watching the clock. They’ve figured out that a light utility aircraft—a Super Cub, a Husky, a Maule or a Scout, to name the top four, will keep its value over time and may even appreciate in value. And they want to get outside and play."
81:, for its original inventor, Alvin J. Musselman — which was introduced to the American public in the late summer of 1929, and becoming available in the United Kingdom by 1930. It was initially offered by Goodyear in fully inflated diameters up to 46 inches (117 cm), with a thirty-inch (76 cm) diameter in Goodyear's lineup having similar dimensions as seen in the British
51:
A common variant of tundra tire is the bushwheel brand. These tires include an integral inner tube with the valve manufactured into the side-wall, allowing the tire to operate at very low pressures without risking shearing-off the valve stem and causing a flat tire. Low-pressure tires provide greater
148:
The tests did not indicate that tundra tires raise stall speed, but did find that, due to increased drag in turns, the aircraft's nose tends to drop excessively with an increase in bank angle. If the pilot counteracts this tendency with rudder and stalls the aircraft, the airplane will rapidly enter
164:, have been flight-tested and subject to a weight and balance report, determining an acceptable flight envelope. The FAA also limited tundra tires to 35 in (89 cm) in diameter, eleven inches (28 cm) short of the largest original Goodyear "airwheel" tire size available in 1930.
136:
The tests used a Piper PA-18-150 Super Cub equipped in sequence with five different sets of tires, including standard factory tires and tundra tires up to 35 in (89 cm) diameter. The PA-18 was operated at different weights and center-of-gravity positions.
145:, and that tundra tire-equipped aircraft have substantially poorer ground handling characteristics on pavement. In the air, the use of tundra tires reduced top speed, rate of climb, angle of climb, range, useful load and stall warning buffet margins.
128:
inspectors. These approvals were usually granted on the basis of visual inspections and did not include flight testing. After a number of accidents with aircraft equipped with tundra tires, culminating with a large number in the fall of 1994, the
172:
Until the end of the 20th century tundra tires were mostly used by bush operators flying in remote areas. In the early part of the 21st century many sales of tundra tires have been to recreational pilots. Bill Duncan, president of
140:
The testing on the ground revealed that the larger the tire, the more restricted the forward visibility on the ground, that there was a nose-down pitching moment when the tires contacted the ground on landing, particularly on a
133:
identified that the tundra tires were connected with the accidents. Starting in April 1995 the FAA carried out flight test experiments to determine whether the tundra tires were a contributing factor.
193:
There's the coolness factor, plus it's nice to have a little more capability than you may need...We want a rugged plane because it makes us feel a little more independent from the infrastructure.
96:. Phipps then went on to provide air transportation to much of the Canadian high arctic region. He later established his own airline, Atlas Aviation, which operated a fleet of
88:
Nearly twenty years after the original
Musselman design appeared on the market, Phipps designed and constructed his own balloon tires in the period after the
337:
75:'s pre-World War II development of their own, similar low-pressure "airwheel" as a complete wheel-rim and tire set — said to be of the "Musselman" type from
285:
174:
363:
156:
Alaska bush pilots disputed the experimental findings, but, as a result of these experiments the FAA required that all installed tires be subject to a
64:
The tundra-style tire has been independently invented at different times and places. In North
America its post-World War II invention is credited to
233:
401:
1067:
963:
1644:
1290:
430:
315:
52:
cushioning and enable aircraft to land on rough surfaces, unsuitable for normal tires. Bushwheels are a common modification for
433:, both fitted with original Musselman/Goodyear "air wheel" precursors to tundra tires.(Archived files from October 20, 2014)
426:
259:
1684:
130:
97:
1639:
1584:
1449:
1704:
1060:
72:
1474:
2023:
862:
458:
289:
125:
142:
1674:
1272:
852:
721:
371:
1967:
100:
on balloon tires. Using the tires, Atlas's DHC-6s established airline service to such remote communities as
1957:
1798:
1053:
973:
493:
161:
237:
1679:
1634:
1325:
1865:
1709:
1659:
751:
393:
1649:
1202:
1132:
157:
983:
1977:
1952:
1714:
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1619:
1509:
1479:
1454:
1320:
1285:
955:
814:
771:
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1992:
1793:
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1514:
1330:
910:
829:
781:
776:
897:
683:
628:
1972:
1890:
1880:
1385:
1097:
796:
761:
93:
1937:
1740:
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1345:
1300:
741:
105:
311:
8:
1916:
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1539:
1247:
1076:
867:
503:
475:
451:
1624:
1604:
1599:
1573:
1484:
1425:
1197:
905:
736:
150:
124:, tundra tires of various designs were often installed under local field approvals by
1932:
1669:
1614:
1594:
1524:
1519:
1504:
1192:
1020:
731:
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543:
101:
1987:
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89:
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711:
651:
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263:
21:
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2018:
1982:
1842:
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1112:
1034:
945:
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671:
563:
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68:
45:
1763:
77:
2012:
1911:
1850:
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842:
809:
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538:
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117:
1947:
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1435:
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1305:
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1420:
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1380:
1315:
1177:
1167:
1001:
819:
746:
656:
646:
613:
364:"Flight Magazine, April 4, 1930 — The Goodyear Air Wheel, pgs. 404-405"
53:
1942:
1860:
1788:
1753:
1609:
1390:
1375:
1355:
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1295:
1252:
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991:
940:
930:
887:
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588:
523:
518:
338:"New Air Wheel Now on Market - Goodyear Device Does Away with Wheels"
85:
magazine announcement, to a currently available size of tundra tire.
25:
568:
1855:
1828:
1803:
1569:
1549:
1410:
1340:
1257:
1182:
1152:
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915:
344:. Pittsburgh, PA USA: The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 4 August 1929
278:
1335:
1242:
1217:
1147:
394:"Airframes Alaska - Alaskan Bushwheels - 29" Alaskan Bushwheel"
304:
121:
65:
1758:
1360:
1212:
513:
1006:
467:
41:
436:
227:
225:
223:
221:
219:
217:
215:
213:
211:
209:
207:
427:
Old
Rhinebeck Aerodrome's Great Lakes 2T-1MS biplane
370:. Flightglobal/Archive. 4 April 1930. Archived from
1075:
204:
252:
2010:
1061:
452:
964:European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation
1068:
1054:
459:
445:
231:
20:
111:
2011:
48:to allow operations on rough terrain.
1049:
440:
318:from the original on 27 February 2019
177:a tundra tire manufacturer explains:
98:De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otters
431:Curtiss-Wright CW-1 Junior monoplane
404:from the original on 31 January 2019
131:National Transportation Safety Board
1007:Uniform Tire Quality Grading (UTQG)
286:"Crazed Pilot - Alaskan Bushwheels"
13:
312:"Backcountry Pilot Knowledge Base"
232:Richfield, Paul (September 2005).
73:Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company
14:
2035:
420:
1030:
1029:
1019:
863:Tire-pressure monitoring system
126:Federal Aviation Administration
28:on bushwheel-style tundra tires
1978:In-flight entertainment system
1675:Horizontal situation indicator
386:
356:
330:
71:, potentially inspired by the
1:
853:Central Tire Inflation System
197:
1958:Environmental control system
167:
7:
974:Tire Science and Technology
494:Low rolling resistance tire
162:Parts Manufacturer Approval
10:
2040:
1635:Course deviation indicator
1326:Electro-hydraulic actuator
59:
40:) is a large low-pressure
1925:
1904:
1866:Conventional landing gear
1837:
1733:
1568:
1434:
1271:
1087:
1015:
982:
954:
896:
828:
795:
682:
627:
474:
466:
1650:Flight management system
158:Technical Standard Order
1953:Emergency oxygen system
1715:Turn and slip indicator
1510:Leading-edge droop flap
1480:Drag-reducing aerospike
1455:Adaptive compliant wing
1450:Active Aeroelastic Wing
815:Slip (vehicle dynamics)
772:Lateral Force Variation
722:Pacejka's Magic Formula
702:Cold inflation pressure
2024:Aircraft undercarriage
1993:Passenger service unit
1794:Self-sealing fuel tank
1690:Multi-function display
911:List of tire companies
782:Traction (engineering)
777:Radial Force Variation
195:
183:
29:
1973:Ice protection system
1891:Tricycle landing gear
1881:Landing gear extender
1098:Aft pressure bulkhead
762:Tire load sensitivity
191:
185:Charles McDowell, an
179:
94:Piper PA-18 Super Cub
92:and fitted them to a
78:U.S. patent 1,877,360
24:
16:Type of aircraft tire
1938:Auxiliary power unit
1346:Flight control modes
742:Self aligning torque
400:. Airframes Alaska.
342:The Pittsburgh Press
260:"Alaskan Bushwheels"
234:"Tundra Tire Nation"
120:and particularly in
112:Airworthiness issues
106:Grise Fiord, Nunavut
54:backcountry aircraft
1917:Escape crew capsule
1824:War emergency power
1695:Pitot–static system
1540:Variable-sweep wing
1248:Vertical stabilizer
868:Tire-pressure gauge
504:Michelin PAX System
398:airframesalaska.com
374:on 31 December 2017
240:on 11 December 2005
1625:Attitude indicator
1605:Airspeed indicator
1600:Aircraft periscope
906:Tire manufacturing
737:Rolling resistance
175:Alaskan Bushwheels
30:
2006:
2005:
1933:Aircraft lavatory
1670:Heading indicator
1615:Annunciator panel
1595:Air data computer
1505:Leading-edge cuff
1043:
1042:
732:Relaxation length
609:Formula One tyres
102:Resolute, Nunavut
2031:
1988:Navigation light
1968:Hydraulic system
1943:Bleed air system
1871:Drogue parachute
1545:Vortex generator
1163:Interplane strut
1070:
1063:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1033:
1032:
1025:Outline of tires
1023:
838:Tire maintenance
787:Treadwear rating
697:Circle of forces
619:Continental tire
559:Orange oil tires
549:Mud-terrain tire
529:All-terrain tire
461:
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368:flightglobal.com
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288:. Archived from
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262:. Archived from
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236:. Archived from
229:
90:Second World War
80:
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2034:
2033:
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2029:
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2009:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1998:Ram air turbine
1963:Flight recorder
1921:
1900:
1833:
1814:Thrust reversal
1738:
1729:
1700:Radar altimeter
1665:Head-up display
1575:
1564:
1460:Anti-shock body
1442:
1430:
1291:Artificial feel
1273:Flight controls
1267:
1133:Fabric covering
1083:
1079:components and
1074:
1044:
1039:
1011:
978:
950:
892:
824:
791:
767:Tire uniformity
727:Pneumatic trail
717:Ground pressure
712:Cornering force
678:
652:Siping (rubber)
623:
594:Motorcycle tyre
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1983:Landing lights
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1905:Escape systems
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1118:Cruciform tail
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1113:Crack arrestor
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984:Identification
980:
979:
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951:
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946:Ozone cracking
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926:Tire recycling
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752:Steering ratio
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724:
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709:
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672:Schrader valve
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564:Whitewall tire
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421:External links
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385:
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329:
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277:
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202:
201:
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189:pilot stated:
169:
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113:
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69:Welland Phipps
61:
58:
46:light aircraft
26:Maule M-7-235C
15:
9:
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4:
3:
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1371:Rudder pedals
1369:
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1228:Trailing edge
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1208:Stressed skin
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1036:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
989:
987:
985:
981:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
959:
957:
956:Organizations
953:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
901:
899:
895:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
843:Tire rotation
841:
839:
836:
835:
833:
831:
827:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
810:Groove wander
808:
806:
803:
802:
800:
798:
794:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
707:Contact patch
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
692:Camber thrust
690:
689:
687:
685:
681:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
632:
630:
626:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
569:Aircraft tire
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
499:Run-flat tire
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
484:Tubeless tire
482:
481:
479:
477:
473:
469:
462:
457:
455:
450:
448:
443:
442:
439:
432:
428:
425:
424:
403:
399:
395:
389:
373:
369:
365:
359:
343:
339:
333:
317:
313:
307:
292:on 2 May 2014
291:
287:
281:
266:on 1 May 2014
265:
261:
255:
239:
235:
228:
226:
224:
222:
220:
218:
216:
214:
212:
210:
208:
203:
194:
190:
188:
182:
178:
176:
165:
163:
159:
154:
152:
146:
144:
143:wheel landing
138:
134:
132:
127:
123:
119:
118:United States
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
84:
79:
74:
70:
67:
57:
55:
49:
47:
43:
39:
35:
27:
23:
19:
1948:Deicing boot
1895:
1876:Landing gear
1819:Townend ring
1809:Thrust lever
1784:NACA cowling
1749:Autothrottle
1741:fuel systems
1739:devices and
1530:Stall strips
1500:Krueger flap
1470:Channel wing
1416:Wing warping
1406:Stick shaker
1401:Stick pusher
1321:Dual control
1306:Centre stick
1173:Leading edge
1143:Flying wires
1103:Cabane strut
969:Tire Society
883:Tire changer
878:Bead breaker
848:Bicycle pump
757:Tire balance
667:Presta valve
662:Dunlop valve
604:Racing slick
599:Tractor tire
584:Tubular tire
579:Bicycle tire
573:
509:Airless tire
406:. Retrieved
397:
388:
376:. Retrieved
372:the original
367:
358:
346:. Retrieved
341:
332:
320:. Retrieved
306:
294:. Retrieved
290:the original
280:
268:. Retrieved
264:the original
254:
242:. Retrieved
238:the original
192:
184:
180:
171:
155:
147:
139:
135:
115:
87:
82:
63:
50:
37:
33:
31:
18:
1896:Tundra tire
1779:Intake ramp
1710:Transponder
1495:Gurney flap
1436:Aerodynamic
1351:Fly-by-wire
1233:Triple tail
997:Plus sizing
921:Waste tires
873:Direct TPMS
858:Tire mousse
830:Maintenance
805:Aquaplaning
574:Tundra tire
554:Paddle tire
539:Knobby tire
489:Radial tire
244:13 December
187:Aviat Husky
38:tundra tyre
34:tundra tire
2013:Categories
1886:Oleo strut
1774:Inlet cone
1769:Gascolator
1735:Propulsion
1725:Yaw string
1720:Variometer
1576:instrument
1555:Wing fence
1490:Gouge flap
1465:Blown flap
1421:Yaw damper
1396:Stabilator
1381:Side-stick
1316:Dive brake
1203:Stabilizer
1178:Lift strut
1168:Jury strut
1002:Tire label
898:Life cycle
820:Tramlining
747:Slip angle
684:Attributes
657:Valve stem
629:Components
614:Spare tire
544:Large tire
408:22 January
378:23 October
198:References
1861:Autobrake
1789:NACA duct
1764:Fuel tank
1754:Drop tank
1737:controls,
1620:Astrodome
1610:Altimeter
1475:Dog-tooth
1440:high-lift
1391:Spoileron
1376:Servo tab
1356:Gust lock
1311:Deceleron
1296:Autopilot
1253:Wing root
1238:Twin tail
1223:Tailplane
1158:Hardpoint
1128:Empennage
1091:structure
992:Tire code
941:Flat tire
931:Tire fire
888:Tire iron
797:Behaviors
589:Lego tire
524:Snow tire
519:Rain tyre
168:Operators
1829:Wet wing
1804:Throttle
1550:Vortilon
1411:Trim tab
1341:Flaperon
1331:Elevator
1286:Airbrake
1258:Wing tip
1183:Longeron
1153:Fuselage
1089:Airframe
1077:Aircraft
1035:Category
642:Beadlock
534:Bar grip
402:Archived
348:26 March
316:Archived
66:Canadian
44:used on
1839:Landing
1630:Compass
1578:systems
1570:Avionic
1560:Winglet
1443:devices
1386:Spoiler
1281:Aileron
1263:Wingbox
1188:Nacelle
1138:Fairing
1081:systems
936:Blowout
916:Retread
116:In the
60:History
1574:flight
1535:Strake
1366:Rudder
1336:Elevon
1301:Canard
1243:V-tail
1218:T-tail
1148:Former
1108:Canopy
122:Alaska
83:Flight
2019:Tires
1759:FADEC
1645:EICAS
1520:Slats
1361:HOTAS
1213:Strut
647:Tread
514:Tweel
476:Types
468:Tires
322:1 May
296:1 May
270:1 May
36:(UK:
1841:and
1705:TCAS
1685:ISIS
1640:EFIS
1585:ACAS
1572:and
1525:Slot
1485:Flap
1438:and
1426:Yoke
1198:Spar
1123:Dope
637:Bead
429:and
410:2017
380:2013
350:2014
324:2014
298:2014
272:2014
246:2009
151:spin
104:and
42:tire
1680:INS
1660:GPS
1515:LEX
1193:Rib
160:or
2015::
396:.
366:.
340:.
314:.
206:^
153:.
149:a
108:.
56:.
32:A
1069:e
1062:t
1055:v
460:e
453:t
446:v
412:.
382:.
352:.
326:.
300:.
274:.
248:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
