106:
92:
257:
282:
121:
404:, the magnitude of these attacks were largely exaggerated by the Russian media. This came as a result of numerous policies alienating the indigenous population in favor of the minority Russian population, such as the policy of the compulsory admittance of sons of cattle-raisers' children to Russian boarding schools.
453:
Despite
Russian immigration and the education system both secondary and post-secondary being carried out almost exclusively in Russian by the 1990s, Tuvans remained the largest ethnicity in Tuva (approximately 206,000 residents were of Tuvan ethnicity, and 98,000 were of Russian ethnicity in 1990.
407:
According to
Alatalu, Tuva had become a bastion of Soviet Conservatism fueled by the strong partocracy which had grown within the small republic, despite ethnic tensions. The Tuvan elections of 1990 was the first time since the incorporation of Tuva into the USSR that all three positions of power
444:
The Tuvan
Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic's economy was mostly composed of two primary sectors, agriculture and mineral extraction, its principal crops were wheat and barley. In contrast to largely indigenous agriculture, Tuvan industry was largely fueled by Russian immigrant labour.
424:, then Chairman of the Supreme Soviet, resigned, and all property of the Communist Party was absorbed by the government. This action led to the dissolution of the Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. On 31 March 1992, its successor, the
420:. In 1991 a democratic coalition of forces, including youth leaders and intellectuals, initiated a hunger strike on 27 August, demanding the resignation of the republic's leadership. On 28 August, a meeting of Parliament was called, where
152:
1110:
329:
304:
392:
on 29 December 1972 to honor the 50th anniversary of the USSR. The highest organ of government in the Tuvan ASSR was the
Supreme Soviet of the Tuvan ASSR, made up of 130 deputies on five-year terms.
150:
622:
151:
1055:
1017:
917:
842:
727:
720:
997:
957:
695:
1105:
615:
421:
992:
952:
665:
1100:
977:
762:
832:
792:
608:
1130:
1012:
877:
757:
685:
932:
705:
937:
897:
827:
777:
747:
742:
987:
982:
892:
867:
862:
852:
752:
710:
690:
680:
650:
400:
1990 saw the beginning of ethnic clashes between minority
Russians and majority Tuvans, although according to Estonian politician and writer
907:
837:
670:
655:
473:
353:
75:
1049:
1002:
947:
942:
927:
912:
887:
787:
715:
700:
660:
645:
365:
902:
882:
847:
797:
772:
767:
454:
For much of its existence, the Tuvan
Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was home to numerous prison camps as well as labor colonies.
1115:
967:
962:
737:
732:
105:
349:
180:
631:
71:
1125:
409:
97:
468:
388:
on 9 October 1964 to commemorate its 20th anniversary of its incorporation into the Soviet Union, as well as the
91:
389:
361:
369:
600:
412:
saw Tuva being one of the few autonomous republics to overwhelmingly vote for the
Communist Party candidate
857:
675:
429:
1120:
373:
139:
357:
262:
20:
8:
506:
Mongush, Mergen. “The
Annexation of Tannu‐Tuva and the Formation of the Tuva ASSR.”
589:
333:
308:
45:
413:
132:
401:
385:
341:
316:
61:
593:
1094:
630:
425:
417:
511:
1111:
Autonomous republics of the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
531:, 3rd Edition. S.v. "Tuva Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic."
408:
within the Tuvan administration were held by ethnic Tuvans. The
360:. Its territory measured 175,000 square kilometers and bordered
433:
164:
120:
463:
275:
313:Тувинская Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика
632:
Autonomous Soviet
Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
557:
534:
416:, with 65% of the vote going to Ryzhkov and 15% for
580:Alatalu, Toomas (1992). "Tuva—A State Reawakens".
16:1961–1992 autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR
1092:
1106:States and territories disestablished in 1992
616:
356:. It was created on 10 October 1961 from the
35:
474:First Secretary of the Tuvan Communist Party
321:Тыва Автономнуг Совет Социалистиг Республика
51:
1101:States and territories established in 1961
623:
609:
300:Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
512:https://doi.org/10.1080/02634939308400802
1131:1961 establishments in the Soviet Union
579:
563:
551:
1093:
604:
524:
522:
520:
127:formerly the Tuvan People's Republic.
13:
517:
410:1991 Russian presidential election
14:
1142:
497:Volume 7, (October 1961) p. 18377
469:List of leaders of Communist Tuva
1116:1992 disestablishments in Russia
280:
255:
148:
119:
104:
90:
495:Keesing's Contemporary Archives
448:
384:The Tuvan ASSR was awarded the
140:The Forest is Full of Pine Nuts
1079:Autonomous Republic since 1934
1074:Autonomous Republic since 1925
1069:Autonomous Republic since 1923
1064:Autonomous Republic since 1920
573:
500:
488:
395:
390:Order of Friendship of Peoples
37:Тувинская Автономная Советская
1:
529:The Great Soviet Encyclopedia
370:Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast
7:
457:
39:Социалистическая Республика
10:
1147:
1126:Former socialist republics
439:
379:
345:
320:
52:
18:
1034:
815:
806:
638:
594:10.1080/09668139208412051
510:12, no. 1 (1993): 81–85.
337:
312:
234:
230:
226:
222:
212:
202:
198:
190:
186:
174:
170:
160:
138:
131:
125:Map of the Tuva Republic,
118:
86:
81:
70:
36:
30:
481:
374:Khakas Autonomous Oblast
358:Tuvan Autonomous Oblast
144:Тооруктуг долгай таңдым
31:Tuvan Autonomous Soviet
214:• Disestablished
55:Социалистиг Республика
53:Тыва Автономнуг Совет
21:Tuva (disambiguation)
1016:1991–92
1011:1990–91
1006:1961–92
1001:1958–90
996:1957–91
991:1957–92
986:1956–91
981:1944–57
976:1936–90
966:1936–90
961:1936–90
956:1936–44
951:1936–44
946:1935–43
941:1934–90
936:1934–90
931:1932–92
926:1931–92
916:1926–36
911:1925–36
906:1925–92
901:1924–29
896:1924–40
891:1923–40
886:1923–90
881:1922–91
876:1921–90
866:1921–24
861:1921–91
856:1921–45
851:1921–91
846:1920–90
841:1920–25
836:1919–90
831:1918–41
826:1918–24
508:Central Asian Survey
19:For other uses, see
998:Kabardino-Balkarian
958:Kabardino-Balkarian
696:Kabardino-Balkarian
422:Chimit-Dorzhu Ondar
350:autonomous republic
204:• Established
821:
434:Russian Federation
430:constituent member
33:Socialist Republic
1088:
1087:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1024:
296:
295:
292:
291:
288:
287:
268:
267:
176: • Type
153:
1138:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1044:
818:
817:
813:
812:
625:
618:
611:
602:
601:
597:
567:
561:
555:
549:
532:
526:
515:
504:
498:
492:
372:to the west and
347:
339:
332:
322:
314:
307:
284:
283:
272:
271:
259:
258:
252:
251:
236:
235:
177:
155:
154:
145:
123:
108:
98:Flag (1978–1992)
94:
65:
57:
56:
49:
41:
40:
28:
27:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1121:History of Tuva
1091:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1047:
1039:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
993:Checheno-Ingush
990:
985:
980:
971:
965:
960:
955:
953:Checheno-Ingush
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
921:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
871:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
808:
802:
666:Checheno-Ingush
634:
629:
576:
571:
570:
562:
558:
550:
535:
527:
518:
505:
501:
493:
489:
484:
460:
451:
442:
414:Nikolai Ryzhkov
398:
382:
328:
303:
281:
256:
215:
208:10 October 1961
205:
181:Soviet republic
175:
156:
149:
146:
143:
142:
126:
124:
114:
113:
112:
109:
101:
100:
95:
66:
59:
54:
50:
43:
38:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1144:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1045:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1022:
978:North Ossetian
974:
972:
924:
922:
874:
872:
824:
822:
816:
810:
804:
803:
801:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
763:North Ossetian
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
724:
723:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
642:
640:
636:
635:
628:
627:
620:
613:
605:
599:
598:
582:Soviet Studies
575:
572:
569:
568:
566:, p. 893.
556:
554:, p. 890.
533:
516:
499:
486:
485:
483:
480:
479:
478:
477:
476:
466:
459:
456:
450:
447:
441:
438:
402:Toomas Alatalu
397:
394:
386:Order of Lenin
381:
378:
376:to the north.
364:to the south,
338:Тувинская АССР
294:
293:
290:
289:
286:
285:
278:
269:
266:
265:
260:
248:
247:
242:
232:
231:
228:
227:
224:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
195:
192:
188:
187:
184:
183:
178:
172:
171:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
147:
136:
135:
129:
128:
116:
115:
110:
103:
102:
96:
89:
88:
87:
84:
83:
79:
78:
68:
67:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1143:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1041:Buryat–Mongol
1038:
1037:
1033:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
973:
970:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
923:
920:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
873:
870:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
823:
820:
819:
814:
811:
805:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
722:
719:
718:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
643:
641:
637:
633:
626:
621:
619:
614:
612:
607:
606:
603:
595:
591:
588:(5): 881–95.
587:
583:
578:
577:
565:
560:
553:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
530:
525:
523:
521:
513:
509:
503:
496:
491:
487:
475:
472:
471:
470:
467:
465:
462:
461:
455:
446:
437:
435:
431:
427:
426:Tuva Republic
423:
419:
418:Boris Yeltsin
415:
411:
405:
403:
393:
391:
387:
377:
375:
371:
368:to the east,
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
343:
335:
331:
326:
318:
310:
306:
301:
279:
277:
274:
273:
270:
264:
261:
254:
253:
250:
249:
246:
243:
241:
238:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
218:31 March 1992
217:
211:
207:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
182:
179:
173:
169:
166:
163:
159:
141:
137:
134:
130:
122:
117:
107:
99:
93:
85:
80:
77:
73:
69:
63:
47:
29:
26:
22:
1056:Kirghiz ASSR
1054:
1048:
1040:
1007:
975:
925:
875:
833:Volga German
825:
809:of existence
793:Volga German
782:
585:
581:
564:Alatalu 1992
559:
552:Alatalu 1992
528:
507:
502:
494:
490:
452:
449:Demographics
443:
406:
399:
383:
354:Russian SFSR
324:
299:
297:
245:Succeeded by
244:
239:
111:Coat of arms
76:Russian SFSR
25:
1053:was called
1050:Kazakh ASSR
1043:until 1958.
1013:Gorno-Altai
878:Nakhichevan
758:Nakhichevan
686:Gorno-Altai
574:Works cited
428:, became a
396:Dissolution
366:Buryat ASSR
240:Preceded by
1095:Categories
1059:until 1925
933:Karakalpak
706:Karakalpak
348:), was an
325:Tuvan ASSR
323:), or the
938:Mordovian
898:Moldavian
828:Turkestan
778:Turkestan
748:Mordovian
743:Moldavian
346:Тыва АССР
330:‹See Tfd›
305:‹See Tfd›
82:1961–1992
988:Karelian
983:Kabardin
893:Karelian
868:Mountain
863:Dagestan
853:Adjarian
807:By years
753:Mountain
711:Karelian
691:Kabardin
681:Dagestan
651:Adjarian
458:See also
362:Mongolia
263:Tuvan AO
1018:Crimean
918:Kirghiz
908:Chuvash
858:Crimean
843:Kirghiz
838:Bashkir
728:Kirghiz
721:Kirghiz
676:Crimean
671:Chuvash
656:Bashkir
639:By name
514:. p.81
440:Economy
432:of the
380:History
352:of the
334:Russian
309:Russian
191:History
161:Capital
74:of the
46:Russian
1003:Kalmyk
948:Kalmyk
943:Udmurt
928:Abkhaz
913:Kazakh
888:Buryat
788:Udmurt
716:Kazakh
701:Kalmyk
661:Buryat
646:Abkhaz
194:
133:Anthem
58:
42:
1008:Tuvan
903:Tajik
883:Yakut
848:Tatar
798:Yakut
783:Tuvan
773:Tatar
768:Tajik
482:Notes
342:Tuvan
317:Tuvan
165:Kyzyl
62:Tuvan
968:Mari
963:Komi
738:Mari
733:Komi
464:Tuva
298:The
276:Tuva
72:ASSR
590:doi
1097::
586:44
584:.
536:^
519:^
436:.
344::
340:;
336::
319::
315:;
311::
624:e
617:t
610:v
596:.
592::
327:(
302:(
64:)
60:(
48:)
44:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)
.svg)
