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The Oko satellites are drum-shaped, 2 metres long and with a diameter of 1.7 m. They weigh 1,250 kilograms without fuel and 2,400 kilograms when fully loaded. They have a 350 kg infrared telescope pointing toward Earth, with a 4 m conical sunshield and an instrument bus. The telescope,
347:
which is the satellites' main instrument, is able to detect radiation from ascending missiles. Two solar panels provide a total of 2.8 kW of power. There are also several smaller, wider-angle telescopes to supplement the main instrument. The satellites have 16 liquid fuel engines for
354:
The system requires at least 4 satellites to be fully functional. The danger of false alarms increases when there are fewer than 4 satellites in orbit, due to the inability to double-check a detection. However, this risk is reduced by the presence of the US-KMO geosynchronous satellites.
270:
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the rate of launches decreased, but Russia remained committed to the programme. A fully functioning constellation with 5 satellites was restored in 2001, but a fire in May 2001 in the Oko control facility at
279:
outside Moscow reduced the number of operational satellites to 2. A further satellite was launched in the same year. Between 2002 and 2006, there were no Oko launches, until another Oko satellite, designated
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175:
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US-K are the first generation of Oko satellites, the first of which was launched in 1972. The vast majority of the satellites launched (86 out of 100 as of March 2012 ) have been US-K satellites in
239:
rockets. Oko can be directly translated as the
Russian word for eye. As of June 2014, only two of the eight satellites in orbit were still functional, rendering the system inoperable.
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rockets. The advantages of Oko include that the system is reliable and well-established, and that it uses the relatively inexpensive (but now discontinued) Molniya launcher.
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373:) was launched on 30 September 2010. As of December 2015, the entire Oko programme is being replaced by the new
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524:"History and the Current Status of the Russian Early-Warning System"
1420:
696:"Soyuz 2-1B launches EKS-1 to upgrade Russian Early Warning System"
395:"Reducing a Common Danger: Improving Russia's Early-Warning System"
223:
system. It consists of a constellation of satellites, usually in
216:
715:
1532:
1385:
1347:
1342:
1246:
288:
260:
16:
Series of Soviet/Russian missile warning satellites, 1975-2010
1375:
1198:
256:
667:"Cosmos-2469 might be the last HEO early-warning satellite"
1522:
746:
220:
435:"Russia blinded by loss of missile detection satellite"
251:. Seven first generation satellites were launched into
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were reported to be the only operational satellites.
605:[Russia has an ABM problem: it burnt down].
635:
633:
631:
629:
627:
1565:
263:which had their first launch in 1991. In total,
231:system. The satellites are built by the company
624:
1325:
731:
596:
515:
640:Harvey, Brian (2007). "Military programs".
1332:
1318:
738:
724:
688:
453:
590:
550:
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642:The Rebirth of the Russian Space Program
329:
1566:
658:
639:
603:"У России проблемы с ПРО: Она сгорела"
521:
392:
295:) satellite and four US-K satellites (
1313:
719:
664:
441:from the original on 30 December 2018
415:from the original on October 10, 2012
207:) is a series of Russian, previously
503:from the original on 17 January 2012
287:In 2006, Russia had one operational
644:(1st ed.). Germany: Springer.
386:
184:Управляемый Спутник Континентальный
13:
188:Continental Controllable Satellite
14:
1605:
745:
490:
459:
265:101 satellites have been launched
171:Upravlyaemy Sputnik Kontinentalny
1341:
671:Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces
472:from the original on 11 May 2013
393:Forden, Geoffrey (May 3, 2001).
702:from the original on 2015-12-20
677:from the original on 2012-03-09
613:from the original on 2014-10-20
56:Early warning of missile attack
437:. Moscow Times. 26 June 2014.
427:
1:
1589:Military satellites of Russia
380:
341:
284:, was launched in July 2006.
665:Pavel, Podvig (2010-09-30).
402:Cato Policy Analysis No. 399
358:The satellites are built by
7:
1594:Satellites in Molniya orbit
531:Science and Global Security
10:
1610:
242:
1552:
1515:
1506:
1471:
1462:
1435:
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1351:reconnaissance satellites
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369:The last US-K satellite (
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219:launches as part of the
543:2002S&GS...10...21P
351:and 4 for maneuvering.
227:, designated under the
561:10.1080/08929880212328
522:Podvig, Pavel (2002).
338:
333:
253:geosynchronous orbits
698:. 17 November 2015.
235:and are launched on
1584:Military satellites
1574:1973 in spaceflight
497:Gunter's Space Page
466:Gunter's Space Page
21:
1301:List of satellites
362:and launched with
339:
19:
1561:
1560:
1548:
1547:
1516:Secondary Mission
1502:
1501:
1458:
1457:
1307:
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651:978-0-387-71354-0
311:). In June 2011,
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43:Country of origin
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579:. Archived from
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349:attitude control
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1408:Electro-optical
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601:(11 May 2001).
597:Topol, Sergey;
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552:10.1.1.692.6127
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493:"US-KS (74Kh6)"
491:Krebs, Gunter.
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460:Krebs, Gunter.
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599:Safranov, Ivan
589:
586:on 2012-03-15.
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406:Cato Institute
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337:of Kosmos 2469
249:molniya orbits
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225:molniya orbits
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160:30 August 2010
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69:Specifications
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462:"US-K (73D6)"
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360:NPO Lavochkin
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233:NPO Lavochkin
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141:Maiden launch
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37:NPO Lavochkin
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31:
27:
23:
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1368:Photographic
755:
704:. Retrieved
690:
679:. Retrieved
670:
660:
641:
615:. Retrieved
592:
581:the original
537:(1): 21–60.
534:
530:
517:
505:. Retrieved
496:
486:
474:. Retrieved
465:
455:
443:. Retrieved
429:
417:. Retrieved
401:
388:
368:
357:
353:
345:
335:Ground track
286:
273:Serpukhov-15
269:
246:
191:
187:
170:
169:
53:Applications
46:Soviet Union
33:TsNII Kometa
29:Manufacturer
1437:Radar IMINT
1290:Kosmos 2479
1285:Kosmos 2440
1280:Kosmos 2397
1275:Kosmos 2379
1270:Kosmos 2350
1265:Kosmos 2282
1260:Kosmos 2224
1255:Kosmos 2133
1237:Kosmos 2345
1232:Kosmos 2209
1227:Kosmos 2155
1222:Kosmos 1894
1217:Kosmos 1629
1212:Kosmos 1546
1189:Kosmos 2469
1184:Kosmos 2446
1179:Kosmos 2430
1174:Kosmos 2422
1169:Kosmos 2393
1164:Kosmos 2388
1159:Kosmos 2368
1154:Kosmos 2351
1149:Kosmos 2342
1144:Kosmos 2340
1139:Kosmos 2312
1134:Kosmos 2286
1129:Kosmos 2261
1124:Kosmos 2241
1119:Kosmos 2232
1114:Kosmos 2222
1109:Kosmos 2217
1104:Kosmos 2196
1099:Kosmos 2176
1094:Kosmos 2105
1089:Kosmos 2097
1084:Kosmos 2087
1079:Kosmos 2084
1074:Kosmos 2076
1069:Kosmos 2063
1064:Kosmos 2050
1059:Kosmos 2001
1054:Kosmos 1977
1049:Kosmos 1974
1044:Kosmos 1966
1039:Kosmos 1922
1034:Kosmos 1903
1029:Kosmos 1851
1024:Kosmos 1849
1019:Kosmos 1806
1014:Kosmos 1793
1009:Kosmos 1785
1004:Kosmos 1783
999:Kosmos 1774
994:Kosmos 1761
989:Kosmos 1729
984:Kosmos 1701
979:Kosmos 1698
974:Kosmos 1687
969:Kosmos 1684
964:Kosmos 1675
959:Kosmos 1661
954:Kosmos 1658
949:Kosmos 1604
944:Kosmos 1596
939:Kosmos 1586
934:Kosmos 1581
929:Kosmos 1569
924:Kosmos 1547
919:Kosmos 1541
914:Kosmos 1518
909:Kosmos 1481
904:Kosmos 1456
899:Kosmos 1409
894:Kosmos 1382
889:Kosmos 1367
884:Kosmos 1348
879:Kosmos 1341
874:Kosmos 1317
869:Kosmos 1285
864:Kosmos 1278
859:Kosmos 1261
854:Kosmos 1247
849:Kosmos 1223
844:Kosmos 1217
839:Kosmos 1191
834:Kosmos 1188
829:Kosmos 1172
824:Kosmos 1164
819:Kosmos 1124
814:Kosmos 1109
809:Kosmos 1030
804:Kosmos 1024
371:Kosmos 2469
325:Kosmos 2469
321:Kosmos 2446
317:Kosmos 2430
313:Kosmos 2422
309:Kosmos 2368
305:Kosmos 2351
301:Kosmos 2393
297:Kosmos 2422
293:Kosmos 2379
282:Kosmos 2422
157:Kosmos 2469
153:Last launch
125:Operational
1568:Categories
1207:Kosmos 775
799:Kosmos 931
794:Kosmos 917
789:Kosmos 903
784:Kosmos 862
779:Kosmos 706
774:Kosmos 665
769:Kosmos 606
764:Kosmos 520
706:2015-12-17
681:2012-04-22
617:2012-04-23
607:Kommersant
381:References
342:Satellites
213:satellites
145:Kosmos 775
104:Inoperable
96:Production
1479:Tselina-2
749:programme
577:122901563
569:0892-9882
547:CiteSeerX
364:Molniya-M
255:, called
237:Molniya-M
197:‹See Tfd›
176:‹See Tfd›
1493:Pion-NKS
1421:Resurs-P
700:Archived
675:Archived
611:Archived
501:Archived
470:Archived
439:Archived
410:Archived
377:system.
277:Kurilovo
186:meaning
117:Launched
1489:Lotos-S
1450:Neitron
1416:Persona
1348:Russian
539:Bibcode
507:5 March
476:5 March
243:History
217:missile
201:Russian
180:Russian
78:Molniya
1555:Kosmos
1533:US-KMO
1508:MASINT
1464:SIGINT
1445:Kondor
1428:Razdan
1425:Razbeg
1396:Kobalt
1391:Yantar
1386:Orlets
1247:US-KMO
648:
575:
567:
549:
445:22 May
419:May 5,
289:US-KMO
261:US-KMO
229:Kosmos
209:Soviet
101:Status
74:Regime
48:Russia
1484:Liana
1472:ELINT
1381:Zenit
1376:Almaz
1359:IMINT
1199:US-KS
584:(PDF)
573:S2CID
527:(PDF)
413:(PDF)
398:(PDF)
275:near
257:US-KS
190:) or
109:Built
1528:US-K
756:US-K
646:ISBN
565:ISSN
509:2012
478:2012
447:2018
421:2012
323:and
205:УС-К
192:US-K
133:Lost
1579:Oko
1540:EKS
1523:Oko
747:Oko
557:doi
375:EKS
221:Oko
112:86+
20:Oko
1570::
673:.
669:.
626:^
609:.
571:.
563:.
555:.
545:.
535:10
533:.
529:.
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495:.
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464:.
408:.
404:.
400:.
319:,
315:,
307:,
303:,
299:,
267:.
211:,
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182::
120:85
1333:e
1326:t
1319:v
739:e
732:t
725:v
709:.
684:.
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620:.
559::
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511:.
480:.
449:.
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136:6
128:2
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