3095:. The direct and inverse theme signs indicate the direction of the verb along a spectrum what might be called distance. From least to most distant the participants are: (1) first or second; (2) indefinite (only as subject); (3) proximate third person; (4) obviative third person; (5) farther obviative third person; (6) inanimate (subject only). If the subject is less distant than the object, the direct theme is used; if the subject is more distant, the inverse signs are used. After transitive animate (TA) verb stems appear one of the four following theme signs:
7879:
7566:
7290:
210:
422:, that is a descendant of Proto-Eastern Algonquian consists of Mahican and Common Delaware, the latter being a further subgroup comprising Munsee Delaware and Unami Delaware. The justification for Delawarean as an intermediate subgroup rests upon the high degree of similarity between Mahican and the two Delaware languages, but relatively little detailed argumentation in support of Delawarean has been adduced.
3378:, polysynthetic and highly agglutinative. This means that most of the information is encoded in the verb (sometimes with whole words being incorporated into the stem), making word order more fluid than in English. Syntax is one of the least studied aspects of the Unami language; there is much more data on morphology, because of an especial focus on reconstructing Proto-Algonquian.
1864:), and presence (nonabsentative versus absentative). Generally, the inanimate, obviative, and absentative categories are more marked than their opposites (i.e. animate, proximate, and nonabsentative), but it is not clear whether animacy or inanimacy is the more marked of the opposition. The first and second persons are not marked for presence or obviation and are always animate.
1218:
must occur. In some notations the pound symbol (#) appears, indicating word boundaries (either the beginning or end). Regular parenthesis indicate optional conditions when framing phonemes or additional information about phonemes: "C=stop". The capital letters C, V, and N mean 'consonant', 'vowel',
3022:
Prefixes are mutually exclusive and are selected based on the following rule: if one of the participants is second person, the second person prefix is used; if not, if one of the participants is the first person, then the first person prefix is used; if none of these applies, other forms, if they
565:
consonants, although this contrast is relatively weak. A full analysis of the status of the geminates, also known as long consonants, is not available, and more than one analysis of
Delaware consonants has been proposed. The long consonants are described as having low functional yield, and they
1186:
and Unami, and another 28 unique to Unami, though this analysis ignores predictable exceptions, such as the class of static words which may skip many of these rules. These rules govern things such as consonant lengthening/shortening, vowel syncopation, metathesis, vowel coloring, etc.
3212:
For Class 2 TI theme signs, in certain derivational categories, the theme sign is retained even when the thematic element is dropped. The contrast between both categories is sharper in the
Central Algonquian languages, whose theme sign has a more complex series of alternants.
1884:
Third-person participants can be marked by a special set of endings indicating their absence from the general area of the focus of discourse. For example, absentative endings are used when speaking of the deceased (even if the corpse is physically present), as in the sentence
214:
Map showing the aboriginal boundaries of
Delaware territories, with Munsee territory and Unami dialectal divisions indicated. The territory of the Unalachtigo dialect of Unami is not clearly indicated, but is presumed to be approximately in the area of "Sankhikan" on the
1806:
U-25: Initial cluster and syllable loss. Initial clusters arising from morphophonemic rules U-11 and U-14 above are simplified; many initial weak-vowel syllables are lost. There are many exceptions, however, such that
Goddard does not attempt to describe the
840:. Additionally, vowels are classified as strong and weak, which plays an important role in determining stress (see below). Long vowels and vowels before consonant clusters are automatically strong. Certain short vowels, which are differentiated with a
398:, meaning 'in the land of the Delaware Indians'. It describes the ancient homeland of all Delaware Indians, both Unami and Munsee. The English named the river running through much of the traditional range of the Lenape after the first governor of the
532:
in the southwestern part of
Oklahoma. Both Oklahoma and Delaware tribes have recorded native speakers and produced written lessons for instruction, which are available for sale from Various Indian Peoples Publishing Company, located in
2697:
The TI themes have the same inflection as AI stems for all conjuncts. (Indefinite subject forms of consonant-final themes are not attested, but the vowel-final themes follow the AI pattern.) Three forms are illustrated from each type.
848:– are also strong vowels because they are treated morphophonemically as long vowels, even though they are pronounced as short. In a sequence of syllables containing a short vowel followed by a consonant (C) or consonant and
1907:
as animate or inanimate, which is reflected in verbal conjugation. Animate nouns denote human beings, animals, spirits, trees, and certain fruits, tubers, root vegetables, and other unpredictable exceptions like
1145:
is generally predictable in Unami. The rightmost nonfinal strong vowel is stressed, or a strong vowel in final position if it is the only one in the word. Often when stress would be expected to fall on the
3358:
Position seven contains peripheral endings, which are used to mark the nominal category of some 3rd person participants in forms in the independent and conjunct (but not imperative) orders.
8390:
1182:
rules, and a theoretical form usually undergoes a set of predictable phonological processes to produce the true form found in speech. There are about 17 such rules common to both
1876:, unless they act in conjunction with the proximate participant. Verbs are also inflected to indicate whether the verbal action is proximate on obviate or obviate on proximate.
3541:
Goddard, Ives. 1996. "Introduction." Ives
Goddard, ed., The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 17. Languages, pp. 1-16. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.
8307:
2002:
language. Verbs in Unami are marked for person and number, and contain inflectional elements of order (independent, conjunct, and imperative), aspect, and the negative.
8395:
4629:
1974:('potato') are animate. However, traditionally inanimate nouns which are directly addressed or personified are treated as animate. Thus, traditionally inanimate
3435:
3087:
The first position (theme signs) is filled only for transitive verbs and help describe the relationship between the two participants by indicating which is the
7917:
8344:
418:. The hypothetical common ancestor language from which the Eastern Algonquian languages descend is Proto-Eastern Algonquian (PEA). An intermediate group,
7125:
3471:
635:, although in the literature on Unami the raised dot (·) is often used for these purposes, as other diacritics may be used above vowels (see below).
6851:
8129:
7604:
7328:
8231:
8405:
8276:
2945:
Verbal prefixes are used only in the independent order, although some forms of the independent order lack a prefix. There are three of them:
8084:
7990:
4622:
3887:
The Lenâpé and their legends: with the complete text and symbols of the Walam olum, a new translation, and an inquiry into its authenticity
8380:
8302:
8221:
566:
differentiate relatively few pairs of words but occur in contrasting environments. Some examples of contrastive geminate pairs include:
504:). This system was continued down to Common Delaware, but Munsee and Unami have innovated separately with respect to the vowel systems.
7910:
8400:
8385:
3978:
6986:
6956:
8410:
7118:
4615:
3475:
367:
1057:
Syllable structure is diverse, permitting a certain amount of consonant clustering. The following consonant clusters can occur:
7067:
3316:
Position five contains the central endings which index the central participant of each form, except those using TA theme signs
386:
literally means 'Men of Men', but is translated to mean 'Original People'. The Lenape names for the areas they inhabited were
8375:
7903:
7022:
7013:
6980:
6950:
6944:
6938:
6739:
3864:
3844:
3830:
17:
8040:
7028:
7007:
7001:
6968:
6962:
6696:
6658:
4879:
7597:
7321:
7079:
7073:
4684:
2107:
Following are tables exemplifying verbal paradigms in Unami in the independent order, indicative mood and present tense.
233:
8261:
8216:
8166:
7294:
7111:
6888:
5440:
3919:
8281:
3610:
8370:
8328:
8171:
7222:
6906:
5879:
4736:
4407:
3522:
855:
Furthermore, some short vowels are strong even in a weakening environment; such exceptions are often marked with a
540:
Some descriptions of the
Northern Unami dialect as spoken during the 18th century are given by Moravian missionary
8134:
6395:
5445:
4935:
4828:
4288:
223:
48:
5238:
1920:('my fingernail'). (However, berries, nuts, and vegetables growing above ground are generally inanimate.) Thus,
1170:
only if it would otherwise fall on an antepenultimate short vowel, and if the consonant between them is voiced.
8297:
8211:
7883:
7590:
7570:
7314:
7227:
6295:
5352:
4798:
4638:
6380:
3603:
History, Manners, and
Customs of the Indian Nations Who Once Inhabited Pennsylvania and the Neighboring States
8246:
8196:
7718:
6205:
5869:
5293:
3971:
3568:
Goddard, Ives. 1982. "Munsee historical phonology." International
Journal of American Linguistics 48: 16-48.
3529:, showing approximate locations of Lenape Indian Bands, Lenape Lifeways website (accessed December 16, 2007)
808:
Unami vowels are presented as organized into contrasting long–short pairs. One asymmetry is that high short
8201:
8181:
7826:
7217:
6841:
5046:
4860:
4466:
4275:
4125:
3259:
in the formation of diminutives seems to be an innovation of Unami, as many other
Algonquian languages use
1891:('our (excl.) mother (abv.) treated us well'), in which both verb and noun are marked with the absentative
1276:ə → o / _ {(k)w} -- although Goddard notes that this orthography may be imperfect because surface-phonemic
537:. These efforts, in conjunction with other community efforts comprise an attempt to preserve the language.
426:
196:
128:
3586:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3327:
3320:
3305:
3290:
3283:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3229:
3203:
3196:
3187:
3178:
3170:
For transitive inanimate (TI) verbs, there appears the theme sign pertaining to the appropriate TI class:
3159:
3145:
3131:
3124:
3110:
3103:
3016:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2927:
2916:
2905:
2887:
2876:
2865:
2847:
2836:
2825:
2807:
2796:
2785:
2767:
2756:
2745:
2684:
2673:
2655:
2644:
2588:
2577:
2559:
2548:
2537:
2519:
2508:
2497:
2479:
2468:
2457:
2439:
2428:
2417:
2399:
2388:
2377:
2307:
2296:
2278:
2267:
2249:
2238:
2220:
2209:
2191:
2180:
2162:
2151:
2131:
2124:
1892:
1857:
1834:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1734:
1716:
1707:
1695:
1691:
1682:
1678:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1592:
1580:
1552:
1533:
1500:
1477:
1459:
1411:
1390:
1386:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1248:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1061:
1040:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1006:
999:
955:
943:
938:
933:
921:
914:
876:
872:
868:
864:
849:
845:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
628:
7833:
7249:
6828:
6704:
6567:
4808:
4766:
4761:
4488:
4375:
4370:
4160:
415:
8271:
7232:
6170:
5813:
5800:
5738:
5573:
5450:
638:
In the following chart, the usual transcription used in the sources is given with the IPA in brackets.
3023:
take a prefix, take the third person prefix. This is the well-known Algonquian 2-1-3 precedence rule.
425:
Compared to Munsee, Unami has undergone extensive phonological innovation, coupled with morphological
335:
people in the late 17th century and the early 18th century, in the southern two-thirds of present-day
8236:
7134:
5839:
5566:
4823:
4803:
4793:
4570:
517:
371:
7207:
6615:
6175:
5979:
5313:
4855:
4751:
4726:
4679:
4402:
3964:
1608:
3891:
1872:
The first mentioned and/or primary animate third person is proximate; all other third persons are
7932:
6122:
5925:
5904:
5844:
5323:
5025:
5018:
4788:
4691:
4427:
4397:
4387:
4167:
3881:
3308:
and prohibitive imperative and future imperative forms, which have complex series of alternants.
1210:
and another vowel. The slash means 'in the context of', and the underscore _ indicates where the
98:
6200:
8063:
7821:
7751:
7551:
7397:
7275:
7185:
6913:
6836:
6085:
5820:
5805:
5537:
5523:
5373:
5178:
5085:
5004:
4818:
4032:
859:. Additionally, some vowels which are unaffected by predicted vowel syncope are marked with an
661:
521:
7629:
indicate extinct languages * indicates extinct language in Oklahoma but still spoken elsewhere
5220:
2005:
A table of the personal pronouns is given below. The first person plural ("we") may be either
378:(1907–1984) provided valuable information about the language to linguists and other scholars.
7613:
7337:
6974:
6630:
6593:
6369:
6355:
6132:
6114:
5790:
5785:
5711:
5394:
5318:
5288:
5263:
5039:
4940:
4783:
4174:
4147:
524:, which manages the Lenape Language Preservation Project. The same dialect was spoken by the
7085:
5227:
5199:
1190:
A list of processes unique to Unami follow. These are written in linguistic notation. Thus,
406:, and consequently referred to the people who lived around the river as "Delaware Indians".
8312:
7757:
7237:
6869:
6805:
6767:
6762:
6521:
6327:
6290:
6103:
6023:
5944:
5859:
5544:
5258:
4990:
4813:
4563:
4080:
4075:
4026:
3995:
3375:
328:
123:
5213:
8:
8176:
8150:
8119:
8053:
7864:
7763:
7505:
7485:
7390:
7212:
7091:
6757:
6625:
6495:
6348:
6282:
6180:
5659:
5556:
5460:
5345:
5189:
5160:
5103:
4965:
4950:
4850:
4840:
4778:
4773:
4756:
4696:
4445:
4437:
4412:
4348:
4293:
4252:
4153:
4070:
4018:
4004:
1450:
863:. There is a predictable tendency, additionally, to nasalize and lengthen a vowel before
707:
6165:
5206:
3885:
8078:
8048:
7672:
7383:
7242:
7158:
7040:
6686:
6635:
6362:
6341:
6320:
6313:
6300:
6236:
6160:
5994:
5918:
5831:
5746:
5700:
5672:
5503:
5412:
5303:
5278:
5253:
5168:
5113:
5032:
4945:
4915:
4716:
4538:
4482:
4472:
4365:
4245:
4198:
4101:
3495:
Online Lenape Talking Dictionary, "Unami (a group of the Lenape or Delaware Indians)",
3460:
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24).
1856:
Third person participants are marked for gender (animate versus inanimate), obviation (
1179:
1142:
651:
627:
There are also rules that lengthen consonants in certain environments. The length mark
529:
375:
359:
291:
136:
6218:
3461:
1758:
is optional, but the option is exploited differently by the two morphemes it affects.
1202:
become null (disappear) in the context of when they are weak and appear before either
188:
8241:
8191:
8058:
7995:
7945:
7728:
7701:
7689:
7667:
7662:
7433:
7404:
7034:
6410:
6405:
6254:
6195:
6190:
6155:
6150:
6140:
5911:
5884:
5874:
5864:
5751:
5727:
5719:
5692:
5687:
5622:
5591:
5580:
5530:
5488:
5473:
5380:
5123:
5098:
5093:
5053:
4983:
4920:
4701:
4545:
4477:
4417:
4392:
4381:
4334:
4299:
4282:
3860:
3840:
3826:
3606:
759:
671:
318:
6752:
6747:
3621:
Goddard, Ives, 1979, p. vi; for a consonant chart see Ives Goddard, 1997, pp. 43-98.
229:
8266:
7980:
7859:
7849:
7799:
7792:
7785:
7779:
7713:
7684:
7678:
7647:
7641:
7515:
7500:
7490:
7470:
7465:
7455:
7445:
7438:
7428:
7361:
7259:
7254:
7202:
7058:
7046:
6992:
6795:
6724:
6709:
6666:
6502:
6472:
6467:
6430:
6420:
6390:
6262:
6185:
6062:
6030:
6016:
6009:
5959:
5936:
5897:
5854:
5795:
5777:
5759:
5682:
5677:
5667:
5640:
5508:
5435:
5425:
5401:
5387:
5366:
5283:
5141:
5131:
5060:
5011:
4970:
4910:
4905:
4668:
4657:
4494:
4269:
4225:
4181:
4111:
4012:
3850:
3092:
656:
541:
399:
88:
3496:
2961:
is inserted after the prefix, and before this and other stem-initial consonants a
8415:
8186:
8000:
7985:
7955:
7940:
7854:
7774:
7769:
7744:
7738:
7657:
7535:
7520:
7495:
7460:
7450:
7367:
7163:
6790:
6777:
6676:
6531:
6425:
6415:
6267:
6225:
6080:
6051:
6044:
6002:
5989:
5984:
5974:
5969:
5954:
5766:
5630:
5498:
5483:
5478:
5468:
5308:
5298:
5149:
5108:
4960:
4955:
4897:
4721:
4607:
4582:
4357:
4344:
4209:
4203:
3987:
3854:
3526:
3088:
852:(Cw), the odd-numbered vowels are weak, and the even numbered vowels are strong.
736:
666:
525:
403:
363:
118:
110:
5268:
3951:
201:
7895:
7805:
7733:
7707:
7652:
7480:
7052:
6781:
6719:
6681:
6526:
6482:
6477:
6462:
6457:
6334:
6272:
6244:
6210:
6075:
6070:
5964:
5889:
5648:
5635:
5493:
5430:
5420:
5359:
5331:
5248:
5136:
5074:
4975:
4845:
4706:
4598:
4590:
4521:
4515:
4422:
678:
59:
1347:
U-4: Vowel shortening before primary cluster of a nasal and another consonant
366:. The last fluent Unami speaker in the United States, Edward Thompson, of the
8364:
8256:
8206:
8020:
7530:
7525:
7178:
6487:
6400:
6305:
6145:
6095:
5949:
5516:
5338:
5273:
5173:
4997:
4925:
4835:
4711:
4327:
4141:
4052:
4043:
3945:
3934:
1999:
1995:
982:
897:
67:
7103:
8098:
7723:
6729:
6714:
6671:
6539:
6090:
6037:
4930:
4746:
4741:
4322:
4314:
3818:
3441:
17 Nov 2002. Retrieved 3 Dec 2022, archived from the original on 4 Jun 2019
860:
856:
632:
394:
340:
306:
301:
271:
256:
63:
3939:
172:
8103:
7975:
7960:
3233:
3222:
994:
977:
909:
892:
7582:
7306:
3519:
3366:
Position eight reflects the subjunctive, prohibitive, and future modes.
8251:
8124:
7970:
6846:
5849:
4731:
4106:
4085:
3605:, pages 353-432. Facsimile reprint by Heritage Books, Bowie, MD, 1990,
1904:
1439:
1147:
1065:
1035:
987:
950:
902:
336:
8226:
8030:
6800:
4865:
4060:
3466:
3059:
2006:
1873:
1861:
1013:
928:
779:
562:
181:
165:
3907:
Lenape Texts & Studies - Northern Unami (Mission Delaware) works
3880:
8349:
8025:
8010:
8005:
7950:
7617:
558:
352:
344:
241:
209:
71:
3956:
3944:
Translation of the Gospels into the Delaware language. Printed by
8015:
2981:
would be phonetically shortened via rule U-4a. Examples include:
1837:, which was a recent innovation at the time Goddard was writing.
512:
The dominant modern version of the Southern Unami dialect called
348:
237:
3835:
Goddard, Ives. 1997. "Pidgin Delaware." Sarah G. Thomason, ed.,
1111:
Additionally, certain consonants may combine with the semivowel
7965:
7510:
7374:
6861:
4586:
4065:
3856:
Grammar of the Language of the Lenni Lenape Or Delaware Indians
3459:
3031:
Suffixes are grouped into eight positional classes. These are:
1183:
1151:
332:
276:
261:
81:
3929:
3839:
pp. 43–98. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
3630:
Goddard, Ives, 1979, pp. 22, xii (rule U-6); p. 26 (rule U-27)
3015:('that is where we live ') from the animate intransitive stem
7475:
3906:
3773:
3771:
2957:(third person). If a stem has an underlying initial vowel, a
841:
534:
8391:
Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands
3924:
1123:, but these are always removed by morphophonemic processes.
631:
is used to indicate gemination of a preceding consonant or
3768:
240:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3508:
The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage: 10,000 BC to AD 2000
3251:('the little one comes'), contrasted with the pejorative
1166:. In the last case, the accent shifts to the penultimate
875:('his name is ') is realized closer to from underlying
3450:
Pentland, David, 1992, p. 15; Goddard, Ives, 1996, p. 5
3398:('over there under the trees two people were buried')
3381:
Some examples of complex sentences in Unami include:
1536:, in which exceptions are marked with a grave accent
2599:
2321:Transitive animate independent indicative, theme 1
1178:Unami phonology is extremely complex, with various
432:The PEA vowel system consisted of four long vowels
392:(i.e. New Jersey), which means 'water's edge', and
4637:
3472:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
3395:še· lah ni e·k·aɔ́·kwe phɔkhakéhɔ·n ní·ša awé·ni·k
2692:
2110:
1154:. This change is found in three conjunct endings:
355:. Today, it is only spoken as a second language.
93:August 31, 2002, with the death of Edward Thompson
8396:Indigenous languages of the North American Plains
4799:North-Central American / Upper Midwestern English
347:. The Lenape later migrated, largely settling in
8362:
7925:
4666:
3577:Goddard, Ives, 1982; Goddard, Ives, 1979, p. 11,
3537:
3535:
2315:
1980:('stone') is treated as animate in the sentence
1830:U-28: Negative vowel assimilation in forms with
3411:na hont náni tənnə́mən níkahke pi·lae·č·əč·ínka
8232:Iron Hill Cut Jasper Quarry Archeological Site
3952:OLAC resources in and about the Unami language
3406:('but the children's footprints are numerous')
3286:, which marks the obviative third person, and
2605:Inanimate intransitive independent indicative
1724:where V is a front vowel and V is a back vowel
557:Unami has been analyzed as having contrastive
8277:Walker Prehistoric Village Archeological Site
7911:
7598:
7322:
7133:
7119:
4623:
3972:
3532:
3941:History of our lord and saviour Jesus Christ
3247:is unstable.) An example of a diminutive is
2702:Transitive inanimate independent indicative
2116:Animate intransitive independent indicative
1226:U-2: Weak short vowel loss before gutturals
8303:Magothy Quartzite Quarry Archeological Site
8222:Heath Farm Jasper Quarry Archeological Site
3409:
3401:
3393:
3385:
3006:
2921:
2910:
2899:
2881:
2870:
2859:
2841:
2830:
2819:
2801:
2790:
2779:
2761:
2750:
2739:
2678:
2667:
2649:
2638:
2622:
2613:
2582:
2571:
2553:
2542:
2531:
2513:
2502:
2491:
2473:
2462:
2451:
2433:
2422:
2411:
2393:
2382:
2371:
2339:
2329:
2301:
2290:
2272:
2261:
2243:
2232:
2214:
2203:
2185:
2174:
2156:
2145:
2086:
2079:
2067:
2060:
2047:
2039:
2032:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1886:
615:
605:
596:
587:
577:
567:
387:
381:
7918:
7904:
7605:
7591:
7329:
7315:
7126:
7112:
4630:
4616:
3979:
3965:
3849:
3301:Position four contains the negative affix
1986:('the stones would immediately cry out').
1385:U-8: An adjustment in vowel length before
208:
7612:
7336:
3338:Position six contains the affix endings:
3255:('the undesirable one came'). The use of
1173:
1115:. Some underlying forms may also contain
448:(from PEA merger of Proto-Algonquian (PA
3884:; Constantine Samuel Rafinesque (1885).
3444:
2009:(including the addressee) or exclusive.
1192:{ə,a} → ∅ / _{h, x}V when {ə,a} are weak
8345:Native American place names in Maryland
4889:
3837:Contact Languages: A Wider Perspective,
3587:"Lenape Language Preservation Project."
2989:('he gets up'). Two roots with initial
234:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
8363:
3387:ta heč tɔllí·ksi·n ne·k ma·nšá·p·iyak?
3267:(in fact, the diminutive of Munsee is
2997:when adding prefixes; these roots are
1675:w{ah, a, a·} → {oh, ɔ, ɔ·} / {#,C,V}_
374:, died on August 31, 2002. His sister
7899:
7586:
7310:
7107:
4665:
4611:
3960:
1052:
8406:Indigenous languages of Pennsylvania
8308:National Archives Archeological Site
3436:"The vanishing voice of the Lenape."
3430:
3428:
1520:U-13: Voiced consonant assimilation
816:, and the pairing of long and short
27:Language spoken by the Lenape people
7724:Mesquakie (Fox, Kickapoo, and Sauk)
3986:
3414:('then that's what those boys did')
3403:mi·mə́nsak šokw təli-ahi-pe·nháto·n
3353:
614:'I stuck it out repeatedly' versus
507:
24:
8381:Extinct languages of North America
8262:Nolands Ferry I Archeological Site
8217:Heath Farm Camp Archeological Site
8167:Aisquith Farm E Archeological Site
3920:Delaware (Lenape) Tribe of Indians
3361:
3296:
3279:In position three are the affixes
3216:
1223:U-1: Weak and strong vowel marking
25:
8427:
8282:Willin Village Archeological Site
3913:
3425:
3333:
3311:
3274:
3082:
2600:Inanimate intransitive (II) verbs
1494:U-12: Nasal assimilation, part 2
1462:is weak; C=voiceless) except some
1426:U-10: Nasal assimilation, part 1
444:The vowel history is as follows:
343:, and the northern two-thirds of
8401:Indigenous languages of Oklahoma
8386:Indigenous languages of Maryland
8329:Baltimore American Indian Center
8172:Arundel Cove Archaeological Site
7878:
7877:
7565:
7564:
7289:
7288:
6907:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
4737:Inland Northern American English
3935:Native Languages page for Lenape
3702:Goddard, Ives, 1979, pp. 21, 130
3221:The second position consists of
1950:('my leg') are inanimate, while
1433:→ homorganic nasal + voiced stop
1327:ə → o / _ {Np, Nkw} and // w_Nk
1258:U-3: Vowel-coloring; underlying
8135:Shawnee Old Fields Village Site
6889:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
3798:
3789:
3780:
3765:Goddard, Ives, 1979, p. 167-191
3759:
3750:
3741:
3732:
3723:
3714:
3705:
3696:
3687:
3684:Goddard, Ives, 1979, pp. 12, 22
3678:
3669:
3660:
3651:
3642:
3633:
3624:
3615:
3595:
3580:
3571:
3562:
3478:from the original on 2022-10-30
3390:('what color are those beads?')
2985:('I get up from lying') versus
2693:Transitive inanimate (TI) verbs
2111:Animate intransitive (AI) verbs
828:are not distinguishable before
576:'then you (sg.) danced' versus
8411:Languages extinct in the 2000s
8298:Broad Creek Soapstone Quarries
8212:Grear Prehistoric Village Site
4639:Languages of the United States
3738:Goddard, Ives, 1979, pp. 30–31
3720:Goddard, Ives, 1979, pp. 20-26
3711:Goddard, Ives, 1979, pp. 12-13
3693:Goddard, Ives, 1979, pp. 18-19
3553:
3544:
3513:
3500:
3489:
3453:
2969:contracts with a stem-initial
1888:no·lăčahko·ná·na nkahe·səná·na
1813:C·(w) → C(w) / _{ah, oh, C, #}
13:
1:
8247:McCandless Archeological Site
8197:Buckingham Archeological Site
3811:
3729:Goddard, Ives, 1979, p. 31-34
2965:is inserted. Sometimes, this
2316:Transitive animate (TA) verbs
1846:
1766:U-23: Final-vowel shortening
1379:except / VC_ where V is weak
1300:('vegetable gum', underlying
1238:('you walk upstream') versus
552:
8376:Eastern Algonquian languages
8202:Bumpstead Archeological Site
7926:Native Americans in Maryland
7827:Black American Sign Language
6842:Black American Sign Language
6620:Creole Hawai'i Sign Language
4861:Western Pennsylvania English
3639:Goddard, Ives, 1979, p. viii
1867:
1818:U-27: Consonant-lengthening
1646:} → {nw, kw} / #_{ah, a, a·}
1615:. Does not affect the roots
1414:-loss before stop consonant
1366:C^(vl≠h) → C· / V_(s, š, x)
1355:U-5: Semivowel assimilation
547:
7:
7933:Historic and present tribes
7719:Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache
6636:Navajo Family Sign Language
4593:language •
4182:Quiripi–Naugatuck–Unquachog
4161:Massachusett Pidgin English
3925:Delaware Nation of Oklahoma
3823:Delaware Verbal Morphology.
3026:
2940:
1983:šá·i a· ăsǝ́nak kǝnčí·mowak
1879:
1810:U-26: Consonant-shortening
1754:-loss. The dropping of the
1532:U-14: Vowel syncope before
416:Eastern Algonquian language
103:Taught as a second language
10:
8432:
8272:Shoemaker III Village Site
7349:indicate extinct languages
7233:Pennsylvania Dutch English
7146:indicate extinct languages
6852:Puerto Rican Sign Language
3948:, Shawnee Baptist Mission.
3795:Goddard, Ives, 1979, p. 73
3786:Goddard, Ives, 1979, p. 78
3777:Goddard, Ives, 1979, p. 76
3756:Goddard, Ives, 1979, p. 29
3747:Goddard, Ives, 1979, p. 47
3675:Goddard, Ives, 1979, p. xv
3666:Goddard, Ives, 1979, p. 21
3648:Goddard, Ives, 1979, p. 28
3590:Delaware Tribe of Indians.
3293:, which marks the plural.
3054:Negative; imperative modes
3048:Diminutive and pejorative
2935:
1635:w(ə)C → Cw / #_{ah, a, a·}
1485:/ l_{n, l}, y_l, w_w, m_m
1453:(with certain exceptions)
1449:U-11: Vowel-weakening and
1219:and 'nasal' respectively.
586:'then there was dancing';
409:
322:
8337:
8321:
8290:
8237:Katcef Archeological Site
8159:
8143:
8112:
8091:
8077:
8039:
7931:
7873:
7842:
7814:
7634:
7624:
7560:
7544:
7421:
7354:
7344:
7284:
7268:
7195:
7151:
7141:
7135:Languages of Pennsylvania
6927:
6898:
6878:
6860:
6827:
6818:
6776:
6738:
6695:
6657:
6648:
6608:
6575:Anishinaabe Sign Language
6566:
6557:
6512:
6450:
6443:
6379:
6281:
6253:
6235:
6131:
6113:
6061:
5935:
5830:
5776:
5737:
5710:
5658:
5621:
5590:
5554:
5459:
5411:
5237:
5187:
5159:
5122:
5084:
4896:
4878:
4824:Southern American English
4804:Pacific Northwest English
4794:Northern American English
4675:
4656:
4645:
4580:
4555:
4530:
4507:
4458:
4436:
4356:
4343:
4313:
4262:
4235:
4191:
4133:
4124:
4094:
4051:
4042:
4003:
3994:
3930:Lenape Talking Dictionary
3890:. D.G. Brinton. pp.
3369:
3342:marks the preterite, and
2993:extend the syllable with
2709:
2327:
2100:
2085:
2066:
2023:
1898:
1273:in various environments.
1137:
803:
624:'I stuck it out slowly'.
518:Delaware Tribe of Indians
372:Delaware Tribe of Indians
297:
282:
267:
252:
220:
207:
195:
179:
163:
158:
107:
97:
87:
77:
54:
44:
37:
32:
8291:Other prehistoric places
7991:Piscataway Indian Nation
7223:Inland Northern American
5602:San Felipe–Santo Domingo
4856:Western American English
4752:Midland American English
4727:General American English
4680:African-American English
4467:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
4408:North of Superior Ojibwa
3882:Brinton, Daniel Garrison
3601:Heckewelder, Rev. John:
3510:, Lenape Books, p.9, n.2
3418:
3062:(inflectional suffixes)
1989:
1851:
1655:(k)wx(k) → (k)x(k)w / #_
1318:ə → o / _ h{p, kw, m, w}
1284:are not distinct before
331:initially spoken by the
8371:Agglutinative languages
8160:Prehistoric communities
7679:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
6578:Blackfoot Sign Language
4789:New York Latino English
4692:American Indian English
4315:Mesquakie–Sauk–Kickapoo
4044:Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi
3657:Goddard, Ives, 1997: 45
3410:
3402:
3394:
3386:
3243:(in both of these, the
3066:
3047:
3007:
2922:
2911:
2900:
2882:
2871:
2860:
2842:
2831:
2820:
2802:
2791:
2780:
2762:
2751:
2740:
2679:
2668:
2650:
2639:
2623:
2614:
2583:
2572:
2554:
2543:
2532:
2514:
2503:
2492:
2474:
2463:
2452:
2434:
2423:
2412:
2394:
2383:
2372:
2340:
2330:
2302:
2291:
2273:
2262:
2244:
2233:
2215:
2204:
2186:
2175:
2157:
2146:
2087:
2080:
2068:
2061:
2048:
2040:
2033:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1887:
1649:w{h, x} → {hw, xw} / C_
1563:U-16: Vowel shortening
1505:→ homorganic nasal + C
1393:and another consonant)
1064:(which are realized as
616:
606:
597:
588:
578:
568:
500:(from Proto-Algonquian
492:(from Proto-Algonquian
484:(from Proto-Algonquian
476:(from Proto-Algonquian
464:(from PEA merger of PA
388:
382:
70:; some Unami groups in
8064:Susquehannock language
7822:American Sign Language
7552:American Sign Language
7276:American Sign Language
7228:Northeast Pennsylvania
6914:Henniker Sign Language
6837:American Sign Language
6581:Cheyenne Sign Language
5446:Central Siberian Yupik
5441:Central Alaskan Yup'ik
4936:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
4846:Upper Michigan English
4819:Puerto Rican Englishes
4289:Maliseet–Passamaquoddy
3208:Class 3: no theme sign
1730:(only in the suffixes
1558:h → ∅ / _{CC, C#, Cah}
1539:V̌ → ∅ / _{x, s, š}CV
1525:(C=voiced constituant)
1363:U-6: Stop lengthening
1242:('he walks upstream')
1194:means that the sounds
1174:Phonological processes
522:Bartlesville, Oklahoma
488:; the short vowels are
222:This article contains
7338:Languages of Maryland
6616:Hawai'i Sign Language
6599:Ktunaxa Sign Language
6594:Plateau Sign Language
6356:Northern Sierra Miwok
6296:Southern Sierra Miwok
5605:Zia–Santa Ana Pueblos
5353:Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie
4841:Transatlantic English
4784:New York City English
4774:New Mexican Englishes
4757:New England Englishes
3592:Retrieved 8 Dec 2013.
3559:Pentland, David, 1982
2953:(second person), and
1480:is weak; C=voiceless)
1150:it is shifted to the
436:and two short vowels
49:Eastern United States
18:Unami-Lenape language
8313:Old Colony Cove Site
8113:Historic communities
8041:Historical languages
7355:Indigenous languages
7218:Central Pennsylvania
7064:Serbo-Croatian (0.3)
6932:in 2021 in millions)
6870:Samoan Sign Language
6587:Navajo Sign Language
6522:Afro-Seminole Creole
6291:Central Sierra Miwok
5870:North Straits Salish
5294:Mescalero-Chiricahua
4814:Philadelphia English
4134:Southern New England
3825:New York: Garland.
3376:Algonquian languages
3374:Unami is, like many
3051:Obviative and plural
1825:→ C· / #(C)hV̆_V(C)#
1626:w(ə)C(w) → Cw / #_V
1598:∅ → ə / h_{l, n, m}
1374:U-7: /h/-metathesis
812:is paired with long
358:Unami is one of two
8182:Beck Northeast Site
8177:Barton Village Site
8144:Prehistoric peoples
8120:Accokeek Creek Site
8079:Present territories
8054:Piscataway language
7196:Immigrant languages
7152:Indigenous language
6930:(number of speakers
6928:Immigrant languages
6626:Inuit Sign Language
4851:Utah Mormon English
4779:New Orleans English
4697:Appalachian English
4413:Northwestern Ojibwa
4376:Border Lakes Ojibwa
4371:Berens River Ojibwa
4276:Carolina Algonquian
4154:Massachusett Pidgin
3804:Goddard, Ives, 1979
3550:Goddard, Ives, 1978
3506:Kraft, Herbert C.,
3150:first person object
2703:
2606:
2464:nǝmi·la·wǝná·na(·)k
2322:
2117:
2014:
1903:Nouns in Unami are
971:
886:
645:
595:'his thigh' versus
520:, headquartered in
434:*i·, *o·, *e·, *a·,
329:Algonquian language
292:Lënapei èlixsuwakàn
8049:Nanticoke language
7250:Pennsylvania Dutch
6705:Pennsylvania Dutch
6584:Cree Sign Language
6396:Havasupai–Hualapai
6342:Kings River Yokuts
6321:Buena Vista Yokuts
6301:Tule-Kaweah Yokuts
4809:Pennsylvania Dutch
4732:High Tider English
4717:California English
4126:Eastern Algonquian
3525:2006-01-13 at the
3350:mark the present.
3073:Peripheral endings
3005:('so many'), e.g.
2701:
2604:
2320:
2115:
2013:Personal pronouns
2012:
1994:Unami is a highly
1840:V̄(w)i → V̄V̆ / _#
1798:w → ∅ / #_tə{l, n}
1566:V̅ → V̌ / _h(ə)CV
1555:-loss in clusters
1358:{w, y}h → hh / V̌_
1180:morphophonological
1053:Syllable structure
967:
882:
641:
376:Nora Thompson Dean
360:Delaware languages
324:Wënami èlixsuwakàn
287:Wënami èlixsuwakàn
129:Eastern Algonquian
39:Wënami èlixsuwakàn
8358:
8357:
8242:Martins Pond Site
8192:Brinsfield I Site
8059:Powhatan language
7893:
7892:
7702:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
7580:
7579:
7439:Tidewater dialect
7434:Baltimore dialect
7304:
7303:
7101:
7100:
6923:
6922:
6814:
6813:
6644:
6643:
6558:Manual Indigenous
6553:
6552:
6549:
6548:
6439:
6438:
5814:Northeastern Pomo
5801:Southeastern Pomo
5574:Northern Kalapuya
4874:
4873:
4702:Baltimore English
4605:
4604:
4599:extinct languages
4503:
4502:
4454:
4453:
4382:Broken Oghibbeway
4309:
4308:
4120:
4119:
3866:978-0-404-15803-3
3851:Zeisberger, David
3845:978-1-55619-172-5
3831:978-0-8240-9685-4
3434:Chambers, Steve.
3091:and which is the
2933:
2932:
2690:
2689:
2597:
2596:
2549:/w--a·wǝwa·wa(l)/
2538:/w--a·wǝwa·wa(l)/
2469:/n-,k--a·wǝnă̆·k/
2313:
2312:
2105:
2104:
1602:/ #{l, m}_C (C≠h)
1586:V́hməna· → V́hna·
1368:where V is strong
1336:ə → o / _x{p, kw}
1312:('I gather gum').
1050:
1049:
965:
964:
801:
800:
561:and non-geminate
516:is taught by the
312:
311:
248:
247:
230:rendering support
226:phonetic symbols.
58:Around the lower
16:(Redirected from
8423:
8267:Sandy Point Site
8092:Historic figures
7920:
7913:
7906:
7897:
7896:
7881:
7880:
7834:Plains Sign Talk
7607:
7600:
7593:
7584:
7583:
7568:
7567:
7331:
7324:
7317:
7308:
7307:
7292:
7291:
7208:African American
7128:
7121:
7114:
7105:
7104:
6825:
6824:
6796:Louisiana Creole
6655:
6654:
6564:
6563:
6448:
6447:
5739:Plateau Penutian
5567:Central Kalapuya
4894:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4669:American English
4663:
4662:
4632:
4625:
4618:
4609:
4608:
4571:Proto-Algonquian
4403:Nipissing Ojibwa
4354:
4353:
4131:
4130:
4049:
4048:
4001:
4000:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3958:
3957:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3805:
3802:
3796:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3766:
3763:
3757:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3676:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3649:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3613:
3599:
3593:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3551:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3530:
3520:Lenapehoking Map
3517:
3511:
3504:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3442:
3432:
3413:
3405:
3397:
3389:
3354:Seventh position
3349:
3345:
3341:
3329:
3322:
3307:
3292:
3285:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3231:
3205:
3198:
3189:
3180:
3161:
3147:
3133:
3126:
3112:
3105:
3043:Thematic affixes
3018:
3014:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2977:except when the
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2949:(first person),
2948:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2903:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2863:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2823:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2783:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2743:
2704:
2700:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2671:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2642:
2626:
2617:
2607:
2603:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2575:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2535:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2495:
2481:
2480:/n-,k--a·hmǝna·/
2477:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2455:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2415:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2375:
2343:
2333:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2294:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2265:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2236:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2207:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2178:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2149:
2133:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2101:∅ (zero ending)
2098:∅ (zero ending)
2090:
2083:
2071:
2064:
2051:
2043:
2036:
2015:
2011:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1926:('strawberry'),
1925:
1919:
1913:
1894:
1890:
1836:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1736:
1718:
1709:
1701:w → ∅ / (C)_o(·)
1697:
1693:
1684:
1680:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1594:
1582:
1554:
1535:
1502:
1499:(C=voiceless; C≠
1479:
1461:
1413:
1392:
1388:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1262:may be color to
1261:
1250:
1241:
1240:/nalahó·xwe·(w)/
1237:
1233:
1229:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1063:
1042:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1008:
1001:
972:
966:
957:
945:
940:
935:
923:
916:
887:
881:
878:
874:
870:
866:
851:
847:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
646:
640:
630:
623:
613:
603:
594:
585:
575:
542:John Heckewelder
508:Revival attempts
400:Jamestown Colony
391:
385:
326:
250:
249:
212:
191:
175:
168:
113:
30:
29:
21:
8431:
8430:
8426:
8425:
8424:
8422:
8421:
8420:
8361:
8360:
8359:
8354:
8333:
8317:
8286:
8187:Biggs Ford Site
8155:
8139:
8108:
8087:
8085:Tayac Territory
8073:
8035:
7927:
7924:
7894:
7889:
7869:
7838:
7810:
7630:
7620:
7611:
7581:
7576:
7556:
7540:
7417:
7350:
7340:
7335:
7305:
7300:
7280:
7264:
7191:
7147:
7137:
7132:
7102:
7097:
6931:
6929:
6919:
6894:
6874:
6856:
6820:
6810:
6772:
6734:
6691:
6650:
6640:
6604:
6559:
6545:
6514:
6508:
6435:
6382:
6375:
6277:
6249:
6231:
6176:Northern Paiute
6127:
6123:Coast Tsimshian
6109:
6057:
5931:
5826:
5772:
5733:
5706:
5654:
5617:
5586:
5550:
5455:
5407:
5314:Upper Kuskokwim
5240:
5233:
5183:
5155:
5118:
5080:
4881:
4880:Oral Indigenous
4870:
4866:Yeshiva English
4722:Chicano English
4671:
4652:
4641:
4636:
4606:
4601:
4576:
4556:Proto-languages
4551:
4526:
4499:
4450:
4432:
4339:
4305:
4258:
4231:
4210:Pidgin Delaware
4187:
4116:
4090:
4038:
3990:
3988:Algic languages
3985:
3916:
3911:
3897:
3895:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3814:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3600:
3596:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3533:
3527:Wayback Machine
3518:
3514:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3490:
3481:
3479:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3433:
3426:
3421:
3372:
3364:
3362:Eighth position
3356:
3336:
3326:
3319:
3314:
3304:
3299:
3297:Fourth position
3289:
3282:
3277:
3239:
3228:
3219:
3217:Second position
3202:
3195:
3186:
3177:
3158:
3144:
3130:
3123:
3109:
3102:
3085:
3067:Central endings
3029:
2943:
2938:
2926:
2915:
2904:
2886:
2875:
2864:
2846:
2835:
2824:
2806:
2795:
2784:
2766:
2755:
2744:
2695:
2683:
2672:
2654:
2643:
2627:
2618:
2602:
2587:
2576:
2558:
2547:
2536:
2518:
2509:/k--a·wǝwa·wak/
2507:
2496:
2478:
2467:
2458:/n-,k--a·wǝna·/
2456:
2438:
2427:
2416:
2398:
2387:
2376:
2344:
2334:
2318:
2306:
2295:
2277:
2266:
2248:
2237:
2219:
2208:
2190:
2179:
2161:
2150:
2134:
2127:
2113:
1992:
1944:('water'), and
1901:
1882:
1870:
1854:
1849:
1833:
1740:
1733:
1715:where V is not
1690:where V is not
1677:where C is not
1514:(most speakers)
1308:('my gum') but
1176:
1140:
1055:
820:is noteworthy.
806:
604:'the ham'; and
555:
550:
526:Delaware Nation
510:
412:
404:Lord De La Warr
362:; the other is
349:Ontario, Canada
339:, southeastern
305:
290:
275:
260:
228:Without proper
216:
187:
171:
164:
154:
114:
111:Language family
109:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8429:
8419:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8356:
8355:
8353:
8352:
8347:
8341:
8339:
8335:
8334:
8332:
8331:
8325:
8323:
8319:
8318:
8316:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8294:
8292:
8288:
8287:
8285:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8163:
8161:
8157:
8156:
8154:
8153:
8147:
8145:
8141:
8140:
8138:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8116:
8114:
8110:
8109:
8107:
8106:
8101:
8095:
8093:
8089:
8088:
8083:
8081:
8075:
8074:
8072:
8071:
8069:Unami language
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8045:
8043:
8037:
8036:
8034:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7937:
7935:
7929:
7928:
7923:
7922:
7915:
7908:
7900:
7891:
7890:
7888:
7887:
7874:
7871:
7870:
7868:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7846:
7844:
7843:Non-Indigenous
7840:
7839:
7837:
7836:
7831:
7830:
7829:
7818:
7816:
7815:Sign languages
7812:
7811:
7809:
7808:
7803:
7796:
7789:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7760:
7755:
7748:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7704:
7699:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7638:
7636:
7632:
7631:
7625:
7622:
7621:
7610:
7609:
7602:
7595:
7587:
7578:
7577:
7575:
7574:
7561:
7558:
7557:
7555:
7554:
7548:
7546:
7545:Sign languages
7542:
7541:
7539:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7442:
7441:
7436:
7425:
7423:
7419:
7418:
7416:
7415:
7408:
7401:
7394:
7387:
7380:
7379:
7378:
7371:
7358:
7356:
7352:
7351:
7345:
7342:
7341:
7334:
7333:
7326:
7319:
7311:
7302:
7301:
7299:
7298:
7285:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7278:
7272:
7270:
7269:Sign languages
7266:
7265:
7263:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7246:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7199:
7197:
7193:
7192:
7190:
7189:
7182:
7175:
7174:
7173:
7166:
7155:
7153:
7149:
7148:
7142:
7139:
7138:
7131:
7130:
7123:
7116:
7108:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7095:
7089:
7083:
7077:
7071:
7065:
7062:
7056:
7050:
7044:
7038:
7032:
7026:
7020:
7017:
7011:
7005:
6999:
6996:
6990:
6984:
6978:
6972:
6966:
6960:
6954:
6948:
6942:
6935:
6933:
6925:
6924:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6917:
6910:
6902:
6900:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6892:
6884:
6882:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6872:
6866:
6864:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6833:
6831:
6822:
6819:Manual settler
6816:
6815:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6787:
6785:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6748:Caló (Chicano)
6744:
6742:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6701:
6699:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6663:
6661:
6652:
6646:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6639:
6638:
6633:
6631:Keresan Pueblo
6628:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6612:
6610:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6589:
6588:
6585:
6582:
6579:
6576:
6572:
6570:
6561:
6555:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6543:
6535:
6534:
6529:
6527:Chinook Jargon
6524:
6518:
6516:
6513:Mixed or trade
6510:
6509:
6507:
6506:
6499:
6491:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6454:
6452:
6445:
6441:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6387:
6385:
6377:
6376:
6374:
6373:
6366:
6359:
6352:
6345:
6338:
6335:Gashowu Yokuts
6331:
6324:
6317:
6309:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6287:
6285:
6279:
6278:
6276:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6259:
6257:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6241:
6239:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6222:
6214:
6213:
6208:
6206:Ute-Chemehuevi
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6137:
6135:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6125:
6119:
6117:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6107:
6099:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6067:
6065:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6055:
6048:
6041:
6034:
6027:
6020:
6013:
6006:
5998:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5941:
5939:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5926:Upper Chehalis
5922:
5915:
5908:
5905:Lower Chehalis
5901:
5893:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5845:Columbia-Moses
5842:
5836:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5817:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5782:
5780:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5763:
5755:
5754:
5749:
5743:
5741:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5723:
5722:
5716:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5664:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5627:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5609:
5606:
5603:
5600:
5599:Cochiti Pueblo
5596:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5577:
5570:
5562:
5560:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5541:
5534:
5527:
5520:
5512:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5465:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5417:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5398:
5391:
5384:
5377:
5370:
5363:
5356:
5349:
5342:
5335:
5327:
5326:
5324:Western Apache
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5245:
5243:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5224:
5217:
5210:
5203:
5195:
5193:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5165:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5128:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5090:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5071:
5064:
5057:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5026:Mohegan-Pequot
5022:
5019:Miami-Illinois
5015:
5008:
5001:
4994:
4987:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4902:
4900:
4891:
4884:
4876:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4707:Boston English
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4635:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4612:
4603:
4602:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4567:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4542:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4489:Miami–Illinois
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4442:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4428:Western Ojibwa
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4398:Eastern Ojibwa
4395:
4390:
4388:Central Ojibwa
4385:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4362:
4360:
4351:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4323:Mesquakie–Sauk
4319:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4279:
4272:
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4233:
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4220:
4213:
4206:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4168:Mohegan–Pequot
4164:
4157:
4150:
4145:
4137:
4135:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4098:
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4009:
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3998:
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3983:
3976:
3969:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3915:
3914:External links
3912:
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3904:
3878:
3865:
3847:
3833:
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3813:
3810:
3807:
3806:
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3415:
3407:
3399:
3391:
3371:
3368:
3363:
3360:
3355:
3352:
3335:
3334:Sixth position
3332:
3324:
3317:
3313:
3312:Fifth position
3310:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3287:
3280:
3276:
3275:Third position
3273:
3237:
3226:
3218:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3200:
3193:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3175:
3168:
3167:
3156:
3153:
3142:
3139:
3128:
3121:
3118:
3107:
3100:
3084:
3083:First position
3081:
3080:
3079:
3078:
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3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3046:
3044:
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3040:
3039:
3028:
3025:
3001:('there') and
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2919:
2908:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2879:
2868:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2839:
2828:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:/-ǝmǝh(ǝ)ti·t/
2799:
2788:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:/-amǝh(ǝ)ti·t/
2759:
2748:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2694:
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2598:
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2580:
2569:
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2551:
2540:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2511:
2500:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2471:
2460:
2449:
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2442:
2431:
2420:
2409:
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2402:
2391:
2380:
2369:
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2362:
2359:
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2347:
2346:
2336:
2326:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2299:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2270:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2241:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:/n-,k--hməna·/
2212:
2210:/n-,k--hməna·/
2201:
2195:
2194:
2183:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2154:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2019:
1991:
1988:
1968:('Devil') and
1900:
1897:
1881:
1878:
1869:
1866:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1795:w → ∅ / o(·)_#
1793:
1792:w → (w) / V̄_#
1790:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1686:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:x → xw / o(·)_
1650:
1647:
1636:
1633:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1572:(C=voiced) and
1561:
1560:
1559:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1545:(where V=weak)
1530:
1529:
1528:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1510:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1489:/ #(n)_{n, l}V
1472:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1434:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1350:V̅ → V̌ / _ NC
1345:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1253:→ ∅ / _{h, x}V
1224:
1175:
1172:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1109:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1079:/p,t,tʃ,k,m,l/
1072:
1070:/p,t,k,s,tʃ,ʃ/
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1004:
1002:
997:
991:
990:
985:
980:
975:
963:
962:
960:
958:
953:
947:
946:
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936:
931:
925:
924:
919:
917:
912:
906:
905:
900:
895:
890:
805:
802:
799:
798:
796:
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789:
787:
782:
776:
775:
773:
771:
769:
764:
762:
756:
755:
753:
751:
749:
744:
739:
733:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
710:
704:
703:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
675:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
554:
551:
549:
546:
509:
506:
427:regularization
411:
408:
310:
309:
299:
295:
294:
284:
280:
279:
269:
265:
264:
254:
246:
245:
232:, you may see
218:
217:
213:
205:
204:
199:
193:
192:
185:
177:
176:
169:
161:
160:
159:Language codes
156:
155:
153:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
145:
144:
117:
115:
108:
105:
104:
101:
95:
94:
91:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
66:rivers in the
56:
52:
51:
46:
45:Native to
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8428:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
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8392:
8389:
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8379:
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8309:
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8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8257:Monocacy Site
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
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8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8207:Elkridge Site
8205:
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8200:
8198:
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8050:
8047:
8046:
8044:
8042:
8038:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8021:Susquehannock
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
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7807:
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7768:
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7759:
7756:
7754:
7753:
7752:Plains Apache
7749:
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7426:
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7414:
7413:
7409:
7407:
7406:
7402:
7400:
7399:
7398:Susquehannock
7395:
7393:
7392:
7388:
7386:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7376:
7372:
7370:
7369:
7365:
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7211:
7209:
7206:
7205:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7198:
7194:
7188:
7187:
7186:Susquehannock
7183:
7181:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7171:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7161:
7160:
7157:
7156:
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6826:
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6807:
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6802:
6799:
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6789:
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6759:
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6678:
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6607:
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6332:
6330:
6329:
6325:
6323:
6322:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6311:
6310:
6307:
6306:Valley Yokuts
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6284:
6280:
6274:
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6112:
6106:
6105:
6101:
6100:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6086:Southern Tiwa
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6064:
6060:
6054:
6053:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6045:Tutelo-Saponi
6042:
6040:
6039:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6014:
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6007:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5999:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5928:
5927:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5909:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5895:
5894:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5840:Coeur d'Alene
5838:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5829:
5823:
5822:
5821:Northern Pomo
5818:
5816:
5815:
5811:
5810:
5807:
5806:Southern Pomo
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5769:
5768:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5757:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5740:
5736:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5724:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5698:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5646:
5645:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5620:
5614:Laguna Pueblo
5613:
5610:
5608:Western Keres
5607:
5604:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5538:Susquehannock
5535:
5533:
5532:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5524:Neutral Huron
5521:
5519:
5518:
5514:
5513:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5452:
5451:Chevak Cup’ik
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5410:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5374:Plains Apache
5371:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5180:
5179:Upper Chinook
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5005:Nawathinehena
5002:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4877:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4836:Texan English
4834:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4747:Maine English
4745:
4743:
4742:Miami English
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4712:Cajun English
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4670:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4650:
4647:Languages in
4644:
4640:
4633:
4628:
4626:
4621:
4619:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4033:Nawathinehena
4030:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3982:
3977:
3975:
3970:
3968:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3946:Jotham Meeker
3943:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3908:
3905:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3868:
3862:
3859:. AMS Press.
3858:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3819:Goddard, Ives
3817:
3816:
3801:
3792:
3783:
3774:
3772:
3762:
3753:
3744:
3735:
3726:
3717:
3708:
3699:
3690:
3681:
3672:
3663:
3654:
3645:
3636:
3627:
3618:
3612:
3611:1-55613-411-8
3608:
3604:
3598:
3591:
3588:
3583:
3574:
3565:
3556:
3547:
3538:
3536:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3516:
3509:
3503:
3497:
3492:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3456:
3447:
3440:
3437:
3431:
3429:
3424:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3367:
3359:
3351:
3331:
3309:
3294:
3272:
3235:
3224:
3214:
3207:
3191:
3182:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3165:
3164:second person
3154:
3151:
3140:
3137:
3119:
3116:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3012:tala·wsí·ne·n
3011:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2888:/-ǝ·h(ǝ)ti·t/
2884:
2880:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2848:/-o·h(ǝ)ti·t/
2844:
2840:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2705:
2699:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2592:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2504:kǝmi·láwwa·ɔk
2501:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2389:/n-,k--a·wak/
2385:
2381:
2374:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2325:
2324:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2130:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2108:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2003:
2001:
2000:polysynthetic
1997:
1996:agglutinative
1987:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1938:('pumpkin'),
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1914:('snow') and
1912:
1906:
1896:
1889:
1877:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1839:
1838:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1749:
1745:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1713:y → ∅ / V̄_V
1712:
1711:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1694:and V is not
1687:
1685:
1681:and V is not
1674:
1673:
1664:-coloring of
1659:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1625:
1624:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1473:
1471:
1470:(C=voiceless)
1467:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1404:(voiceless C)
1402:V → V̅ / _hC
1401:
1399:
1396:V → V̌ / _hC
1395:
1394:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:ə → i / _ Nk
1329:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1315:ə → i / _ {y}
1314:
1275:
1274:
1257:
1252:
1244:
1243:
1236:/kənalhó·xwe/
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1193:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1100:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1067:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1003:
998:
996:
993:
992:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
973:
970:
961:
959:
954:
952:
949:
948:
942:
937:
932:
930:
927:
926:
920:
918:
913:
911:
908:
907:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
888:
885:
880:
862:
858:
853:
843:
797:
795:
793:
790:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
777:
774:
772:
770:
768:
765:
763:
761:
758:
757:
754:
752:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
734:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
709:
706:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
647:
644:
639:
636:
634:
625:
622:
620:
612:
610:
602:
601:
593:
592:
584:
582:
574:
572:
564:
560:
545:
543:
538:
536:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
423:
421:
417:
407:
405:
401:
397:
396:
390:
384:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
320:
316:
308:
303:
300:
296:
293:
288:
285:
281:
278:
273:
270:
266:
263:
258:
255:
251:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
225:
219:
211:
206:
203:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
184:
183:
178:
174:
170:
167:
162:
157:
143:
140:
139:
138:
135:
134:
132:
131:
130:
127:
126:
125:
122:
121:
120:
116:
112:
106:
102:
100:
96:
92:
90:
86:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
68:United States
65:
61:
57:
53:
50:
47:
43:
40:
36:
31:
19:
8338:Other topics
8322:Institutions
8099:Turkey Tayac
8068:
7882:
7798:
7791:
7784:
7762:
7750:
7743:
7706:
7695:
7694:
7677:
7626:
7569:
7411:
7410:
7403:
7396:
7389:
7382:
7373:
7366:
7346:
7293:
7238:Philadelphia
7184:
7177:
7169:
7168:
7143:
6912:
6905:
6887:
6879:
6768:Sabine River
6763:Puerto Rican
6715:Plautdietsch
6649:Oral settler
6592:
6540:Mohawk Dutch
6538:
6501:
6494:
6370:Plains Miwok
6368:
6361:
6354:
6347:
6340:
6333:
6326:
6319:
6312:
6224:
6217:
6102:
6050:
6043:
6036:
6029:
6022:
6015:
6008:
6001:
5924:
5917:
5910:
5903:
5896:
5819:
5812:
5791:Eastern Pomo
5786:Central Pomo
5765:
5758:
5726:
5699:
5647:
5611:Acoma Pueblo
5579:
5572:
5565:
5555:
5543:
5536:
5529:
5522:
5515:
5400:
5395:Upper Umpqua
5393:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5358:
5351:
5344:
5337:
5330:
5319:Upper Tanana
5289:Lower Tanana
5226:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5198:
5188:
5148:
5086:Austronesian
5073:
5067:
5066:
5059:
5052:
5045:
5040:Narragansett
5038:
5031:
5024:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4941:Massachusett
4667:Dialects of
4651:are extinct.
4648:
4594:
4569:
4562:
4544:
4537:
4514:
4487:
4465:
4380:
4298:
4281:
4274:
4251:
4244:
4236:
4224:
4216:
4215:
4208:
4180:
4175:Narragansett
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4148:Massachusett
4140:
4031:
4017:
3940:
3896:. Retrieved
3886:
3870:. Retrieved
3855:
3836:
3822:
3800:
3791:
3782:
3761:
3752:
3743:
3734:
3725:
3716:
3707:
3698:
3689:
3680:
3671:
3662:
3653:
3644:
3635:
3626:
3617:
3602:
3597:
3589:
3582:
3573:
3564:
3555:
3546:
3515:
3507:
3502:
3491:
3480:. Retrieved
3465:
3455:
3446:
3439:Star-Ledger.
3438:
3380:
3373:
3365:
3357:
3337:
3315:
3300:
3278:
3220:
3211:
3169:
3163:
3149:
3135:
3114:
3086:
3030:
3021:
3017:/tala·wəsi·/
3009:
2944:
2894:
2854:
2843:wǝli·tóhti·t
2814:
2803:lo·sǝmíhti·t
2774:
2734:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2696:
2662:
2633:
2566:
2526:
2520:/k--a·hmwa·/
2498:/k--a·wǝwa·/
2486:
2453:nǝmi·lá·wǝna
2446:
2429:/w--a·wa(l)/
2418:/w--a·wa(l)/
2406:
2366:
2350:
2285:
2256:
2227:
2198:
2169:
2140:
2135:'come from'
2106:
2052:(inclusive)
2044:(exclusive)
2004:
1993:
1902:
1883:
1871:
1855:
1835:/-(o·)w(i·)/
1822:
1774:U-24: Final
1769:V̄ → V̆ / _#
1761:l → (l) / _#
1750:U-22: Final
1729:
1723:
1722:∅ → y / V_V
1714:
1710:-adjustment
1689:
1688:w → ∅ / V_V
1676:
1668:-vowels and
1627:
1599:
1571:
1567:
1544:
1540:
1524:
1513:
1506:
1498:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1474:ə → ∅ / _CV
1469:
1468:→ ∅ / #n_CV
1465:
1457:
1456:a → ah / CV
1437:
1430:
1418:
1403:
1397:
1378:
1377:V̌hC → hV̌C
1367:
1340:
1331:
1322:
1321:ə → i / _ h
1306:/mpok·ó·yom/
1246:
1191:
1189:
1177:
1141:
1110:
1056:
969:Short vowels
968:
883:
877:/ələwe·nsəw/
861:acute accent
857:grave accent
854:
807:
791:
784:
766:
746:
741:
729:
724:
719:
714:
698:
693:
688:
683:
662:Postalveolar
642:
637:
633:vowel length
626:
618:
608:
599:
590:
580:
570:
556:
539:
513:
511:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
431:
424:
419:
414:Unami is an
413:
395:Lenapehoking
393:
383:Lenni-Lenape
380:
357:
341:Pennsylvania
323:
314:
313:
307:Lënapehòkink
302:Wënamihòkink
286:
221:
180:
141:
38:
8151:Monongahela
8104:Indian Will
7976:Nacotchtank
7213:Appalachian
6998:Hindi (0.9)
6806:Angloromani
6758:New Mexican
6687:New England
6328:Coast Miwok
6201:Tübatulabal
6133:Uto-Aztecan
6115:Tsimshianic
6104:Piro Pueblo
6024:Mitchigamea
5980:Omaha–Ponca
5945:Assiniboine
5860:Lushootseed
5712:Palaihnihan
5545:Wenrohronon
5241:Yeniseian?)
5104:Refaluwasch
4991:Gros Ventre
4564:Proto-Algic
4237:Nanticockan
4081:Swampy Cree
4076:Plains Cree
4027:Gros Ventre
3462:"Delawaran"
3234:pejoratives
3223:diminutives
3038:Theme signs
2987:/á·mwi·(w)/
2928:/-h(ǝ)ti·t/
2923:mi·č·íhti·t
2763:pǝnamhíti·t
2680:alǝ́t·o(·l)
2669:maxké·yɔ(l)
2544:mwi·lawwá·ɔ
2533:mwi·lawwá·ɔ
2515:kǝlo·sáhǝmɔ
2234:kkəntkáhəmɔ
2205:nkəntkáhəna
2176:kə́ntke·(w)
2125:/kəntəka·-/
2095:Indefinite
1962:('snake'),
1935:ke·skúnthak
1932:('corn'),
1801:y → ∅ / i_#
1728:w → y / _k
1619:'well' and
1595:-insertion
1339:ə → a / _x
1310:/mpək·ó·he/
884:Long vowels
370:recognized
236:instead of
8365:Categories
8252:Meyer Site
8130:Nottingham
8125:Caiuctucuc
7996:Piscataway
7971:Mattawoman
7946:Assateague
7865:Vietnamese
7764:Potawatomi
7635:Indigenous
7506:Vietnamese
7486:Portuguese
7391:Piscataway
7243:Pittsburgh
7019:Urdu (0.5)
6987:Portuguese
6957:Vietnamese
6847:Protactile
6829:Francosign
6496:Chitimacha
6349:Lake Miwok
5850:Halkomelem
5346:Holikachuk
5221:Purisimeño
4966:Potawatomi
4685:Vernacular
4446:Potawatomi
4438:Potawatomi
4349:Potawatomi
4253:Piscataway
4107:Innu-aimun
4086:Woods Cree
4071:Moose Cree
4019:Besawunena
3996:Algonquian
3812:References
3482:2022-10-29
3306:/-(ō)w(ī)/
3183:Class 1b:
3174:Class 1a:
3155:Theme 4:
3060:Desinences
2883:ne·mhíti·t
2832:wǝlí·ta·kw
2493:kǝmi·láwwa
2475:nlo·sáhǝna
2400:/n-,k--a·/
2384:nǝmi·lá·ɔk
2378:/n-,k--a·/
2335:'give to'
2328:Objective
2263:kəntké·yɔk
2250:/k--hmwa·/
2239:/k--hmwa·/
2216:no·mhóməna
1905:classified
1847:Morphology
1789:h → ∅ / _#
1609:Metathesis
1507:(C=voiced)
1440:continuant
1398:(voiced C)
1148:antepenult
1068:nasals) +
1066:homorganic
873:/lowé·nso/
871:, so that
643:Consonants
621:·k·ənə́mən
611:·k·ənə́mən
553:Consonants
420:Delawarean
389:Scheyichbi
337:New Jersey
124:Algonquian
8227:Hoye Site
8031:Yaocomico
7981:Nanticoke
7673:Chickasaw
7614:Languages
7422:Immigrant
7384:Nanticoke
6821:languages
6801:Spanglish
6784:languages
6710:Hutterite
6667:Louisiana
6651:languages
6568:Hand Talk
6560:languages
6515:Languages
6363:Palewyami
6314:Bay Miwok
6283:Yuk-Utian
6161:Kitanemuk
5995:Winnebago
5919:Tillamook
5747:Nez Perce
5701:Apalachee
5673:Chickasaw
5660:Muskogean
5557:Kalapuyan
5504:Tuscarora
5461:Iroquoian
5304:Tanacross
5279:Jicarilla
5254:Deg Xinag
5228:Ventureño
5200:Barbareño
5190:Chumashan
5169:Kathlamet
5161:Chinookan
5114:Tokelauan
5033:Nanticoke
4946:Menominee
4916:Blackfoot
4882:languages
4597:indicate
4539:Nansemond
4531:Uncertain
4483:Menominee
4473:Blackfoot
4366:Algonquin
4246:Nanticoke
4192:Delawaran
4102:Atikamekw
4061:East Cree
4005:Arapahoan
3898:25 August
3872:25 August
3467:Glottolog
3291:/-h(ə)tī/
3192:Class 2:
3141:Theme 3:
3120:Theme 2:
3099:Theme 1:
2983:/ntá·mwi/
2901:mí·č·iyan
2821:wǝlí·taɔn
2710:Subjects
2640:máxke·(w)
2619:'be red'
2584:mí·l·á·ɔk
2573:mí·la·(w)
2555:lo·sé·yɔk
2435:ló·se·(w)
2338:Absolute
2021:Singular
2007:inclusive
1971:hɔ́pəni·s
1965:mahtán'tu
1956:('man'),
1874:obviative
1868:Obviation
1862:obviative
1858:proximate
1630:/p,m,k,h/
1523:C(x)C(y)
1512:VC → Ṽ·C
1341:elsewhere
1332:elsewhere
1323:elsewhere
1128:/p,m,k,h/
780:Semivowel
708:Fricative
563:obstruent
548:Phonology
368:federally
277:Lënapeyok
272:Wënamiyok
182:Glottolog
166:ISO 639-3
133:Delawaran
78:Ethnicity
8350:We-Sorts
8026:Tockwogh
8011:Powhatan
8006:Potapoco
8001:Pocomoke
7986:Patuxent
7956:Choptank
7951:Chaptico
7941:Accokeek
7884:Category
7729:Muscogee
7696:Delaware
7690:Comanche
7668:Cheyenne
7663:Cherokee
7618:Oklahoma
7571:Category
7405:Powhatan
7295:Category
7159:Delaware
7068:Armenian
7041:Gujarati
7035:Japanese
6899:Isolates
6725:Alsatian
6677:Missouri
6609:Isolates
6451:Isolates
6411:Maricopa
6406:Kumeyaay
6237:Wakashan
6196:Timbisha
6191:Shoshoni
6156:Kawaiisu
6151:Ivilyuat
6141:Comanche
5912:Quinault
5885:Thompson
5875:Okanagan
5865:Nooksack
5832:Salishan
5752:Sahaptin
5728:Atsugewi
5720:Achumawi
5693:Muscogee
5688:Mikasuki
5581:Yoncalla
5531:Nottoway
5489:Onondaga
5474:Cherokee
5413:Eskaleut
5381:Tsetsaut
5264:Gwich’in
5259:Dena'ina
5214:Obispeño
5099:Hawaiian
5094:Chamorro
5054:Powhatan
4984:Etchemin
4921:Cheyenne
4890:Families
4546:Pamunkey
4478:Cheyenne
4418:Oji-Cree
4393:Chippewa
4335:Kickapoo
4300:Powhatan
4283:Etchemin
4199:Delaware
3853:(1827).
3821:. 1979.
3523:Archived
3476:Archived
3249:/pé·t·o/
3162:; makes
3148:; makes
3134:; makes
3113:; makes
3027:Suffixes
2941:Prefixes
2912:mí·č·i·t
2781:ló·sǝman
2685:/-wa(l)/
2674:/-wa(l)/
2560:/-ǝ·wak/
2424:mwi·lá·ɔ
2413:mwi·lá·ɔ
2303:xahé·lən
2292:kə́ntkan
2245:ko·mhómɔ
2163:/n-,k--/
2152:/n-,k--/
2147:nkə́ntka
2128:'dance'
2088:ne·k·a·ɔ
2069:ki·ló·wa
2049:ki·ló·na
2041:ni·ló·na
1929:xáskwi·m
1895:ending.
1880:Presence
1823:(C=stop)
1807:pattern.
1623:'pull'.
1466:(a=weak)
1444:→ C / V_
1431:(C=stop)
1419:(C=stop)
1251:are weak
652:Bilabial
559:geminate
530:Anadarko
353:Oklahoma
345:Delaware
327:) is an
319:Delaware
283:Language
242:Help:IPA
189:unam1242
137:Delaware
72:Oklahoma
60:Delaware
8016:Shawnee
7860:Spanish
7850:English
7800:Wyandot
7793:Wichita
7786:Tonkawa
7780:Shawnee
7714:Koasati
7685:Choctaw
7648:Arapaho
7642:Alabama
7627:Italics
7516:Amharic
7501:Tagalog
7491:Chinese
7471:Persian
7466:Russian
7456:Italian
7446:Spanish
7429:English
7347:Italics
7260:Italian
7255:Spanish
7203:English
7144:Italics
7059:Punjabi
7047:Bengali
7023:Persian
7014:Italian
6993:Haitian
6981:Russian
6951:Tagalog
6945:Chinese
6939:Spanish
6880:Kentish
6740:Spanish
6720:Bernese
6682:Muskrat
6503:Tonkawa
6473:Siuslaw
6468:Kutenai
6431:Yavapai
6421:Quechan
6391:Cocopah
6383:Cochimí
6263:Nomlaki
6255:Wintuan
6186:Serrano
6181:O'odham
6166:Luiseño
6081:Picuris
6031:Moneton
6017:Chiwere
6010:Catawba
5960:Hidatsa
5898:Cowlitz
5855:Klallam
5796:Kashaya
5760:Klamath
5683:Koasati
5678:Choctaw
5668:Alabama
5641:Nisenan
5623:Maiduan
5592:Keresan
5509:Wyandot
5436:Alutiiq
5426:Inupiat
5402:Wailaki
5388:Tututni
5367:Mattole
5284:Koyukon
5207:Cruzeño
5142:Wichita
5132:Arikara
5124:Caddoan
5061:Quiripi
5047:Pamlico
5012:Mahican
4971:Shawnee
4951:Mi'kmaq
4911:Arapaho
4906:Abenaki
4767:Western
4762:Eastern
4658:English
4649:italics
4595:Italics
4495:Shawnee
4294:Mi'kmaq
4270:Abenaki
4226:Mahican
4112:Naskapi
4013:Arapaho
3253:/pé·šo/
3136:inverse
3132:/-əke·/
3008:náni nt
2936:Affixes
2855:3(/-C/)
2837:/-a·kw/
2826:/-awan/
2792:ló·sink
2786:/-ǝman/
2746:/-aman/
2741:pǝnáman
2615:màxhe·-
2610:Person
2589:/a·wak/
2373:nǝmí·la
2345:'burn'
2121:Person
2057:Second
2024:Plural
2018:Person
1947:nhíka·t
1923:té·hi·m
1860:versus
1782:-, and
1742:/-əke·/
1574:/ _C·ah
1570:// _CC
1451:syncope
1304:) with
1302:/pəkəw/
983:Central
898:Central
846:/ĭ,ĕ,ŏ/
760:Lateral
679:Plosive
672:Glottal
496:), and
480:), and
456:to PEA
410:History
298:Country
238:Unicode
99:Revival
89:Extinct
8416:Lenape
7966:Lumbee
7855:German
7775:Seneca
7770:Quapaw
7745:Pawnee
7739:Ottawa
7658:Cayuga
7536:Yoruba
7521:Hebrew
7511:Arabic
7496:Korean
7461:German
7451:French
7375:Saponi
7368:Tutelo
7362:Siouan
7164:Munsee
7086:Hebrew
7029:Telugu
7008:Polish
7002:German
6975:Korean
6969:French
6963:Arabic
6941:(41.3)
6862:BANZSL
6791:Gullah
6778:Creole
6753:Isleño
6697:German
6659:French
6532:Michif
6444:Others
6426:Tiipai
6416:Mojave
6381:Yuman–
6268:Patwin
6226:Tongva
6219:Cupeño
6063:Tanoan
6052:Woccon
6003:Biloxi
5990:Stoney
5985:Quapaw
5975:Mandan
5970:Lakota
5955:Dakota
5937:Siouan
5880:Salish
5778:Pomoan
5767:Molala
5631:Konkow
5499:Seneca
5484:Oneida
5479:Mohawk
5469:Cayuga
5309:Tolowa
5299:Navajo
5239:Dené(–
5174:Tsinúk
5150:Kitsai
5109:Samoan
4961:Ojibwe
4956:Munsee
4587:Pidgin
4583:Creole
4508:Others
4459:Others
4423:Ottawa
4358:Ojibwa
4345:Ojibwa
4263:Others
4204:Munsee
4095:Others
4066:Michif
3863:
3843:
3829:
3609:
3370:Syntax
3348:/shan/
3340:/-pan/
3125:/-əkw/
3115:direct
3093:object
3070:Aspect
3035:Theme
3003:/tax-/
2999:/tal-/
2906:/-yan/
2895:3(/-V)
2861:né·man
2797:/-ǝnk/
2757:/-ank/
2752:pǝnánk
2663:IN pl.
2628:'rot'
2440:/-e·w/
2395:nló·sa
2351:Person
2279:/-wak/
2268:/-wak/
2132:/wəm-/
2081:né·k·a
2076:Third
2029:First
1917:nhíkaš
1899:Gender
1786:-loss
1735:/-əkw/
1706:U-21:
1692:/o(·)/
1683:/o(·)/
1672:-loss
1660:U-20:
1621:/wət-/
1617:/wəl-/
1607:U-19:
1591:U-18:
1583:-loss
1579:U-17:
1551:U-15:
1543:/ VC_
1541:except
1296:. Cf.
1245:{ə,a}
1184:Munsee
1162:, and
1152:penult
1143:Stress
1138:Stress
836:, and
804:Vowels
657:Dental
591:p·ɔ́·m
571:k·ə́nt
514:Lenape
364:Munsee
333:Lenape
268:People
262:Lënape
257:Wënami
253:Person
82:Lenape
64:Hudson
55:Region
7806:Yuchi
7758:Ponca
7734:Osage
7708:Kansa
7653:Caddo
7481:Greek
7476:Hindi
7412:Unami
7170:Unami
7094:(0.2)
7092:Khmer
7088:(0.2)
7082:(0.2)
7080:Hmong
7076:(0.3)
7074:Greek
7070:(0.3)
7061:(0.3)
7055:(0.3)
7053:Tamil
7049:(0.4)
7043:(0.4)
7037:(0.5)
7031:(0.5)
7025:(0.5)
7016:(0.5)
7010:(0.5)
7004:(0.9)
6995:(0.9)
6989:(0.9)
6983:(1.0)
6977:(1.1)
6971:(1.2)
6965:(1.4)
6959:(1.5)
6953:(1.7)
6947:(3.4)
6782:mixed
6730:Texas
6672:Métis
6483:Yuchi
6478:Washo
6463:Karuk
6458:Haida
6273:Wintu
6245:Makah
6211:Yaqui
6076:Kiowa
6071:Jemez
5965:Kansa
5890:Twana
5649:Chico
5636:Maidu
5494:Osage
5431:Aleut
5421:Inuit
5360:Lipan
5332:Cahto
5249:Ahtna
5137:Caddo
5075:Wiyot
5068:Unami
4976:Yurok
4898:Algic
4829:Older
4591:Mixed
4522:Yurok
4516:Wiyot
4217:Unami
3419:Notes
3328:/-əl/
3321:/-i·/
3284:/-lī/
3269:/-šī/
3241:/-šī/
3230:/-tī/
3204:/-aw/
3197:/-o·/
3188:/-əm/
3179:/-am/
3166:forms
3160:/-əl/
3152:forms
3146:/-i·/
3138:forms
3117:forms
3104:/-a·/
3089:agent
2995:/-ən/
2877:/-ǝk/
2866:/-an/
2707:Type
2651:alǝ́t
2624:alǝt-
2578:/a·w/
2447:1p,12
2341:lo·sw
2331:mi·l-
2199:1p,12
1990:Verbs
1977:ăsǝ́n
1959:xho·k
1953:lə́nu
1852:Nouns
1644:/kəw/
1640:/nəw/
1628:if C=
1534:/xCV/
1501:/x,h/
1410:U-9:
1298:/pko/
1249:/ə,a/
1247:when
1168:/-an/
1164:/-an/
1160:/-at/
1156:/-ak/
1097:/p,k/
1088:/p,k/
1062:/m,n/
995:Close
978:Front
910:Close
893:Front
842:breve
737:Nasal
667:Velar
600:pɔ́·m
581:kə́nt
535:Texas
315:Unami
202:Unami
142:Unami
119:Algic
33:Unami
7961:Doeg
7531:Igbo
7179:Erie
6780:and
6488:Zuni
6401:Ipai
6171:Mono
6146:Hopi
6096:Tewa
6091:Taos
5950:Crow
5517:Erie
5339:Eyak
5274:Hupa
4998:Loup
4926:Cree
4328:Sauk
4142:Loup
4053:Cree
3900:2012
3874:2012
3861:ISBN
3841:ISBN
3827:ISBN
3607:ISBN
3344:/sa/
3323:and
3265:*/ʃ/
3261:*/s/
3245:/-ī/
3232:and
3111:/-∅/
3076:Mode
2979:/o·/
2975:/o·/
2971:/wə/
2955:/w-/
2951:/k-/
2947:/n-/
2917:/-t/
2872:nenk
2656:/-w/
2645:/-w/
2593:N/A
2308:/-n/
2297:/-n/
2274:mo·k
2192:/-w/
2181:/-w/
2158:no·m
1911:ko·n
1893:/-a/
1737:and
1581:/mə/
1527:→ CC
1509:/ #_
1389:(an
1387:/hC/
1294:/kw/
1292:and
1280:and
1230:and
1198:and
1121:/šw/
1119:and
1117:/sw/
1102:/tʃ/
1036:Open
988:Back
951:Open
903:Back
869:/nš/
867:and
865:/ns/
838:/kw/
824:and
814:/oː/
617:nsa·
607:nsa·
583:ka·n
573:ka·n
468:and
452:and
440:and
351:and
215:map.
62:and
7616:of
7526:Kru
6038:Ofo
5269:Hän
4931:Fox
3271:).
3263:or
3257:/t/
3236:in
3225:in
2991:/t/
2973:to
2967:/ə/
2963:/ə/
2959:/t/
2728:3pl
2367:1,2
2358:3p
2187:wəm
2141:1,2
2062:ki·
2034:ni·
1941:mpi
1784:/y/
1780:/w/
1778:-,
1776:/h/
1756:/l/
1752:/l/
1717:/ə/
1708:/y/
1696:/ə/
1679:/w/
1670:/w/
1666:/a/
1662:/w/
1613:/w/
1611:of
1600:and
1593:/ə/
1568:and
1553:/h/
1497:nC
1487:and
1483:and
1478:/ə/
1460:/a/
1438:(C=
1436:NC
1429:NC
1421:→ C
1417:hC
1412:/h/
1391:/h/
1290:/m/
1286:/w/
1282:/o/
1278:/ə/
1271:/a/
1269:or
1267:/o/
1264:/i/
1260:/ə/
1232:/x/
1228:/h/
1216:/a/
1214:or
1212:/ə/
1208:/x/
1206:or
1204:/h/
1200:/a/
1196:/ə/
1132:/w/
1113:/w/
1106:/k/
1093:/x/
1084:/s/
1075:/h/
1014:Mid
929:Mid
850:/w/
834:/m/
830:/w/
826:/o/
822:/ə/
818:/ə/
810:/u/
629:(ː)
609:s·a
598:ní
589:ní
579:ná
569:ná
528:in
486:*a·
482:*a·
478:*e·
474:*e·
472:),
466:*o·
462:*o·
460:),
458:*i·
450:*i·
446:*i·
224:IPA
197:ELP
173:unm
8367::
3892:97
3770:^
3534:^
3474:.
3470:.
3464:.
3427:^
3346:~
3330:;
3199:~
3127:~
3106:~
3019:.
3010:ən
2775:1b
2735:1a
2634:IN
2527:3p
2487:2p
2361:-
2355:3
2257:3p
2228:2p
1998:,
1821:C
1642:,
1464:a
1288:,
1234::
1158:,
1130:+
1104:+
1095:+
1086:+
1077:+
956:aː
944:ɔː
939:əː
934:eː
922:oː
915:iː
879:.
844:–
832:,
619:sa
544:.
502:*a
498:*a
494:*e
490:*ə
470:*o
454:*i
442:ə.
438:*a
429:.
402:,
321::
7919:e
7912:t
7905:v
7644:*
7606:e
7599:t
7592:v
7330:e
7323:t
7316:v
7127:e
7120:t
7113:v
4631:e
4624:t
4617:v
4589:/
4585:/
4347:–
3980:e
3973:t
3966:v
3902:.
3894:–
3876:.
3485:.
3325:1
3318:1
3303:4
3288:3
3281:3
3238:2
3227:2
3201:1
3194:1
3185:1
3176:1
3157:1
3143:1
3129:1
3122:1
3108:1
3101:1
2815:2
2723:3
2718:2
2567:X
2407:3
2286:X
2170:3
1832:5
1744:)
1739:1
1732:1
1638:{
1503:)
1476:(
1458:(
1442:)
1041:a
1029:ɔ
1024:ə
1019:e
1007:u
1000:i
792:j
785:w
767:l
747:n
742:m
730:h
725:x
720:š
715:s
699:k
694:č
689:t
684:p
317:(
304:,
289:,
274:,
259:,
244:.
20:)
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