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They also declared that they are in favor of laws that will allow their fighters to return to civilian and productive lives in a fair, peaceful and equitable manner. In the absence of such conditions, they claimed that the consequence would be the end of the negotiations and their preferring to face the prospect of continuing "war and death". A government communique answered that the AUC should not put pressure on
Congress, the media or the Executive on the matter of the legal framework, and that they would have five days to leave the Ralito zone if they chose to quit the talks. The AUC later reduced the tone of its earlier remarks.
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contemplates the proper doses of truth, reparation and justice, could allow those who have committed human rights violations to possibly enjoy an undue degree of impunity for their crimes. A different kind of concern is held by a few of the supporters of the demobilization process, some of which believe that, without a certain degree of acceptance from the paramilitaries themselves, any unilateral attempts at reducing impunity could stay in writing and not be practically effective.
1022:, who had become relatively isolated from the organization, apparently suffered an attempt on his life on 16 April 2004, presumably at the hands of either his own bodyguards, those of rival paramilitary troops, or perhaps even other entities altogether. Acting AUC commanders claim to believe that there was an accidental exchange of gunfire between his bodyguards and a separate group of paramilitary fighters, but that he may still be alive and possibly in hiding.
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and Peace Law in
Colombia and through the Colombian justice system’s regular criminal procedures. It also closes the door to the possibility that victims can participate directly in the search for truth about crimes committed during the conflict, and limits access to reparations for damages that were caused. This action also interferes with efforts to determine links between agents of the State and these paramilitary leaders."
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extradition, rather we have to have some information contained in the agreement reached with the U.S. court that includes a confidentiality agreement." Nonetheless, specific information on the identities of the
Chiquita directors, executives, and senior employees – namely Cyrus Freid Heim jr., Roderick M. Hills, Robert Olson, Morten Arzen, Jeffery D. Benjamin, Steven Stanbrook,
418:
1201:(loosely translated, the Banana Producers' Bloc) turned in their weapons and demobilized in order to be reintegrated into civilian life. This group operated in the Uraba region of northern Antioquia, where the AUC had dislodged the FARC and gained total control in the mid- to late nineties. However, the AUC remain in the area with the presence of other divisions.
1034:), who have become increasingly close to narcotraffickers and their trade. Investigators found a makeshift grave and an unidentified body (yet apparently not Castaño's) near the supposed area of the events. Those same sources allege that the bodies of Castaño and his other companions were dug up and taken to other locations before the investigators could arrive.
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1312:). President Uribe said immediately afterwards the United States has agreed to compensate the victims of extradited paramilitary warlords with any international assets they might surrender. The US State Department said the US' courts can also help the victims by sharing information on atrocities with Colombian authorities.
1368:" by assassinating civilians that the military then passed off as guerrillas who had died in combat, the use of crematoria to make some of the victims disappear and mass graves in Venezuela containing hundreds of bodies that the unit he commanded made disappear. He also acknowledges that the paramilitaries helped elect
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state's legal security apparatus. While no reports of that occurring have been put forward yet, there have been signs of some individual paramilitaries expressing an interest in wanting to aid local security efforts in areas formerly under their influence and control, in order to prevent possible guerrilla inroads.
1273:(including Human Rights Watch), indicates a substantial improvement (compared to the government's previous initiatives) in meeting the necessary conditions of adequately dismantling paramilitarism and reducing impunity. Among these sectors, there is a semblance of a broad consensus in support of this bill.
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stated that this "affects the
Colombian State’s obligation to guarantee victims’ rights to truth, justice, and reparations for the crimes committed by the paramilitary groups. The extradition impedes the investigation and prosecution of such grave crimes through the avenues established by the Justice
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A smaller number of the critics have also expressed their fear that the current administration could integrate the AUC into its civilian defence militias or other military structures. Military and government spokesmen have stated multiple times that there is no intention to integrate the AUC into the
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publicly stated, during one of the final audiences which were created to discuss aspects of the original bill (of which he remained highly critical), that the new proposition seemed to be considerably more in line with international standards, at first glance, but that more needed to be done in order
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According to a 1989 Colombian Secret Police intelligence report, apart from training Carlos Castaño in 1983, Israeli trainers arrived in
Colombia in 1987 to train him and other paramilitaries who would later make up the AUC. Fifty of the paramilitaries’ “best” students were then sent on scholarships
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continue to exist and death threats have been made using its name. On May 8, 2008, employees of a community radio station (Sarare FM Stereo) received a message stating: "For the wellbeing of you and your loved ones, do not meddle in subjects that do not concern the radio station. AUC, Arauca". A few
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editorials, in addition to many
Colombian outlets. The main argument of several editorials has been that the international community should not help fund the demobilization process until the necessary legal framework to minimize impunity is in place. This position was also echoed by representatives
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alias "Doble Cero" ("Double Zero") or "Rodrigo", who since the 1980s had been a close associate of Castaño within the AUC, was found dead on 30 May 2004. He had strongly objected to what he considered an improperly close relationship between the AUC and drug traffickers, and was also opposed to the
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Congressional discussion on the subject was set to begin on
February 15, 2005, but suffered several delays. The Colombian government's own official draft had apparently gradually incorporated several of the provisions in the Pardo, Parody and Borja proposal, but a number of disagreements remained,
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It has been speculated in the
Colombian and international press that this could be a potential blow to the peace process, as Castaño seemed to become relatively critical of the increasing association with narcotraffickers in recent years and more willing to compromise with the Colombian state, and
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which would study each case brought before it (at the request of the president), after the groups/individuals sign an agreement to respect international humanitarian laws and accept the authority of the
Tribunal, in exchange for a minimum sentence of five to ten years (part of it could possibly be
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A draft law was presented to the public which offered to pardon the members of any illegal armed group (which would legally include both guerrillas and paramilitaries, (i.e. members of both left- and right-wing groups) that declared a ceasefire and entered talks with the government, in return for,
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On
February 23, the top AUC leaders published an online document on their webpage which stated that they will not submit to a legal framework that, in their own words, would force them to suffer through an undue humiliation that their leftwing guerrilla foes would not contemplate for themselves.
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Many Colombian and international observers are skeptical about the demobilization's prospects and see multiple causes for criticism. A concern shared by a high number of critics, both inside and outside the country, is that the demobilization process, if it does not provide a legal framework that
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began talks with the group with the aim to eventually dismantle the organization and reintegrate its members to society. The stated deadline for completing the demobilization process was originally December 2005, but was later extended into February 2006. Between 2003 and February 2, 2006, about
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It has been speculated in the Colombian press that the government would possibly approve the extradition of Salvatore Mancuso, but would delay it for the duration of the peace talks that he and his organization are conducting with the state. Mancuso himself has declared that he will continue to
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also demobilized. This was a milestone in Colombian history, for, with its 1425 mercenaries, the Catatumbo Bloc was one of the most important AUC groups. With them Salvatore Mancuso, the AUC's military leader, turned himself in. A few days later, the government announced that it would not make
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stated that " according to Colombian law, the reasons claimed by the President of the Republic to proceed with the previously-suspended extraditions are also grounds for their removal from the application of the ‘Law of Justice and Peace’ and for the loss of the benefits established therein".
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The AUC officially denied that they had anything to do with them. President Uribe congratulated the Venezuelan president for the capture and pledged to cooperate with the investigation, while President Chávez himself declared that, as far as he was concerned, he did not believe that Uribe had
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Later, Attorney General Iguarán contradicted himself by claiming the extraditions could not be completed since the implicated persons had not been "identified and charged." Specifically, Iguarán asserted "there are indeed some Chiquita Brands directors, but we are not able to ask for them in
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added that he hoped that the Venezuelan government would pursue with equal zeal those FARC and ELN guerrillas who would also be present in Venezuela. The Venezuelan opposition dismissed the whole event as a "setup", claiming that Chávez intended to interfere with the potential approval of a
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leaders, amongst others suspected of supporting the rebel movements and the AUC publicly and explicitly singled out 'political and trade union operatives of the extreme left' as legitimate targets. Powerful links to the Colombian government were never proved. The AUC was designated as a
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If the Tribunal were to deny the benefits to anyone, there would be no possibility of reconsideration. However, the president would be able to veto individuals who did receive a favorable sentence. This new draft version of the law would have been in effect only until 31 December 2006.
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and old, malfunctioning revolvers that were turned in the first demobilization. The AUC was supposed to have demobilized completely by 2006 but successor organizations continued to operate such as the neo-paramilitary alliance BACRIM ('bandas criminales emergentes').
1319:, a coalition of several victim organizations that have suffered from state or paramilitary violence, has asked "to return the paramilitary chiefs to the Colombian authorities so they may be processed by the ordinary justice system and not under the framework of the
606:
or sympathizers. Combat tactics consist of conventional and guerrilla operations against main force insurgent units. AUC clashes with military and police units gradually increased, although the group has traditionally been friendly with government security forces.
487:, the paramilitary groups and the armed forces of Colombia share a very close connection and due to which paramilitary groups are also perceived as an extension, more commonly called sixth-division, of the Colombia's armed forces which has five official divisions.
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days later the letters AUC were daubed on the front of their office. This threat was made due to their participation in a public meeting attended by members of a Congressional Human Rights Commission on the 27 September 2007. Here, members of the public denounced
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reported that, during 2004, "the AUC was responsible for 342 cases of violations of the cessation of hostilities. These include the presumed reincorporation of demobilized persons into its ranks, massacres, forced displacements, selective and systematic
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authorities arrested at least 100 individuals that they accused of being Colombian paramilitaries and of scheming, together with part of the Venezuelan opposition, to begin a series of scheduled attacks against heavily fortified military targets within
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served outside jail) for those guilty of the most serious crimes, the confession of the crimes which were committed in connection with the activities of the illegal armed group, and the completion of concrete acts of reparation towards the victims.
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of the offenses committed against the victims of their actions. After much discussion and controversy over it, a further revised draft was distributed to the media and political circles. This new project was not officially submitted for approval by
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The AUC had about 20,000 members and was heavily financed through the drug trade and through support from local landowners, cattle ranchers, mining or petroleum companies, and other companies such as Chiquita Brands International, and politicians.
1045:
The death of AUC co-founder Carlos Castaño remained unexplained for two years, and was subject of wild and rampant speculation. One of the more exotic rumours (dating to 1 June 2004), stated that unidentified diplomatic sources told the
1269:(a former leftwing labor leader who survived a paramilitary assassination attempt back in 2000) among others, independently presented a multiparty draft bill that, according to several observers such as Colombian and international
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Mancuso confessed to the Colombian justice system in 2023 in order to benefit from the transitional justice system and detailed the links between the State and the paramilitaries. He acknowledged the assassination of the humorist
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Other independent sources within the group and among its dissident factions claim that he and his men were captured and tortured before being executed and then buried by order of other AUC top leaders (perhaps his own brother
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The militia had its roots in the 1980s when militias were established by drug lords to combat rebel kidnappings and extortion by communist guerrillas. In April 1997 the AUC was formed through a merger, orchestrated by the
1323:, since this framework benefits the victimizers and not the victims, since they have not told all of the truth, have not made comprehensive reparations to the victims, and have not dismantled their criminal structures."
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reported that an assassin hired by Vicente Castaño confessed to the police that he had killed Castaño in 2004. This assassin's confessions allowed Colombian authorities to locate Castaño's body in August 2006, and
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and their troops have even met in combat. These different, regionalistic and sometimes warring factions within the AUC, make successfully concluding any peace initiative a considerably difficult task.
719:, of which at least US$ 825,000 came after the AUC was designated a Foreign Terrorist Organization by the US State Department in 2001. These payments were often made through a group belonging to the
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the paramilitary leaders will require special permission to leave and re-enter the zone, and government prosecutors will be allowed to operate inside it in order to investigate criminal offenses.
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was declared (which in practice has been publicly admitted by the AUC and the government to be partial, resulting in a reduction but not the cessation of killings), the government of President
2414:– (Former combatants in Colombia's internal armed conflict spent two years painting their experiences. They face difficult decisions about what to remember, what to forget and how to forgive)
771:, Jaime Serra, Robert F. Kistenberger, James B. Riley, Robert W. Fisher, Carl H. Linder, Keith Linder, and Steven Warshaw – have already been presented before the Attorney General's Office.
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In the early morning of May 13, 2008, thirteen high-profile paramilitary leaders were taken from their jail cells in a surprise action by the government. According to Interior Minister
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In mid-May 2004, the talks appeared to move forward as the government agreed to grant the AUC leaders and 400 of their bodyguards a 142 square mile (368 km²) safe haven in
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they have been refusing to comply to the country's Peace and Justice Law and were therefore extradited to the United States. Amongst them are Salvatore Mancuso, Don Berna,
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because on this occasion important leaders turned themselves in and the weapons presented were assault rifles, machine guns, grenade launchers and rockets, rather than the
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in 1998 on the orders of the Colombian army, the massacres of political opponents carried out jointly with the armed forces, his participation in the practice known as "
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On April 11, an AUC spokesman repeated their claims that the current proposal for amnesty was too harsh primarily because it still allowed extradition for drug charges.
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which would be the source for further debate on the subject. Other congressmen, including supporters of the government, also begun to present their own draft projects.
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The bulk of the AUC's blocs demobilized by early 2006 and its former top leadership was extradited to the U.S. in 2008. However, local successors such as the
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Also, there have been internal conflicts within the illegal organization, as other AUC leaders have mutually accused each other of being tainted with
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group's talks with the government. "Double Zero" had fallen into disgrace in recent years, leading to the formation of his own independent "
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In early December and late November, there have been new events in the peace negotiations with the AUC. First, several hundred men of the
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Chiquita Brands International Pleads Guilty to Making Payments to a Designated Terrorist Organization And Agrees to Pay $ 25 Million Fine
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2303:"Salvatore Mancuso: "Nos entregaban listados y entonces golpeábamos a las casas y matábamos a quienes señalaban de guerrilleros""
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network, a government-sponsored program of rural security cooperatives. The payments were arranged during a 1997 meeting between
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After many public and private discussions through mid-to-late 2004, in early 2005, a number of congressmen, including Senator
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Mancuso's extradition effective as long as he avoided criminal activities and fulfilled his commitments to the peace process.
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1121:", also implicating individual high-ranking U.S. and Colombian military officers, who have denied such involvement.
1042:") would potentially maintain a much less open negotiating position in the ongoing talks with the Uribe government.
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of eight Chiquita officials connected to the case. He has also charged Chiquita of using one of their ships to
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Both of these massive demobilizations of AUC groups are an apparent improvement over the first one in 2003 in
938:. That condition and most of remaining legal framework invoked was previously implemented for the much larger
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has had a high profile in both the international and Colombian media, with critical views being expressed in
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445:) was a Colombian far-right paramilitary and drug trafficking group which was an active belligerent in the
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Paramilitary Ties to Elite In Colombia Are Detailed: Commanders Cite State Complicity in Violent Movement
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granted the FARC guerrillas as safe haven during the 1998–2002 peace process, but there are differences:
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has continued to testify via satellite as part of the Justice and Peace process. On November 18, 2008,
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This is more than double the figure originally estimated by the government before negotiations began.
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of either himself or his "comrades in arms" to the USA and refused "spending a single day in jail".
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The Colombian military has been accused of delegating to AUC paramilitaries the task of murdering
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1780:"Colombia: 'Leave us in peace!' : Targeting civilians in Colombia's internal armed conflict"
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1058:, with U.S. assistance. No specific reasoning or details regarding this claim were produced. The
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635:. These actions took place in 11 departments and targeted the civilian population, in many cases
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communist organization as well as numerous attacks against civilians beginning in 1997 with the
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2285:"Mancuso pide hablar en privado sobre Pastrana, Serpa y Uribe en la JEP por apoyos electorales"
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http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data_collections/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=126
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Transnational Institute (TNI) Drug Policy Briefing No 27, September 2008, By: Moritz Tenthoff
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Along for the Ride: Colombia's paramilitaries are getting a pass, with a wink from Washington
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http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=35®ionSelect=5-Southern_Americas#
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anything to with the operation, for which he blamed "elements" within "the oligarchies of
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during the period from 1997 to 2006. The AUC was responsible for retaliations against the
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1399:(Pequeñas Voces) – An animated movie about the vision of children in the war in Colombia.
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area until it was exterminated by rival paramilitary commanders from the AUC mainstream.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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The organization was believed to have links to some local military commanders in the
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Separately, in events which remain clouded and confusing, former AUC supreme leader
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to Israel for further training according to a Colombian police intelligence report.
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of the international community in a February 2005 donors' conference in Cartagena.
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The "Sixth Division" : military-paramilitary ties and U.S. policy in Colombia
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The bill, among other details, called for the creation of a three to five member
575:. The U.S. State Department added the AUC to the list in 2001, condemning it for
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759:) for the AUC. These charges were first brought ahead in a 2003 report from the
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said that "We kill trade unionists because they interfere with people working."
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1571:, Terrorist Organization Profile:United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC),
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Conflict Encyclopedia, Colombia, One-Sided violence, AUC-Civilians, 1997–2005,
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have collaborated with or continue to tolerate local AUC paramilitary groups.
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The National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism
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Breaking the Grip? Obstacles to Justice for Paramilitary Mafias in Colombia
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approved the extradition to the United States of top paramilitary leaders
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Alternative Development, Economic Interests and Paramilitaries in Urabá
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List of the Foreign Terrorist Organizations by US Department of State
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Tiene Italia indicios sobre presencia de cárteles mexicanos en Europa
1647:(illustrated ed.). New York, NY: Human Rights Watch. p. 1.
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Organizations formerly designated as terrorist by the European Union
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the local, state and police authorities will not leave the zone, so
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Organizations formerly designated as terrorist by the United States
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DOCUMENTS IMPLICATE COLOMBIAN GOVERNMENT IN CHIQUITA TERROR SCANDAL
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Details about Castaño's possible fate began to emerge in 2006. The
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After his extradition to the United States, paramilitary leader
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organization by many countries and organizations, including the
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organization by many countries and organizations, including the
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Juan Forero, Washington Post Foreign Service, May 22, 2007; A01
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1413:. Produced and directed by Scott Dalton and Margarita Martinez.
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participate in the process despite the Supreme Court's ruling.
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17,000 of the AUC's 20,000 fighters surrendered their weapons.
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Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
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by different parties to the armed conflict, including the AUC.
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Organizations based in South America designated as terrorist
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Organizations based in Latin America designated as terrorist
2412:
Who are the victims? – The aftermath of violence in Colombia
961:
1920:
Justice For All: The Struggle for Worker Rights in Colombia
1918:
American Center for International Labor Solidarity (2006),
1635:
1074:
620:
450:
2392:
Paramilitary Violations of International Humanitarian Law
783:
731:, a subsidiary of Chiquita. Chiquita subsequently made a
422:
417:
1224:
1038:
thus the remaining AUC commanders (such as Mancuso and "
594:, in the first ten months of 2000 the AUC conducted 804
1826:"U.S. Revoking Visas of United Self-Defense Supporters"
883:
and further public discussion on the matter continued.
2447:
2007:, United States Department of Justice, 19 March 2007
1265:(traditionally holding pro-government positions) and
2555:
Valle del Cauca Deputies hostage crisis (2002–2009)
2262:. Revista Semana. November 18, 2008. Archived from
1850:
Report on the situation of human rights in Colombia
1352:reported on Mancuso's declarations about the 1997
1186:requests, all for charges of drug trafficking and
2136:Colombia: Demobilization Scheme Ensures Injustice
1425:Seen in the second and third season of Netflix's
1328:United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
645:reports allege that numerous elements within the
3210:
1472:Peasant Self-Defense Forces of Cordoba and Uraba
1175:, together with that of the guerrilla commander
954:will still be fully applicable within its limits
1621:) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1564:
1562:
1287:
1088:confirmed its identity in September that year.
2363:. By Chip Mitchell. The Progressive. May 2005.
2129:
1050:agency that Castaño had been spirited away to
2433:
1539:
1150:
1092:Possible paramilitary activities in Venezuela
2194:"Massive extradition of paramilitary bosses"
2117:www.ciponline.org – Plan Colombia and Beyond
2020:Chiquita Board Members: Total Identification
1859:UNHCR 28 February 2005 (English and Spanish)
1559:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1308:(cousin of assassinated paramilitary leader
1712:
1710:
822:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
392:Identifying armbands, frequently black ones
51:United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia logo
2440:
2426:
2167:
2110:
2091:
2072:
1719:"Historia del paramilitarismo en Colombia"
1600:. Archived from the original on 2012-11-04
667:, the AUC maintained close links with the
45:
2235:
2233:
2231:
1734:
1717:Rivera, Edgar de Jesús Velásquez (2007).
1508:
1336:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
962:Disappearance and death of Carlos Castaño
842:Learn how and when to remove this message
2066:"Israels Latin american trail of terror"
2032:Jose Alvear Restrepo Lawyers' Collective
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1707:
1154:
1011:" ("Metro Bloc"), which operated in the
692:
416:
408:
400:
2148:
1379:
1237:The debate on the subject of potential
1135:which sought to remove him from power.
1105:, aiming at the overthrow of President
703:In March 2007, the international fruit
14:
3229:United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia
3211:
2228:
1843:
1716:
1636:Joanne Mariner; Malcolm Smart (2001).
1617:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
784:2003–2004: Initial negotiation efforts
549:Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
40:United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia
3120:
2791:
2632:
2490:
2421:
2367:Colombia's growing paramilitary force
2079:BBC Court clears Colombia extradition
1955:
1805:"Chapter 6 – Terrorist Organizations"
1759:"Chapter 6 – Terrorist Organizations"
1442:Right-wing paramilitarism in Colombia
1390:
1225:2005: Legal framework and controversy
60:April 1997 – 2006 / 2008 (nationally)
30:For other similar organizations, see
2612:Renewed peace process (2012–present)
965:
820:adding citations to reliable sources
787:
699:Doe v. Chiquita Brands International
559:, ELN). The AUC was designated as a
3239:Far-right politics in South America
2524:Patriotic Union Party extermination
1682:
1547:Quick Guide, The Colombian conflict
1146:2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt
737:United States Department of Justice
24:
2145:hrw.org January 18, 2005 (English)
1638:"1 I. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS"
1416:Referenced in the motion picture,
1182:The court ruled that the three US
681:One of the AUC's targets has been
25:
3275:
3219:Organizations established in 1997
2617:Peace agreement referendum (2016)
2316:
1317:National Movement of State Crimes
431:United Self-Defenders of Colombia
18:United Self-Defenders of Colombia
3234:Disbanded Colombian drug cartels
3103:
3090:
3077:
3057:
2886:
2876:
2866:
2856:
2839:
2815:
2805:
2795:
2749:Sinaltrainal v. Coca-Cola (2001)
2661:Colombia–United States relations
2571:Parapolitics scandal (2006–2007)
2545:Failed peace process (1999–2002)
2217:. Colombia Reports. May 13, 2008
2196:. Colombia Reports. May 13, 2008
2174:Colombia fighters reject amnesty
1952:Electronic Briefing Book No. 217
1060:governments of the United States
970:
792:
543:The AUC's main enemies were the
3224:1997 establishments in Colombia
2586:Andean diplomatic crisis (2008)
2349:Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia
2295:
2277:
2252:
2207:
2186:
2098:Colombia opens peace conference
2058:
2038:
2013:
1991:
1932:
1912:
1884:
1862:
1832:from the original on 2017-02-02
1818:
1797:
1786:from the original on 2013-12-30
1736:10.1590/S0101-90742007000100012
1695:from the original on 2017-05-18
1664:from the original on 2016-12-13
774:
761:Organization of American States
755:rifles and 4 million rounds of
557:Ejército de Liberación Nacional
435:Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia
2688:Illegal drug trade in Colombia
2514:Palace of Justice siege (1985)
2509:Dominican Embassy siege (1980)
2046:"Yair Klein and Carlos Castao"
1772:
1751:
1676:
1629:
1584:
1386:Colombian parapolitics scandal
1326:The Office in Colombia of the
610:A February 2005 report by the
178:Paramilitaries, Paras, Paracos
13:
1:
2107:BBC 3 February 2005 (English)
1524:Uppsala Conflict Data Program
1502:
538:
27:Former Colombian paramilitary
2754:Rodriquez v. Drummond (2003)
2560:El Nogal Club bombing (2003)
2344:Alto Comisionado para la paz
1970:'Para-politics' Goes Bananas
1288:Mass extradition to the U.S.
906:to fully resolve the issue.
7:
2975:Military Forces of Colombia
2519:DAS Building bombing (1989)
2164:February 23, 2005 (Spanish)
2126:December 07, 2004 (English)
1435:
942:area that former president
10:
3280:
3194:Some Colombian politicians
2963:Some Colombian politicians
2088:Thursday, 25 November 2004
1383:
1151:Late 2004: Demobilizations
1143:
1137:
1070:denied these allegations.
696:
587:abuses against civilians.
413:Víctor Manuel Mejía Múnera
322:Víctor Manuel Mejía Múnera
29:
3031:Former government program
2969:
2772:
2581:"False positives" scandal
2535:Mapiripán Massacre (1997)
2484:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2456:
1950:National Security Archive
1128:Francisco Santos Calderón
979:This article needs to be
592:Colombian National Police
386:
376:
371:
354:Miguel Ángel Mejía Múnera
215:
210:
200:
182:
174:
84:
74:
64:
56:
44:
39:
2997:Colombian Naval Infantry
2666:Human rights in Colombia
2494:La Violencia (1948–1958)
2357:. Amnesty International.
2351:, Web site (in Spanish).
1321:Law of Justice and Peace
656:Under the leadership of
553:National Liberation Army
447:Colombian armed conflict
314:Francisco Javier Zuluaga
2732:FARC political hostages
2727:Kidnappings in Colombia
2602:Nariño massacres (2009)
2369:. BBC. January 7, 2002,
2249:‘’CCAJAR’’ May 27, 2008
1492:Muerte a Secuestradores
1204:A few weeks later, the
870:mainly, their verified
338:Pedro Oliverio Guerrero
133:Interrogational torture
3177:Colombian drug cartels
3022:Attorney General units
2958:Colombian drug cartels
2780:Government of Colombia
2759:Doe v. Chiquita (2007)
2607:2013 Colombian clashes
2596:Operation Fenix (2008)
2591:Operation Jaque (2008)
2550:Bojayá massacre (2002)
1497:Alfonso López Trujillo
1487:Guzmán Quintero Torres
1163:In November 2004, the
1160:
1080:Nuevo Diario Occidente
1032:Diego Fernando Murillo
1004:Carlos Mauricio García
940:San Vicente del Caguán
683:Colombian trade unions
637:indigenous communities
481:Colombian Armed Forces
426:
414:
406:
362:Héctor Germán Buitrago
306:Luis Eduardo Cifuentes
254:Diego Murillo Bejarano
3259:Terrorism in Colombia
3141:Former paramilitaries
3052:DynCorp International
2926:Cuban revolutionaries
2529:Humanitarian exchange
2394:. Human Rights Watch.
2355:2003 Colombia Summary
2240:Extradition Cut Short
1405:– Film about the AUC.
1158:
693:Links to corporations
420:
412:
404:
109:Counter-revolutionary
105:Close-quarters combat
101:Clandestine operation
3182:Mexican drug cartels
2850:List of FARC attacks
2671:Politics of Colombia
2565:Neiva bombing (2003)
2499:Marquetalia Republic
2373:Colombia 2005 Report
1723:História (São Paulo)
1380:Parapolitics scandal
1140:Daktari Ranch affair
1002:Paramilitary leader
816:improve this section
727:with officials from
531:abuses committed in
3070:Mission in Colombia
2646:Democratic security
2627:Total Peace concept
1403:IMPUNITY – THE FILM
1306:Diego Ruiz Arroyave
1096:In early May 2004,
903:José Miguel Vivanco
676:cocaine trafficking
421:ACCU Fighters with
405:Vicente Castaño Gil
3189:military personnel
3017:Migración Colombia
2710:Catatumbo campaign
2680:Illegal drug trade
2638:Government aspects
2576:Operation Emmanuel
2504:The National Front
2449:Colombian conflict
2378:2020-07-28 at the
2334:Human Rights Watch
2328:2016-03-05 at the
2266:on January 4, 2013
2245:2008-06-13 at the
2183:BBC April 11, 2005
2179:2005-04-13 at the
2160:2019-03-05 at the
2141:2005-02-10 at the
2122:2018-11-06 at the
2103:2006-05-29 at the
2084:2005-12-05 at the
2025:2010-08-19 at the
2003:2007-08-17 at the
1975:2007-12-21 at the
1944:2007-07-11 at the
1925:2010-07-17 at the
1896:2007-08-24 at the
1880:Human Rights Watch
1874:2016-03-05 at the
1855:2020-07-28 at the
1578:2013-07-27 at the
1552:2013-11-10 at the
1533:2013-06-06 at the
1467:Colombian conflict
1462:Rodrigo Tovar Pupo
1447:Carlos Castaño Gil
1391:In popular culture
1161:
928:Santa Fe de Ralito
899:Human Rights Watch
647:Colombian military
643:Human Rights Watch
547:insurgency groups
485:Human Rights Watch
459:Mapiripán massacre
427:
415:
407:
262:Rodrigo Tovar Pupo
205:Colombian conflict
129:Illegal drug trade
97:Artillery observer
3206:
3205:
3201:
3200:
2916:Foro de São Paulo
2833:Former guerrillas
2698:Operation Snowcap
2622:2022 Huila attack
1457:Salvatore Mancuso
1344:Salvatore Mancuso
1218:homemade shotguns
1169:Salvatore Mancuso
1159:Salvatore Mancuso
1000:
999:
910:Salvatore Mancuso
852:
851:
844:
658:Salvatore Mancuso
590:According to the
533:Arauca Department
396:
395:
258:Salvatore Mancuso
137:Irregular warfare
117:Guerrilla warfare
93:Anti-tank warfare
16:(Redirected from
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921:narcotrafficking
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2821:FARC dissidents
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2380:Wayback Machine
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2027:Wayback Machine
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2005:Wayback Machine
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1985:, 4 April 2007
1977:Wayback Machine
1968:Michael Evans,
1967:
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1937:
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1807:. 30 April 2007
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1761:. 30 April 2007
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1580:Wayback Machine
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1535:Wayback Machine
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1382:
1370:Andrés Pastrana
1366:false positives
1354:El Aro massacre
1310:Miguel Arroyave
1290:
1244:Chicago Tribune
1227:
1199:Bloque Bananero
1153:
1148:
1142:
1094:
1028:Vicente Castaño
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987:
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944:Andrés Pastrana
936:arrest warrants
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749:smuggle weapons
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619:, kidnappings,
551:(FARC) and the
541:
483:. According to
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2309:. 11 May 2023.
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2051:Democracy Now!
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2012:
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1911:
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1729:(1): 134–153.
1725:(in Spanish).
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1384:Main article:
1381:
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1349:Revista Semana
1294:Carlos Holguín
1289:
1286:
1250:New York Times
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1223:
1206:Catatumbo Bloc
1177:Simón Trinidad
1173:Carlos Castaño
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1125:Vice-president
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1020:Carlos Castaño
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596:assassinations
573:European Union
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393:
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387:Identification
384:
383:
380:
377:Identification
374:
373:
369:
368:
294:Julián Bolívar
222:Carlos Castaño
219:
213:
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
184:
180:
179:
176:
172:
171:
157:Reconnaissance
141:Jungle warfare
89:Anti-communism
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3276:
3265:
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3260:
3257:
3255:
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3250:
3247:
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3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
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3214:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3185:
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3180:
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3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3167:Spearhead Ltd
3165:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3129:Los Rastrojos
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3112:
3101:
3099:
3098:United States
3088:
3086:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2982:National Army
2980:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2921:PC de C (M-L)
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2865:
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2855:
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2827:
2824:
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2808:
2804:
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2798:
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2783:
2781:
2778:
2775:
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2725:
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2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2656:Plan Patriota
2654:
2652:
2651:Plan Colombia
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2540:El Caguán DMZ
2538:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2467:Participants
2464:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2443:
2438:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2413:
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2371:
2368:
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2353:
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2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
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2327:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2216:
2210:
2195:
2189:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2155:Caracol Radio
2151:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2113:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2067:
2061:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1915:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1806:
1800:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1760:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1711:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1685:"On Colombia"
1679:
1660:
1656:
1654:9781564322654
1650:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1507:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1397:Little Voices
1395:
1394:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1165:Supreme Court
1157:
1147:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1005:
994:
982:
977:
968:
967:
956:
953:
949:
948:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
924:
922:
917:
915:
911:
907:
904:
900:
896:
892:
889:
884:
882:
877:
873:
867:
865:
861:
857:
846:
843:
835:
825:
821:
817:
811:
810:
806:
801:This section
799:
795:
790:
789:
781:
772:
770:
769:Durk I. Jager
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
741:Mario Iguarán
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
700:
690:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
670:
666:
663:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
608:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:United States
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
536:
534:
530:
525:
520:
518:
514:
510:
509:United States
506:
501:
497:
492:
488:
486:
482:
477:
475:
472:
468:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
424:
419:
411:
403:
398:Military unit
391:
385:
381:
375:
370:
367:
366:Martín Llanos
363:
359:
355:
351:
349:
343:
339:
335:
333:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:Freddy Rendón
283:
279:
277:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
249:
243:
239:
235:
231:
229:
223:
220:
214:
209:
206:
203:
199:
196:
192:
188:
185:
181:
177:
173:
170:
166:
165:Urban warfare
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
125:Indirect fire
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
3159:
3158:
3147:
3140:
3139:
3116:
3044:
3043:
3030:
3029:
3010:
2973:
2903:
2902:
2832:
2831:
2763:
2740:
2718:
2693:War on drugs
2679:
2637:
2486:
2479:Key aspects
2478:
2471:
2466:
2401:20minutos.es
2399:(in Spanish)
2306:
2297:
2288:
2279:
2268:. Retrieved
2264:the original
2254:
2219:. Retrieved
2209:
2198:. Retrieved
2188:
2169:
2150:
2131:
2112:
2093:
2074:
2060:
2049:
2040:
2030:
2015:
2009:(in English)
1993:
1987:(in English)
1980:
1934:
1914:
1908:(in Spanish)
1903:El Universal
1901:
1886:
1864:
1845:
1834:. Retrieved
1820:
1809:. Retrieved
1799:
1788:. Retrieved
1774:
1763:. Retrieved
1753:
1726:
1722:
1697:. Retrieved
1689:chomsky.info
1688:
1678:
1666:. Retrieved
1644:
1631:
1602:. Retrieved
1595:
1586:
1541:
1426:
1417:
1409:
1402:
1396:
1374:Álvaro Uribe
1372:in 1998 and
1362:Jaime Garzón
1358:
1347:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1314:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1267:Wilson Borja
1259:Rafael Pardo
1256:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1211:
1203:
1196:
1192:
1181:
1162:
1123:
1111:
1095:
1078:
1072:
1044:
1036:
1024:
1017:
1009:Bloque Metro
1001:
988:
980:
925:
918:
908:
897:
893:
885:
868:
860:Álvaro Uribe
853:
838:
829:
814:Please help
802:
778:
775:Israeli role
765:
751:(some 3,400
733:plea bargain
702:
680:
655:
641:
629:intimidation
609:
589:
585:human rights
583:, and other
556:
542:
529:human rights
524:Black Eagles
521:
493:
489:
478:
463:
438:
434:
430:
428:
382:Initials AUC
365:
357:
347:
341:
331:
325:
317:
309:
301:
289:
275:
270:Ernesto Báez
265:
247:
241:
227:
79:Private army
32:Autodefensas
2719:Kidnappings
1263:Gina Parody
1184:extradition
1107:Hugo Chávez
991:August 2010
914:extradition
832:August 2010
745:extradition
717:Santa Marta
705:corporation
674:concerning
672:'Ndrangheta
627:, threats,
600:kidnappings
500:labor union
318:Gordo Lindo
282:Ramón Isaza
201:Engagements
175:Nickname(s)
169:Vigilantism
3213:Categories
3134:Clan Úsuga
2774:Guerrillas
2307:elpais.com
2270:2008-12-23
2221:2008-05-13
2200:2008-05-13
1982:The Nation
1836:2016-12-12
1811:2017-06-25
1790:2016-12-04
1765:2017-06-25
1604:2020-04-16
1503:References
1419:Miami Vice
1302:Cuco Vanoy
1144:See also:
1138:See also:
1133:referendum
1098:Venezuelan
901:spokesman
876:reparation
757:ammunition
697:See also:
665:immigrants
604:guerrillas
539:Activities
474:insurgents
358:El Mellizo
326:El Mellizo
218:commanders
211:Commanders
145:Kidnapping
3160:Linked to
3045:Linked to
2987:Air Force
2904:Linked to
1745:0101-9074
1482:Los Pepes
1410:La Sierra
1376:in 2002.
1086:DNA tests
1040:Don Berna
1013:Antioquia
856:ceasefire
803:does not
735:with the
669:Calabrian
660:, son of
617:homicides
577:massacres
561:terrorist
505:terrorist
471:left-wing
310:El Águila
290:El Alemán
183:Equipment
3172:CONVIVIR
3038:CONVIVIR
2741:Lawsuits
2473:Timeline
2376:Archived
2326:Archived
2243:Archived
2177:Archived
2158:Archived
2139:Archived
2120:Archived
2101:Archived
2082:Archived
2023:Archived
2001:Archived
1973:Archived
1942:Archived
1923:Archived
1894:Archived
1872:Archived
1853:Archived
1830:Archived
1784:Archived
1699:30 April
1693:Archived
1668:30 April
1659:Archived
1613:cite web
1597:CBS News
1576:Archived
1550:Archived
1531:Archived
1436:See also
1298:Jorge 40
1239:impunity
1214:Medellín
1064:Colombia
881:Congress
854:After a
721:Convivir
709:Chiquita
633:lootings
571:and the
515:and the
496:peasants
372:Insignia
342:Cuchillo
266:Jorge 40
242:Arcángel
161:Tracking
69:Colombia
2845:FARC-EP
1103:Caracas
1077:-based
1030:and/or
981:updated
932:Córdoba
824:removed
809:sources
763:(OAS).
729:Banadex
662:Italian
581:torture
545:leftist
443:Spanish
364:a.k.a.
356:a.k.a.
348:†
340:a.k.a.
332:†
324:a.k.a.
316:a.k.a.
308:a.k.a.
300:a.k.a.
288:a.k.a.
276:†
264:a.k.a.
248:†
240:a.k.a.
228:†
216:Notable
187:Firearm
153:Raiding
149:Manhunt
65:Country
3111:Canada
3108:
3095:
3082:
3062:
3011:Other:
2948:ANNCOL
2743:
2739:
2721:
2717:
2682:
2678:
2640:
2636:
2289:Cambio
1869:Report
1743:
1651:
1428:Narcos
1119:Bogotá
1068:Israel
1066:, and
1056:Panama
1054:, via
1052:Israel
651:police
598:, 203
569:Canada
513:Canada
389:symbol
379:symbol
344:
328:
302:Macaco
272:
244:
224:
191:Mortar
121:HUMINT
57:Active
2826:FARIP
1929:, p12
1878:from
1662:(PDF)
1641:(PDF)
1545:BBC,
1115:Miami
753:AK-47
713:Urabá
441:, in
437:, or
423:AKM's
2992:Navy
2911:PCCC
2897:MAQL
2882:CGSB
2872:MOEC
1741:ISSN
1701:2017
1670:2017
1649:ISBN
1623:link
1619:link
1334:The
1315:The
1304:and
1271:NGOs
1261:and
1247:and
1171:and
1117:and
1075:Cali
807:any
805:cite
715:and
649:and
631:and
621:rape
498:and
467:ACCU
453:and
451:FARC
429:The
85:Role
75:Type
3153:AAA
3148:AUC
2943:ETA
2892:ERP
2862:M19
2811:EPL
2801:ELN
1731:doi
1048:AFP
818:by
639:."
455:ELN
439:AUC
195:RPG
3215::
2332:–
2305:.
2287:.
2230:^
2048:.
2029:,
1979:,
1957:^
1948:,
1900:,
1828:.
1782:.
1739:.
1727:26
1721:.
1709:^
1691:.
1687:.
1657:.
1643:.
1615:}}
1611:{{
1594:.
1561:^
1510:^
1300:,
1109:.
1062:,
930:,
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678:.
623:,
579:,
567:,
519:.
511:,
461:.
2977::
2441:e
2434:t
2427:v
2273:.
2224:.
2203:.
2068:.
2054:.
1839:.
1814:.
1793:.
1768:.
1747:.
1733::
1703:.
1672:.
1625:)
1607:.
1556:.
1431:.
1422:.
993:)
989:(
983:.
845:)
839:(
834:)
830:(
826:.
812:.
555:(
433:(
425:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
