1357:
1373:
515:
professional example set by
Admiral Rodman himself. As he would later note of his squadron's assimilation: "I realized that the British fleet had had three years of actual warfare and knew the game from the ground floor up; that while we might know it theoretically, there would be a great deal to learn practically. There could not be two independent commands in one force if our work was to be harmonious, and the only logical course was to amalgamate our ships and serve under the command of the British commander-in-chief." This cooperative attitude trickled down through the division, and elicited the admiration and appreciation of the British.
530:. Although the Americans had studied the general British code while crossing the Atlantic, it was some time before they could use it with anything like the proficiency of other ships in the Grand Fleet. To help in the transition, signalmen and radio operators from the Royal Navy were posted to the American battleships to aid their U.S. Navy counterparts. Though learning an entirely new system of signals was, as Admiral Rodman put it, "almost the same as if in reading we had substituted a new set of letters," within three days of their arrival, the ships of Battleship Division Nine were able to take part in fleet maneuvers in the
1122:
1273:
1389:
1036:
810:
538:
1405:
1437:
28:
755:
1421:
615:. Under Admiral Beatty's direction, the fleet divided into two opposing forces, with "Blue Fleet" representing the German High Seas Fleet, and the "Red Fleet" including the Sixth Battle Squadron, playing the role of the Royal Navy. At a prearranged point in the middle of the North Sea, the two sides converged for "battle". During one of these exercises, the American sailors were treated to their first encounter with an enemy warship when a German U-boat's
806:
need to be ready to sail at limited notice. The inevitable result was machinery breakdowns that reduced the squadron to three ships, a development considered unacceptable given the
Division's important position at the tail end of the battle line. The British—faced with the same problem—responded by allocating a spare battleship to each of their squadrons. In this way, each squadron always remained at full strength even when a ship was being repaired.
438:
921:
648:
297:
316:, recommending the dispatch of four dreadnoughts for service with the Grand Fleet, noting "If, in any encounter, it should be indicated that the outcome would have been more favorable or more decisive had more Allied forces been available, it would be difficult to satisfactorily explain the absence of our ships." On the advice of his trusted aide, Secretary Daniels agreed to dispatch the ships.
1178:—which killed millions worldwide in 1918–1919—did not spare the Grand Fleet. By late fall, an average of seven men per day were dying of the virus throughout the Fleet, and some ships were so badly affected that they were practically unmanageable. Though they were not as badly hit as some of the British vessels, the American battleships were not immune. By early November, only
774:, aware of the strategic potential of destroying a squadron of British battleships, had finally decided to make an attempt on the Scandinavian Convoy, using the overwhelming force of his entire fleet. Under strict radio silence, the High Seas Fleet sailed on the morning of 23 April to attempt an intercept, leaving the British completely unaware that they had left their base.
1306:
occasion, it was a bittersweet moment for the men of the Grand Fleet. For four years, the
British—later joined by the Americans of Battleship Division Nine—had tried constantly to bring the High Seas Fleet to a decisive battle. To see them coming to surrender, as Admiral Beatty put it, "like sheep being herded by dogs to their folds", left many feeling cheated.
434:, lowering her bow to the point where she was in danger of foundering in the heavy seas. Three days of continuous pumping were required to help keep her afloat. To make matters worse, the high winds—reportedly gusting to 100 mph (160 km/h)— carried away the topmasts on all four battleships, rendering radio communication impossible.
1155:, where he inspected the ship. King George visited her engine and fire-rooms, remarking with admiration to Rodman, "Admiral, your fire-room is as clean as a dining room." After the inspection, the pair retreated to Rodman's cabin for coffee, a smoke, and casual conversation, something Rodman noted the king seemed to particularly enjoy.
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Germans meant that the entire Grand Fleet was forced to reorient itself in the opposite direction, placing
Battleship Division Nine in the van. The result was that, if an encounter between the two fleets had occurred, American battleships would have led the British fleet into what could have been the largest naval battle of the war.
1011:
time was spent in escorting minecraft on the
Northern Barrage. Though a monumental endeavor, the barrage proved largely ineffective. After an investment of 70,263 mines and more than $ 40 million (the equivalent of $ 572 million in 2009), only six submarines were confirmed as sunk by the barrage.
1320:
Service in the Grand Fleet was professionally beneficial to all of us, and at the same time, many of the friendships were made at that time which have persisted throughout the years. With the passing of the years, I have often reflected on the effect service in the Grand Fleet made on all of us young
1010:
Maneuvers and war games continued, as well. During exercises in late
September 1918, the Grand Fleet, once again divided into Red and Blue Fleets, "engaged" each other at ranges as extreme as 23,000 yd (21,000 m), a battle-distance unimagined prior to World War I. The rest of the Division's
805:
Through the first months of 1918, the composition of
Battleship Division Nine changed to reflect the lessons learned from operating in a war zone with the Grand Fleet. It soon became apparent that with only four ships, the division could not maintain the level of preparedness required by the constant
746:
In March–April 1918, Battleship
Division Nine escorted the Scandinavian Convoy two more times. Both missions were hampered by storms that made the going particularly slow, but were otherwise uneventful. Still, confidence in the wisdom of using battleships as an escort was fading at the Admiralty, and
679:
and two flotillas of destroyers, all under the command of
Admiral Rodman. This marked the first time in history that British warships had ever served under the command of a sea-going American admiral. Although the outbound trip to Norway was uneventful, things began to heat up for the escort force on
593:
managed to match
British practice in both categories. In Admiral Beatty's words, the results were "distinctly poor and disappointing", and led him to the initial conclusion that he could not consider the American division the equivalent of a British one. The Americans worked to catch up, however, and
292:
Having already released precious destroyers for convoy duty, they were unwilling to further weaken the ability of the U.S. to defend itself through the scattering of the all-important battle fleet. Furthermore, Admiral Benson was uneasy about the prospect, ever-present in the early 20th century, of a
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s ordeal was not over, however. Badly damaged by the loss of a propeller, the ship sailed to Rosyth under heavy escort for repairs on 15 October. At 01:00 the next morning, a U-boat launched three torpedoes at the damaged vessel, all of which passed ahead of her. Unlike in previous cases, sufficient
643:
Hard as the Americans worked to incorporate themselves into the Grand Fleet, they had yet to shake a belief among the veteran British that they were amateurs merely playing at war. In writing to his American-born wife following the maneuvers, Admiral Beatty noted that, "The American Squadron enjoyed
630:
Though the maneuvers were otherwise unremarkable, they proved a valuable learning tool for the Americans, who got a chance not only to experience British methods, but the violent conditions of the North Sea, as well. As Admiral Rodman noted upon returning from the exercise, "I have seen the largest
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formation. As stipulated by the Grand Fleet Battle Orders, the Sixth Battle Squadron was to take station at the rear of the line, where its duty was to engage the rear division of German battleships. However, should the fleet execute a sudden turnaround maneuver, the American ships would become the
1019:
Throughout Battleship Division Nine's time with the Grand Fleet, combating boredom was a constant difficulty. Located at the northeastern tip of Scotland, the islands surrounding Scapa Flow were little more than barren, cold, windswept specks of land devoid of the trappings of civilization. Due to
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With the war over, the ships of Battleship Division Nine departed from the Grand Fleet on 1 December, almost exactly one year after joining it. Though the fact that the American battleships never had the opportunity to confront their German opposites dampened the sense of their achievements, they
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To this, Admiral Beatty replied: "We are glad that Your Majesty should have been able personally to observe our complete accord with the United States Squadron and the firm friendship which binds their officers and men to Your own." These expressions accurately reflected the goodwill that existed
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Years later, Admiral Rodman wrote in his memoir that he "often thought what a glorious day it would have been for the ships of our country to have led the Grand Fleet into action." It was not to be, however, nor would another chance present itself: the German fleet did not sail as a unit again in
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forced it to break radio silence to ask for assistance that the British became aware of the presence of the Germans in the North Sea. A recent change in the sailing schedule of the Scandinavian Convoy, however, meant there was no exposed squadron of battleships in danger of being overwhelmed that
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in the previous months, the gunnery complements of Division Nine were badly depleted and filled with inexperienced officers and recent recruits. The inevitable effect of this loss of talent became apparent when, on 17 December 1917, Battleship Division Nine conducted its first full-caliber target
308:
A series of high level meetings in London, beginning with Admiral Mayo's visit in August 1917 and culminating in a naval mission led by Admiral Benson in November, proved decisive in changing the viewpoint of the Navy Department. Despite Admiral Sims's frequent warnings of the severity of British
163:
While serving with the Grand Fleet, Battleship Division Nine was forced to adapt quickly to unfamiliar British methods and standards. New signals and maneuvers were adopted relatively smoothly, while more stringent gunnery standards proved more difficult to achieve. On a personal level, relations
1309:
After the ceremony had concluded, Beatty declared, "The Fleet, my Fleet, is brokenhearted." In a similar vein, Admiral Rodman wrote, "It was hard to realize that the ships which we had expected and hoped to engage, would all be given up without a struggle or fleet action, and surrender without a
1305:
On 21 November, the ships of Battleship Division Nine joined the rest of the Grand Fleet to witness Operation ZZ—the surrender of the German fleet. The Grand Fleet—composed of 370 ships and 90,000 men—formed two columns through which the defeated German ships passed. Despite the magnitude of the
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The American sailors participated in Fleet sporting events, as well, giving excellent account of themselves. At the Fleet track meet, Battleship Division Nine finished second, and did even better at the annual boxing championships, the pinnacle of the Grand Fleet sporting year. An engineman from
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the efforts of the officers to keep their men entertained, however, morale remained high throughout the war. The British worked hard to turn the anchorage into a more inviting place. Central to these efforts were sporting events. The Fleet held numerous inter-ship competitions, including soccer,
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led the force back into Pentland Firth, she was rocked by a violent underwater collision on her starboard side, followed shortly after by another to the stern that broke off two of her propeller blades, reducing the ship to one engine and a speed of 12 kn (14 mph; 22 km/h). It was
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also fired a 3 in (76 mm) shell at what appeared to be a conning tower about 2,000 yd (1,800 m) distant, and the escorting destroyers dropped depth charges, with no apparent success. After the convoy returned to Scapa Flow on 10 February, Rodman officially reported to Admiral
186:
of the German coast, its presence greatly augmented the strength of the Grand Fleet, thus making major combat between the British and German fleets even more unlikely in 1918. By helping to keep the High Seas Fleet effectively blockaded in port, Battleship Division Nine played a role in ensuring
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crippled, Admiral Scheer decided to return to base. Though scouting units of the Grand Fleet made brief contact with the Germans on the morning of 25 April, no action followed, and the High Seas Fleet made it home without incident. At one point in the chase, however, a reversal of course by the
602:
Within days of their arrival at Scapa Flow, Battleship Division Nine began participating in the frequent maneuvers and drills that typified the day to day existence of the Grand Fleet. It has been said that because of the good condition and high speed of the American battleships, Admiral Beatty
514:
From the beginning, the battleships of Division Nine faced a hard task in adapting to the new methods and practices they encountered in the Grand Fleet. Any difficulties, however, that might have arisen from this transition based on national pride or rivalry were dissipated in large part by the
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Following his departure from the Grand Fleet, the king had a message sent to the officers and men of the ships he had just left. It began with a warm reference to the American squadron: "I am happy to have found myself once more with the Grand Fleet, and this pleasure has been increased by the
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Because the minelayers were operating within range of German surface raiders, the American battleships were detailed to provide an escort for them, along with other units of the Grand Fleet. For the most part, these expeditions proved uneventful, but on two occasions, on 30 June and again on 8
381:, and was known both as an expert seaman and an extremely affable man. Both of these characteristics would serve him in good stead in his new role as joint admiral and diplomat. After nearly five months of hesitation, the departure of the division was finally set for the last week of November.
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August, lookouts on the battleships reported seeing U-boats or torpedoes in the water, forcing the Division to maneuver accordingly. Like the previous sightings made while escorting the Scandinavian Convoy, subsequent review of German war records revealed that both cases were false alarms.
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Despite the qualified nature of this comment, the operation Beatty had in mind was both important and potentially dangerous. On 6 February 1918, Battleship Division Nine stood out of Scapa Flow to guard the high value Scandinavian Convoy to and from Norway. Twice in the previous year, this
672:. To avoid a repeat of these attacks, the British had taken to escorting the convoys with dreadnought squadrons. Still, the possibility existed that the Germans would send out their entire fleet to cut off and annihilate the overmatched battleship squadron, with severe strategic effect.
319:
The question now came down to which battleships to send. The Admiralty requested that the Americans send coal-burning dreadnoughts, as, due to the submarine blockade, the British were extremely short of the oil needed to fuel the latest classes of American dreadnoughts, the oil-burning
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was granted to the men on a frequent basis whenever the ships were in Rosyth for repairs. On 4 July 1918, Admiral Beatty provided a special treat for the men of Battleship Division Nine by granting them a few days off from all drills and maneuvers in order to celebrate what he termed
1502:
Jones notes in his dissertation that German records do not contain any report of a torpedo attack upon a battleship on 16 October 1918. He states that the attack may have come from one of the U-boats that were sunk in the area around that time, however. See: Jones, Jerry (1995),
998:
As the war began to draw to a close, the ships of Battleship Division Nine remained busy. With frequent gunnery drill, the ships showed marked improvement in performance compared to the early days with the Fleet. The average spread for the whole division, including the newcomers
1310:
fight." Though such statements reflected the fact that the Grand Fleet had not won the great battle its officers had sought, the peaceful surrender of the High Seas Fleet served as testimony to the strength the Grand Fleet had maintained continuously through four years of war.
900:, a gargantuan project spearheaded by the U.S. Navy designed to close the North Sea passage between Scotland and Norway to U-boat traffic. A novel attempt to end the submarine menace relying heavily on American industrial capacity, the Barrage called for more than 70,000
1340:
I had always had certain misgivings , and when the Sixth Battle Squadron became part of the Grand Fleet those misgivings were doubly strengthened, and I knew then they would throw up their hands. Apparently, the Sixth Battle Squadron was the straw that broke the camel's
844:, to better match Grand Fleet policy, which encouraged the use of matched pairs to aid in rangefinding. Although there was some grumbling at the Navy Department that a five ship division was counter to U.S. Navy policy, they eventually agreed, and on 11 February 1918,
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could make only 12 kn (14 mph; 22 km/h) on her one operable propeller. Due to this, historian Jerry Jones believes that the German U-boat captain misjudged the ship's speed. With no further damage, however, the battleship was able to safely arrive at
1336:. The presence of the American squadron augmented the strength of the Grand Fleet to the point where any confrontation attempted by the Germans would likely have been futile. Admiral Beatty put it best in his farewell speech to the American sailors, on 1 December:
911:
Just days after the second incident, however, Battleship Division Nine was called to more serious action. Having received intelligence that German vessels were loose in the North Sea, the Division sortied from Scapa Flow on 12 October, in company with the British
949:
must have accidentally collided with a submerged German U-boat. They agreed that the submarine had rammed its bow into the ship's side, then been struck moments later by the ship's propeller. In their opinion, the damage would have been fatal to the German craft.
743:, the strong seas carried a man overboard who could not be rescued, one of the 12 or more men lost throughout the Fleet that day. To make matters worse, the Grand Fleet failed to find the German battlecruisers, and was forced to return to Scapa Flow empty-handed.
644:
themselves greatly while we were out, and did well, and will do better next time. I am sending old Rodman out on an operation of his own, which pleases him and gives them an idea that they are really taking part in the war. I trust they will come to no harm."
567:
of 40 seconds or less, and an average spread (that is, the distance measured between the closest and furthest shots in a salvo) of 300–500 yd (270–460 m), the four ships of the American squadron proved both slow and inaccurate. The rate of fire of
1256:
The admirals, however, were reckoning without their sailors. The enlisted men of the High Seas Fleet, aware that Germany had lost the war, had no interest in dying for the sake of the Navy's honor. When the details of Plan 19 were leaked to the fleet, a
497:
Battered, Battleship Division Nine steamed into the anchorage of the Grand Fleet later that day to the tremendous cheering of the men on the assembled British warships. Wasting no time, Admiral Rodman called upon the commander of the Grand Fleet—Admiral
411:. What should have been an uneventful transit was complicated by weather that began badly and only got worse as the voyage progressed. After battling a vicious 'norwester' that brought sleet, hail, and snow, the division was further buffeted by a severe
1280:
With the defeat of Germany, the question became what to do with the ships of the High Seas Fleet. Because no neutral nation wanted to host the rebellious sailors of the mutinous armada, the Allies eventually decided to have the force interned at
1159:
opportunity I have had of seeing the splendid ships of the United States in line with our own, and of meeting Admiral Rodman together with the officers and men under him. We value their comradeship and are proud of their achievements."
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with every target practice registered improved results. By the end of June 1918, Admiral Rodman was able to report that "the firing was exceptionally fine, most encouraging and much better than we have ever done previously".
502:—to offer the services of himself, his men, and his ships to the Allied cause. With Beatty's acceptance, the American battleships, while retaining their American designation of Battleship Division Nine, officially became the
916:
and the Third Light Cruiser Squadron in the hope of engaging the enemy raiders. From the beginning, the autumn weather was particularly rough, impeding progress and making any chance of sighting the German ships unlikely.
738:
suffered damage to her ventilators that caused the generators to stop working, cutting electrical power throughout the ship and forcing a reduction in speed to 12 kn (14 mph; 22 km/h) for nearly an hour. On
1488:
Although the Division was not aware at the time, the report that German raiders were at sea was false. Thus, the weather was not the only reason why they failed to sight any enemy warships. See: Jones, Jerry (1998),
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noted, such misidentifications were common for inexperienced ships: "new ships arriving in the war zone usually did a good deal of shooting at submarines which were not submarines. With experience, they saw fewer."
2927:
3038:
1198:
Though the situation in the North Sea in late 1918 remained much as it had been for the previous four years—with the Grand Fleet maintaining its endless watch over the High Seas Fleet—the war on the
236:
Jellicoe announced that at present loss rates, Britain would be effectively starved into submission by November 1917. After a meeting at Scapa Flow later in July between Sims, Jellicoe, and Admiral
1253:
to draw the Grand Fleet south, where a waiting line of U-boats would attempt to even the odds. At this point, the High Seas Fleet would emerge to engage its opponent in one last titanic encounter.
1084:
The men found other ways to keep busy besides sports. Throughout the year, every ship in the squadron produced theater productions, and motion pictures were shown whenever possible. Furthermore,
828:
Recognizing the practicality of this solution, Admiral Rodman requested that the Navy Department send another battleship to operate with his division. Specifically, Rodman requested the ship be
309:
losses to the U-boat campaign, it was not until both men had seen things with their own eyes that they truly understood the direness of the situation. On 10 November 1917, Admiral Benson cabled
154:
and a series of high level staff meetings, American opinion changed, and Battleship Division Nine joined the Grand Fleet on 7 December 1917. Within that organization, the Division served as the
551:
Less successful at first were the efforts of the American battleships to match their British counterparts in excellence of gunnery. Having provided numerous veteran gun-crews to serve aboard
233:—by informing him that Allied shipping losses had recently surpassed 600,000 long tons (610,000 t) per month, and that the Admiralty did not see any immediate solution to the problem.
1245:, to prepare for a final sortie against the Grand Fleet "even if it should become a death struggle". Accordingly, Hipper developed Plan 19, which called for destroyer strikes against the
3048:
1265:
of revolution and refusing to obey their officers. Faced with a complete breakdown of discipline within his fleet, Admiral Hipper had no choice but to disperse his ships to their
289:—were particularly worried that if Britain fell, as developments at sea suggested it might, the U.S. Navy would be left to face the German High Seas Fleet completely on its own.
611:
Tasked with this assignment, the Americans got their first true practice in their new role at the end of January 1918, when the entire Grand Fleet went to sea for four days of
714:
However, post-war examination of German war records revealed that no German submarines had made any attacks that day. It is likely the two ships had instead seen the wakes of
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between the officers and men of the two organizations. Admiral Rodman, for instance, later wrote that he came away from his service in the Grand Fleet as probably the most
635:
on the upper deck were visible when they would slowly rise from their submergence and the water pour off their decks as it might from some huge turtle... to the surface."
965:. This strange—and accidental—encounter marked the only time in all of Battleship Division Nine's service with the Grand Fleet that one of its ships sank a German vessel.
726:
Less than a week after their return, Battleship Division Nine was once again called upon to protect the Scandinavian Convoy as part of a general Grand Fleet response to
785:
day. Alerted by the enemy wireless transmissions, the entire Grand Fleet sortied to find the High Seas Fleet, offering the prospect of the decisive battle of the war.
770:
Just days later, however, on 24 April 1918, Battleship Division Nine joined the Grand Fleet in one last attempt to bring the High Seas Fleet to battle. German Admiral
1174:
Despite being located in remote Scapa Flow, Battleship Division Nine was unable to avoid a global killer that struck just as World War I was coming to a close.
204:
1285:, with the guns of the Grand Fleet's ships nearby in case of any attempt at a break-out. On 15 November, Beatty met with Hipper's representative, Rear Admiral
3043:
167:
Throughout 1918, the Division participated in all major Grand Fleet exercises and deployments, as well as conducting several detached convoy missions in the
490:—short of fuel after her fight with the sea—could not rejoin the rest of the force and proceeded directly to her ultimate destination, the naval base at
1356:
427:
would later recall of that storm, "At the height of the gale, it blew as hard as I have ever seen it, and the seas were the worst I could recollect."
269:
initially rejected the British request. Like other navies of the late-19th and early-20th centuries, the U.S. Navy rigidly adhered to the doctrine of
1057:
won the division championship, but lost to a visiting team from American naval headquarters in London. Football games occurred throughout the fall.
986:
The battleship's wounded condition is possibly what saved her: although standard procedure was to steam at 16 kn (18 mph; 30 km/h),
1049:
When the Americans arrived, the British made every effort to include them in the athletics. Space was allotted on the sports fields to provide a
142:. Although the U.S. entered the war on 6 April 1917, hesitation among senior officers of the U.S. Navy as to the wisdom of dividing the American
244:
to join the Grand Fleet. The Admiralty intended that the arrival of the American dreadnoughts would allow it to decommission five ships of the
1372:
941:
immediately clear to the men on board that she had struck an underwater object, but the depth of the channel meant it could not have been a
603:
assigned them to be one of the two divisions of "fast battleships" that operated at either ends of the Grand Fleet when it was steaming in
1053:
field and a baseball diamond. In short order, the division developed a baseball league that played 17 games during the summer of 1918.
608:
van squadron, meaning they would lead into battle. The position was an important one, and the Americans were particularly proud of it.
855:—the third-most powerful ship of the division—as the spare ship because she lacked a matched pair. As a result, Rodman requested that
1115:
1007:, was now less than 600 yd (550 m), which was much better than previously, if still not as good as the British average.
3017:
913:
676:
172:
503:
266:
1233:
To the naval leaders of the High Seas Fleet, however, there appeared to be no reason for an armistice. In their eyes, the
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officer in the U.S. Navy, and many a relationship was forged among the junior officers that served both nations well in
734:
were loose in the North Sea. The mission took place in a strong gale that caused damage to ships throughout the Fleet.
293:
second war breaking out with Japan. For the moment, the U.S. Navy would send destroyers to Europe, but no battleships.
286:
131:
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in Rosyth. As the water dropped in the drydock, a large dent commensurate with a submarine bow was found in her hull.
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at the end of the second mission on 20 April, it was the last time they were used to escort the Scandinavian Convoy.
1206:, the last German offensive, had been stopped in late summer, and with the aid of hundreds of thousands of American
563:
The results were relatively poor. Where British battleships by the end of 1917 generally managed a rate of fire per
2847:
248:
223:
1223:
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Jones, Jerry W. (1995). "U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I, 1917–1918". University of North Texas, Diss.
1114:. King George presented numerous decorations, but the first recipient was Admiral Rodman himself. Invested as a
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Admiral Beatty in particular was opposed to it. When the American ships returned to the new Grand Fleet base at
975:
evidence existed to suppose that this torpedo attack was not a false alarm—a number of officers and men aboard
1133:
499:
430:
Severe storm damage allowed over 250 long tons (250 t) of seawater to flood the forward compartments of
328:
237:
370:
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ships. As a result, Secretary Daniels decided to send Battleship Division Nine, made up of the coal-burners
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1293:. From there, the German vessels would proceed to Scapa Flow, until their ultimate fate was decided by the
925:
227:
98:
361:
Though they were not the newest American ships, they were still formidable; each was capable of a 21
240:(commander of the Grand Fleet), the Admiralty requested that the U.S. Navy send four dreadnoughts and six
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on 21 November 1918. On 1 December 1918, the Division departed from the Grand Fleet to return to the U.S.
1468:
1211:
1199:
675:
With this possibility in mind, the American battleships set out, accompanied by the ships of the British
182:
Although Battleship Division Nine's service was limited mainly to convoy duty and the maintenance of the
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to an extent completely unknown to the American government, or indeed to anyone but a select few at the
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remained unbeaten. Determined not to go down without a fight, Admiral Scheer, by this time head of the
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446:
274:
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guns. Furthermore, they were commanded by an experienced and highly capable officer in Rear Admiral
220:
1916:
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983:, and a submarine was spotted in the immediate vicinity by a patrol shortly after the attack.
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1811:
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1289:, to arrange the surrender of the German ships. Meurer agreed to surrender to Beatty in the
623:. Although one of the British battleships attempted to ram it and destroyers rushed to drop
215:. At the first meeting between representatives of the two navies in April 1917, the British
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273:, whose first tenet was that under no circumstances should a battle fleet be divided. U.S.
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175:
on 11 November 1918, Battleship Division Nine was present for the surrender of the German
8:
1910:
1410:
1394:
1262:
1215:
612:
491:
477:
347:
341:
270:
156:
116:
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German battlecruisers sailing into the Firth of Forth for internment, 21 November 1918.
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127:
57:
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Jones, Jerry W. (1995). "U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I, 1917–1918": 52–53.
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1426:
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Postwar examination of German records revealed that the submarine lost may have been
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to be placed across a stretch of water 250 nmi (290 mi; 460 km) wide.
839:
813:
552:
278:
212:
151:
1107:, the king presided over an investiture ceremony on board Admiral Beatty's flagship
143:
1765:
1333:
1238:
1085:
586:
s average spreads were 956 and 1,131 yd (874 and 1,034 m), respectively.
313:
1420:
1035:
809:
537:
486:, Scotland, where the division would reassemble in the early hours of 7 December.
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771:
763:
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396:
245:
230:
207:
in February 1917, Germany had quickly inflicted staggering losses on the British
176:
1269:
in early November. Days later, on 11 November 1918, World War I came to an end.
1032:, which were followed with intense interest by the men of the respective ships.
2989:
1290:
1246:
1227:
1101:
1090:
1025:
1021:
557:
518:
The first task facing the Americans was the adoption of an entirely new set of
420:
408:
255:
216:
188:
27:
711:, and that only the skillful handling of both ships had saved them from harm.
3032:
2922:
731:
624:
616:
572:(with an acceptable spread of 475 yd (434 m)) was 108 seconds, and
282:
208:
754:
2928:
Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea
1242:
1168:
1141:
1074:
696:
running in the water, and began maneuvering sharply to avoid being struck.
476:
sailed on alone to the scheduled rendezvous with the British light cruiser
147:
2946:
1286:
1137:
1129:
1078:
1066:
836:
604:
519:
416:
374:
362:
301:
139:
135:
120:
101:
83:
389:
The four ships of Battleship Division Nine—accompanied by the destroyer
3010:
Crisis at Sea: The United States Navy in European Waters in World War I
1321:
officers. It was a great privilege to serve in that fine organization.
1282:
1183:
1164:
901:
778:
777:
It was not until an engine malfunction aboard the German battlecruiser
669:
483:
442:
404:
365:(24 mph; 39 km/h) maximum speed and armed with ten or twelve
259:
123:
1207:
980:
960:
954:
942:
893:
892:
In late June 1918, Battleship Division Nine began escorting American
880:, however, did not join Battleship Division Nine until 29 July 1918.
693:
531:
241:
168:
437:
164:
between American and British officers and men were notably cordial.
1266:
1250:
1125:
715:
665:
661:
403:
on 25 November 1917, bound for the anchorage of the Grand Fleet at
400:
203:
on 6 April 1917, the war at sea was hanging in the balance. Having
183:
3039:
Military units and formations of the United States in World War I
992:
920:
472:
eventually rejoined the flagship when the storm blew itself out,
150:
for service in the war zone. Following a direct request from the
647:
254:, freeing up four thousand officers and ratings to serve on new
1096:
On 22 July, the ships of the Grand Fleet received a visit from
1029:
748:
657:
527:
296:
684:
for the return convoy to assemble. Shortly before 14:00, both
1463:– An analogous situation in World War II where a British and
1100:. After inspecting the Fleet from the decks of the destroyer
619:
was sighted by the two British battleships directly ahead of
564:
1241:, ordered the new commander of the High Seas Fleet, Admiral
377:, a 37-year veteran who had been commended for valor at the
1332:
nonetheless played an important part in the winning of the
884:
sailed from Scapa Flow for the United States the next day.
523:
412:
134:
that constituted the American contribution to the British
3049:
Battleship units and formations of the United States Navy
32:
Battleship Division Nine steaming into Rosyth, Scotland.
2976:
1118:, Rodman received the highest honor awarded that day.
1261:
almost instantly broke out, with sailors raising the
199:
When the U.S. entered World War I on the side of the
1585:
1583:
1505:
U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I, 1917–1918
1300:
1077:
title, and a fireman from the same ship reached the
928:
type submarine, similar to the one believed sunk by
2996:. Garden City: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc.
979:clearly saw the wakes of the torpedoes in the full
631:battleships apparently sucked under until only the
1902:
859:—the oldest ship in the division—be replaced with
680:8 February, as they waited just outside Norwegian
1580:
945:. Both Admirals Rodman and Beatty concluded that
3030:
3012:. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.
2957:
664:, and other chemicals—had been raided by German
468:off station in the night of 30 November. Though
2867:
1805:
1799:
2953:. Indianapolis, IN: The Bobbs-Merrill Company.
1151:, the king visited Admiral Rodman's flagship
1045:participating in the ship's theatrical revue.
718:frolicking in the waves. As Captain Wiley of
265:Despite the endorsement of Admiral Sims, the
226:—had astonished the new American naval envoy—
3044:Seagoing divisions of the United States Navy
2658:
2656:
2594:
2592:
2486:
2484:
2468:
2466:
2302:
2300:
1958:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1758:
1326:Vice Admiral John McCrea, United States Navy
703:Beatty that two torpedoes had been fired at
2800:
2798:
668:and destroyers, with the loss of 15 allied
3007:
2915:From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, Vol. 5
2824:
2822:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2762:
2760:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2724:
2722:
2676:
2674:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2428:
2426:
2380:
2378:
2330:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2225:
2223:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2155:
2153:
2122:
2120:
2104:
2102:
2071:
2069:
2008:
2006:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1896:From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, Vol. 5
1874:
1872:
1836:
1834:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1014:
2896:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2831:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2789:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2769:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2751:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2731:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2713:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2689:
2683:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2653:
2647:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2623:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2589:
2562:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2547:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2532:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2517:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2481:
2463:
2457:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2435:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2417:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2393:
2387:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2369:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2354:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2324:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2297:
2291:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2267:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2247:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2232:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2184:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2162:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2144:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2129:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2111:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2084:
2078:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2060:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2045:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2030:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
2015:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
1997:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
1973:
1943:
1937:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
1887:
1881:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
1849:
1843:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
1752:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
1717:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
1682:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
1667:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
1652:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
1637:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
1607:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
1491:U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
1116:Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath
2984:. Garden City: Doubleday, Page & Co.
2960:Anglo-American Naval Relations 1917–1919
2898:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
2858:
2846:
2795:
2339:Anglo-American Naval Relations 1917–1919
2205:
2190:
1908:
1784:
1723:
1592:Anglo-American Naval Relations 1917–1919
1556:
1529:Anglo-American Naval Relations 1917–1919
1520:
1271:
1210:, the Allies had begun to overwhelm the
1120:
1034:
919:
887:
808:
753:
660:—with its essential cargos of iron ore,
646:
536:
436:
384:
295:
146:prevented the immediate dispatch of any
2863:. London: Cassell and Company, Limited.
2819:
2775:
2757:
2737:
2719:
2704:
2671:
2629:
2607:
2553:
2538:
2523:
2499:
2441:
2423:
2408:
2375:
2360:
2345:
2315:
2273:
2253:
2238:
2220:
2168:
2150:
2135:
2117:
2099:
2066:
2051:
2036:
2021:
2003:
1988:
1923:
1869:
1831:
1738:
1703:
1673:
1658:
3031:
2945:
2921:
2912:
2695:
2662:
2598:
2490:
2472:
2399:
2306:
2090:
1979:
1949:
1893:
1860:
1688:
1613:
1598:
205:resumed unrestricted submarine warfare
113:United States Battleship Division Nine
21:United States Battleship Division Nine
2988:
2893:
2828:
2806:"Aid Our Navy Gave As Seen By Beatty"
2786:
2766:
2748:
2728:
2710:
2680:
2644:
2620:
2559:
2544:
2529:
2514:
2454:
2432:
2414:
2384:
2366:
2351:
2321:
2288:
2264:
2244:
2229:
2211:
2196:
2181:
2159:
2141:
2126:
2108:
2075:
2057:
2042:
2027:
2012:
1994:
1964:
1934:
1878:
1840:
1790:
1749:
1729:
1714:
1679:
1664:
1649:
1643:
1634:
1628:
1604:
1535:
1069:title, a chief carpenter's mate from
441:Battleship Division Nine arriving at
2917:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1694:
1619:
1571:
1565:
1541:
896:participating in the setting of the
2854:. London: Cassell and Company, Ltd.
2336:
1589:
1526:
419:that began on 29 November. Captain
13:
3001:
2962:. Aldershot, Hants: Scolar Press.
1226:, and immediately asked President
456:The sheer force of the gale drove
14:
3060:
1766:"The Wyoming and the Grand Fleet"
1347:Ships of Battleship Division Nine
1301:The surrender of the German fleet
936:On the evening of 14 October, as
651:Admirals Beatty and Rodman, 1917.
1435:
1419:
1403:
1387:
1371:
1355:
1202:was rapidly drawing to a close.
851:This arrangement, however, left
627:, the U-boat managed to escape.
509:
26:
3008:Still, Jr., William N. (2007).
2840:
2568:
1496:
1482:
1313:
1190:had 259 cases, with 11 deaths.
800:
171:. Following the signing of the
2980:; Hendrick, Burton J. (1920).
2958:Simpson, Michael, ed. (1991).
2931:. New York: Ballantine Books.
1550:
638:
445:, 7 December 1917. Taken from
1:
1514:
1091:this greatest of Liberty Days
914:Second Battlecruiser Squadron
597:
534:with no apparent difficulty.
194:
1193:
677:Third Light Cruiser Squadron
7:
2951:Yarns of a Kentucky Admiral
2852:The Crisis of the Naval War
2698:Yarns of a Kentucky Admiral
2665:Yarns of a Kentucky Admiral
2493:Yarns of a Kentucky Admiral
2475:Yarns of a Kentucky Admiral
2309:Yarns of a Kentucky Admiral
1952:Yarns of a Kentucky Admiral
1912:The Crisis of the Naval War
1863:Yarns of a Kentucky Admiral
1469:United States Pacific Fleet
1454:
692:reported sighting numerous
10:
3065:
2913:Marder, Arthur J. (1970).
2599:Massie, Robert K. (2004).
2400:Massie, Robert K. (2004).
2091:Massie, Robert K. (2004).
1980:Massie, Robert K. (2003).
1894:Marder, Arthur J. (1970).
762:, Commander of the German
730:reports suggesting German
1695:Sims, William S. (1921).
1620:Sims, William S. (1921).
1572:Sims, William S. (1921).
1542:Sims, William S. (1921).
1230:to arrange an armistice.
275:Chief of Naval Operations
262:then under construction.
94:
89:
79:
71:
63:
53:
45:
37:
25:
20:
2894:Jones, Jerry W. (1998).
2212:Wiley, Henry A. (1934).
2197:Wiley, Henry A. (1934).
1965:Wiley, Henry A. (1934).
1791:Wiley, Henry A. (1934).
1730:Wiley, Henry A. (1934).
1475:
1467:force operated with the
371:12 in (300 mm)
367:14 in (360 mm)
2859:Jellicoe, Earl (1934).
1909:Jellicoe, Earl (1920).
1557:Jellicoe, Earl (1934).
1130:Edward, Prince of Wales
1015:Life in the Grand Fleet
848:arrived at Scapa Flow.
191:control of the oceans.
75:Four, later five, ships
2923:Massie, Robert Kinloch
2881:Cite journal requires
1819:Cite journal requires
1343:
1323:
1295:Paris Peace Conference
1277:
1144:
1046:
933:
825:
767:
652:
548:
453:
305:
2994:An Admiral from Texas
2829:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2787:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2767:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2749:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2729:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2711:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2696:Rodman, Hugh (1927).
2681:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2663:Rodman, Hugh (1927).
2645:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2621:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2560:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2545:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2530:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2515:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2491:Rodman, Hugh (1927).
2473:Rodman, Hugh (1927).
2455:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2433:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2415:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2385:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2367:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2352:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2322:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2307:Rodman, Hugh (1927).
2289:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2265:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2245:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2230:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2214:An Admiral from Texas
2199:An Admiral from Texas
2182:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2160:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2142:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2127:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2109:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2076:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2058:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2043:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2028:Jones, Jerry (1998).
2013:Jones, Jerry (1998).
1995:Jones, Jerry (1998).
1967:An Admiral from Texas
1950:Rodman, Hugh (1927).
1935:Jones, Jerry (1998).
1879:Jones, Jerry (1998).
1861:Rodman, Hugh (1927).
1841:Jones, Jerry (1998).
1793:An Admiral from Texas
1750:Jones, Jerry (1998).
1732:An Admiral from Texas
1715:Jones, Jerry (1998).
1680:Jones, Jerry (1998).
1665:Jones, Jerry (1998).
1650:Jones, Jerry (1998).
1635:Jones, Jerry (1998).
1605:Jones, Jerry (1998).
1461:British Pacific Fleet
1338:
1318:
1275:
1224:Chancellor of Germany
1124:
1038:
923:
898:Northern Mine Barrage
888:Northern Mine Barrage
812:
757:
650:
540:
504:Sixth Battle Squadron
440:
385:Crossing the Atlantic
311:Secretary of the Navy
299:
157:Sixth Battle Squadron
119:of four, later five,
2978:Sims, William Sowden
1235:German Imperial Navy
506:of the Grand Fleet.
379:Battle of Manila Bay
2861:The Submarine Peril
2815:. 19 December 1918.
1969:. pp. 179–180.
1559:The Submarine Peril
1216:Prince Max of Baden
1147:After lunch aboard
556:practice in nearby
547:at battle practice.
395:—got underway from
287:U.S. Atlantic Fleet
271:Alfred Thayer Mahan
2982:The Victory at Sea
1697:The Victory at Sea
1622:The Victory at Sea
1574:The Victory at Sea
1544:The Victory at Sea
1278:
1220:Georg von Hertling
1145:
1047:
934:
826:
768:
682:territorial waters
653:
589:Only the flagship
549:
454:
306:
285:—Commander of the
258:, destroyers, and
128:United States Navy
58:United States Navy
3019:978-0-8130-2987-0
2576:"Measuring Worth"
1204:Operation Michael
1176:Spanish Influenza
894:mine laying craft
553:armed merchantmen
279:William S. Benson
224:Sir John Jellicoe
213:British Admiralty
152:British Admiralty
107:
106:
3056:
3023:
2997:
2985:
2973:
2954:
2942:
2918:
2909:
2890:
2884:
2879:
2877:
2869:
2864:
2855:
2835:
2834:
2826:
2817:
2816:
2810:
2802:
2793:
2792:
2784:
2773:
2772:
2764:
2755:
2754:
2746:
2735:
2734:
2726:
2717:
2716:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2678:
2669:
2668:
2660:
2651:
2650:
2642:
2627:
2626:
2618:
2605:
2604:
2601:Castles of Steel
2596:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2512:
2497:
2496:
2488:
2479:
2478:
2470:
2461:
2460:
2452:
2439:
2438:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2402:Castles of Steel
2397:
2391:
2390:
2382:
2373:
2372:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2304:
2295:
2294:
2286:
2271:
2270:
2262:
2251:
2250:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2179:
2166:
2165:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2124:
2115:
2114:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2093:Castles of Steel
2088:
2082:
2081:
2073:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1982:Castles of Steel
1977:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1932:
1921:
1920:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1858:
1847:
1846:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1747:
1736:
1735:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1712:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1508:
1500:
1494:
1486:
1439:
1423:
1407:
1391:
1375:
1359:
1327:
1239:German Admiralty
1214:. On 3 October,
973:
865:
834:
585:
578:
500:Sir David Beatty
314:Josephus Daniels
30:
18:
17:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3029:
3028:
3020:
3004:
3002:Further reading
2990:Wiley, Henry A.
2970:
2939:
2906:
2882:
2880:
2871:
2870:
2843:
2838:
2827:
2820:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2796:
2785:
2776:
2765:
2758:
2747:
2738:
2727:
2720:
2709:
2705:
2694:
2690:
2679:
2672:
2661:
2654:
2643:
2630:
2619:
2608:
2597:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2558:
2554:
2543:
2539:
2528:
2524:
2513:
2500:
2489:
2482:
2471:
2464:
2453:
2442:
2431:
2424:
2413:
2409:
2398:
2394:
2383:
2376:
2365:
2361:
2350:
2346:
2337:Simpson (ed.).
2335:
2331:
2320:
2316:
2305:
2298:
2287:
2274:
2263:
2254:
2243:
2239:
2228:
2221:
2210:
2206:
2195:
2191:
2180:
2169:
2158:
2151:
2140:
2136:
2125:
2118:
2107:
2100:
2089:
2085:
2074:
2067:
2056:
2052:
2041:
2037:
2026:
2022:
2011:
2004:
1993:
1989:
1978:
1974:
1963:
1959:
1948:
1944:
1933:
1924:
1907:
1903:
1892:
1888:
1877:
1870:
1859:
1850:
1839:
1832:
1820:
1818:
1809:
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1789:
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1614:
1603:
1599:
1590:Simpson (ed.).
1588:
1581:
1570:
1566:
1555:
1551:
1540:
1536:
1527:Simpson (ed.).
1525:
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1316:
1303:
1196:
1149:Queen Elizabeth
1111:Queen Elizabeth
1039:Sailors aboard
1017:
971:
890:
863:
832:
824:together, 1919.
803:
772:Reinhard Scheer
764:High Seas Fleet
760:Reinhard Scheer
641:
633:superstructures
600:
583:
576:
512:
449:Queen Elizabeth
397:Lynnhaven Roads
387:
267:Navy Department
250:King Edward VII
246:pre-dreadnought
231:William S. Sims
209:merchant marine
197:
177:High Seas Fleet
110:
33:
12:
11:
5:
3062:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3025:
3024:
3018:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2986:
2974:
2968:
2955:
2943:
2937:
2919:
2910:
2904:
2891:
2883:|journal=
2865:
2856:
2848:Jellicoe, Earl
2842:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2818:
2813:New York Times
2794:
2774:
2756:
2736:
2718:
2703:
2700:. p. 280.
2688:
2670:
2667:. p. 276.
2652:
2628:
2606:
2603:. p. 569.
2588:
2567:
2552:
2537:
2522:
2498:
2495:. p. 272.
2480:
2477:. p. 271.
2462:
2440:
2422:
2407:
2404:. p. 761.
2392:
2374:
2359:
2344:
2341:. p. 340.
2329:
2314:
2311:. p. 270.
2296:
2272:
2252:
2237:
2219:
2216:. p. 191.
2204:
2201:. p. 201.
2189:
2167:
2149:
2134:
2116:
2098:
2095:. p. 757.
2083:
2065:
2050:
2035:
2020:
2002:
1987:
1984:. p. 753.
1972:
1957:
1954:. p. 269.
1942:
1922:
1901:
1898:. p. 124.
1886:
1868:
1865:. p. 268.
1848:
1830:
1821:|journal=
1798:
1795:. p. 187.
1783:
1757:
1737:
1734:. p. 186.
1722:
1702:
1687:
1672:
1657:
1642:
1627:
1624:. p. 392.
1612:
1597:
1594:. p. 330.
1579:
1564:
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1346:
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1344:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1302:
1299:
1291:Firth of Forth
1247:Thames Estuary
1228:Woodrow Wilson
1195:
1192:
1132:with Admirals
1016:
1013:
889:
886:
876:as the spare.
866:s sister ship
802:
799:
788:However, with
732:battlecruisers
640:
637:
599:
596:
558:Pentland Firth
528:cipher methods
511:
508:
409:Orkney Islands
386:
383:
256:light cruisers
217:First Sea Lord
196:
193:
132:Atlantic Fleet
108:
105:
104:
96:
92:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
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73:
69:
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67:Naval Squadron
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2901:
2897:
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2849:
2845:
2844:
2833:. p. 73.
2832:
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2814:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2791:. p. 72.
2790:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2771:. p. 71.
2770:
2763:
2761:
2753:. p. 70.
2752:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2733:. p. 69.
2732:
2725:
2723:
2715:. p. 68.
2714:
2707:
2699:
2692:
2685:. p. 61.
2684:
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2649:. p. 60.
2648:
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2625:. p. 59.
2624:
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2613:
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2602:
2595:
2593:
2577:
2571:
2564:. p. 57.
2563:
2556:
2549:. p. 65.
2548:
2541:
2534:. p. 87.
2533:
2526:
2519:. p. 67.
2518:
2511:
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2507:
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2487:
2485:
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2469:
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2459:. p. 66.
2458:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2437:. p. 58.
2436:
2429:
2427:
2419:. p. 63.
2418:
2411:
2403:
2396:
2389:. p. 62.
2388:
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2371:. p. 39.
2370:
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2356:. p. 40.
2355:
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2326:. p. 50.
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2301:
2293:. p. 49.
2292:
2285:
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2279:
2277:
2269:. p. 48.
2268:
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2257:
2249:. p. 43.
2248:
2241:
2234:. p. 42.
2233:
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2208:
2200:
2193:
2186:. p. 38.
2185:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2164:. p. 37.
2163:
2156:
2154:
2146:. p. 36.
2145:
2138:
2131:. p. 35.
2130:
2123:
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2113:. p. 34.
2112:
2105:
2103:
2094:
2087:
2080:. p. 33.
2079:
2072:
2070:
2062:. p. 30.
2061:
2054:
2047:. p. 55.
2046:
2039:
2032:. p. 44.
2031:
2024:
2017:. p. 32.
2016:
2009:
2007:
1999:. p. 31.
1998:
1991:
1983:
1976:
1968:
1961:
1953:
1946:
1939:. p. 29.
1938:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1890:
1883:. p. 75.
1882:
1875:
1873:
1864:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1845:. p. 27.
1844:
1837:
1835:
1826:
1813:
1802:
1794:
1787:
1771:
1770:navsource.org
1767:
1761:
1754:. p. 26.
1753:
1746:
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1742:
1733:
1726:
1719:. p. 25.
1718:
1711:
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1707:
1699:. p. 44.
1698:
1691:
1684:. p. 17.
1683:
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1669:. p. 16.
1668:
1661:
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1646:
1638:
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1623:
1616:
1609:. p. 10.
1608:
1601:
1593:
1586:
1584:
1575:
1568:
1561:. p. 71.
1560:
1553:
1546:. p. 10.
1545:
1538:
1531:. p. 23.
1530:
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1200:Western Front
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1126:King George V
1123:
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1098:King George V
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811:
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798:
797:World War I.
794:
791:
786:
783:
782:
775:
773:
765:
761:
756:
752:
750:
744:
742:
737:
733:
729:
724:
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712:
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707:, and two at
706:
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695:
691:
687:
683:
678:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
649:
645:
636:
634:
628:
626:
625:depth charges
622:
618:
617:conning tower
614:
609:
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587:
582:
575:
571:
566:
561:
559:
554:
546:
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539:
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521:
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510:New standards
507:
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331:
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317:
315:
312:
303:
300:Rear Admiral
298:
294:
290:
288:
284:
283:Henry T. Mayo
280:
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149:
148:capital ships
145:
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109:Military unit
103:
100:
97:
93:
88:
85:
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78:
74:
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66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
49:United States
48:
44:
40:
36:
29:
24:
19:
16:
3026:
3009:
2993:
2981:
2959:
2950:
2947:Rodman, Hugh
2926:
2914:
2895:
2874:cite journal
2860:
2851:
2841:Bibliography
2830:
2812:
2788:
2768:
2750:
2730:
2712:
2706:
2697:
2691:
2682:
2664:
2646:
2622:
2600:
2579:. Retrieved
2570:
2561:
2555:
2546:
2540:
2531:
2525:
2516:
2492:
2474:
2456:
2434:
2416:
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2143:
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2128:
2110:
2092:
2086:
2077:
2059:
2053:
2044:
2038:
2029:
2023:
2014:
1996:
1990:
1981:
1975:
1966:
1960:
1951:
1945:
1936:
1911:
1904:
1895:
1889:
1880:
1862:
1842:
1812:cite journal
1801:
1792:
1786:
1774:. Retrieved
1769:
1760:
1751:
1731:
1725:
1716:
1696:
1690:
1681:
1675:
1666:
1660:
1654:. p. 8.
1651:
1645:
1639:. p. 4.
1636:
1630:
1621:
1615:
1606:
1600:
1591:
1576:. p. 9.
1573:
1567:
1558:
1552:
1543:
1537:
1528:
1522:
1504:
1498:
1490:
1484:
1465:Commonwealth
1443:
1427:
1411:
1395:
1379:
1363:
1339:
1330:
1324:
1319:
1314:Significance
1308:
1304:
1279:
1255:
1243:Franz Hipper
1232:
1197:
1187:
1179:
1173:
1169:World War II
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1083:
1075:middleweight
1070:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1041:
1018:
1009:
1004:
1000:
997:
987:
985:
976:
968:
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961:
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952:
946:
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935:
929:
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906:
891:
881:
877:
873:
868:
860:
856:
852:
850:
845:
840:
829:
827:
820:
814:
804:
801:New arrivals
795:
789:
787:
780:
776:
769:
745:
740:
735:
728:intelligence
725:
719:
713:
708:
704:
699:
698:
689:
685:
674:
654:
642:
629:
620:
610:
601:
590:
588:
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573:
569:
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543:
517:
513:
496:
487:
478:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
455:
448:
431:
429:
424:
391:
388:
360:
354:
348:
342:
336:
330:Pennsylvania
329:
322:
318:
307:
291:
281:and Admiral
264:
249:
238:David Beatty
235:
228:Rear Admiral
198:
181:
166:
162:
155:
144:battle fleet
112:
111:
99:Rear Admiral
15:
1287:Hugo Meurer
1212:German Army
1182:was not in
1079:heavyweight
1067:lightweight
837:sister ship
639:Convoy duty
605:battle line
524:radio codes
494:, Ireland.
421:Henry Wiley
417:Grand Banks
375:Hugh Rodman
302:Hugh Rodman
140:World War I
136:Grand Fleet
124:battleships
121:dreadnought
102:Hugh Rodman
84:World War I
80:Engagements
3033:Categories
1915:. p.
1515:References
1334:War at Sea
1283:Scapa Flow
1184:quarantine
1165:anglophile
872:, leaving
670:freighters
598:Operations
492:Queenstown
484:Cape Wrath
443:Scapa Flow
405:Scapa Flow
260:submarines
242:destroyers
195:Background
90:Commanders
1507:. p. 139.
1267:homeports
1218:replaced
1208:doughboys
1194:Armistice
1109:HMS
1102:HMS
981:moonlight
943:shipwreck
779:SMS
716:porpoises
694:torpedoes
613:war games
532:North Sea
173:Armistice
169:North Sea
95:Commander
2992:(1934).
2949:(1928).
2925:(2003).
2850:(1920).
1493:. p. 66.
1471:in 1945.
1455:See also
1444:Arkansas
1380:Delaware
1364:New York
1263:red flag
1251:Flanders
1188:Arkansas
1153:New York
1081:finals.
1073:won the
1071:New York
1065:won the
1051:football
1042:Delaware
1005:Arkansas
988:New York
977:New York
969:New York
947:New York
938:New York
930:New York
882:Delaware
878:Arkansas
869:Arkansas
857:Delaware
830:New York
821:Arkansas
758:Admiral
741:New York
736:Delaware
709:Delaware
700:Delaware
690:Delaware
666:cruisers
662:nitrates
621:New York
591:New York
570:Delaware
544:Delaware
479:Caroline
474:Delaware
458:Delaware
432:New York
415:off the
401:Virginia
355:Delaware
337:New York
277:Admiral
184:blockade
117:division
1412:Wyoming
1396:Florida
1180:Florida
1063:Florida
993:drydock
874:Florida
861:Wyoming
853:Wyoming
720:Wyoming
705:Florida
686:Florida
581:Florida
574:Wyoming
520:signals
470:Florida
462:Florida
425:Wyoming
407:in the
349:Florida
343:Wyoming
221:Admiral
138:during
126:of the
46:Country
41:1917–18
3016:
2966:
2935:
2902:
2581:27 May
1776:27 May
1772:. 1919
1341:back."
1259:mutiny
1186:, and
1140:, and
1138:Rodman
1134:Beatty
1030:boxing
1026:rowing
962:UB-123
956:UB-113
926:UB III
790:Moltke
781:Moltke
749:Rosyth
658:convoy
526:, and
488:Manley
466:Manley
464:, and
392:Manley
352:, and
332:-class
325:-class
323:Nevada
201:Allies
189:Allied
115:was a
54:Branch
38:Active
2809:(PDF)
1476:Notes
1428:Texas
1086:leave
1055:Texas
1022:rugby
1001:Texas
972:'
902:mines
864:'
846:Texas
841:Texas
833:'
815:Texas
584:'
577:'
565:salvo
252:class
3014:ISBN
2964:ISBN
2933:ISBN
2900:ISBN
2887:help
2583:2009
1825:help
1778:2009
1249:and
1142:Sims
1128:and
1003:and
818:and
688:and
579:and
541:The
482:off
447:HMS
413:gale
327:and
72:Size
64:Type
1917:164
1222:as
1104:Oak
1093:".
959:or
423:of
369:or
130:'s
3035::
2878::
2876:}}
2872:{{
2821:^
2811:.
2797:^
2777:^
2759:^
2739:^
2721:^
2673:^
2655:^
2631:^
2609:^
2591:^
2501:^
2483:^
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