409:(or in the case of anticipatory warrants, the condition on which) the authority begins." He stated that the majority's rule against requiring this condition may cause consequences of "constitutional significance," as when an officer who is ignorant of the triggering condition executes the warrant before the condition occurs; Souter wrote that the government should be held to the terms of the condition in that situation, despite the unconditionally framed warrant. Souter also stated that the interest a property owner has in being notified of the accurate terms of a search has yet to be determined.
31:
396:
itself does not need to state the basis for the judge's finding. Finally, the defendant claimed that the omission of the triggering condition prevents the person whose property is being seized of being notified of the lawfulness of the search and seizure. However, the Court pointed out that there is no requirement that the property owner be shown the warrant prior to the search.
543:, 441 U.S. 238 (1979), in which the defendant challenged a wiretap warrant that omitted the fact that covert entry into the defendant's office was required to install the listening device. The Court ruled against the defendant on the basis that warrants did not need to specify the manner in which they were to be executed.
395:
The defendant also argued that any "precondition to the valid exercise of executive power" must be identified on the face of the warrant. The Court denied that there was such a constitutional principle, especially considering that while a judge must find probable cause to issue a warrant, the warrant
387:
When the anticipatory warrant is predicated on a triggering condition, the Fourth
Amendment requires that there is probable cause to believe that the triggering condition will occur, and that if it occurs, that there is a fair probability that the contraband will be found at the place to be searched.
365:
delivered the opinion of the Court. The judgment was unanimous as to the eight members of the Court participating, as were the first two parts of Scalia's opinion that upheld the constitutionality of anticipatory warrants in general. The third and last part of the Court's opinion, which further ruled
319:
that at some time in the future (but not at present) certain evidence of a crime will be located at a specified place). An affidavit accompanying the warrant application stated as the "triggering condition" that the search warrant would not be executed until the tape had been delivered and taken into
391:
Regarding the warrant's failure to describe that triggering condition, Scalia wrote in Part III of the Court's opinion that, contrary to the Ninth
Circuit's ruling, the Fourth Amendment does not have a general "particularity requirement." Warrants must only describe with particularity "the place to
383:
had unanimously rejected this argument. It asserted that all warrants are in a sense "anticipatory," because any search is only reasonable if there is probable cause for it when the search is conducted. "In the typical case where the police seek permission to search a house for an item they believe
340:
seized during the search of his residence, arguing in part that the warrant was invalid because it failed to list the triggering condition and that the 4th
Amendment requires officers to provide a copy of the search warrant to the homeowner when conducting a search. After an evidentiary hearing, the
408:
wrote separately to "qualify some points" made in Part III of the Court's opinion. Though joining the majority in reversing the Ninth
Circuit's decision, Souter wrote that the term "warrant" itself in the Fourth Amendment may be read to mean "a statement of authority that sets out the time at which
384:
is already located there, the magistrate's determination that there is probable cause for the search amounts to a prediction that the item will still be there when the warrant is executed." The Court concluded that this makes anticipatory warrants no different in principle from ordinary warrants.
348:
reversed. Relying on Ninth
Circuit precedent, the court held that the Fourth Amendment's requirement that warrants describe with particularity the things, persons, or places to be searched fully applied to the triggering conditions necessary for an anticipatory search warrant. Because the postal
144:
An anticipatory warrant was not defective under the Fourth
Amendment for failing to list the "triggering condition" necessary for its execution, because a warrant only needs to describe with particularity the place or person to be searched and the items to be seized. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals
284:
prosecution, the Court ruled that a warrant that was predicated on the undercover delivery of a videotape to the defendant's home, but did not state this on its face, was properly issued and executed because it described the place to be searched and the objects to be seized, and the search was
378:
The defendant had argued that anticipatory warrants in general violated the Fourth
Amendment's requirement that "no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause," because the anticipated probable cause does not exist at the time of the warrant's issuance. The Court first noted that the
349:
inspectors failed to present the application affidavit—the only document in which the triggering conditions were listed—to Grubbs or his wife, the court ruled that the "warrant was...inoperative, and the search was illegal." The U.S. Supreme Court granted
320:
Grubbs' home. However, this condition was omitted from the issued warrant. Two days later, the undercover delivery occurred and Grubbs' house was searched after the tape was taken inside. The videotape and other items were seized, and Grubbs was arrested.
298:
The defendant, Jeffrey Grubbs, became the subject of an undercover federal investigation and prosecution when he ordered a videotape containing child pornography from a website operated by an undercover U.S. postal inspector. The
1429:
366:
that anticipatory warrants were not required by the Fourth
Amendment to state their triggering requirements on their face, was joined by four Justices; the remaining three concurred separately in an opinion by Justice
277:. The Court ruled that such warrants, which are issued in advance of a "triggering condition" that makes them executable, are constitutional and do not need to describe that condition on their face.
308:
115:
2997:
332:
for the
Eastern District of California indicted Grubbs on one count of "receiving a visual depiction of a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct." Grubbs' defense counsel,
2263:
2848:
539:
1389:
561:
82:
123:
647:
274:
252:
1323:
1002:
2987:
285:
conducted after the delivery was made. Evidence seized from the defendant's house from that search was therefore admissible in court against him.
2169:
2161:
758:
392:
be searched" and "the persons or things to be seized," and the Court stated that it had previously rejected attempts to expand that scope.
2110:
345:
2982:
2209:
1550:
2616:
638:
2992:
2306:
300:
388:
In this case, the warrant application satisfied both conditions, based on the delivery of the tape as the triggering condition.
341:
District Court denied the motion. Grubbs pleaded guilty, but reserved his right to appeal the denial of his motion to suppress.
2177:
2081:
1834:
2822:
2773:
608:
266:
35:
439:
2349:
886:
766:
2065:
2049:
510:
489:
119:
2089:
1235:
2477:
2193:
2118:
2073:
923:
380:
304:
2674:
2357:
1186:
798:
2271:
774:
631:
2201:
1851:
986:
686:
2504:
1966:
939:
710:
572:
2733:
1899:
1875:
1867:
1843:
1705:
1652:
1577:
1504:
1485:
1130:
1114:
694:
2666:
2020:
1750:
1660:
1146:
1034:
581:
2916:
2693:
2325:
2217:
2040:
1934:
1741:
1684:
1347:
1339:
1315:
1267:
1010:
962:
851:
843:
750:
726:
624:
528:, having been confirmed thirteen days after the case was heard for argument, did not participate.
2608:
2423:
2145:
2057:
1729:
1601:
1291:
1275:
1154:
1042:
915:
782:
734:
229:
Scalia, joined by
Roberts, Kennedy, Thomas, Breyer; Stevens, Souter, Ginsburg (Parts I and II)
2792:
2658:
2496:
2153:
1974:
1798:
1774:
1668:
1450:
1077:
1026:
878:
859:
742:
718:
702:
678:
565:
303:
then arranged a controlled delivery of the tape to Grubbs. An application was submitted to a
74:
2908:
2705:
2649:
2442:
2236:
1859:
1782:
1721:
1644:
1413:
1207:
906:
834:
790:
97:
616:
8:
2628:
2549:
2525:
2516:
2461:
2407:
2126:
2028:
1950:
1915:
1822:
1806:
1766:
1758:
1696:
1676:
1625:
1299:
1170:
1162:
806:
200:
89:
2760:
2341:
2333:
2185:
2012:
1883:
1593:
1585:
1525:
1516:
1441:
1405:
1397:
1331:
1259:
1243:
1018:
426:
63:
590:
2943:
2637:
2592:
2365:
2255:
2101:
1790:
1617:
1178:
1138:
1069:
931:
337:
281:
168:
2951:
2900:
2557:
2533:
2415:
2298:
1993:
1958:
1814:
1713:
1609:
1569:
1466:
1355:
1307:
1283:
1122:
1050:
994:
894:
814:
2830:
2784:
2741:
2714:
2541:
2469:
2290:
1907:
1891:
822:
270:
192:
180:
77:
2854:
1942:
1458:
1251:
1102:
970:
465:
362:
316:
312:
204:
176:
2976:
1376:
1227:
1206:
978:
2924:
525:
443:
405:
367:
333:
212:
188:
160:
599:
1211:
350:
329:
131:
93:
1215:
323:
127:
242:
Alito took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.
30:
646:
280:
In this particular decision, which arose from a federal
2998:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court
1549:
275:Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution
269:involving the constitutionality of "anticipatory"
1324:Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada
660:
2974:
2882:
265:, 547 U.S. 90 (2006), was a case decided by the
126:); opinion amended, rehearing denied, rehearing
324:District Court and Court of Appeals proceedings
2170:National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab
632:
512:The Supreme Court, 2005 Term — Leading Cases,
492:1072 (9th Cir. 2004), amended, 389 F.3d 1306.
237:Souter (in part), joined by Stevens, Ginsburg
373:
2111:Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz
346:U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
54:United States, Petitioner v. Jeffrey Grubbs
2210:Safford Unified School District v. Redding
639:
625:
2162:Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n
759:Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n
315:, so-called because it is based upon the
293:
288:
2617:Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States
2988:United States Fourth Amendment case law
2307:Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders
1375:
609:Supreme Court (slip opinion) (archived)
399:
356:
130:denied, 389 F.3d 1306 (9th Cir. 2004);
114:Defendant's motion to suppress denied,
2975:
2600:
2881:
2580:
2388:
2229:Property of probationers and parolees
2178:Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton
2082:United States v. Montoya De Hernandez
1548:
1374:
1205:
1100:
659:
620:
18:2006 United States Supreme Court case
2435:Seizure of premises awaiting warrant
13:
2823:Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents
1497:Warrants directed at third parties
1101:
267:Supreme Court of the United States
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
3009:
2983:United States Supreme Court cases
2350:County of Riverside v. McLaughlin
2138:Students, employees, and patients
1927:Breathalyzers, blood samples, DNA
1551:Exceptions to warrant requirement
887:Dow Chemical Co. v. United States
767:United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez
550:
100:635; 19 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. S 135
2400:Distinguishing stops and arrests
2066:United States v. Martinez-Fuerte
2050:Almeida-Sanchez v. United States
568:90 (2006) is available from:
29:
2893:Unreasonable search and seizure
2090:United States v. Flores-Montano
1478:Neutral and detached magistrate
1236:United States v. Brignoni-Ponce
2993:2006 in United States case law
2194:Ferguson v. City of Charleston
2119:City of Indianapolis v. Edmond
1430:Los Angeles County v. Rettelle
648:United States Fourth Amendment
531:
518:
504:
495:
479:
458:
432:
419:
309:Eastern District of California
1:
2489:Detention during vehicle stop
2358:Atwater v. City of Lago Vista
2283:Searches in jails and prisons
1187:District of Columbia v. Wesby
661:Scope of the Fourth Amendment
515:120 Harv. L. Rev. 154 (2006).
412:
311:requesting an "anticipatory"
134:granted, 126 S. Ct. 34 (2005)
2883:Incorporation against States
2581:
2454:Detention incident to search
2389:
2272:City of Los Angeles v. Patel
7:
2202:Board of Education v. Earls
1852:United States v. Rabinowitz
1835:Searches incident to arrest
987:United States v. Mendenhall
96:2496; 74 U.S.L.W. 4173; 31
10:
3014:
2505:Rodriguez v. United States
2248:Administrative inspections
1967:Birchfield v. North Dakota
940:Carpenter v. United States
711:Silverman v. United States
600:Oyez (oral argument audio)
2935:
2892:
2888:
2877:
2841:
2814:
2807:
2771:
2752:
2734:Wong Sun v. United States
2725:
2704:
2685:
2648:
2627:
2591:
2587:
2576:
2515:
2488:
2453:
2434:
2399:
2395:
2384:
2317:
2282:
2264:Camara v. Municipal Court
2247:
2228:
2137:
2100:
2039:
2004:
1985:
1926:
1900:Thornton v. United States
1876:United States v. Chadwick
1868:United States v. Robinson
1844:Trupiano v. United States
1833:
1740:
1706:Coolidge v. New Hampshire
1695:
1653:Schneckloth v. Bustamonte
1636:
1578:United States v. Chadwick
1561:
1557:
1544:
1515:
1505:Zurcher v. Stanford Daily
1496:
1486:Coolidge v. New Hampshire
1477:
1440:
1384:
1370:
1222:
1201:
1131:Spinelli v. United States
1115:Brinegar v. United States
1109:
1096:
1062:Fourth Amendment standing
1061:
954:
905:
870:
833:
695:Olmstead v. United States
670:
666:
655:
466:"The Tazz and Paula Show"
374:Scalia's majority opinion
301:Postal Inspection Service
251:
246:
241:
233:
225:
220:
154:
149:
143:
138:
110:
105:
69:
59:
49:
42:
28:
23:
2667:Herring v. United States
2021:South Dakota v. Opperman
1751:Carroll v. United States
1661:United States v. Matlock
1390:Johnson v. United States
1212:Investigative detentions
1147:Ornelas v. United States
1035:United States v. Drayton
2917:Elkins v. United States
2694:Murray v. United States
2478:Bailey v. United States
2326:United States v. Watson
2218:City of Ontario v. Quon
2074:United States v. Ramsey
1935:Schmerber v. California
1685:Fernandez v. California
1422:United States v. Grubbs
1348:Heien v. North Carolina
1340:Navarette v. California
1316:United States v. Arvizu
1268:United States v. Cortez
1011:California v. Hodari D.
963:Counselman v. Hitchcock
924:United States v. Miller
852:Oliver v. United States
844:Hester v. United States
751:California v. Greenwood
727:United States v. Knotts
558:United States v. Grubbs
486:United States v. Grubbs
262:United States v. Grubbs
43:Argued January 18, 2006
24:United States v. Grubbs
2675:Davis v. United States
2609:Weeks v. United States
2424:United States v. Place
2146:New Jersey v. T. L. O.
2058:United States v. Ortiz
1730:Minnesota v. Dickerson
1602:Brigham City v. Stuart
1292:Minnesota v. Dickerson
1276:United States v. Place
1155:Whren v. United States
1043:Brendlin v. California
916:United States v. White
799:United States v. Jones
783:Kyllo v. United States
735:United States v. Place
540:Dalia v. United States
501:377 F.3d at 1077-1078.
294:Criminal investigation
289:Background of the case
145:reversed and remanded.
45:Decided March 21, 2006
2793:Kimmelman v. Morrison
2659:United States v. Leon
2629:Impeachment exception
2497:Pennsylvania v. Mimms
1975:Mitchell v. Wisconsin
1799:California v. Acevedo
1775:United States v. Ross
1669:Illinois v. Rodriguez
1562:Exigent circumstances
1451:Boyd v. United States
1078:Byrd v. United States
1027:Soldal v. Cook County
955:Definition of seizure
879:California v. Ciraolo
860:United States v. Dunn
775:Bond v. United States
743:United States v. Karo
719:Katz v. United States
703:Abel v. United States
679:Boyd v. United States
338:suppress the evidence
253:U.S. Const. amend. IV
88:126 S. Ct. 1494; 164
2936:Warrant requirements
2909:Rochin v. California
2706:Inevitable discovery
2650:Good-faith exception
2443:Illinois v. McArthur
2237:Samson v. California
1860:Chimel v. California
1783:California v. Carney
1722:Horton v. California
1645:Stoner v. California
1414:Maryland v. Garrison
1208:Reasonable suspicion
907:Third-party doctrine
835:Open-fields doctrine
791:Illinois v. Caballes
687:United States v. Lee
671:Definition of search
440:"Board of Directors"
400:Souter's concurrence
357:Opinion of the Court
2550:Plumhoff v. Rickard
2526:Tennessee v. Garner
2462:Michigan v. Summers
2408:Dunaway v. New York
2318:Warrantless arrests
2127:Illinois v. Lidster
2029:Colorado v. Bertine
1951:Missouri v. McNeely
1916:Riley v. California
1823:Collins v. Virginia
1807:Wyoming v. Houghton
1767:Arkansas v. Sanders
1759:Chambers v. Maroney
1677:Georgia v. Randolph
1626:Lange v. California
1300:Illinois v. Wardlow
1171:Devenpeck v. Alford
1163:Maryland v. Pringle
871:Aerial surveillance
807:Florida v. Jardines
537:The Court cited to
201:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
2761:Hudson v. Michigan
2686:Independent source
2342:Welsh v. Wisconsin
2334:Payton v. New York
2186:Chandler v. Miller
2154:O'Connor v. Ortega
2013:Cady v. Dombrowski
2005:Inventory searches
1884:New York v. Belton
1594:Welsh v. Wisconsin
1586:Payton v. New York
1526:Wilson v. Arkansas
1517:Knock-and-announce
1442:Mere evidence rule
1406:Ybarra v. Illinois
1398:Franks v. Delaware
1332:Arizona v. Johnson
1260:Ybarra v. Illinois
1244:Delaware v. Prouse
1019:Florida v. Bostick
446:on January 6, 2009
165:Associate Justices
2970:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2944:Ker v. California
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2803:
2802:
2753:No-knock searches
2638:James v. Illinois
2593:Exclusionary rule
2572:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2366:Virginia v. Moore
2256:Frank v. Maryland
1986:Protective sweeps
1791:Florida v. Jimeno
1618:Caniglia v. Strom
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1366:
1365:
1197:
1196:
1179:Florida v. Harris
1139:Illinois v. Gates
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1070:Rakas v. Illinois
950:
949:
932:Smith v. Maryland
381:courts of appeals
282:child pornography
258:
257:
3005:
2952:Aguilar v. Texas
2901:Wolf v. Colorado
2890:
2889:
2879:
2878:
2849:42 U.S.C. § 1983
2812:
2811:
2598:
2597:
2589:
2588:
2578:
2577:
2558:Mullenix v. Luna
2534:Graham v. Connor
2416:Florida v. Royer
2397:
2396:
2386:
2385:
2299:Hudson v. Palmer
1994:Maryland v. Buie
1959:Maryland v. King
1815:Florida v. White
1742:Vehicle searches
1714:Arizona v. Hicks
1637:Consent searches
1610:Kentucky v. King
1570:Warden v. Hayden
1559:
1558:
1546:
1545:
1467:Warden v. Hayden
1438:
1437:
1372:
1371:
1356:Kansas v. Glover
1308:Florida v. J. L.
1284:Michigan v. Long
1203:
1202:
1123:Aguilar v. Texas
1098:
1097:
1051:Torres v. Madrid
995:Florida v. Royer
895:Florida v. Riley
831:
830:
815:Klayman v. Obama
668:
667:
657:
656:
641:
634:
627:
618:
617:
613:
607:
604:
598:
595:
589:
586:
580:
577:
571:
544:
535:
529:
522:
516:
508:
502:
499:
493:
483:
477:
476:
474:
472:
462:
456:
455:
453:
451:
442:. Archived from
436:
430:
423:
305:magistrate judge
150:Court membership
118:; reversed, 377
33:
32:
21:
20:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2958:
2931:
2884:
2861:
2837:
2831:Egbert v. Boule
2799:
2785:Stone v. Powell
2767:
2748:
2742:Utah v. Strieff
2721:
2715:Nix v. Williams
2700:
2681:
2644:
2623:
2583:
2564:
2542:Scott v. Harris
2517:Excessive force
2511:
2484:
2470:Muehler v. Mena
2449:
2430:
2391:
2372:
2313:
2291:Bell v. Wolfish
2278:
2243:
2224:
2133:
2096:
2041:Border searches
2035:
2000:
1981:
1922:
1908:Arizona v. Gant
1892:Knowles v. Iowa
1829:
1736:
1691:
1632:
1553:
1532:
1511:
1492:
1473:
1436:
1380:
1362:
1218:
1193:
1105:
1084:
1057:
946:
901:
866:
829:
823:ACLU v. Clapper
662:
651:
645:
611:
605:
602:
596:
593:
587:
584:
578:
575:
569:
553:
548:
547:
536:
532:
523:
519:
509:
505:
500:
496:
484:
480:
470:
468:
464:
463:
459:
449:
447:
438:
437:
433:
424:
420:
415:
402:
376:
359:
326:
296:
291:
271:search warrants
203:
193:Clarence Thomas
191:
181:Anthony Kennedy
179:
169:John P. Stevens
101:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3011:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2948:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2921:
2913:
2905:
2896:
2894:
2886:
2885:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2855:Monroe v. Pape
2851:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2827:
2818:
2816:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2789:
2780:
2778:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2738:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2710:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2654:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2633:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2613:
2604:
2602:
2595:
2585:
2584:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2554:
2546:
2538:
2530:
2521:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2501:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2474:
2466:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2403:
2401:
2393:
2392:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2362:
2354:
2346:
2338:
2330:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2054:
2045:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2025:
2017:
2008:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1943:Cupp v. Murphy
1939:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1848:
1839:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1803:
1795:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1763:
1755:
1746:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1726:
1718:
1710:
1701:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1673:
1665:
1657:
1649:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1622:
1614:
1606:
1598:
1590:
1582:
1574:
1565:
1563:
1555:
1554:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1521:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1463:
1459:Hale v. Henkel
1455:
1446:
1444:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1418:
1410:
1402:
1394:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1344:
1336:
1328:
1320:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1252:Brown v. Texas
1248:
1240:
1232:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1175:
1167:
1159:
1151:
1143:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1103:Probable cause
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1074:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1047:
1039:
1031:
1023:
1015:
1007:
1003:INS v. Delgado
999:
991:
983:
975:
971:Hale v. Henkel
967:
958:
956:
952:
951:
948:
947:
945:
944:
936:
928:
920:
911:
909:
903:
902:
900:
899:
891:
883:
874:
872:
868:
867:
865:
864:
856:
848:
839:
837:
828:
827:
819:
811:
803:
795:
787:
779:
771:
763:
755:
747:
739:
731:
723:
715:
707:
699:
691:
683:
674:
672:
664:
663:
653:
652:
644:
643:
636:
629:
621:
615:
614:
582:Google Scholar
552:
551:External links
549:
546:
545:
530:
517:
503:
494:
478:
457:
431:
417:
416:
414:
411:
401:
398:
375:
372:
363:Antonin Scalia
358:
355:
353:and reversed.
325:
322:
317:probable cause
313:search warrant
295:
292:
290:
287:
256:
255:
249:
248:
244:
243:
239:
238:
235:
231:
230:
227:
223:
222:
218:
217:
216:
215:
205:Stephen Breyer
177:Antonin Scalia
166:
163:
158:
152:
151:
147:
146:
141:
140:
136:
135:
112:
108:
107:
103:
102:
98:A.L.R. Fed. 2d
87:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
51:
50:Full case name
47:
46:
40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3010:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2876:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2774:Habeas corpus
2770:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2575:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2383:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1228:Terry v. Ohio
1225:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1000:
997:
996:
992:
989:
988:
984:
981:
980:
979:Terry v. Ohio
976:
973:
972:
968:
965:
964:
960:
959:
957:
953:
942:
941:
937:
934:
933:
929:
926:
925:
921:
918:
917:
913:
912:
910:
908:
904:
897:
896:
892:
889:
888:
884:
881:
880:
876:
875:
873:
869:
862:
861:
857:
854:
853:
849:
846:
845:
841:
840:
838:
836:
832:
826:(D.D.C. 2013)
825:
824:
820:
818:(D.D.C. 2013)
817:
816:
812:
809:
808:
804:
801:
800:
796:
793:
792:
788:
785:
784:
780:
777:
776:
772:
769:
768:
764:
761:
760:
756:
753:
752:
748:
745:
744:
740:
737:
736:
732:
729:
728:
724:
721:
720:
716:
713:
712:
708:
705:
704:
700:
697:
696:
692:
689:
688:
684:
681:
680:
676:
675:
673:
669:
665:
658:
654:
649:
642:
637:
635:
630:
628:
623:
622:
619:
610:
601:
592:
583:
574:
573:CourtListener
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:
542:
541:
534:
527:
521:
514:
513:
507:
498:
491:
487:
482:
467:
461:
445:
441:
435:
429:§ 2252(a)(2).
428:
422:
418:
410:
407:
397:
393:
389:
385:
382:
371:
369:
364:
354:
352:
347:
342:
339:
335:
331:
321:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
286:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
263:
254:
250:
245:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
221:Case opinions
219:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:Chief Justice
156:
155:
153:
148:
142:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
99:
95:
91:
85:
84:
79:
76:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
27:
22:
16:
2950:
2942:
2925:Mapp v. Ohio
2923:
2915:
2907:
2899:
2853:
2829:
2821:
2791:
2783:
2772:
2759:
2740:
2732:
2713:
2692:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2636:
2615:
2607:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2503:
2495:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2441:
2422:
2414:
2406:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2235:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2027:
2019:
2011:
1992:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1914:
1906:
1898:
1890:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1842:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1789:
1781:
1773:
1765:
1757:
1749:
1728:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1683:
1675:
1667:
1659:
1651:
1643:
1624:
1616:
1608:
1600:
1592:
1584:
1576:
1568:
1524:
1503:
1484:
1465:
1457:
1449:
1428:
1421:
1420:
1412:
1404:
1396:
1388:
1354:
1346:
1338:
1330:
1322:
1314:
1306:
1298:
1290:
1282:
1274:
1266:
1258:
1250:
1242:
1234:
1226:
1185:
1177:
1169:
1161:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1129:
1121:
1113:
1076:
1068:
1049:
1041:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1009:
1001:
993:
985:
977:
969:
961:
938:
930:
922:
914:
893:
885:
877:
858:
850:
842:
821:
813:
805:
797:
789:
781:
773:
765:
757:
749:
741:
733:
725:
717:
709:
701:
693:
685:
677:
557:
538:
533:
526:Samuel Alito
520:
511:
506:
497:
485:
481:
469:. Retrieved
460:
448:. Retrieved
444:the original
434:
421:
403:
394:
390:
386:
377:
368:David Souter
360:
343:
334:Mark Reichel
327:
297:
279:
261:
260:
259:
247:Laws applied
213:Samuel Alito
208:
196:
189:David Souter
184:
172:
161:John Roberts
106:Case history
81:
53:
15:
2726:Attenuation
2102:Checkpoints
1379:requirement
234:Concurrence
2977:Categories
2808:Civil suit
1697:Plain view
413:References
351:certiorari
330:grand jury
273:under the
94:U.S. LEXIS
92:195; 2006
60:Docket no.
336:moved to
116:E.D. Cal.
90:L. Ed. 2d
70:Citations
2582:Remedies
2390:Seizures
650:case law
556:Text of
524:Justice
450:July 18,
404:Justice
361:Justice
307:for the
226:Majority
124:9th Cir.
2815:Federal
2601:Origins
1377:Warrant
471:July 6,
139:Holding
128:en banc
64:04-1414
2955:(1964)
2947:(1963)
2928:(1961)
2920:(1960)
2912:(1952)
2904:(1949)
2858:(1961)
2834:(2022)
2826:(1971)
2796:(1986)
2788:(1976)
2777:review
2764:(2006)
2745:(2016)
2737:(1963)
2718:(1984)
2697:(1988)
2678:(2011)
2670:(2009)
2662:(1984)
2641:(1990)
2620:(1920)
2612:(1914)
2561:(2015)
2553:(2014)
2545:(2007)
2537:(1989)
2529:(1985)
2508:(2015)
2500:(1977)
2481:(2013)
2473:(2005)
2465:(1981)
2446:(2001)
2427:(1983)
2419:(1983)
2411:(1979)
2369:(2008)
2361:(2001)
2353:(1991)
2345:(1983)
2337:(1980)
2329:(1976)
2310:(2012)
2302:(1984)
2294:(1979)
2275:(2015)
2267:(1967)
2259:(1959)
2240:(2006)
2221:(2010)
2213:(2009)
2205:(2002)
2197:(2001)
2189:(1997)
2181:(1995)
2173:(1989)
2165:(1989)
2157:(1987)
2149:(1985)
2130:(2004)
2122:(2000)
2114:(1990)
2093:(2004)
2085:(1985)
2077:(1977)
2069:(1976)
2061:(1975)
2053:(1973)
2032:(1987)
2024:(1976)
2016:(1973)
1997:(1990)
1978:(2019)
1970:(2016)
1962:(2013)
1954:(2013)
1946:(1973)
1938:(1966)
1919:(2014)
1911:(2009)
1903:(2004)
1895:(1998)
1887:(1981)
1879:(1977)
1871:(1973)
1863:(1969)
1855:(1950)
1847:(1948)
1826:(2018)
1818:(1999)
1810:(1999)
1802:(1991)
1794:(1991)
1786:(1985)
1778:(1982)
1770:(1979)
1762:(1970)
1754:(1925)
1733:(1993)
1725:(1990)
1717:(1987)
1709:(1971)
1688:(2014)
1680:(2006)
1672:(1990)
1664:(1974)
1656:(1973)
1648:(1968)
1629:(2021)
1621:(2021)
1613:(2011)
1605:(2006)
1597:(1986)
1589:(1980)
1581:(1977)
1573:(1967)
1529:(1995)
1508:(1978)
1489:(1971)
1470:(1967)
1462:(1906)
1454:(1886)
1433:(2006)
1425:(2006)
1417:(1987)
1409:(1979)
1401:(1978)
1393:(1948)
1359:(2020)
1351:(2014)
1343:(2014)
1335:(2009)
1327:(2004)
1319:(2002)
1311:(2000)
1303:(2000)
1295:(1996)
1287:(1983)
1279:(1983)
1271:(1981)
1263:(1979)
1255:(1979)
1247:(1979)
1239:(1975)
1231:(1968)
1216:frisks
1190:(2018)
1182:(2013)
1174:(2004)
1166:(2003)
1158:(1996)
1150:(1996)
1142:(1983)
1134:(1969)
1126:(1964)
1118:(1949)
1081:(2018)
1073:(1978)
1054:(2021)
1046:(2007)
1038:(2002)
1030:(1992)
1022:(1991)
1014:(1991)
1006:(1984)
998:(1983)
990:(1980)
982:(1968)
974:(1906)
966:(1892)
943:(2018)
935:(1979)
927:(1976)
919:(1971)
898:(1989)
890:(1986)
882:(1986)
863:(1987)
855:(1984)
847:(1924)
810:(2013)
802:(2012)
794:(2005)
786:(2001)
778:(2000)
770:(1990)
762:(1989)
754:(1988)
746:(1984)
738:(1983)
730:(1983)
722:(1967)
714:(1961)
706:(1960)
698:(1928)
690:(1927)
682:(1886)
612:
606:
603:
597:
594:
591:Justia
588:
585:
579:
576:
570:
488:, 377
427:U.S.C.
406:Souter
211:
209:·
207:
199:
197:·
195:
187:
185:·
183:
175:
173:·
171:
122:1072 (
2842:State
564:
132:cert.
111:Prior
1214:and
566:U.S.
490:F.3d
473:2009
452:2018
344:The
120:F.3d
83:more
75:U.S.
73:547
562:547
425:18
2979::
1210::
560:,
370:.
328:A
78:90
640:e
633:t
626:v
475:.
454:.
86:)
80:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.