45:
36:
1438:
283:
1297:
363:
489:
Speaking in retrospect, one unnamed Novell executive said in August 1994, "Univel was a nightmare. It was the bastard child of Novell and USL. Neither parent loved it." The remark was said in the context of maintaining that under Novell's more focused guidance, the next major release of the Univel's
485:
release. In any case, changes of management were in the offing; both Univel head Joel
Applebaum, and Unix Systems Laboratories head Roel Pieper, soon departed Novell. Industry news releases were still referring to UnixWare as a product of Univel into 1994, but the name subsequently fell into disuse.
467:
said that a significant market share for a desktop competitor would be in the millions of copies purchased. But in its first six weeks on the market, UnixWare only sold 13,000 copies. In April 1993, Univel announced a lowering of its initial pricing scheme. But that did not help; by August 1993,
420:
An early access release of UnixWare for software developers was made in June 1992; Univel secured pledges from some seventy independent vendors to develop their products to run on UnixWare. The GA release of UnixWare itself came in
December 1992. UnixWare came in two flavors, the Personal Edition
290:
Initial word that Novell and USL were planning a joint venture came in
October 1991 with a memorandum of understanding between the two. Univel was then formed in December 1991, with public announcement of the formation being made on December 12, 1991. Novell had a 55 percent share of the new
349:
Predictions that Unix could become successful on the desktop had already started being made by the late 1980s, and would become a recurring theme of Unix technology. Rekhi said in early 1992 said that they were aiming to produce a "Unix for the masses", in particular "a desktop strain of Unix that
345:
environment. As such, the premise of UnixWare for personal use was that it would target the higher end of the PC range with a GUI-based, shrink-wrapped Unix that was oriented towards novice users that would easily drop into a NetWare-based local area network. In terms of sales motion, the product
476:
On
December 21, 1992, it was announced that Novell would acquire Unix System Laboratories, and all of its Unix assets, including all copyrights, trademarks, and licensing contracts. The Novell acquisition closed in June 1993; at that point, Univel became a fully owned subsidiary of Novell.
480:
By one industry account, Univel ceased to exist in July 1993, when both it and Unix
Systems Laboratories became that Novell's Unix Systems Group. However, another industry account portrayed Novell briefers as saying in August 1993 that Univel was the entity actively working on the follow-on
224:. Univel existed only briefly in the period between AT&T initially divesting parts of USL in 1991, and its eventual outright purchase by Novell, which completed in June 1993, thereby acquiring rights to the Unix operating system. Novell merged USL and Univel into their new
416:
that were viewed as unnecessary for end users are eliminated; the number of supported fonts is reduced; and developer tools are unbundled. Of prime importance was that a system running UnixWare could be easily incorporated into a NetWare-based local area network.
354:
being an ideal goal. Others were skeptical of the goal; one executive at a Utah-based consulting company said of Univel, "They're dreaming on the client", with simply too much catching up to do to ever effectively challenge
421:
and the
Application Server. In addition, a Software Development Kit was a separately priced product. A key distinction between the two flavors was that the Personal Edition comes with only NetWare's
539:
291:
entity. The president of Univel was Joel
Applebaum, who had previously been a vice president at Unix System Laboratories. Univel had some $ 30 million in initial financing.
454:
called it "an attractive product" with "a fair chance of capturing a portion of the desktop market", although it said the NetWare and DOS support needed to be improved.
511:, competing consortia, competing UI frameworks, competing desktop representations, Linux desktop wars, fragmentation, forks, forks on top of previous forks, and more.
1495:
503:
Efforts by other players to make 'Unix on the desktop' a success did not work either. Years later they would be followed by equally unsuccessful efforts toward
429:
as well; the absence of TCP/IP in the desktop release, unless ordered as an add-on, served to annoy many Unix proponents. The
Personal Edition also comes with
1060:
609:
317:
For Unix System
Laboratories, Univel was its first foray into the binary, shrink-wrapped software product market. While the initiative initially focused on
460:
praised the "multilayered architecture that neatly supports multiple graphical user interfaces, several Unix file systems, and NetWare interoperability."
302:, where development work for the NetWare for Unix client was done among other components (there were also Univel liaison staff located at Novell's main
1490:
1475:
824:
531:
1485:
1470:
1465:
341:
Univel had only one product, the UnixWare operating system (UnixWare was a trademark of Univel). The aim was to make Unix successful in a
1460:
940:
1002:
980:
577:
753:
918:
1202:
494:, would be better and more successful, and that UnixWare would focus on server-side capabilities. On the other hand,
1238:
730:
1404:
601:
1480:
708:
394:-like look and feel at runtime. In order to make the system more robust on commodity desktop hardware, the
311:
244:
majority-owned entity responsible for the development and maintenance of one of the main branches of the
1052:
758:
504:
468:
total sales were still less than 25,000, a number that definitely did not meet Univel's expectations.
267:
gave Unix its best chance yet to gain widespread acceptance. Pieper brought the idea to Novell chief
1425:
842:
298:, where much of the sales and marketing effort also took place. The main engineering office was in
206:
186:
437:
to try to provide compatibility with
Microsoft-based applications; this was forced, as other than
1328:
445:, none of the major personal computer applications had native Unix ports available for UnixWare.
330:
1354:
401:
1183:
861:
633:
362:
1505:
1333:
1164:
1134:
1090:
1034:
961:
892:
797:
683:
659:
1108:
1338:
1231:
346:
could then take advantage of Novell's large channel of 12,000 resellers and distributors.
295:
272:
123:
8:
398:
264:
241:
202:
255:
source code product. The idea to combine forces originated during 1991, with USL chief
1276:
565:
307:
225:
1410:
1391:
1266:
825:"'We Are the Masters Now': Novell, Unix Becomes UnixWare; Unix Clubs Are Out in Cold"
356:
326:
167:
532:"Unix Labs and Novell plan join venture, reveal bones of mass distribution alliance"
1369:
1318:
1281:
405:
395:
391:
383:
342:
260:
248:
217:
72:
1500:
1441:
1224:
351:
1168:
1138:
1094:
1038:
44:
507:. Univel is one episode of a complex saga of Unix and Linux history, including
210:
177:
941:"A Guide Through The History of Unix & Linux: Everything You Need To Know"
1454:
1156:
1126:
1082:
1026:
573:
430:
371:
236:
Novell was the leader in network operating system software, with its product
59:
35:
1286:
500:
had thought that "For Novell, UnixWare is a low-risk, high-return gamble."
482:
276:
271:, as Novell's executives were already looking for a way to gain entry into
221:
1009:. p. 3 – via Gale General OneFile (accessed September 6, 2022).
987:. p. 8 – via Gale General OneFile (accessed September 6, 2022).
450:
442:
438:
321:-based systems, there were also ideas within Univel to later support the
303:
299:
256:
566:"Novell completes acquisition of UNIX System Laboratories from AT&T"
1415:
1271:
1261:
491:
434:
268:
408:
file system used previously. As part of sizing, Unix commands such as
1359:
508:
496:
456:
387:
322:
318:
448:
Industry trade press reviews of UnixWare were generally favorable.
306:
offices). Finally, there was also a small group in USL's offices in
279:
played a significant role in the formation and launching of Univel.
1323:
350:
isn't so damned hard to use," with matching the friendliness of an
282:
1397:
1364:
422:
237:
209:(USL) that was formed in December 1991 to develop and market the
1247:
569:
426:
379:
375:
198:
182:
104:
20:
425:
networking stack, whereas the Application Server comes with
374:
to a profile that would work on an Intel-based PC. The USL
370:
Part of the challenge of the "Destiny" project was reducing
409:
252:
245:
214:
754:"Univel Is the Offspring of Unix Labs-Novell Inc Nuptials"
1296:
1216:
413:
294:
The headquarters for Univel was in Novell's offices in
1203:"Portland Project Brings Desktop Linuxs Best Day Ever"
1157:"Novell Trims DOS 7 Funding, Begins UnixWare 2.0 Beta"
849:. 1992-11-08. p. 112 – via Newspapers.com.
634:"USL's Pieper readies Unix for the PC network market"
981:"Univel starts delivering UnixWare developers' kits"
724:
722:
677:
675:
673:
310:
assigned to the Univel effort, whose roles included
1083:"Novell Completes USL Acquisition, Gains in Market"
912:
910:
908:
906:
1027:"Novell Readies Raft of New Features for UnixWare"
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
791:
789:
602:"Novell formally announces the Unix Systems Group"
275:. In particular, Novell executive vice president
934:
932:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
719:
703:
701:
699:
697:
670:
560:
558:
556:
1452:
1194:
978:
903:
835:
731:"Novell Outlines Its Plans For World Domination"
653:
651:
649:
647:
1496:Defunct software companies of the United States
1200:
1175:
1150:
1148:
1101:
1020:
1018:
1016:
954:
873:
854:
818:
816:
814:
812:
49:Univel main engineering building in Sandy, Utah
996:
994:
979:Corcoran, Cate; McCarthy, Vance (1992-06-15).
929:
766:
694:
628:
626:
553:
1232:
1119:
1074:
644:
329:architectures, and possibly the in-the-works
1154:
1145:
1013:
809:
991:
972:
623:
1295:
1239:
1225:
1155:Gage, Deborah; Sperling, Ed (1994-08-22).
1109:"Briefs: Novell loses another Unix leader"
1045:
822:
728:
596:
594:
526:
524:
43:
34:
1491:Software companies disestablished in 1993
1476:American companies disestablished in 1993
1201:Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. (2006-04-05).
386:, allowing the user to choose between an
1080:
1024:
1000:
748:
746:
744:
378:technology is used in this project. The
361:
281:
240:, while Unix System Laboratories was an
1181:
890:
795:
591:
521:
1486:Software companies established in 1991
1471:American companies established in 1991
1453:
681:
660:"Univel developing user-friendly Unix"
1220:
938:
916:
741:
657:
1466:1993 disestablishments in California
862:"UNIX* Systems Engineer ISV Support"
568:(Press release). Provo, Utah, USA:
13:
14:
1517:
1461:1991 establishments in California
1370:NetWare Lite and Personal NetWare
1184:"Unix dominates high-end servers"
1003:"Univel releases 32-bit UnixWare"
1437:
1436:
1127:"Wyse Augments Server Offerings"
220:, which was released in 1992 as
1182:Babcock, Charles (1995-03-27).
1063:from the original on 2017-01-16
891:Babcock, Charles (1993-04-05).
612:from the original on 2020-02-17
580:from the original on 2020-02-16
542:from the original on 2020-02-17
1081:Gillooly, Caryn (1993-06-21).
1025:Gillooly, Caryn (1993-08-23).
823:O'Gara, Maureen (1993-07-12).
729:O'Gara, Maureen (1991-12-16).
1:
1001:Freedman, Beth (1992-12-14).
962:"Reviews: Product Comparison"
682:Gerber, Cheryl (1992-08-24).
514:
259:believing that the advent of
796:Radding, Alan (1993-06-28).
658:Wylie, Margie (1992-04-13).
463:Sales were another matter.
231:
7:
1133:. 1994-04-04. p. 160.
806:Including sidebar articles.
336:
87:; 32 years ago
10:
1522:
1246:
939:Londo, Eric (2020-09-01).
925:. pp. 67, 68, 70, 71.
893:"Selling Unix in a PC way"
868:. 1992-11-16. p. 181.
829:Computergram International
759:Computergram International
735:Computergram International
640:. 1992-05-11. p. 106.
606:Computergram International
536:Computergram International
18:
1434:
1384:
1347:
1311:
1304:
1293:
1254:
968:. 1993-11-22. p. 75.
715:. 1991-12-16. p. 58.
709:"Novell Move On Software"
176:
160:
144:
134:
118:
99:
81:
65:
54:
42:
33:
16:American software company
1426:Unix System Laboratories
1115:. 1993-10-04. p. 2.
404:is used in place of the
382:toolkit is used for the
366:The Univel splash screen
207:Unix System Laboratories
187:Unix System Laboratories
19:Not to be confused with
331:Advanced RISC Computing
253:UNIX System V Release 4
197:was a joint venture of
1355:Open Enterprise Server
1161:Computer Reseller News
1131:Computer Reseller News
917:Baker, Steven (1993).
684:"Downsizing with Unix"
505:'Linux on the desktop'
471:
402:journaling file system
367:
333:architecture as well.
287:
286:Logo used 1991 to 1992
1481:AT&T subsidiaries
1171:– via ProQuest.
1141:– via ProQuest.
1097:– via ProQuest.
1041:– via ProQuest.
847:The Salt Lake Tribune
365:
314:support engineering.
285:
296:San Jose, California
273:enterprise computing
124:San Jose, California
843:"Engineers: Univel"
265:workgroup computing
261:32-bit applications
136:Number of locations
30:
1312:Systems management
1277:Robert Frankenberg
943:. Front Page Linux
713:The New York Times
368:
308:Summit, New Jersey
288:
226:Unix Systems Group
103:Fully acquired by
85:December 1991
28:
1448:
1447:
1411:Star Trek project
1380:
1379:
1267:Dennis Fairclough
1057:Los Angeles Times
804:. pp. 65–66.
690:. pp. 46–47.
357:Microsoft Windows
192:
191:
168:Operating systems
73:Software products
1513:
1440:
1439:
1329:Identity Manager
1309:
1308:
1299:
1282:Ronald Hovsepian
1241:
1234:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1179:
1173:
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998:
989:
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951:
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888:
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839:
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793:
764:
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739:
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692:
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679:
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630:
621:
620:
618:
617:
598:
589:
588:
586:
585:
562:
551:
550:
548:
547:
528:
384:windowing system
343:desktop computer
249:operating system
218:operating system
114:
112:
95:
93:
88:
47:
38:
31:
27:
1521:
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1516:
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1514:
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1300:
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1215:
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1199:
1195:
1180:
1176:
1153:
1146:
1125:
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1120:
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1106:
1102:
1079:
1075:
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1051:
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1046:
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992:
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841:
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742:
727:
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656:
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632:
631:
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613:
600:
599:
592:
583:
581:
564:
563:
554:
545:
543:
530:
529:
522:
517:
474:
435:DR DOS 6.0
352:Apple Macintosh
339:
234:
172:
156:
147:
137:
130:
126:
110:
108:
91:
89:
86:
77:
50:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1519:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1446:
1445:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1334:Access Manager
1331:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1272:Raymond Noorda
1269:
1264:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1212:
1193:
1190:. p. 160.
1174:
1144:
1118:
1100:
1089:. p. 23.
1073:
1059:. 1992-12-22.
1044:
1012:
990:
971:
953:
928:
902:
872:
870:Advertisement.
853:
851:Advertisement.
834:
808:
765:
740:
718:
693:
669:
643:
622:
608:. 1993-07-07.
590:
576:. 1993-06-14.
552:
538:. 1991-10-25.
519:
518:
516:
513:
473:
470:
338:
335:
233:
230:
190:
189:
180:
174:
173:
171:
170:
164:
162:
158:
157:
155:
154:
153:Joel Applebaum
150:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
122:
120:
116:
115:
107:June 1993
101:
97:
96:
83:
79:
78:
76:
75:
69:
67:
63:
62:
56:
52:
51:
48:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1518:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1443:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1405:SCO v. Novell
1402:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:Collaboration
1346:
1340:
1339:BorderManager
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1310:
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1237:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1189:
1188:Computerworld
1185:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1163:. p. 5.
1162:
1158:
1151:
1149:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1114:
1113:Network World
1110:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:Network World
1084:
1077:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1033:. p. 1.
1032:
1031:Network World
1028:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1008:
1004:
997:
995:
986:
982:
975:
967:
963:
957:
942:
935:
933:
924:
920:
913:
911:
909:
907:
898:
897:Computerworld
894:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
867:
866:Computerworld
863:
857:
848:
844:
838:
830:
826:
819:
817:
815:
813:
803:
799:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
762:. 1991-12-08.
761:
760:
755:
749:
747:
745:
736:
732:
725:
723:
714:
710:
704:
702:
700:
698:
689:
685:
678:
676:
674:
666:. p. 13.
665:
664:Network World
661:
654:
652:
650:
648:
639:
635:
629:
627:
611:
607:
603:
597:
595:
579:
575:
574:Business Wire
571:
567:
561:
559:
557:
541:
537:
533:
527:
525:
520:
512:
510:
506:
501:
499:
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493:
487:
484:
478:
469:
466:
461:
459:
458:
453:
452:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:DOS Merge 3.0
428:
424:
418:
415:
411:
407:
403:
400:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
372:System V Unix
364:
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358:
353:
347:
344:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
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