1111:
1041:
635:
2000 and 2009, the number of available openings in public universities rose 60 percent. During this same period, the number of available openings in private sector institutions rose 185 percent (see INEP, 2000 and 2009). In 2009, there were 2,069 private Higher
Education institutions compared to 1,004 private institutions in 2000 (see INEP, 2000 and 2009). The 15 largest companies in 2009 that ran private universities represented 27 percent of the total market, with yearly profits above 21 percent; and the country's private education sector became the tenth largest sector in the Brazilian economy, accounting for R$ 25 billion per year.
831:
1277:
1083:
1055:
48:
American colonies as early as the 17th century. Examples were the most important Jesuit colleges in
Portuguese colonial Brazil, particularly those located in the cities of Salvador and Rio de Janeiro, which - despite not being designated "universities" - offered liberal arts courses in Latin, Greek, philosophy and theology (likewise the Spanish American universities). Upon graduating, students had the option of either becoming priests or continuing their studies in Europe, usually at the University of Coimbra in
1153:
142:, allowed public funds to be allocated to private, community, religious, or philanthropic schools for their support on meeting the rights to education. This constitutional doctrine was an important turning point in the growth of Brazil's private Higher Education sector, one that is financed through private investors and public institutions. In support of this educational movement, the federal government established a new policy in 1996 to liberalize the Higher Education sector, known as the
1027:
999:
775:
845:
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901:
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introduced some night-only courses in combination with day-courses. Although public universities offer the best quality education and conduct research, there are continuous complaints from these institutions about being underfunded. Private universities tend to be smaller when compared to public universities, but often have more modern infrastructures and amenities (e.g., buildings and campuses).
1013:
971:
650:
meet, and is seen as an important player in helping Brazil move toward its policy goal of dramatically increasing higher education participation rates. The proportion of
Brazilian 18- to 24-year-olds enrolled in higher education (the country's net enrollment rate) is only in the teens, while the gross enrollment rate, which takes into account students of all ages, stands at around 30 percent.
957:
859:
803:
929:
887:
1125:
985:
915:
761:
146:. Under this reformed system, Higher Education institutions could begin functioning as for-profit entities. Private Higher Education institutions had existed since the 1600s, but most were affiliated with the Catholic Church or were non-profit in nature. This new policy paved the way for private enterprises to begin offering Higher Education degrees on a mass scale.
209:
courses in integrated faculties (see INEP, 2009). Most federal and state institutions are universities and tuition is free, while municipal governments tend to run smaller institutes, sometimes charging tuition. Private higher education institutions primarily fall within the latter two categories and charge wide-ranging fees, based on the degree programs offered.
553:(usually the candidate can choose between English, Spanish or French). Since public universities are free of charge and there are a limited number of open slots, there is high competition with the Vestibular. There are nearly 10 candidates for every place in public universities; in private universities the ratio is less than two-to-one (see INEP, 2000 - 2009).
725:
SENAC) receives 80% of its revenue through levy-based funds. SENAI (Serviço
Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial), the Brazilian industrial training scheme, has failed to increase participation rates, as has happened for other revenue-generating schemes, probably because it does not offer any incentives to employers to provide additional training.
541:, which usually lasts between 1 and 5 days and takes place once a year. Some universities may run Vestibular twice a year. Offering more frequent exams is popular among private universities, while public universities usually run the Vestibular only once a year (in November, December, or January). The Vestibular can be compared to the
511:. Brazilian and U.S. Master's and Doctoral degrees are roughly equivalent. Technology degrees of 3 year of length could be also compared to undergraduate technology courses or with 3 year bachelor's degree, depending on the field of study. Technologist degrees allows the undergraduate to pursue Master's and Doctoral courses.
83:(1808) and the Royal Military Academy (1810). Two medical schools were also established, these being the medical-chirurgical academies of Salvador (1808) and of Rio de Janeiro (1809). In addition, other technical courses in the fields of botany, chemistry, geology, mineralogy, and economy were created.
724:
for training in countries where there is a persistent shortage of funding available to promote skills development. They can also greatly reduce the cost to governments of training provision. For example, in Brazil a major body providing commercial training (Serviço
Nacional de Aprendizagem Comercial,
649:
Brazil’s for-profit colleges enroll about a third of all students in higher education. The for-profit sector, which predominantly enrolls students in social science, business, law, education and health care-related fields, absorbs demand that the public higher education system lacks the capacity to
634:
The 1996 law "Foundations and
Guidelines for National Education" (lei 9.394) opened the doors for many private universities to begin offering degrees on a mass scale. As a result, growth within the private Higher Education sector has provided more opportunities for students country-wide. Between
552:
Universities offer a limited number of places, and the best qualified candidates are selected for entrance. The vestibular includes many subjects offered in high school such as: Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, History, Geography, Literature, Portuguese language, and a foreign language
47:
and so, never created schools with that designation in Brazil. Nevertheless, they created several higher and secondary learning schools which provided a level of education comparable or even above that of the institutions denominated "universities" established in some of the neighboring
Spanish
208:
In 2009, the federal government was overseeing 94 higher education institutions with centralized control (spanning all three categories); state governments were managing 84 higher education institutions; and municipal governments ran 67 higher education institutions, mainly providing technical
630:
is fierce. Public universities usually run courses all-day, while private for-profit universities offer a mix of all-day long and night-only courses. The latter is increasingly popular for working adults to complete Higher
Education degrees in Brazil. Recently, some public universities have
617:
Exams are conducted by the professors and are decentralized: every professor is responsible for scheduling, applying, and scoring exams. In contrast to other countries, there is no equivalent in Brazil of centralized university departments that are in charge of scheduling and grading exams.
355:): this takes 1 to 2 years of full time studies to complete. Often, a Master’s degree serves as an additional qualification for those in the job market, or for those who want to pursue a PhD. A stricto sensu master's degree in management is the equivalent of a full time MBA in North America.
121:
Higher
Education institutions expanded throughout the twentieth century in Brazil. However, many of the students who had access to Higher Education came from wealthier backgrounds. In 1912, the first Brazilian institution designated "university" is created, this being the
747:
SENAI, SENAC and SENAT all impose a 1% payroll levy on all industrial enterprises, while SENAI charges an additional 0.5% for companies with more than 500 employees. SENAR applies a 2.5% tax on the sale of agricultural goods, while SEBRAE imposes a 0.3% levy across all
464:. The Brazilian "Bachelor’s degree" takes 3 to 6 years to complete, which usually includes a written monograph or a final project; a European "Bachelor’s degree" can be completed in 3 years, after which many enroll in a 1 or 2-year-long "Master's degree" in the
406:), the livre-docência plays an important role for a career in the academia. Although, it has become rarer and almost unused outside São Paulo, as most federal universities don't require it anymore in order to apply for professor, with the exception of UNIFESP.
423:
in Brazil. The regulating bodies of the
Ministry of Education and associated legislation counts the hours of instruction. A full-time year of higher education usually takes between 800 and 1,200 contact hours in Brazil, which would be equivalent to 50-80
659:
Brazil presents some niches of excellence in higher education, both public and private. Some of those niches, in spite of being recognized nationwide, are not recognized as universities and often do not appear on official universities rankings.
3924:
67:
founded the "aulas-régias" (Royal public schools). In 1792, the Royal Academy of Artillery, Fortification and Drawing was founded in Rio de Janeiro, thereby becoming the first higher learning school of engineering in the Americas.
137:
emerged in 1988. It came to be known as the “Citizen Constitution” (Constituição Cidadã), promoting the right to work, the right to a decent wage, the right to social security, and the right to education. Furthermore, the new
165:(URAP) ranked USP 28th in the world, and in the Times Higher Education report, "Top Universities by Reputation 2012", ranked USP among the top 70 universities in the world. In the 2012 QS World University Rankings, under
689:
Training levies create a means for under-educated members of society to continue to train and build up their human capital. This is relevant for the informal sector, which tends to employ workers with low levels of
608:
Usually, the lowest passing grade in Brazil represents a 5 (5 out of 10 / 50% / "E"), but some universities adopt a 7 or 70% as the minimum passing grade. Universities are free to choose their own grading system.
288:. In private higher education institutions, however, the course fees and degree programs vary in price significantly. Although lower cost courses are available, fees for some degree avenues are very expensive.
273:): varies between 2 and 3 years of full-time studies to complete. This degree takes a shorter time period to obtain, with specific professional courses aimed at providing highly specialized knowledge (e.g.,
389:
and the level of scholarship has to be considered higher than a PhD. The livre-docência requires the candidate to write a professional thesis, based on independent scholarship. In the state universities of
3669:
79:, other schools of higher learning were founded in Brazil, although continuing to not formally be called "universities". These including those specialized in civil and military engineering such as the
906:
1226:
1888:
717:
is the revenue-generating scheme, which base their funding on a fixed-rate levy per working hour or per employee. The revenue is generally earmarked for regional or sectoral training programmes.
483:
would correspond to the Brazilian master's degree, which usually takes 1 to 2 years to complete and a "lato sensu postgraduate" degree, which requires the minimum of 360 hours of instruction.
263:): varies between 3 and 4 years to complete. Enables individuals to act as elementary or secondary school teachers in a certain area (e.g., licensed teacher of Math, English, Biology, etc.).
3676:
1205:
2231:
3655:
3662:
1498:
3688:
3485:
1799:
1253:
2278:
1415:
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are multi-course institutions that are not required to carry out research, but with autonomy to open new courses without seeking permission from the Ministry of Education.
2559:
728:
There are currently five training funds in Brazil, funded via the revenue-generating method, although there are some differences among them. Such training funds include:
1405:
Ranieri, N. B. 2010. States and the Right to Education in the 1988 Constitution: Comments on Federal Supreme Court Jurisprudence. Projeto Direito Educação Inglês, 37-56.
2376:
2246:
3696:
1331:(Springer, 2015) ch 5 on "Demand and Supply for Higher Education in Brazil"; ch 14 on "Higher Education Policies in Brazil: A Case of Failure in Market Regulation."
28:
1994:
1221:
2096:
1972:
3813:
2932:
1551:
3023:
2619:
204:
are smaller institutions with little autonomy and must obtain approval from the Ministry of Education when opening new courses, certificates, or degrees.
19:
adopts a mixed system of public and privately funded universities. Public universities can be federally funded or financed by State governments (such as
2882:
2849:
468:. When comparing the former European national systems to the Brazilian system, the Brazilian "Bachelor’s degree" would be equivalent to the old German
2479:
2887:
2072:
2023:
1792:
1438:
McCowan, T. 2004. The growth of private higher education in Brazil: implications for equity and quality. Journal of Education Policy, 19(4), 452-472.
2804:
2045:
2614:
2084:
2028:
149:
Nowadays, the Brazilian university system reflects world standards, and some of Brazil's universities appear among the 200 best in the world. The
2604:
379:): this is not an academic title; it usually denotes excellency in a field of knowledge acquired through supervised research after a doctorate.
2624:
1689:
133:(1964 – 1985) and the re-democratization of the country. As part of Brazil's negotiated transition from authoritarianism to democracy, a new
2494:
1018:
1785:
1004:
671:(IME) (the Army's equivalent); both of those institutes belonging to the Engineering/STEM fields, or yet a Management/Economics institute:
1771:"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, or "CNPq")"
677:
3470:
2892:
2452:
1957:
1216:
766:
667:(ITA), a college sponsored by the Brazilian military, with graduates who are often employed within the Brazilian Aerospace Industry; the
2609:
1856:
1320:
Schwartzman, Simon. "Higher education, the academic profession, and economic development in Brazil." in Philip G. Altbach, et al. eds.
2594:
2067:
1110:
162:
76:
2599:
1962:
1718:
808:
2524:
2188:
2079:
1502:
1130:
664:
638:
There are currently more than 2,600 public and private universities distributed throughout Brazil, a number that is growing quickly.
312:
postgraduate" degree: this degree represents a specialization in a certain area, and takes approximately 1 to 2 years to complete. A
192:
are institutions that conduct research and community outreach, with at least one third of the teaching staff with PhD qualifications.
2867:
2489:
1608:
713:
development. They include: revenue-generating schemes, levy-subsidy schemes, and levy-exemption schemes. The type of system used in
3806:
2897:
1915:
1523:
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1185:
2979:
2944:
2704:
2091:
1808:
1473:
1238:
2774:
1895:
1422:
129:
An important development that affected Brazil's Higher Education landscape transpired after the collapse of the twenty one year
3174:
3129:
2574:
2529:
2347:
2285:
2040:
1816:
1585:
1243:
98:(1827). Many of those institutions served as nuclei that subsequently developed into modern Brazilian universities, i.e., the
2714:
1306:
Mainardes, Emerson Wagner, et al. "Marketing in higher education: A comparative analysis of the Brazil and Portuguese cases."
3495:
2729:
1920:
1644:
1448:
1352:
1040:
2534:
2359:
1999:
3164:
3053:
2337:
2316:
2133:
2057:
2011:
1989:
1861:
1116:
111:
2684:
2649:
2415:
2371:
3947:
3799:
3272:
2719:
2388:
2297:
2290:
2268:
2138:
1866:
2764:
2155:
1967:
1172:
2759:
2464:
1942:
1927:
1102:
990:
166:
2794:
2639:
2435:
2145:
3914:
2784:
2724:
2589:
2398:
2241:
2116:
1910:
1144:
681:
magazine ranked the OneMBA program offered by FGV as the 1st Executive MBA in Brazil (for the third year in a row).
399:
24:
2689:
2302:
2123:
1905:
562:
3356:
3114:
2430:
2236:
2111:
2035:
1952:
1200:
107:
103:
2226:
2006:
1937:
1755:"National Institute for Research in Education (Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais, or "INEP")"
1313:
Pedrosa, Renato HL, Eliana Amaral, and Marcello Knobel. "Assessing higher education learning outcomes in Brazil."
1264:
241:): varies between 3 and 6 years to complete. Enables individuals to act as professionals in a certain area (e.g.,
223:
3952:
3048:
2920:
2699:
2679:
2664:
2469:
2447:
2263:
2183:
2167:
1396:
Rizzini, I. 2011. The Promise of Citizenship for Brazilian Children: What Has Changed? ANNALS, AAPSS, 633, 66-79.
1383:
668:
2829:
2809:
2579:
2018:
1977:
948:
830:
672:
123:
3523:
3107:
2654:
2342:
1846:
1248:
566:). ENEM and the Vestibular co-exist in some universities, whereas in others ENEM has replaced the Vestibular.
437:
425:
403:
3636:
2544:
2425:
2258:
2052:
1900:
1878:
1841:
3723:
3718:
3631:
3313:
3008:
2902:
2844:
2779:
2739:
2674:
2644:
2393:
2162:
2128:
2106:
2062:
1932:
1836:
1158:
158:
130:
2824:
2504:
1984:
1088:
878:
3583:
3371:
3220:
3013:
2549:
2484:
2420:
2383:
1947:
1883:
174:
2839:
2554:
2253:
1564:
Banco Santander. 2009. Entrando no Jogo da Escala; Apresentando Preços-Alvos para 2010. São Pualo, Brazil.
1032:
395:
3460:
3267:
3240:
3230:
3215:
3134:
2972:
2872:
2659:
2634:
2101:
1851:
1074:
1060:
316:
degree is not a door opener for the later pursuit of a doctoral degree. If one is interested in a PhD, a
99:
2694:
2410:
934:
3919:
3578:
3408:
3323:
3308:
2629:
2457:
2214:
1831:
1195:
2499:
2474:
1763:"Graduate Coordination Body (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, or "CAPES")"
1259:
1082:
864:
150:
115:
20:
3649:
3603:
3593:
3333:
3257:
3144:
3124:
3043:
2819:
2327:
2209:
2150:
976:
2366:
2354:
1873:
1329:
Higher education in the BRICS countries: Investigating the pact between higher education and society
520:
3828:
3394:
3154:
3090:
3033:
2749:
2709:
2442:
2219:
626:
Public universities usually offer the best quality education, and therefore competition during the
535:
In order to enter a university in Brazil, candidates must undergo a public open examination called
341:
postgraduate" degree: this degree enables one to pursue an academic career. In chronological order:
2405:
1322:
The global future of higher education and the academic profession: the BRICs and the United States
1190:
581:
Scale grading system: ranges from 0 to 10 (0 represents the lowest and 10 represents that highest)
3701:
3480:
2834:
2769:
2734:
1054:
369:): this takes 3 to 4 years to complete, and is usually used as a step-stone for an academic life.
2669:
1276:
3891:
3836:
3490:
3440:
3318:
3262:
3225:
3205:
3200:
2965:
2332:
557:
170:
139:
134:
35:). Private schools can be for-profit or, in the case of Catholic universities, not-for-profit.
1596:
641:
Elizabeth Redden in June 2015 reports that Professor Dante J. Salto has argued in the journal
297:
3881:
3871:
3856:
3528:
3455:
3303:
3235:
3102:
2814:
2744:
2193:
372:
55:
After the expulsion of the Jesuits from Portugal in 1759, other religious orders such as the
44:
3886:
3861:
3841:
3613:
3558:
3430:
3425:
3080:
2539:
699:
453:
385:: this is the highest academic qualification in Brazil. The livre-docência is similar to a
234:
1335:
Neves, Clarissa Eckert Baeta (2017). "Higher Education Systems and Institutions, Brazil".
266:
32:
8:
3902:
3866:
3846:
3598:
3573:
3465:
3445:
3386:
3277:
3247:
3210:
3097:
3063:
1612:
1211:
504:
457:
256:
161:, USP was ranked 11th in the world. Other ranking systems show similar results: the 2012
72:
1152:
560:
also admit students according to their high school performance as assessed in the ENEM (
3851:
3713:
3641:
3623:
3588:
3538:
3420:
3366:
3338:
3188:
3169:
2877:
1358:
1026:
348:
1777:
1540:. Ministério da Educação - Conselho Nacional de Educação, Câmara de Educação Superior.
1477:
998:
675:(FGV), a foundation/think tank that offers Management and Economics courses. In 2010,
3876:
3766:
3759:
3553:
3515:
3376:
3291:
3149:
3119:
3085:
3000:
2992:
1640:
1634:
1362:
1348:
1285:
774:
87:
3361:
1344:
452:
the European First Cycle would correspond to the Brazilian undergraduate degrees of
3548:
3543:
3450:
3343:
3328:
3028:
2564:
1340:
872:
844:
500:
461:
64:
3500:
1719:"Subsidies and levies as policy instruments to encourage employer-proved training"
3775:
3708:
3608:
3568:
3505:
3435:
3018:
2273:
1232:
942:
900:
627:
526:
487:
480:
465:
445:
358:
1138:
1096:
3348:
3159:
816:
695:
441:
1384:"Constitutional Origins, Structure, and Change in Federal Democracies: Brazil"
1166:
3941:
3791:
3780:
3533:
3252:
1068:
788:
584:
Stage grading system: usually uses letters ranging from A (best) to E (worst)
508:
420:
154:
86:
Shortly after independence from Portugal in 1822, under the reign of Emperor
1770:
886:
3075:
1281:
386:
274:
56:
3728:
914:
391:
91:
3563:
1012:
970:
956:
858:
706:
2754:
928:
3475:
3038:
1337:
Encyclopedia of International Higher Education Systems and Institutions
802:
546:
537:
476:, or the French "Magistère", "Mastère" or "Diplôme des Grandes Ecoles".
285:
60:
1227:
Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira
1124:
574:
There is a myriad of grading systems in Brazil. The most popular are:
3733:
1573:
984:
691:
302:
In Brazil, these degrees are known as second degree (pós-graduação):
250:
246:
760:
3139:
2799:
2789:
1609:"About | OneMBA - Executive MBA Program, Global Executive MBA"
1287:
Funding skills development: the private sector contribution
892:
284:
Degree programs in public universities are totally financed by the
49:
2957:
3738:
920:
741:
SEBRAE – a training scheme focused on servicing small businesses;
721:
469:
144:
Foundations and Guidelines for National Education law (lei 9.394)
499:
A Brazilian bachelor's degrees could be compared to a four-year
2988:
2584:
1284:
work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from
962:
714:
473:
242:
95:
80:
16:
63:
were charged with education in Brazil. At the same time, the
2569:
1665:"Industry Support for Training: An International Perspective"
1254:
National Council for Scientific and Technological Development
1235:(database for indexing Brazilian research and researcher CVs)
1206:
Coordenadoria de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
822:
780:
710:
185:
Higher education in Brazil is divided into three categories:
1537:
1327:
Schwartzman, Simon, Rómulo Pinheiro, and Pundy Pillay, eds.
1762:
1636:
Funding skills development: the private sector contribution
1046:
850:
836:
794:
530:
1754:
1747:"Ministry of Education (Ministério da Educação, or "MEC")"
43:
The Portuguese reserved the status of "university" to the
1889:
International Integration of the Afro-Brazilian Lusophony
542:
362:
321:
153:(USP), for example, is considered the best university in
1746:
1461:
1807:
1716:
1591:; citing Dante J. Salto, "Brazil: A For-Profit Giant."
1301:
International Higher Education: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1
578:
Percentage point grading system: ranges from 0% to 100%
1308:
International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing
1222:
Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology
720:
Revenue-generating schemes are reliable in generating
490:
would be equivalent to the Brazilian Doctoral degree.
1229:(INEP, National Institute for Research in Education)
228:
In Brazil, these degrees are known as first degree:
202:
Integrated Faculties and Schools of Higher Education
177:
were ranked 228 and 333 in the world, respectively.
1474:"URAP - University Ranking by Academic Performance"
738:
SENAT – a fund specifically for transport training;
735:
SENAC – a training fund which is commerce-specific;
604:"E": < 50% or < 60% (Failing grade)
277:
technical degree, tourism management degree, etc.).
1339:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 1–11.
621:
2888:International Institute for Neuroscience of Natal
3939:
2883:Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada
1584:Elizabeth Redden, "U.S. For-Profits in Brazil,"
436:There is no formal treaty between the Brazilian
224:Undergraduate education § Brazilian system
3821:
1538:"Resolução CES/CNE nº 2/2007 Resolução 4/2009"
3807:
2973:
1793:
1574:Universidades e Faculdades autorizadas no MEC
694:. They provide a useful tool in a context of
3926:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1449:"QS Latin American University Rankings 2018"
1280: This article incorporates text from a
1687:
1662:
1217:Federal Centers for Technological Education
705:There are several types of scheme that use
588:Below is a summary of the grading systems:
3814:
3800:
2980:
2966:
2940:
1800:
1786:
744:SENAR – a training scheme for rural areas.
163:University Ranking by Academic Performance
157:. In the 2012 SIR World Report from the
77:Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil
320:master's degree should be taken instead.
2898:National Institute of Amazonian Research
217:
1239:List of universities in Brazil by state
654:
448:. The following are rough comparisons:
3940:
2893:Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron
2868:Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas
1632:
1315:Higher education management and policy
1244:List of federal universities of Brazil
3795:
2961:
1781:
1690:"A Review of National Training Funds"
1658:
1656:
1499:"Top Universities by Reputation 2012"
1334:
732:SENAI – the national training scheme;
684:
324:programs in Brazil are classified as
2928:
2189:Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica
1516:
1303:(Routledge, 2014), entry on "Brazil"
1290:, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO.
665:Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica
112:Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
3054:Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present)
2987:
1809:Brazilian universities and colleges
1723:OECD Education Working Paper No. 80
1462:SIR - SCImago Institutions Rankings
521:University admissions § Brazil
291:
90:, faculties of law were founded in
13:
1717:Muller, N.; Behringer, F. (2012).
1653:
1293:
167:Rankings of universities in Brazil
14:
3964:
3049:Military dictatorship (1964–1985)
1739:
1265:Undergraduate education in Brazil
569:
400:Universidade Estadual de Campinas
3034:First (Old) Republic (1889–1930)
2939:
2927:
2916:
2915:
1275:
1201:Brazilian science and technology
1165:
1151:
1137:
1123:
1109:
1095:
1081:
1067:
1053:
1039:
1025:
1011:
997:
983:
969:
955:
941:
927:
913:
899:
885:
871:
857:
843:
829:
815:
801:
787:
773:
759:
494:
298:Graduate education § Brazil
108:Federal University of Ouro Preto
104:Federal University of Pernambuco
2184:Instituto Militar de Engenharia
2097:Health Sciences of Porto Alegre
1973:Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri
1710:
1681:
1626:
1601:
1578:
1567:
1558:
1544:
1530:
1345:10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_401-1
709:to raise resources for funding
669:Instituto Militar de Engenharia
622:Public and private universities
81:Royal Academy of the Midshipmen
1593:International Higher Education
1491:
1466:
1455:
1441:
1432:
1408:
1399:
1390:
1376:
1249:Ministry of Education (Brazil)
643:International Higher Education
563:Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio
414:
404:Universidade Estadual Paulista
71:Following the arrival of King
1:
2085:Rural of the Semi-arid Region
1370:
514:
180:
159:SCImago Institutions Rankings
131:Brazilian military government
175:University of Rio de Janeiro
7:
3496:Water supply and sanitation
3044:Fourth Republic (1946–1964)
3019:Colonial Brazil (1500–1815)
2873:Instituto Benjamin Constant
1191:Bachelor's degree in Brazil
1179:
601:"D": 60%–69% (Satisfactory)
100:Federal University of Bahia
10:
3969:
3948:Higher education in Brazil
3822:Education in South America
3024:United Kingdom (1815–1822)
2024:Latin American Integration
1270:
1260:Graduate degrees in Brazil
1196:Brazil university rankings
752:
698:and the underprovision of
524:
518:
295:
221:
212:
38:
3900:
3827:
3753:
3622:
3514:
3416:
3407:
3385:
3299:
3290:
3278:President of the Republic
3196:
3187:
3071:
3062:
2999:
2911:
2858:
2515:
2315:
2202:
2176:
1995:Southern and Southeastern
1824:
1815:
1697:Washington DC, World Bank
1524:"Pos-graduacao no Brasil"
1416:"World Data on Education"
592:"A": 90%–100% (Excellent)
431:
396:Universidade de São Paulo
3201:Administrative divisions
1421:. Unesco. Archived from
1186:Academic ranks in Brazil
612:
595:"B": 80%–89% (Very good)
479:the Second Cycle in the
2073:State of Rio de Janeiro
1587:Inside Higher Education
673:Fundação Getúlio Vargas
663:Some examples include:
486:the Third Cycle in the
151:University of São Paulo
116:University of São Paulo
3953:Universities in Brazil
3357:Science and technology
3039:Vargas Era (1930–1946)
558:universities in Brazil
421:academic credit system
171:University of Campinas
140:Constitution of Brazil
135:Constitution of Brazil
525:Further information:
438:Ministry of Education
373:Postdoctoral research
218:Undergraduate degrees
45:University of Coimbra
3175:World Heritage Sites
3108:Environmental issues
3081:Brazilian Antarctica
2903:National Observatory
2046:São Francisco Valley
1688:Johanson, R (2009).
1663:Gasskov, V. (2002).
700:continuing education
655:Niches of excellence
419:There is no unified
124:University of Paraná
3724:Syncretic Religions
3632:Freedom of religion
3314:Automotive industry
2080:Rio Grande do Norte
1317:24.2 (2013): 55–71.
1212:Education in Brazil
598:"C": 70%–79% (Good)
505:Bachelor of Science
73:John VI of Portugal
3684:Eastern Orthodoxy
3677:Ukrainian Catholic
3372:Telecommunications
3029:Empire (1822–1889)
3014:Indigenous peoples
2878:Instituto Butantan
2495:São Caetano do Sul
2389:Mato Grosso do Sul
1916:Mato Grosso do Sul
1595:74 (2014): 21-22.
1310:9.1 (2012): 43–63.
685:Skills development
196:University centers
3935:
3934:
3907:other territories
3789:
3788:
3749:
3748:
3691:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3656:Armenian Catholic
3461:Income inequality
3403:
3402:
3286:
3285:
3273:Political parties
3268:National Congress
3231:Freedom of speech
3216:Foreign relations
3183:
3182:
2955:
2954:
2465:Rio Grande do Sul
2311:
2310:
2291:Sul-Rio-Grandense
2286:Rio Grande do Sul
2092:Rio Grande do Sul
1990:Rural of Amazonia
1963:Triângulo Mineiro
1646:978-92-3-100269-4
1386:. 15 August 2006.
1354:978-94-017-9553-1
1299:Altbach, Philip.
88:Peter I of Brazil
3960:
3927:
3915:Falkland Islands
3829:Sovereign states
3816:
3809:
3802:
3793:
3792:
3769:
3762:
3687:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3579:National symbols
3414:
3413:
3352:
3324:Economic history
3309:Animal husbandry
3297:
3296:
3194:
3193:
3069:
3068:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2959:
2958:
2943:
2942:
2931:
2930:
2919:
2918:
2377:Região Tocantina
2338:Feira de Santana
1958:São João del-Rei
1822:
1821:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1765:(in Portuguese).
1758:
1757:(in Portuguese).
1750:
1749:(in Portuguese).
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1611:. Archived from
1605:
1599:
1582:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1526:(in Portuguese).
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1501:. Archived from
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1476:. Archived from
1470:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1420:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1366:
1279:
1169:
1155:
1141:
1127:
1113:
1099:
1085:
1071:
1057:
1043:
1029:
1015:
1001:
987:
973:
959:
945:
931:
917:
903:
889:
875:
861:
847:
833:
819:
805:
791:
777:
763:
501:Bachelor of Arts
394:, for instance (
292:Graduate degrees
65:Portuguese Crown
31:in the State of
3968:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3925:
3908:
3906:
3896:
3823:
3820:
3790:
3785:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3745:
3618:
3604:Science fiction
3594:Public holidays
3510:
3471:Life expectancy
3399:
3381:
3350:
3282:
3258:Law enforcement
3179:
3165:Water resources
3145:Protected areas
3058:
2995:
2986:
2956:
2951:
2907:
2860:
2854:
2517:
2511:
2320:
2307:
2274:Carioca Arena 2
2198:
2172:
1921:Grande Dourados
1811:
1806:
1769:
1761:
1753:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1692:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1633:UNESCO (2018).
1631:
1627:
1618:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1355:
1296:
1294:Further reading
1273:
1233:Lattes Platform
1182:
1175:
1170:
1161:
1156:
1147:
1142:
1133:
1128:
1119:
1114:
1105:
1100:
1091:
1086:
1077:
1072:
1063:
1058:
1049:
1044:
1035:
1030:
1021:
1016:
1007:
1002:
993:
988:
979:
974:
965:
960:
951:
946:
937:
932:
923:
918:
909:
904:
895:
890:
881:
876:
867:
862:
853:
848:
839:
834:
825:
820:
811:
806:
797:
792:
783:
778:
769:
764:
755:
687:
657:
624:
615:
572:
533:
527:Vestibular exam
523:
517:
497:
488:Bologna process
481:Bologna process
466:Bologna process
446:Bologna process
434:
417:
359:Doctoral degree
349:Master's degree
300:
294:
283:
226:
220:
215:
183:
41:
12:
11:
5:
3966:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3922:
3917:
3911:
3909:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3796:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3771:
3770:
3763:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3395:Rail transport
3391:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3241:Women's rights
3238:
3233:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3130:Largest cities
3127:
3122:
3117:
3115:Extreme points
3112:
3111:
3110:
3100:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3091:Climate change
3083:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2985:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2962:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2937:
2925:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2472:
2470:Santa Catarina
2467:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2448:Rio de Janeiro
2445:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2360:Vale do Acaraú
2352:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2298:Santa Catarina
2295:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2269:Rio de Janeiro
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2134:Santa Catarina
2131:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2058:Rio de Janeiro
2055:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2012:Campina Grande
2004:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1896:Espírito Santo
1893:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1751:
1741:
1740:External links
1738:
1736:
1735:
1709:
1680:
1652:
1645:
1625:
1600:
1577:
1566:
1557:
1543:
1529:
1515:
1490:
1465:
1454:
1440:
1431:
1428:on 2023-03-14.
1407:
1398:
1389:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1353:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1304:
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1267:
1262:
1257:
1251:
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1188:
1181:
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1150:
1148:
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1115:
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1101:
1094:
1092:
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1078:
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1038:
1036:
1031:
1024:
1022:
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1008:
1003:
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961:
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947:
940:
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919:
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910:
905:
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884:
882:
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854:
849:
842:
840:
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828:
826:
821:
814:
812:
807:
800:
798:
793:
786:
784:
779:
772:
770:
765:
758:
754:
751:
750:
749:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
696:market failure
686:
683:
656:
653:
652:
651:
623:
620:
614:
611:
606:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
586:
585:
582:
579:
571:
570:Grading System
568:
519:Main article:
516:
513:
507:(B.S.) in the
496:
493:
492:
491:
484:
477:
472:, the Italian
442:European Union
433:
430:
416:
413:
412:
411:
410:
409:
408:
407:
383:Livre-docência
380:
370:
356:
343:
342:
332:
331:
330:
329:
293:
290:
281:
280:
279:
278:
264:
254:
219:
216:
214:
211:
206:
205:
199:
193:
182:
179:
40:
37:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3965:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3928:
3923:
3921:
3920:French Guiana
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3904:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3817:
3812:
3810:
3805:
3803:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3756:
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2399:Montes Claros
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2139:Fronteira Sul
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1629:
1615:on 2013-02-09
1614:
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1594:
1590:
1589:June 16, 2015
1588:
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1570:
1561:
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1533:
1525:
1519:
1505:on 2012-09-30
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1480:on 2013-01-18
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707:payroll taxes
703:
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697:
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682:
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509:United States
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495:United States
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377:pós-doutorado
374:
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368:
364:
360:
357:
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350:
347:
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345:
344:
340:
339:Stricto sensu
336:
335:
334:
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327:
323:
319:
318:stricto sensu
315:
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305:
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155:Ibero-America
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58:
53:
51:
46:
36:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
3903:Dependencies
3491:Unemployment
3441:Demographics
3319:Central Bank
3226:Human rights
3206:Constitution
3076:Amazon basin
2945:
2933:
2921:
2595:PUC-Campinas
2431:Ponta Grossa
2394:Minas Gerais
2348:Southwestern
2242:Minas Gerais
2194:Naval School
1943:Juiz de Fora
1928:Minas Gerais
1825:Universities
1728:22 September
1726:. Retrieved
1722:
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1696:
1683:
1673:22 September
1671:. Retrieved
1635:
1628:
1617:. Retrieved
1613:the original
1603:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1569:
1560:
1546:
1532:
1518:
1507:. Retrieved
1503:the original
1493:
1482:. Retrieved
1478:the original
1468:
1457:
1443:
1434:
1423:the original
1410:
1401:
1392:
1378:
1336:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1286:
1282:free content
1274:
727:
719:
704:
688:
676:
662:
658:
642:
640:
637:
633:
625:
616:
607:
587:
573:
561:
555:
551:
549:in the U.S.
536:
534:
498:
458:licenciatura
435:
418:
387:Habilitation
382:
376:
366:
352:
338:
325:
317:
313:
309:
301:
282:
275:agribusiness
270:
267:Technologist
261:licenciatura
260:
238:
227:
207:
201:
195:
190:Universities
189:
184:
148:
143:
128:
120:
85:
70:
57:Benedictines
54:
42:
15:
3650:Catholicism
3564:Malandragem
3529:Archaeology
3456:Immigration
3362:Stock index
3304:Agriculture
3103:Environment
2765:UNINOVAFAPI
2516:Private and
2384:Mato Grosso
2237:Mato Grosso
2117:Santa Maria
1911:Mato Grosso
454:bacharelado
415:Equivalence
239:bacharelado
94:(1827) and
3942:Categories
3689:Antiochian
3614:Television
3584:Newspapers
3559:Literature
3431:Corruption
3426:Censorship
3351:(currency)
3221:Government
2518:non-profit
2443:Pernambuco
2343:Santa Cruz
2264:Pernambuco
2203:Institutes
2156:São Carlos
2151:ABC Region
2112:Rio Grande
2063:Fluminense
2036:Pernambuco
2029:Technology
1968:Uberlândia
1953:Ouro Preto
1639:. UNESCO.
1619:2013-02-10
1509:2012-11-28
1484:2012-11-28
1371:References
628:Vestibular
538:Vestibular
515:Admissions
503:(B.A.) or
462:tecnologia
426:US credits
326:lato sensu
314:lato sensu
310:Lato sensu
296:See also:
286:government
257:Licentiate
235:Bachelor's
222:See also:
181:Categories
61:Carmelites
3892:Venezuela
3837:Argentina
3734:Quimbanda
3729:Candomblé
3599:Sculpture
3574:Mythology
3524:Animation
3466:Languages
3446:Education
3387:Transport
3248:Judiciary
3211:Elections
3160:Time Zone
3135:Mountains
3098:Coastline
3064:Geography
2780:UNISANTOS
2775:UNIRITTER
2600:PUC-Goiás
2590:MACKENZIE
2475:São Paulo
2458:West Zone
2321:municipal
2303:São Paulo
2168:Tocantins
2146:São Paulo
1857:Recôncavo
1702:5 January
1363:226940234
692:education
392:São Paulo
367:doutorado
328:programs.
271:tecnólogo
251:physician
247:economist
92:São Paulo
33:São Paulo
3882:Suriname
3872:Paraguay
3857:Colombia
3776:Category
3714:Hinduism
3663:Maronite
3642:Buddhism
3624:Religion
3589:Painting
3539:Carnaval
3421:Abortion
3367:Taxation
3339:Industry
3263:Military
3189:Politics
3170:Wildlife
3140:Pantanal
3009:Timeline
2993:articles
2922:Category
2859:Research
2850:Unileste
2800:UNIVATES
2790:UNISINOS
2755:UniÍtalo
2555:FMP/FASE
2485:Campinas
2453:Northern
2421:Londrina
2372:Maranhão
2328:Amazonas
2279:CEFET-RJ
2247:CEFET-MG
2227:Brasília
2177:Colleges
2124:Rondônia
1906:Maranhão
1874:Brasília
1862:Southern
1847:Amazonas
1180:See also
893:Unisinos
748:sectors.
440:and the
353:mestrado
173:and the
114:and the
75:and the
50:Portugal
3887:Uruguay
3862:Ecuador
3842:Bolivia
3760:Outline
3739:Umbanda
3719:Judaism
3670:Melkite
3554:Cuisine
3516:Culture
3501:Welfare
3409:Society
3377:Tourism
3334:Exports
3292:Economy
3150:Regions
3125:Islands
3120:Geology
3086:Climate
3001:History
2934:Commons
2861:centers
2745:UNIFACS
2740:UNIDERP
2735:UNICRUZ
2730:UNICEUB
2615:PUC-Rio
2540:FEEVALE
2500:Taubaté
2436:Western
2426:Maringá
2411:Paraíba
2163:Sergipe
2129:Roraima
2107:Pelotas
2007:Paraíba
2000:Western
1938:Itajubá
1933:Alfenas
1867:Western
1837:Alagoas
1817:Federal
1552:"CAPES"
1324:(2013).
1271:Sources
1208:(CAPES)
921:Unicamp
753:Gallery
722:funding
678:Você SA
470:Diploma
213:Degrees
39:History
25:Unicamp
3867:Guyana
3847:Brazil
3781:Portal
3637:Baháʼí
3609:Sports
3549:Comics
3544:Cinema
3476:People
3451:Health
3344:Mining
3329:Energy
3155:Rivers
2991:
2989:Brazil
2810:UNOPAR
2805:UNIVEM
2795:UNIVAP
2770:UNIPAR
2760:UNIMEP
2750:UNIFRA
2725:UNICAP
2715:UNIBAN
2710:UNIARA
2690:UNAERP
2625:PUC-SP
2620:PUC-RS
2610:PUC-PR
2605:PUC-MG
2585:INSPER
2416:Paraná
2259:Paraná
2220:Baiano
2019:Paraná
1978:Viçosa
1948:Lavras
1884:Cariri
1643:
1597:online
1361:
1351:
1256:(CNPq)
1173:UFSCar
963:UFCSPA
907:Unilab
715:Brazil
711:skills
645:that:
474:Laurea
460:, and
432:Europe
402:, and
243:lawyer
169:, the
110:, the
106:, the
102:, the
96:Olinda
17:Brazil
3852:Chile
3767:Index
3709:Islam
3569:Music
3506:Youth
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