1148:(88,000 t) of steel and 400 per cent more cordite than would have been needed for the same number of 3.7-inch anti-aircraft shells. Hill called the rockets so inaccurate that "very few of the proximity fuzes would function because there would be no proximity". The PE fuze was "useless"; Edgerton wrote that despite this, more than 100,000 PE fuzes had been manufactured by October 1941. Sandys eventually defied Lindemann, who continued to back the PE fuze. The PE and acoustic fuzes were failures but the third variety, the radio proximity fuze, was a great success later in the war. Edgerton wrote that Harold Macmillan considered that Churchill had been right to persist with rocket weapons and that he had been "proved right in his steady support for the new conceptions" but Edgerton judged the military value of rockets to have been exaggerated. In April and May 1944, there had been a 0.7 chance that a rocket from a salvo of eight would hit something of the size of a tank; despite the inaccuracy of air-to-ground rockets, the fighter-bombers that carried them gained a great reputation.
1029:
972:
870:
137:
746:(2 October – 8 November 1944) when 1,146 rockets were fired over six hours. The projector was the same as the anti-aircraft apparatus except for the construction methods of some details. Thirty barrels in five rows of six were muzzle-loaded and the rockets were discharged at quarter second intervals, a salvo taking 7.25 seconds. Aiming was by artillery sights, the Dial Sight No.9 and a Sight Clinometer Mk IV; the 50 per cent zone of a salvo at 6,000 yd (5,500 m) was 235 yd × 240 yd (215 m × 219 m) (length and width). The war in Europe was almost over before
33:
618:
the banks of rockets one traversing and the other elevating the launcher. The rockets could be fired in .75 seconds or in four salvoes of 3, 2, 2 and 2. For movement, the first launchers were carried on an adapted 3-inch anti-aircraft gun platform. The No.2 Mk 1 platform was derived from the Mk 3A 3-inch AA platform, No. 2 Mk 1A was adapted from the Mark 3B platform, No.4 MK 1B rode on the Mk 4A and the Mk 1C was mounted on the Mk IVA platform. A hundred were built, comprising eight batteries, two of which were sent to North Africa.
1050:
attached to three parachutes by 400 ft (120 m) of wire. An aeroplane hitting the wire would draw the mine towards itself, where it would detonate. A high-altitude barrage was developed for an aerial minefield up to 19,000 ft (5,800 m), the fast aerial mine up to 2,000 ft (610 m), with the PE fuse up to 18,000 ft (5,500 m) and the UP up to 20,000 ft (6,100 m). The 7-inch UP was developed simultaneously with the 2-inch and 3-inch UP systems.
1140:
gun-laying radar. Z batteries, usually staffed by the Home Guard, were eventually established all over the country. There were many sceptics about the efficacy of rockets and in
October 1940, Edward Montagu Campbell Clarke, the Director of Artillery at the Ministry of Supply, wrote that there was "no justification for going to production at the stage of development which this weapon has at present reached, as shown by its trials", which Clarke suspected had been rigged.
1116:, just as the rockets he championed were coming into service. Edgerton wrote that this meant that they were too late. When Churchill had become Prime Minister in 1940, he had put even more emphasis on rocket development and the PE fuze. The mass production of 3 in (76 mm) anti-aircraft rockets, 5 in (130 mm) chemical rockets, rockets for aerial minefields and other uses cost £14 million. For the production of Cordite SC,
540:
Projector for the Navy, most of which were fitted to merchant ships. The rocket was fired from two rails; aiming was simple, behind a shield the layer on the right hand side pushed the apparatus in the direction of the target using a crude sighting device and the layer on the left locked the launcher before the rocket was fired using electrical ignition. A test battery was set up at
Aberporth and other rocket sites were manned by the
483:
trials of the rockets conducted in
Jamaica in early 1939, which were judged to be satisfactory and the Sub-Committee on air Defence Research recommended that the 3-inch UP be taken into service. The decision was postponed because the Director of Artillery judged the rocket lacked the accuracy for medium and high altitude fire.
511:(AA Command) was allocated 8,000 rocket projectors, of which more than 7,000 were ready by August 1940. Rocket production was well short of the planned output, only 8,400 being provided to AA Command. Priority was awarded to the Admiralty and the quota for AA Command was limited to ten rockets each for 840 projectors.
1081:
in
September 1941 concluded "That the fire that was seen on Hood's boat deck and in which UP and/or 4-inch ammunition was certainly involved, was not the cause of her loss" but it noted that "Action has (already) been taken to land UP mountings and ammunition" in the rest of the fleet. The last ships
1002:
by coup de main failed and a deliberate attack with artillery support was planned. After an artillery bombardment and under the cover of a smoke screen, No. 2 Troop of the 1st (Armoured) Battalion, Coldstream Guards fired its "Typhoon rockets" and the attack began, an officer ran onto the bridge west
997:
obtained some rockets and launch rails from a nearby
Typhoon squadron. The Guards mounted one on each side of their tank turrets, the equipment being known as Tulip. The rocket was powered by the "Motor, rocket, aircraft, 3-inch, No.1" but the type launch rail is not known. The rockets carried Shell,
226:
under the impression that the rocket armament would make the ships invulnerable to air attack. By April 1940, about forty projectors were ready, firing a container for a parachute, cable and a bomb or a mine, intended to drift into the paths of attacking aircraft. The first operational use of rockets
658:
The No.6 projector was the largest variant and was another static equipment, going into service in 1944. Twenty rail sets in two banks of ten rail sets, either side of a two-man cabin, fired twenty rockets in .75 seconds or salvoes of 6, 4, 6 and 4. A 7.2-volt battery provided the ignition, operated
617:
The No.4 projector was designed for mobile use; nine rockets were mounted on 36 rails, two long and two short for each rocket, in vertical banks. The only difference between marks was that the Mk 2 had an electro-magnetic fuze setter. The two operators were housed in two metal cabins, either side of
575:
The No.2 Mk 1 was the first projector to be mass-produced and could launch two rockets, both from two rails. A hand wheel elevated the projector, traverse was by hand-crank and the rocket motors were launched by electrical ignition from a battery. The base of the launcher was embedded in concrete or
190:
In
October 1937, the Sub-Committee on Air Defence decided that the 3-inch rocket would take precedence over the 2-inch projectile and that the policy would be to obtain a rocket which, though not ideal, would be a practical weapon. Work on the 2-inch rocket was set aside for the 3-inch version which
854:
battery. The projector and rocket were designed to be portable by one man each. The front legs were fixed but the rear leg was U-shaped and could be moved back and forth to elevate the front of the barrel; aiming was by open sights at close range. The rockets could penetrate 10 ft (3.0 m)
849:
To counter elaborately dug-in
Japanese troops, a special one-rocket "Projector, Rocket, 3-inch No.10 Mk 1" was designed, under the codename LILO. Two types of rocket were developed using the same No.7 Mk1 motor and either a 21 lb (9.5 kg) HE shell or 60 lb (27 kg) HE shell. Both
490:
in June 1940. It was assumed that the rocket lacked the accuracy of gunfire but this assumed that accuracy was necessary. There was a paradox in trying to predict the position of an aircraft in time and space when the direction, height and speed of an aeroplane were inherently unpredictable. It had
149:
Awareness of French and German rocket research in the early 30s coincided with rearmament from 1934. By 1935, the
Research Department had set up specialist branches in the Ballistics Directorate and the Explosives Directorate to look into the use of rockets against aircraft. To a lesser extent, the
1072:
which dramatically exposed a flaw in the concept. Practice rockets were fired and due to an unexpected change of wind, drifted onto the ship and became tangled in the rigging and superstructure. The dummy rounds caused little damage but Tovey was amused at the embarrassment caused to
Lindemann and
721:
rocket was limited in elevation from +23° to +45° which restricted the minimum range to 6,700 yd (6,100 m). For shorter-range fire, a spoiler was fitted over the rocket exhaust which could be part-closed, limiting the exhaustion of the gases. Three spoilers were made, which could shorten
499:
aircraft. It had been assumed that the 3-inch rocket would have a less stable trajectory and that this would make prediction more difficult; this did not take account of the larger explosive charge carried by the rocket, which needed a much thinner casing than that of a shell and was lethal over a
482:
took the view that rockets would be useful for area bombardment and envisaged 285 rocket units with four quadruple launchers apiece and sixty launchers in reserve, which might also allow the QF 3-inch 20 cwt guns to be put in reserve, ready to equip new units raised if war came. The Army waited on
1111:
a chapter in volume II of his wartime memoirs, Winston
Churchill defended his interest in anti-aircraft rocket research which had begun in the 1930s. Churchill had promoted anti-aircraft rockets, aerial mines and the photo-electric proximity fuze (PE fuze). Churchill wrote that anti-aircraft guns
362:
The 2-inch rocket was superseded by the 3-inch version but work continued at a reduced tempo. The device contained a stick of Cordite SC with electrical ignition. Fuze 720, a wind-vane armed impact fuze, with a self-destruct timing device set for 4.5 seconds, at an altitude of about 4,500 ft
1139:
MP, Churchill's son in law, was put in charge of an experimental regiment to devise tactics against dive-bombers for rockets and PE fuzes and against higher-flying bombers. Sandys was promoted to command the first rocket battery (Z Battery) in south Wales, comprising rocket projectors and a rare
539:
The projector was made by the manufacturing firm G. A. Harvey of Greenwich, which delivered a batch of ten projectors less than six weeks after receiving the drawings. By September, the firm had completed 1,000 launchers from the order for 2,500 as the Mark 1 for the Army and 3-inch Harvey L. S.
154:
for heavily laden aircraft. The Ballistics Directorate designed components and studied ballistics theory, prediction and stability. The Explosives Directorate worked on a propellant which burnt at a "steady controllable pressure; whose surface, during burning, will remain constant and which will
366:
Several launcher types were designed for naval use to defend merchant ships and as a means of illumination but only the Mk II (also known as the Pillar Box mount) was used on land at sites on the south coast. A cabin housed the operator with ten rocket launchers on each side, from which the HE
1049:
tubes and fired ten at a time. A small cordite charge was used to ignite a rocket motor which propelled the fin-stabilised 7 in-diameter (180 mm) rocket out of the tube to a distance of about 1,000 ft (300 m), where it exploded and released an 8.4 oz (240 g) mine
166:
a much more elaborate process but by 1936, the Director of Ballistics Research, Alwyn Crow reported that the rockets should be considered as practical weapons of war. A new propellant, solvent-less cordite (Cordite SC) was invented. In July 1936, Crow took over a new Projectile Development
1147:
wrote in his memoirs that UP was the "dearly beloved pet of Lindemann" and that it was "a most infernal waste of time, effort, manpower and material". Hill thought that the development and introduction costs over two years had been between £30 and £160 million, absorbed 87,000 long tons
215:
On 14 November 1939, in his first numbered memo as First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, requested weekly reports on the rocket development programme. Churchill wanted plans be made to fit four projectors apiece on five battleships, a pair each onto six cruisers and one on the
155:
leave, at the end of the burning, as little un-burnt residue as possible". The research threw up more problems; the charges had to be packed in non-inflammable material and a substance had to be developed that was impervious to rapid acceleration and differential gas pressure.
913:
semi-armour piercing warhead, a 25 lb (11 kg) solid armour-piercing projectile or an HE fragmentation warhead with 2.9–12.1 lb (1.3–5.5 kg) of explosive filling. The armour-piercing head was tested against U-boats early in the year and on 23 May 1943
713:. More research showed that a slight rotation increased the accuracy of a fin-stabilised rocket, which was tried with an RP-3 No. 1 rocket motor and a navy 29 lb (13 kg) warhead. Range increased to 8,000 yd (7,300 m) but the
936:
The explosive rocket was to be tried first on ships. Test firing from a Bristol Beaufighter were conducted in March and April; rails were fitted to Beaufighters of two Coastal Command squadrons and a target ship was moored of
199:
anti-aircraft guns against aircraft at medium and high altitudes. By the end of 1938, trials of components were complete (except for the fuze) and proposals for twin and quadruple projectors were solicited from
659:
by a foot-pedal. The elevator sat at the front with a window with simple sights and the traverser sat behind him, also with sights and a window in the cabin roof; both men were in contact with a command post.
363:(1,400 m). The rocket was fired after the motor had been ignited for 0.1 second and burned for 1.2 seconds. Without the self-destruct mechanism, the rocket could reach 10,000 ft (3,000 m).
722:
the range in stages to 3,900 yd (3,600 m). The motor consisted of a cruciform stick of Cordite SC which burned for 1.6 seconds and a new 3-inch warhead was developed but this was not used.
367:
rockets could be fired in salvoes of ten or all at once by the use of foot pedals to trigger electric ignition. The Pillar Box had 360° traverse and elevation of 0° to +85°.
212:
was used a cover name to disguise the use of a rocket system; the projectile was not spin-stabilised (except for later examples used for land bombardment later in the war).
204:. An advantage of a rocket weapon was that it did not need to be produced by traditional armaments firms, except for the novel Cordite SC which would need new facilities at
1053:
A demonstration of the naval rocket containing canisters filled with a parachute, wire and an explosive device to be fired at dive bombers, was laid on for Churchill on
905:. The RP-3 was about 6 ft (1.8 m) long and 3 in (76 mm) diameter with 11–12 lb (5.0–5.4 kg) of propellant and 14 lb (6.4 kg) of
158:
The acceleration of a rocket was far slower than that of projectiles which meant that a new type of fuze, not reliant on acceleration to be armed, was necessary. The
2554:
491:
not been possible to test conventional anti-aircraft fire under wartime conditions, to calculate a statistical norm for the number of shells needed to shoot down a
2191:
705:
Work on a 5-inch artillery rocket was unsatisfactory because of dispersion and short range but the device was adopted by the navy as a shore bombardment weapon. A
2272:
2208:
855:
of earth and a layer of logs. The apparatus was so inaccurate that five rockets at 50 yd (46 m)-range were needed for a 95 per cent chance of a hit.
1754:
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but they misfired twice in action and in one firing managed to burn some sailors in harbour. The report of the Admiralty Board of Enquiry into the sinking of
2199:
2047:
187:, the chief scientific advisor to the government, had previously advocated a scheme for "dropping bombs hanging by wires in the path of attacking aircraft".
2204:
2068:
1893:
2544:
2195:
998:
HE, 60lb SAP No.1 or No.2 with a 14 lb (6.4 kg) explosive filling. In late March 1945, during the invasion of Germany, an attempt to capture
742:
showed an interest and after a trial firing in July asked for a battery of twelve projectors. The Mattresses were first used on 1 November during the
1782:
1827:
183:
asked Crow urgently to design a means of laying an aerial minefield and to consider other methods of protecting ships against aircraft.
1028:
2040:
1886:
1627:
1589:. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series (facs. repr. pbk. Naval & Military Press ed.). London:
1682:
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17:
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754:. A lighter version for jungle warfare had 16 barrels, weighed 835 lb (379 kg) and could be towed by a
92:, which had diameters of 2-inch and 3-inch respectively but were longer. The latter was used as the basis of the
84:. It proved unreliable and ineffective and was withdrawn from use in 1941. Development of the concept led to the
2408:
2281:
2222:
1003:
of Lingen and cut the wires to a demolition charge, the bridge was captured and charged over by Sherman tanks.
1677:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Civil Series. London: HMSO & Longmans, Green & Co .
1447:
2354:
2025:
172:
942:
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decided that RP-3 rockets could be more than a supplement for torpedoes in attacks on merchant ships in the
2181:
709:
carried 180 sextuple army launchers (1,080 rockets) with a 3,800 yd (3,500 m) range and known as
953:. The German ships also used a new device, a rocket which lifted a cable-on-a-parachute into the air. The
2262:
2176:
2130:
2125:
2096:
1580:
981:
706:
180:
2461:
1983:
1871:
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2237:
2171:
2166:
1920:
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971:
475:
1632:
The Professor and the Prime Minister: The Official Life of Professor F. A. Lindemann Viscount Cherwell
963:(Flak ships) with rockets (not upheld by research after the war) and two Beaufighters were shot down.
850:
were very-short-range projectiles, rotated in the launcher barrel to limit dispersion, fired by a 3.4
2418:
2232:
2106:
2101:
2077:
1670:
869:
136:
2339:
2151:
1073:
Churchill, keen advocates of the weapon. Five projectors for twenty rockets each were installed on
994:
894:
205:
2471:
2375:
2217:
1902:
1584:
1121:
150:
researchers looked into long-range rocketry as a replacement for pilotless aircraft and use as a
2324:
2161:
42:
2487:
2466:
2319:
2301:
1925:
743:
508:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2435:
2380:
2309:
2056:
1946:
1090:
217:
1649:
A Forgotten Offensive: Royal Air Force Coastal Command's Anti-shipping Campaign, 1940–1945
8:
1083:
739:
184:
109:
32:
1163:
735:
201:
196:
77:
1737:
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2014:
1807:
1790:
1765:
1741:
1700:
1678:
1652:
1635:
1613:
1594:
1562:
1543:
990:
890:
875:
668:
487:
176:
1675:
Design and Development of Weapons: Studies in Government and Industrial Organisation
112:. In 1944–1945 several adaptations for general bombardment were produced, including
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2314:
2286:
1999:
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1175:
919:
915:
220:
192:
1866:
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1034:
898:
747:
65:
1859:
2445:
2009:
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105:
2055:
1610:
Britain's War Machine: Weapons, Resources, and Experts in the Second World War
1542:(repr. Conway Maritime Press ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
576:
mounted on a No. 2 firing platform. A battery of No. 2 projectors was sent to
2538:
2142:
2116:
2004:
1847:
1794:
1769:
1704:
1639:
1576:
1136:
1117:
960:
731:
168:
81:
61:
1804:
Second Tactical Air Force: Breakout to Bodenplatte July 1944 to January 1945
933:
with a cast-iron head. The submarine was scuttled as surface craft arrived.
2087:
2060:
1906:
1666:
1125:
938:
577:
1833:
930:
1930:
1901:
945:
used the RP-3 in an attack on an Axis convoy off the Dutch coast between
38:
1135:
Edgerton called the rocket programme "typically cronyist" in that Major
1651:. Cass Studies in Air Power (pbk. repr. ed.). London: Frank Cass.
1069:
1065:
1061:
1046:
977:
950:
662:
541:
479:
266:
171:
which was overseen by the Sub-Committee on Air Defence Research of the
98:
anti-aircraft weapons and later developed in air-to-ground form as the
73:
69:
1838:
2370:
1978:
1181:
1113:
946:
902:
755:
507:
but the test battery at Aberporth claimed the first German aircraft.
494:
163:
94:
1308:
1306:
1129:
1054:
751:
1390:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1347:
1345:
758:(quarter ton) jeep but the war ended before it went into service.
544:; many of the Mark 1 projectors were used for tests and training.
2390:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1132:
in Nottinghamshire, which took until 1942 to become operational.
504:
159:
1745:
1303:
68:
of the Second World War. A 7-inch version was developed for the
1369:
1357:
1342:
1330:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1199:
1197:
999:
910:
104:, used against ground forces and shipping by aircraft like the
1284:
1267:
761:
29:
Short range anti-aircraft rocket, developed for the Royal Navy
2517:
1429:
926:
1783:
History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Civil Series
1233:
1221:
1209:
1194:
738:
in May 1944 and another test version had forty barrels. The
583:
1962:
1786:
1590:
1488:
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suppression Beaufighter crews claimed to have damaged four
886:
864:
851:
456:
344:
151:
100:
1505:
1503:
1407:
1405:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1024:
Launcher weight: 3.9 long tons; 4.4 short tons (4 t)
1021:
Sinking speed of mine: 16–23 ft/s (4.9–7.0 m/s)
906:
699:
162:
propellant had to be formed in unusual shapes which made
1647:
Goulter, Christina J. M. (2004) . Cox, Sebastian (ed.).
1515:
1500:
1476:
1464:
1452:
1417:
1184:
British 3-inch land-based anti-aircraft rocket launcher
1726:
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers
1402:
1250:
1160:
A Japanese Navy anti-aircraft rocket for ship defence.
621:
547:
1722:"The Rocket as a Weapon of War in the British Forces"
1318:
663:
Projector, rocket, 3-inch, No.8 Mk 1 (Land Mattress)
526:
Height (rails depressed): 88 in (2,200 mm)
1561:. WWII Fact Files. New York: Arco. pp. 49–55.
776:
Rails (pitch): 1 turn in 48 in (1,200 mm)
730:
The first projector had 32 barrels mounted on a 20-
76:of the Projectile Development Establishment of the
845:Weight (with shell): 78.25 lb (35.49 kg)
825:Weight (with shell): 39.25 lb (17.80 kg)
793:Length (21lb shell): 48.75 in (1,238 mm)
680:Weight (loaded): 4,481.5 in (113,830 mm)
478:was more interested in the rocket concept but the
1556:
1396:
1384:
1363:
1351:
1336:
1297:
1278:
686:Height (travelling): 69.5 in (1,770 mm)
677:Weight (unloaded): 2,464 in (62,600 mm)
461:1,500 ft/s (1,000 mph; 1,600 km/h)
349:1,500 ft/s (1,000 mph; 1,600 km/h)
2555:World War II naval weapons of the United Kingdom
2536:
805:Weight (propellant): 4.25 lb (1.93 kg)
734:General Service trailer and was provided by the
604:Height (travelling): 153 in (3,900 mm)
503:The first 3-inch Z Battery was established near
1448:ADM 116/4351: Report on the Loss of H.M.S. Hood
842:Weight (HE filling): 13.7 lb (6.2 kg)
796:Length (60lb shell): 52 in (1,300 mm)
1665:
1626:
1312:
1244:
1227:
1215:
1203:
674:Length (barrel): 58.25 in (1,480 mm)
607:Height (rails up): 216 in (5,500 mm)
559:Height (rails up): 155 in (3,900 mm)
191:was comparable to the ammunition fired by the
2041:
1887:
1033:Launchers on the roofs of B and X turrets of
779:Length (front legs): 25 in (640 mm)
1801:
1755:"A History Of Air-To-Surface Rocket Systems"
1178:Steam-powered anti-aircraft grenade launcher
1018:Horizontal range: 3,000 ft (910 m)
954:
822:Weight (HE filling): 4 lb (1.8 kg)
802:Weight (motor): 18.25 lb (8.28 kg)
648:Height (at 80°): 189 in (4,800 mm)
645:Height (at 20°): 156 in (4,000 mm)
639:Length (at 20°): 186 in (4,700 mm)
492:
1802:Shores, Christopher; Thomas, Chris (2005).
762:Projector, Rocket, 3-inch No.10 Mk 1 (LILO)
642:Length (at 80°): 99 in (2,500 mm)
2545:Military equipment introduced in the 1930s
2048:
2034:
1894:
1880:
1762:Royal Air Force Historical Society Journal
1691:
1435:
989:During 1944, the 1st (Armoured) Battalion
885:The 3-inch UP system was the basis of the
790:Length (motor): 34.5 in (880 mm)
725:
523:Weight (approx.): 112 lb (51 kg)
1697:The Story of the Guards Armoured Division
1112:only became effective towards the end of
770:Length (barrel): 28 in (710 mm)
750:had built many and some were sent to the
592:Rails (short): 84 in (2,100 mm)
589:Rails (long): 144 in (3,700 mm)
584:Projector, rocket, 3-inch No.4 Mk 1 and 2
514:
1607:
1537:
1521:
1509:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1423:
1261:
1027:
980:of the 1st Battalion Coldstream Guards,
970:
868:
829:Shell, HE 60lb, No.5 Rocket, 3-inch Mk1
809:Shell, HE 21lb, No.5 Rocket, 3-inch Mk1
486:The rocket project languished until the
227:by any country took place in July 1940.
135:
31:
1752:
1646:
1575:
1411:
1324:
689:Wheel track: 67 in (1,700 mm)
636:Width (cabin): 33 in (840 mm)
141:Crew with 7-inch UP projectiles on HMS
14:
2537:
1776:
1172:A German anti-aircraft rocket launcher
630:Weight: 15,680 lb (7,110 kg)
595:Weight: 16,520 lb (7,490 kg)
2029:
1875:
1828:BBC : Memories of the Home Guard
766:Projector, Rocket, 3-inch No.10 Mk 1
601:Length: 280.5 in (7,120 mm)
37:20-barrel 7-inch UP projector on the
1806:. Vol. II. Hersham: Ian Allan.
1719:
1557:Chamberlain, P.; Gander, T. (1975).
874:A rocket-armed Swordfish landing on
562:Width: 107.2 in (2,720 mm)
1170:Henschel Hs 297 / 7.3 cm Föhn-Gerät
941:for training. On 22 June 1943, the
816:Diameter: 3.25 in (83 mm)
813:Length: 14.25 in (362 mm)
799:Diameter: 3.25 in (83 mm)
683:Length: 127 in (3,200 mm)
622:Projector, rocket, 3-inch No.6 Mk 1
565:Length: 147 in (3,700 mm)
556:Weight: 1,247 lb (566 kg)
548:Projector, rocket, 3-inch No.2 Mk 1
529:Width: 93.3 in (2,370 mm)
24:
1713:
833:Length: 17.7 in (450 mm)
633:Width: 126 in (3,200 mm)
627:Rails: 143 in (3,600 mm)
553:Rails: 144 in (3,700 mm)
520:Rails: 144 in (3,700 mm)
25:
2566:
2513:5-inch 51 caliber Mark 8 gun (US)
2508:4-inch 50 caliber Mark 9 gun (US)
1821:
1738:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1948_158_010_02
1586:The Defence of the United Kingdom
1124:in Scotland and in November 1940
1120:, a big new factory was built at
836:Diameter: 6 in (150 mm)
598:Width: 97 in (2,500 mm)
1669:; Hay, D.; Scott, J. D. (1964).
1082:to carry the 7-inch UP Mk1 were
1012:Length: 32 in (810 mm)
1006:
819:Weight: 21 lb (9.5 kg)
786:Motor, Rocket, 3-inch, No.7 Mk1
419:Effective firing range
370:
235:
1530:
1441:
1166:A Japanese anti-aircraft mortar
1158:Type 4 Incendiary Rocket (RoSa)
1015:Weight: 35 lb (16 kg)
839:Weight: 60 lb (27 kg)
782:Weight: 37 lb (17 kg)
773:Rails: 2.2 in (56 mm)
2376:.50 Vickers Mk III machine gun
2325:QF 2-pounder "pom-pom" Mk VIII
889:air-to-surface rocket and the
131:
13:
1:
1540:Naval Weapons of World War II
1397:Chamberlain & Gander 1975
1385:Chamberlain & Gander 1975
1364:Chamberlain & Gander 1975
1352:Chamberlain & Gander 1975
1337:Chamberlain & Gander 1975
1298:Chamberlain & Gander 1975
1279:Chamberlain & Gander 1975
925:pierced the pressure hull of
451:22,200 ft (6,800 m)
422:12,200 ft (3,700 m)
393:53.97 lb (24.48 kg)
331:10,000 ft (3,000 m)
173:Committee of Imperial Defence
1634:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
1313:Postan, Hay & Scott 1964
1228:Postan, Hay & Scott 1964
1204:Postan, Hay & Scott 1964
1188:
1045:The naval weapon had twenty
339:4,500 ft (1,400 m)
281:10.75 lb (4.88 kg)
7:
2550:Naval anti-aircraft weapons
2520:depth charge projector (US)
2292:QF 4-inch Mk XII & XXII
2258:QF 4.7-inch Mk IX & XII
1834:British UP AA Rocket Mark I
1720:Crow, Alwyn (1 June 1948).
1151:
1098:
982:5th Guards Armoured Brigade
707:Landing Craft Tank (Rocket)
430:4.28 lb (1.94 kg)
230:
181:First Lord of the Admiralty
10:
2571:
2503:3-inch 50 caliber gun (US)
2498:3-inch 23 caliber gun (US)
862:
666:
580:and used to defend ports.
443:12.7 lb (5.8 kg)
401:76 in (1,900 mm)
310:.56 lb (0.25 kg)
2480:
2454:
2427:
2389:
2363:
2300:
2282:QF 12-pounder 12 cwt Mk V
2271:
2223:QF 12-pounder 12 cwt Mk V
2190:
2139:
2115:
2086:
2067:
1992:
1971:
1955:
1939:
1913:
1848:Schermuly and his rockets
1699:. London: Geoffrey Bles.
1612:. London: Penguin Books.
500:greater volume of space.
465:
455:
447:
439:
434:
426:
418:
413:
409:3.25 in (83 mm)
405:
397:
389:
384:
377:
353:
343:
335:
327:
319:
314:
306:
301:
297:2.25 in (57 mm)
293:
285:
277:
272:
262:
254:
249:
242:
1608:Edgerton, David (2011).
1538:Campbell, John (2002) .
995:Guards Armoured Division
966:
943:North Coates Strike Wing
895:multiple rocket launcher
289:36 in (910 mm)
206:Royal Ordnance Factories
2481:Foreign-sourced weapons
1753:Herriot, David (2009).
858:
726:Land Mattress projector
385:Specifications (Mark 1)
64:and ground-bombardment
2428:Anti-submarine weapons
2371:.303 Lewis machine gun
2140:Secondary armament and
1843:Anti-Aircraft Armament
1779:British War Production
1777:Postan, M. M. (1952).
1695:; Hill, E. R. (1956).
1436:Parson & Hill 1956
1042:
986:
955:
882:
515:Projector, 3-inch Mk 1
493:
146:
49:
2467:Vickers K machine gun
2302:Anti-aircraft weapons
2059:naval weapons of the
1860:Anti-aircraft rockets
1031:
974:
872:
744:Battle of the Scheldt
698:Projectile spin: 660
509:Anti-Aircraft Command
139:
35:
2455:Small craft armament
2436:depth charge thrower
2381:QF 3-pounder Vickers
2310:Unrotated projectile
2057:British Commonwealth
1947:Hispano-Suiza HS.404
1905:aircraft weapons of
1903:British Commonwealth
1128:was commissioned at
748:Tillings Stevens Ltd
210:unrotated projectile
175:. In November 1939,
54:Unrotated Projectile
18:Unrotated projectile
2524:Mark 8 torpedo (US)
2355:QF 4.7-inch Mk VIII
2218:QF 6-pounder 10 cwt
1764:. pp. 90–108.
1559:Mortars and Rockets
1497:, pp. 109–110.
1438:, pp. 233–234.
1315:, pp. 287–288.
1245:Furneaux-Smith 1961
1216:Furneaux-Smith 1961
893:surface-to-surface
740:First Canadian Army
427:Warhead weight
307:Warhead weight
185:Frederick Lindemann
110:Bristol Beaufighter
2182:BL 6-inch Mk XXIII
1865:2012-03-02 at the
1853:2014-08-10 at the
1628:Furneaux-Smith, F.
1164:AA mine discharger
1043:
987:
883:
736:Ministry of Supply
692:Elevation: 23°–45°
651:Elevation: 20°–80°
568:Elevation: 10°–80°
488:Dunkirk evacuation
202:Vickers-Armstrongs
147:
78:Ministry of Supply
50:
41:of the battleship
2532:
2531:
2263:QF 4.7-inch Mk XI
2253:BL 4.7-inch Mk II
2177:BL 6-inch Mk XXII
2131:BL 8-inch Mk VIII
2126:BL 7.5-inch Mk VI
2023:
2022:
1684:978-0-11630-089-8
1658:978-0-7146-4147-8
1619:978-0-14-102610-7
1600:978-1-845-74055-9
1399:, pp. 54–55.
991:Coldstream Guards
669:Mattress (rocket)
610:Elevation: 7°–75°
532:Elevation: 0°–70°
472:
471:
360:
359:
177:Winston Churchill
167:Establishment at
16:(Redirected from
2562:
2462:Molins 6-pounder
2345:QF 4-inch Mk XVI
2335:QF 3-inch 20 cwt
2315:Holman Projector
2287:QF 3-inch 20 cwt
2243:QF 4-inch Mk XIX
2238:QF 4-inch Mk XVI
2172:BL 6-inch Mk XII
2061:Second World War
2050:
2043:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2000:Blockbuster bomb
1984:Molins 6-pounder
1896:
1889:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1832:Tony DiGiulian,
1817:
1798:
1773:
1759:
1749:
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1693:Parson, L. M. H.
1688:
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193:QF 3-inch 20 cwt
60:) was a British
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2472:18-inch torpedo
2450:
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2404:21-inch Mk VIII
2385:
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2267:
2233:BL 4-inch Mk IX
2228:QF 4-inch Mk IV
2203:
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2019:
1988:
1967:
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1867:Wayback Machine
1855:Wayback Machine
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1714:Further reading
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336:Flight altitude
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250:Service history
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2152:QF 4-inch Mk V
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1822:External links
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1145:Archibald Hill
1109:The Wizard War
1107:wrote that in
1105:David Edgerton
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1281:, p. 49.
1280:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1263:
1262:Edgerton 2011
1258:
1256:
1254:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1137:Duncan Sandys
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:ROF Bishopton
1115:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1030:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1007:7-inch rocket
1004:
1001:
996:
992:
983:
979:
978:Sherman tanks
976:Rocket-armed
973:
964:
962:
957:
952:
948:
944:
940:
934:
932:
931:Rocket Spears
928:
924:
923:
917:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
880:
879:
871:
866:
856:
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844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
831:
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824:
821:
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815:
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811:
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804:
801:
798:
795:
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789:
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781:
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769:
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759:
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753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
723:
720:
716:
712:
708:
701:
697:
695:Traverse: 20°
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
672:
670:
660:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
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625:
619:
612:
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581:
579:
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433:
429:
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396:
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388:
383:
376:
371:3-inch rocket
368:
364:
356:
352:
348:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
309:
305:
300:
296:
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288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
268:
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261:
257:
253:
248:
241:
236:2-inch rocket
228:
225:
224:
219:
213:
211:
207:
203:
198:
194:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
169:Fort Halstead
165:
161:
156:
153:
144:
143:King George V
138:
129:
127:
123:
119:
118:Land Mattress
115:
111:
107:
103:
102:
97:
96:
91:
87:
83:
82:Fort Halstead
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
62:anti-aircraft
59:
55:
47:
46:
45:King George V
40:
34:
27:
19:
2493:40 mm Bofors
2434:Thornycroft
2409:21-inch Mk X
2330:40 mm Bofors
2162:QF 5.25-inch
2088:Capital ship
1931:.50 Browning
1914:Machine guns
1907:World War II
1840:
1803:
1778:
1761:
1732:(1): 15–21.
1729:
1725:
1696:
1674:
1648:
1631:
1609:
1585:
1558:
1539:
1531:Bibliography
1517:
1490:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1443:
1431:
1419:
1412:Goulter 2004
1392:
1359:
1332:
1325:Collier 2004
1320:
1223:
1211:
1142:
1134:
1126:ROF Ranskill
1108:
1102:
1091:
1085:
1078:
1074:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1036:
993:unit of the
988:
939:North Coates
935:
921:
884:
877:
848:
828:
808:
785:
765:
729:
718:
714:
710:
704:
657:
616:
578:North Africa
574:
538:
502:
485:
473:
365:
361:
263:Used by
222:
214:
209:
189:
157:
152:take-off aid
148:
142:
125:
121:
117:
114:Sea Mattress
113:
99:
93:
89:
85:
57:
53:
51:
44:
26:
2350:QF 4.5-inch
2248:QF 4.5-inch
2192:Minesweeper
2167:BL 5.5-inch
2157:QF 4.5-inch
1671:Hancock, K.
1577:Collier, B.
897:. By 1943,
208:. The term
197:QF 3.7-inch
132:Development
39:quarterdeck
2539:Categories
2107:BL 16-inch
2102:BL 15-inch
2097:BL 14-inch
2078:BL 15-inch
2015:Grand Slam
1972:Heavy guns
1785:. London:
1092:Birmingham
1070:Scapa Flow
1066:Jack Tovey
1062:Home Fleet
1047:smoothbore
951:Den Helder
542:Home Guard
480:War Office
466:References
440:Propellant
354:References
323:Cordite SC
320:Propellant
267:Home Guard
74:Alwyn Crow
70:Royal Navy
2391:Torpedoes
2273:Submarine
2209:Destroyer
1979:Vickers S
1926:Vickers K
1795:459583161
1770:1361-4231
1705:899059988
1640:254329640
1579:(2004) .
1189:Footnotes
1182:Z battery
1143:In 1966,
1122:Bishopton
1114:The Blitz
1103:In 2011,
1086:Newcastle
1084:HMS
1064:(Admiral
1055:HMS
1035:HMS
947:The Hague
920:HMS
903:North Sea
876:HMS
756:Willys MB
495:Luftwaffe
476:Admiralty
221:HMS
164:extrusion
95:Z Battery
43:HMS
2441:Hedgehog
2211:armament
2200:Corvette
1863:Archived
1851:Archived
1746:08018925
1630:(1961).
1152:See also
1130:Ranskill
1099:Analysis
891:Mattress
752:Far East
717:for the
715:Mattress
711:Mattress
406:Diameter
294:Diameter
231:Variants
108:and the
2205:Frigate
2069:Monitor
2010:Tallboy
1956:Rockets
1673:(ed.).
1583:(ed.).
929:firing
878:Tracker
505:Cardiff
218:monitor
160:cordite
1940:Cannon
1810:
1793:
1768:
1744:
1703:
1681:
1655:
1638:
1616:
1597:
1565:
1546:
1040:, 1940
1037:Nelson
1000:Lingen
922:Archer
911:Amatol
398:Length
286:Length
223:Erebus
66:rocket
2518:Y-gun
2446:Squid
2196:Sloop
1993:Bombs
1758:(PDF)
1068:) at
967:Tulip
927:U-752
918:from
126:Tulip
2275:guns
2207:and
2071:guns
1963:RP-3
1841:Hood
1839:HMS
1808:ISBN
1791:OCLC
1787:HMSO
1766:ISSN
1742:LCCN
1701:OCLC
1679:ISBN
1653:ISBN
1636:OCLC
1614:ISBN
1595:ISBN
1591:HMSO
1563:ISBN
1544:ISBN
1089:and
1079:Hood
1075:Hood
1057:Hood
956:Flak
949:and
887:RP-3
865:RP-3
859:RP-3
852:volt
719:Land
474:The
390:Mass
278:Mass
258:Army
195:and
124:and
122:LILO
101:RP-3
90:UP-3
88:and
86:UP-2
52:The
1734:doi
1730:158
909:or
907:TNT
732:cwt
700:rpm
179:as
80:at
72:by
2541::
2198:,
2194:,
1789:.
1781:.
1760:.
1740:.
1728:.
1724:.
1593:.
1502:^
1404:^
1371:^
1344:^
1305:^
1286:^
1269:^
1252:^
1235:^
1196:^
1095:.
128:.
120:,
116:,
58:UP
2202:,
2049:e
2042:t
2035:v
1895:e
1888:t
1881:v
1816:.
1797:.
1772:.
1748:.
1736::
1707:.
1687:.
1661:.
1642:.
1622:.
1603:.
1571:.
1552:.
56:(
20:)
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