Lie - Knowledge

209: 1328: 1499: 628:(also called compulsive lying, pseudologia fantastica, and mythomania) is a behavior of habitual or compulsive lying. It was first described in the medical literature in 1891 by Anton Delbrueck. Although it is a controversial topic, pathological lying has been defined as "falsification entirely disproportionate to any discernible end in view, may be extensive and very complicated, and may manifest over a period of years or even a lifetime". The individual may be aware they are lying, or may believe they are telling the truth, being unaware that they are relating fantasies. 574: 493:, occurs when an important fact is left out in order to foster a misconception. Lying by omission includes the failure to correct pre-existing misconceptions. For example, when the seller of a car declares it has been serviced regularly, but does not mention that a fault was reported during the last service, the seller lies by omission. It may be compared to dissimulation. An omission is when a person tells most of the truth, but leaves out a few key facts that therefore, completely obscures the truth. 281: 998: 498: 835: 204:) does not necessarily have to be a complete fabrication. While a lie is related by a speaker who believes what is said is false, bullshit is offered by a speaker who does not care whether what is said is true because the speaker is more concerned with giving the hearer some impression. Thus, bullshit may be either true or false, but demonstrates a lack of concern for the truth that is likely to lead to falsehoods. 1659: 52: 1696:, reports that Persian youths, from their fifth year to their twentieth year, were instructed in three things – "to ride a horse, to draw a bow, and to speak the Truth". He further notes that: "The most disgraceful thing in the world think, is to tell a lie; the next worst, to owe a debt: because, among other reasons, the debtor is obliged to tell lies." 694:" means to deliberately say one thing and mean another or, to be hypocritical, or act in a duplicitous manner. This phrase was adopted by Americans around the time of the Revolution, and may be found in abundant references from the early nineteenth century – often reporting on American officers who sought to convince the 812:

results. Nonetheless, it remains in use in many areas, primarily as a method for eliciting confessions or employment screening. The unreliability of polygraph results is the basis of the exclusion of such evaluations as admissible evidence in many courts, and the technique is generally perceived to be an example of

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involves falsehood spoken or committed to by action. Avoiding other forms of wrong speech are also considered part of this precept, consisting of malicious speech, harsh speech, and gossip. A breach of the precept is considered more serious if the falsehood is motivated by an ulterior motive (rather

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is an exaggerated claim typically found in advertising and publicity announcements, such as "the highest quality at the lowest price", or "always votes in the best interest of all the people". Such statements are unlikely to be true – but cannot be proven false and so, do not violate trade laws,

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is told partly to help others and partly to help ourselves. It may vary in the shade of gray, depending on the balance of help and harm. Gray lies are, almost by definition, hard to clarify. For example you can lie to help a friend out of trouble but then gain the reciprocal benefit of them lying for

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may be used to deny, defend, or obfuscate a lie, errors, embarrassing actions, or lifestyle, and/or lie(s) made previously. One may deny a lie made on a previous occasion, or alternatively, one may claim that a previous lie was not as egregious as it was. For example, to claim that a premeditated lie

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and dependable, and involves honesty in work, truthfulness to others, loyalty to superiors, and gratitude to benefactors. In Buddhist texts, this precept is considered most important next to the first precept, because a lying person is regarded to have no shame, and therefore capable of many wrongs.

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Deceptive body language, such as feints that mislead as to the intended direction of attack or flight, is observed in many species. A mother bird deceives when she pretends to have a broken wing to divert the attention of a perceived predator – including unwitting humans – from the eggs in

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is a harmless or trivial lie, especially one told in order to be polite or to avoid hurting someone's feelings or stopping them from being upset by the truth. A white lie also is considered a lie to be used for greater good (pro-social behavior). It sometimes is used to shield someone from a hurtful

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Scientific studies have shown differences in forms of lying across gender. Although men and women lie at equal frequencies, men are more likely to lie in order to please themselves while women are more likely to lie to please others. The presumption is that humans are individuals living in a world

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has been the subject of frequent study. While people in many cultures believe that deception can be indicated by behaviors such as looking away, fidgeting, or stammering, this is not supported by research. A 2019 review of research on deception and its detection through nonverbal behavior concludes

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spoke about extraordinary cases in which an entire society is being lied to consistently. She said that the consequences of such lying are "not that you believe the lies, but rather that nobody believes anything any longer. This is because lies, by their very nature, have to be changed, and a lying

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to be false). When deception is unsuccessful, a lie may be discovered. The discovery of a lie may discredit other statements by the same speaker, thereby staining that speaker's reputation. In some circumstances, it may also negatively affect the social or legal standing of the speaker. Lying in a

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occurs when the most fundamental aspects of a statement are true, but only to a certain degree. It also is seen as "stretching the truth" or making something appear more powerful, meaningful, or real than it is. Saying that someone devoured most of something when they only ate half is considered an

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is one that attempts to trick the victim into believing something major, which will likely be contradicted by some information the victim already possesses, or by their common sense. When the lie is of sufficient magnitude it may succeed, due to the victim's reluctance to believe that an untruth on

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DPd inscription, lines 12–24: "Darius the King says: May Ahuramazda bear me aid, with the gods of the royal house; and may Ahuramazda protect this country from a (hostile) army, from famine, from the Lie! Upon this country may there not come an army, nor famine, nor the Lie; this I pray as a boon

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Although people in many cultures believe that deception can be detected by observing nonverbal behaviors (e.g. not making eye contact, fidgeting, stuttering, smiling) research indicates that people overestimate both the significance of such cues and their ability to make accurate judgements about

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argues that lying is negative for the liar and the person who is being lied to. To tell lies is to deny others access to reality, and the harm of lying often cannot be anticipated. The ones lied to may fail to solve problems they could have solved only on a basis of good information. To lie also

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Other passages feature descriptive (not prescriptive) exchanges where lying was committed in extreme circumstances involving life and death. Most Christian philosophers might argue that lying is never acceptable, but that even those who are righteous in God's eyes sin sometimes. Old Testament

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way to protect oneself is to lie, it is never ethically permissible to lie even in the face of murder, torture, or any other hardship. Each of these philosophers gave several arguments for the ethical basis against lying, all compatible with each other. Among the more important arguments are:

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A recent study found that composing a lie takes longer than telling the truth and thus, the time taken to answer a question may be used as a method of lie detection. Instant answers with a lie may be proof of a prepared lie. A recommendation provided to resolve that contradiction is to try to

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a subject endures in a number of measures while giving statements or answering questions. Spikes in stress indicators are purported to reveal lying. The accuracy of this method is widely disputed. In several well-known cases, application of the technique has been shown to have given incorrect

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that made them rebel against the empire. At the Behistun inscription, Darius says: "I smote them and took prisoner nine kings. One was Gaumata by name, a Magian; he lied; thus he said: I am Smerdis, the son of Cyrus ... One, Acina by name, an Elamite; he lied; thus he said: I am king in

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is a form of lying that is told purportedly to benefit a collective or "in the name of the collective good". The origin of the term "blue lie" is possibly from cases where police officers made false statements to protect the police force, or to ensure the success of a legal case against an

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is to avoid the subject that the lie is about, not giving attention to the lie. When attention is given to the subject the lie is based around, deflectors ignore or refuse to respond. Skillful deflectors are passive-aggressive, who when confronted with the subject choose to ignore and not

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Despite distinguishing between lies according to their external severity, Augustine maintains in both treatises that all lies, defined precisely as the external communication of what one does not hold to be internally true, are categorically sinful and therefore, ethically impermissible.

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states that only the fittest will survive and by lying, we aim to improve other's perception of our social image and status, capability, and desirability in general. Studies have shown that humans begin lying at a mere age of six months, through crying and laughing, to gain attention.

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12:10). Abraham's story was strictly true – Sarah was his half sister – but intentionally misleading because it was designed to lead the Egyptians to believe that Sarah was not Abraham's wife for Abraham feared that they would kill him in order to take her, for she was very

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suggested that those who refrain from lying may do so only because of the difficulty involved in maintaining lies. This is consistent with his general philosophy that divides (or ranks) people according to strength and ability; thus, some people tell the truth only out of weakness.

1777:. He testifies: "I was not a lie-follower, I was not a doer of wrong ... According to righteousness I conducted myself. Neither to the weak or to the powerful did I do wrong. The man who cooperated with my house, him I rewarded well; who so did injury, him I punished well." 599:, which also could be called a strategic untruth, is one that normally would cause discord if uncovered, but offers some benefit to the liar and assists in an orderly society, therefore, potentially being beneficial to others. It is often told to maintain law, order, and safety. 444:

is a phrase that describes a simplified explanation of technical or complex subjects as a teaching method for children and laypeople. While lies-to-children are useful in teaching complex subjects to people who are new to the concepts discussed, they can promote the creation of

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by archaeologists in the 1930s at the site of Persepolis give us adequate evidence about the love and veneration for the culture of truth during the Achaemenian period. These tablets contain the names of ordinary Persians, mainly traders and warehouse-keepers. According to

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for words and phrases aimed at creating an impression that a specific or meaningful statement has been made, when in fact only a vague or ambiguous claim has been communicated, enabling the specific meaning to be denied if the statement is challenged. A more formal term is

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government has constantly to rewrite its own history. On the receiving end you get not only one lie – a lie which you could go on for the rest of your days – but you get a great number of lies, depending on how the political wind blows."

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asserts that men like to exaggerate about their sexual expertise, but shy away from topics that degrade them while women understate their sexual expertise to make themselves more respectable and loyal in the eyes of men and avoid being labelled as a ‘scarlet woman’.

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standard requires, and that usually is known to be untrue by both parties. Whether such lies are acceptable is heavily dependent on culture. A common polite lie in international etiquette may be to decline invitations because of "scheduling difficulties", or due to

3319: 91:, and other figurative rhetoric are not intended to mislead, while lies are explicitly meant for literal interpretation by their audience. Lies may also serve a variety of instrumental, interpersonal, or psychological functions for the individuals who use them. 861:

suggested a credible rule on lying was possible, and he defined it as: "Deceive only if you can change behaviour in a way worth more than the trust you would lose, were the deception discovered (whether the deception actually is exposed or not)."

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is about simple and callous selfishness. They are usually told when others gain nothing, and the sole purpose is either to get oneself out of trouble (reducing harm against oneself), or to gain something one desires (increasing benefits for

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is lying, or bending the truth, in order to avoid increased agitation from a person with dementia. The intent is not to deceive the patient, but rather to help them feel safe and secure in facing an otherwise upsetting situation or

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story of a crime-fighting super-hero with super-suction ears, having to stop an alien, calling himself "Fib", from destroying the town of Bumblyburg due to the lies that caused Fib to grow. Telling the truth is the moral to this

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or emotionally-damaging truth, especially when not knowing the truth is deemed by the liar as completely harmless. However, white lies can still be harmful as they can foster distrust when used in inappropriate situations.

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Elam ... One, Nidintu-Bel by name, a Babylonian; he lied; thus he said: I am Nebuchadnezzar, the son of Nabonidus. ... The Lie made them rebellious, so that these men deceived the people." Then advice to his son

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and the individual is unaware that their information is false. Because of this, it is not technically a lie at all since, by definition, there must be an intent to deceive for the statement to be considered a

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told members of the Creek Nation in 1829). According to one 1859 account, the proverb that the "white man spoke with a forked tongue" originated in the 1690s, in the descriptions by the indigenous peoples of

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who deceive other players into thinking they have different cards to those they really hold, or athletes who hint that they will move left and then dodge right are not considered to be lying (also known as a

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interpret this to include avoiding spreading false news and uncertain information. Work that involves data manipulation, false advertising, or online scams can also be regarded as violations. Anthropologist

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refers to the act of inducing another person or people to believe a lie in order to secure material or financial gain for the liar. Depending on the context, fraud may subject the liar to civil or criminal

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once cut at a cherry tree with a hatchet when he was a small child. His father asked him who cut the cherry tree and Washington confessed his crime with the words: "I'm sorry, father, I cannot tell a lie."

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occurs when the seller of a product or service may advertise untrue facts about the product or service in order to gain sales, especially by competitive advantage. Many countries and states have enacted

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Generally, the term "lie" carries a negative connotation, and depending on the context a person who communicates a lie may be subject to social, legal, religious, or criminal sanctions; for instance,

4701:(Princeton University Press; 2014) 352 pages; Uses religious, philosophical, literary and other sources in a study of lying from the perspectives of God, the Devil, theologians, courtiers, and women. 940:

harms oneself, making the liar distrust the person who is being lied to. Liars generally feel badly about their lies and sense a loss of sincerity, authenticity, and integrity. Harris asserts that

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that people tend to overestimate both the reliability of nonverbal behavior as an indicator of deception, and their ability to make accurate judgements about deception based on nonverbal behavior.

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is to pretend to have a capability or intention one does not possess. Bluffing is an act of deception that is rarely seen as immoral when it takes place in the context of a game, such as

2479: 4551: 289: 3346: 1551:("There is a great question about Lying"). From his text, it can be derived that St. Augustine divided lies into eight categories, listed in order of descending severity: 127:

is an impudent, brazen, shameless, flagrant, or audacious lie that is sometimes but not always undisguised and that it is even then not always obvious to those hearing it.

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expresses white lies or half-lies in Russian culture, told without the intention of (maliciously) deceiving, but as a fantasy, suppressing unpleasant parts of the truth.

380:, or misrepresent the truth. Partial truths are characterized by malicious intent, and therefore, honest people should not excuse them as containing a "rational kernel." 106:

deception. More generally, people's ability to make true judgments is affected by biases towards accepting incoming information and interpreting feelings as evidence of

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is a situation wherein lying is both accepted and expected or that the parties mutually accept the deceit in question. This can be demonstrated in the case of a

3426: 393:) may be identified by verbal statements or actions that inaccurately describe the history, background, and present situations. There is generally no intent to 4417: 3657: 3594: 3189: 853: 4002: 1174:, the title character comments that one can always tell when a politician lies because "their lips move". The joke has been widely repeated and rephrased. 644:, because the witness has sworn to tell the truth and, for the credibility of the court to remain intact, witness testimony must be relied on as truthful. 3519:

Abe, N.; Fujii, T.; Hirayama, K.; Takeda, A.; Hosokai, Y.; Ishioka, T.; Nishio, Y.; Suzuki, K.; Itoyama, Y.; Takahashi, S.; Fukuda, H.; Mori, E. (2009).

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is a mechanism for the alteration or disappearance of inconvenient or embarrassing documents, photographs, transcripts, or other records, such as from a

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A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church: St. Augustin: On the Holy Trinity. Doctrinal treatises. Moral treatises

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is the communication of a false statement that harms the reputation of an individual person, business, product, group, government, religion, or nation.

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reports that among Thai Buddhists, the fourth precept also is seen to be broken when people insinuate, exaggerate, or speak abusively or deceitfully.

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is about spite and revenge. It is driven by the motive to harm others even at the expense of harming oneself, out of an angry desire for retribution.

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was really "only" an emergency lie, or to claim that a self-serving lie was really "only" a white lie or noble lie. This should not be confused with

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6:13–18). Nevertheless, there are examples of God deliberately causing enemies to become disorientated and confused, in order to provide victory (

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who laid down the "ordinance of good regulations" during his reign. Darius' testimony about his constant battle against the Lie is found in the

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where a person's statement (i.e. in informal speech, such as "He did this one million times already!") is meant not to be understood literally.

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to attend a peace conference, but when the Iroquois arrived, the French had set an ambush and proceeded to slaughter and capture the Iroquois.

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is a wooden puppet character often led into trouble by his propensity to lie; his nose grows with every one. Hence, long noses have become a

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is a lie that is easy to forgive due to its subject being a trivial matter; for example, a child may tell a fib by claiming that the family

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from Ahuramazda together with the gods of the royal house. This boon may Ahuramazda together with the gods of the royal house give to me! "

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Darius had his hands full dealing with large-scale rebellion which broke out throughout the empire. After fighting successfully with nine

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Guerrero, L., Anderson, P., Afifi, W. (2007). Close Encounters: Communication in Relationships (2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Sage Publications.

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of competition and strict social norms, where they are able to use lies and deception to enhance chances of survival and reproduction.

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Pañcasila and Catholic Moral Teaching: Moral Principles as Expression of Spiritual Experience in Theravada Buddhism and Christianity

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systematically re-created all potential historical documents, in effect re-writing all of history to match the often-changing state

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traditions, where the storyteller's insistence that the story is the absolute truth, despite all evidence to the contrary (i.e.,

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tell the story about an eighteenth-century baron who tells outrageous, unbelievable stories, all of which he claims are true.

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in London arranges a yearly "Grand Lying Contest" with the winner being awarded the coveted "Hodja Cup" (named for the Mulla

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Lying is not only to be avoided because it harms others, but also because it goes against the Buddhist ideal of finding the

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Memorial Day Memory Hole: After Israel Forgets “Exodus”, White House Forgets “Shores of Tripoli”. Will Obama Remember NATO?

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believed no general rule on lying was possible, because anyone who advocated lying could never be believed, he said. The

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Augustine wrote that lies told in jest, or by someone who believes or opines the lie to be true are not, in fact, lies.

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The cliché "All is fair in love and war", asserts justification for lies used to gain advantage in these situations.

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her nest, instead to her, as she draws the predator away from the location of the nest, most notably a trait of the

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with whom they negotiated that they "spoke with a straight and not with a forked tongue" (as for example, President

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articulated three rules she says ethicists generally agree distinguish "white lies" from harmful lies or cheating:

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Johansen, Barry-Craig P.; Gopalakrishna, D. (21 July 2016). "A Buddhist View of Adult Learning in the Workplace".

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hypometabolism. This suggests a link between the capacity for dishonesty and integrity of prefrontal functioning.

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The potential consequences of lying are manifold; some in particular are worth considering. Typically lies aim to

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was the originator of a genre of game shows with three contestants claiming to be a person only one of them is.

319:. Sometimes the term is applied as a deceptive device to deflect attention from uncomfortable truths and facts. 3856:"Genesis 12:11 – "When he was about to enter Egypt, he said to Sarai his wife, 'I know that you are a woman'"" 3813: 3683: 2975: 1250:, which is known to cover up stories, cooperate with criminals, and extract information with the use of lying. 636:

is the act of lying or making verifiably false statements on a material matter under oath or affirmation in a

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is a television series based on behavior analysts who read lies through facial expressions and body language.

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or other archive, particularly as part of an attempt to give the impression that something never happened.

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Segall, Seth Robert (2003). "Psychotherapy Practice as Buddhist Practice". In Segall, Seth Robert (ed.).

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The fourth precept includes avoidance of lying and harmful speech. Some modern Buddhist teachers such as

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of the natural faculty of speech, the natural end of which is to communicate the thoughts of the speaker.

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among the people who listen to them. The phrase has been incorporated by academics within the fields of

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Consumer protection laws often mandate the posting of notices, such as this one which appears in all

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allows one to have deeper relationships and to bring all dysfunction in one's life to the surface.

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Love and warre are all one. It is lawfull to use sleights and stratagems to attaine the wished end

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Possession of the capacity to lie among non-humans has been asserted during language studies with

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is a lie told because it is believed (possibly incorrectly) that the deceived person will benefit.

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philosophers have supported lies that achieve good outcomes – white lies. In his 2008 book,

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especially as the consumer is expected to be able to determine that it is not the absolute truth.

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is the condition where there is an excessive or abnormal propensity for lying and exaggerating.

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in a year, Darius records his battles against them for posterity and tells us how it was the

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Abraham instructed his wife, Sarah, to mislead the Egyptians and say that she is his sister (

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The Assault on Truth: Boris Johnson, Donald Trump and the Emergence of a New Moral Barbarism

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2:4–5) and was not killed with those who were disobedient because of her faith (Heb. 11:31).

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or juke). In these situations, deception is acceptable and is commonly expected as a tactic.

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states that it is advisable, when dealing with "a false foe who lies", to tell lies also.

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3:9; cf. Lev. 19:11). In the Day of Judgement, unrepentant liars will be punished in the

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Various passages of the Bible feature exchanges that assert lying is immoral and wrong (

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Roy Britt, "Lies Take Longer Than Truths," LiveScience.com, 26 January 2009, found at

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A recent study found that composing a lie takes longer than telling the truth. Or, as

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It is asserted that the capacity to lie is a talent human beings possess universally.

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Seals on the Persepolis Fortification Tablets, Volume 1. Images of Heroic Encounter

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If everyone in similar circumstances acted similarly, society would be no worse off

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Revision of a talk for the Jerusalem Conference on Biblical Economics, June 2000.

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Williams, Emma J.; Lewis A. Bott; John Patrick; Michael B. Lewis (3 April 2013).

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is an assertion that is believed to be false, typically used with the purpose of

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The Devil Wins: A History of Lying From the Garden of Eden to the Enlightenment

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Monks and Magic: Revisiting a Classic Study of Religious Ceremonies in Thailand

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Sorensen, Roy (2007). "Bald-Faced Lies! Lying Without the Intent to Deceive".

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is a 2009 movie depicting the fictitious invention of the first lie, starring

4996: 4798:, 2nd ed., Vol. 5 (Farmington Hills, MI: Macmillan Reference, 2006), 618–619. 4231: 3238:"Deceiver's Distrust: Denigration as a Consequence of Undiscovered Deception" 2935:"Be honest: little white lies are more harmful than you think | Psyche Ideas" 2128: 2037: 1991: 1925: 1830: 1593: 1424: 1417: 1351: 1347: 1206: 1165:) cannot lie for 24 hours, due to a wish of his son that magically came true. 1118: 1101: 1098:

that a prince must hide his behaviors and become a "great liar and deceiver."

1009: 898: 890: 813: 790: 777: 690: 566: 553: 502: 390: 4942: 3933: 2380: 873:

A disinterested observer would conclude that the benefits outweigh the harms

820:

surprise the subject and find a midway answer, not too quick, nor too long.

4856: 4740: 4718: 4298: 3554: 3536: 3293: 3110: 2660: 2414: 2281: 2136: 2045: 1675: 1642: 1483: 1475: 1436: 1432: 1332: 1308: 1297: 1148: 1044: 804: 733: 637: 489: 413: 316: 267: 3252:"Intrinsic Honesty and the Prevalence of Rule Violations across Societies" 1983: 497: 2297: 1683: 1638: 1447:

The midwives lied about their inability to kill the Israelite children. (

1421: 1184: 1114: 1089: 887: 848: 723: 521: 429: 428:: "The truth is something I have never spoken."). The winner in 2010 was 369: 259: 3962:

Responding to terrorism: political, philosophical and legal perspectives

3275: 2799: 1311:

succinctly put it, "It does not require many words to speak the truth."

748: 408:, intended to be understood as such by all present parties. Teasing and 280: 4872: 4683: 4616:

Augustine, St. "On Lying" and "Against Lying," in R.J. Deferrari, ed.,

1781: 1576:

Lies that harm no one and that protect someone from "bodily defilement"

1487: 1479: 1358:

both contain statements that God cannot lie and that lying is immoral (

1162: 1140: 1094: 1017: 936: 911: 656: 619: 385: 352: 312: 234: 110:. People do not always check incoming assertions against their memory. 99: 88: 4488: 4450: 4435: 4107: 4011: 3211: 2525: 2246:

Fu, Genyue; Evans, Angela D.; Wang, Lingfeng; Lee, Kang (July 2008).

1880: 1689: 1543:, it appears to have been written about AD 395. The first work, 1394: 1193: 1157: 1072: 1013: 1001: 974: 883: 858: 834: 762: 665: 603: 595: 581: 562: 538: 454: 425: 417: 361: 295: 273: 255: 84: 68: 56: 4675: 3958: 3783: 2010:

Vrij, Aldert; Hartwig, Maria; Granhag, Pär Anders (4 January 2019).

1597:

than, for example, "a small white lie"). The accompanying virtue is

71:

or misleading someone. The practice of communicating lies is called

30:"Lying", "Liar", and "White lie" redirect here. For other uses, see 3809: 3679: 3403:

Anye impietie may lawfully be committed in loue, which is lawlesse.

3240:, (1998), Brad J. Sagarin, Kelton v. L. Rhoads, Robert B. Cialdini. 1218: 1214: 997: 986: 842: 221: 188: 4530:

An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics: Foundations, Values and Issues

4349: 1692:, in his mid-fifth-century BC account of Persian residents of the 4359:. Chicago: Online Oriental Institute Publications. Archived from 4329:. Translated by George Rawlinson. Digireads.Com. pp. 43–44. 2248:"Lying in the name of the collective good: a developmental study" 1788: 1454:

Rahab lied to the king of Jericho about hiding the Hebrew spies (

1375: 1340: 1314:

Some people who are not convincing liars truly believe they are.

1286:

show difficulties in deceiving others, difficulties that link to

1085: 941: 922: 771: 672: 640:, or in any of various sworn statements in writing. Perjury is a 632: 526: 450: 405: 290:

International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions

213: 176: 132: 95: 4044:

Encountering Buddhism: Western Psychology and Buddhist Teachings

2225: 1478:

8:44) and Paul commands Christians "Do not lie to one another" (

1040:

is coming. When a wolf does appear, nobody believes him anymore.

330:

broke a household vase, when the child was the one who broke it.

4977: 3353:. Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 1 March 2011. 2320: 2318: 1820: 1390: 542: 473: 465:. Media use of the term has extended to publications including 262:

that is spread in a calculated way to deceive target audiences.

4662:

Chisholm, R.M.; Feehan, T.D. (1977). "The intent to deceive".

2543:

Integrity and Agreement: Economics When Principles Also Matter

1674:, which is "the Lie". Later on, the Lie became personified as 1658: 795:

The question of whether lies can be detected reliably through

607:

is the active use of selective truthful statements to mislead.

3366:. Voices.washingtonpost.com. 29 December 2011. Archived from 2649:

The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law

2545:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 78, 128. 2441:

Trials of the Diaspora: A History of Anti-Semitism in England

2199: 1679: 1666:

Zoroaster teaches that there are two powers in the universe;

1471: 1355: 1033: 1029: 641: 577: 558: 409: 377: 365: 334: 181: 172: 107: 4762:, eds. Mary Gregor and Allen W. Wood (Cambridge: CUP, 1986). 2315: 272:

exaggeration. An exaggeration might be easily found to be a

51: 4690:

Davids, P.H.; Bruce, F.F.; Brauch, M.T. & W.C. Kaiser,

1709: 1671: 1667: 1647: 1037: 372:

or double meaning, especially if the intent is to deceive,

308: 2456:

The Indiana Book of Records, Firsts, and Fascinating Facts

2415:"Merriam Webster Definition of Half-truth, August 1, 2007" 2101:

Brashier, Nadia M.; Marsh, Elizabeth J. (4 January 2020).

4598:

Adler, J. E. "Lying, deceiving, or falsely implicating,"

3959:

Imre, Robert; Mooney, T. Brian; Clarke, Benjamin (2008).

1662:

Darius I, imagined by a Greek painter, fourth century BCE

1246: 1110:: "In war, force and fraud are the two cardinal virtues." 327: 4064: 412:

are examples. A more elaborate instance is seen in some

4153: 4151: 4081: 4079: 2787:

Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society

1970:

Mahon, James Edwin (2008). "Two Definitions of Lying".

1573:

Lies that harm no one and that help someone spiritually

4436:

Insler, Stanley; Duchesne-Guillemin, J., eds. (1975).

4375: 3518: 1717:

and it was punishable by death in some extreme cases.

1570:

Lies that harm no one and that help someone materially

347:

you while those they have harmed in some way lose out.

4633:

Carson, Thomas L. (2006). "The Definition of Lying".

4215: 3965:( ed.). Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Ashgate. 2642: 2012:"Reading Lies: Nonverbal Communication and Deception" 1670:, which is truth, order, and that which is real, and 4148: 4124: 4076: 3836:"A Formal System for Understanding Lies and Deceit." 3424:"Why We Lie: The Science Behind Our Deceptive Ways." 3388:

1620 T. Shelton tr. Cervantes' Don Quixote ii. xxi.

3364:"Guide to Washington Post Fact Checker Rating Scale" 3226:

How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time

3190:

How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time

3144: 3142: 2800:"Theraputic Fibs: What they are and why they are OK" 854:

How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time

436:

awards an annual title to the "World Champion Liar."

4814:

Kant and Maria von Herbert: Reticence vs. Deception

2751:

Cengage Advantage Books: Essentials of Business Law

2220: 2218: 2216: 1088:declared that "All warfare is based on deception." 770:

court of law, for instance, is a criminal offense (

549:

in situations where complete denial is implausible.

4451:Brian Carr; Brian Carr; Indira Mahalingam (1997). 4163: 3597:. People.tribe.net. 19 August 2007. Archived from 2357:"Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election." 2009: 75:. A person who communicates a lie may be termed a 4743:, "Lies We Live By," (New York: Routledge, 2000). 3877:Saint Augustine (2002). Deferrari, Roy J. (ed.). 3620:Grieve, Rachel; Hayes, Jordana (1 January 2013). 3139: 1905: 1300:to the behavior of habitual or compulsive lying. 537:is the opposite of exaggeration. It is a type of 4994: 4136: 2213: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 1567:Lies told to "please others in smooth discourse" 4929:Stokke, Andreas (2013). "Lying and Asserting". 4897:, vol. 43, no. 9 (6 May 2021), pp. 3, 5–8. 3876: 2747: 2570:. Chicago: Open Court Publishing. p. 140. 2331:(11th ed.). St. Wartins: Bedford. p. 2301:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. 1682:, who was portrayed as the eternal opponent of 1244:, there's an agency named FIB, a parody of the 1143:. These changes were complete and undetectable. 212:A motivational poster about lying declares "An 4803:Kant and the Perfect Duty to Others Not to Lie 4737:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). 4661: 4626:Lying: Moral Choice in Public and Private Life 2723:"Butler Lie term coined at Cornell University" 2245: 1908:Lying and deception : theory and practice 968: 230:in which the deceiver is deceiving themselves. 4807:British Journal for the History of Philosophy 4350:Garrison, Mark B.; Root, Margaret C. (2001). 3909: 3249: 2177: 2100: 1531:). He describes each book in his later work, 137:such a grand scale would indeed be concocted. 113: 27:Intentionally false statement made to deceive 4774:Born Liars: Why We Can't Live Without Deceit 4756:On a supposed right to lie from philanthropy 4519: 2988:. 26 October 1978 issue. 30 November 2017. 4733:Frankfurt, H.G. "The Faintest Passion," in 4454:Companinon Encyclopedia of Asian philosophy 3952: 3619: 3043:"Are Lie Detector Tests Complete Bullshit?" 2082:(3). American Psychological Association: 46 2065: 2063: 1972:International Journal of Applied Philosophy 311:spread via traditional print and broadcast 4881:Political Advice: Past, Present and Future 4605:Aquinas, St. T. "Question 110: Lying," in 4438:The Gāthās of Zarathustra (Acta Iranica 8) 4381: 3934:"Church Fathers: On Lying (St. Augustine)" 3413:Machiavelli, Niccolo, The Prince, Chap. 18 3300: 2960:"An Introduction to the Sociology of Law." 2748:Beatty, Jeffrey; Samuelson, Susan (2007). 2699:. Vol. 25, no. 7. Archived from 2643:Dike CC, Baranoski M, Griffith EE (2005). 1470:In the New Testament, Jesus refers to the 580:presented arguments to justify the use of 4611:Virtues of Justice in the Human Community 4322: 3996: 3994: 3870: 3637: 3544: 3283: 3100: 3090: 3011: 2693:"Pathological Lying: Symptom or Disease?" 2459:. Indiana University Press. p. 104. 2294: 2271: 2118: 2069: 2027: 1317: 4907: 3499: 3497: 3337: 3067:"Telling Lies: The Irrepressible Truth?" 2638: 2636: 2613: 2452: 2324: 2060: 1657: 1497: 1326: 1179:Larry-Boy! And the Fib from Outer Space! 1036:about a boy who continually lies that a 996: 833: 572: 496: 279: 207: 50: 4748:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals 4511:. New Haven: American Oriental Society. 4343: 4318: 4316: 4297:. VTA.gamall-steinn.org. Archived from 4252: 3571:. Merriam-webster.com. 31 August 2012. 3447:"What is Darwin's Theory of Evolution?" 3122: 3120: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2540: 2385:Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 2094: 1941:"The Definition of Lying and Deception" 1939:Mahon, James Edwin (21 February 2008). 1493: 1439:18:20 a specific reference to perjury. 1413:: "Thou shalt not bear false witness" ( 14: 4995: 4959:"Duped. Can brain scans uncover lies?" 4928: 4855:, "Ruthless and Truthless" (review of 4705:Fallis, Don (2009). "What is Lying?". 4704: 4632: 4526: 4412: 4219:Advances in Developing Human Resources 4181: 4157: 4130: 4097: 4085: 4070: 4041: 4000: 3991: 3940:from the original on 26 September 2010 3915: 3708:. Soundofgrace.com. 10 November 1996. 3626:Personality and Individual Differences 3306: 3055:. 17 November 2014. 7 December 2017. 2997: 2991: 2725:. News.cornell.edu. 20 December 2010. 2498: 2473: 2378: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1561:Lies that harm others and help someone 992: 4975: 3816:from the original on 22 November 2011 3764:from the original on 23 November 2018 3738:from the original on 23 November 2018 3575:from the original on 19 February 2010 3494: 3165:from the original on 11 February 2012 2885:from the original on 5 September 2019 2633: 2421:from the original on 23 December 2007 1969: 1938: 1558:Lies that harm others and help no one 807:" machines measure the physiological 4831:Maugh II, Thomas H. (1 April 1991). 4509:Old Persian: Grammar, texts, lexicon 4506: 4394:from the original on 21 January 2012 4313: 4283:from the original on 19 August 2018. 3979:from the original on 3 February 2017 3897:from the original on 3 February 2017 3712:from the original on 17 October 2010 3117: 2915:from the original on 28 October 2019 2729:from the original on 28 October 2012 2690: 2679: 2667:from the original on 13 January 2013 2355:AllCott, Hunt and Matthew Gentzkow. 2161:. Worldwidewords.org. 13 June 2009. 1678:, a figure similar to the Christian 1653: 1628: 1262:The evolutionary theory proposed by 561:game wherein the strategies rely on 4781:Kant on Lies, Candour and Reticence 4769:, (Chelsea Green Publishing, 2004). 4760:Immanuel Kant, Practical Philosophy 4569: 4418:"The Love of Truth in Ancient Iran" 4169: 4142: 4031:from the original on 8 August 2017. 3922:. The Christian Literature Company. 3686:from the original on 14 August 2011 3457:from the original on 2 October 2015 3250:Gächter, S.; Schulz, J. F. (2016). 2976:"Hannah Arendt: From an Interview." 2958:Timasheff, Nicholas Sergeyevitch. 2565: 2443:, Oxford, Oxford UP, 2010. p. 117. 2395:from the original on 5 October 2016 2165:from the original on 7 October 2010 2120:10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050807 2029:10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103135 1998: 1945:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1564:Lies told for the pleasure of lying 516:laws intended to combat such fraud. 160:is a lie or hoax told/performed on 81:statements that are literally false 24: 4825:Australasian Journal of Philosophy 4592: 4489:"Darius, Behishtan (DB), Column 1" 4188:A Concise Encyclopedia of Buddhism 4048:State University of New York Press 3834:See also: O'Neill, Barry. (2003). 3148: 2614:Gerdeman, Dina (5 December 2016). 2559: 2534: 1951:from the original on 18 March 2019 1226:The Adventures of Baron Munchausen 696:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 25: 5019: 4976:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). 4969: 4823:Mannison, D.S. "Lying and Lies," 4820:, Vol. 81, No. 3 (2006), 417–444. 4809:, Vol. 14, No. 4 (2006), 653–685. 4495:from the original on 19 July 2017 4264:Nordic Institute of Asian Studies 3660:from the original on 11 July 2019 3503: 3325:from the original on 14 July 2014 3307:Hanley, Elizabeth (4 July 2004). 2998:Seigel, Jessica (25 March 2021). 2754:. Cengage Learning. p. 293. 2369:. Spring 2017. 7 December 2017. 1750:, possessing splendour of truth, 1637:, one of the sections within the 1077:Washington Post Fact Checker blog 4922:10.1111/j.1468-0114.2007.00290.x 4902:American Philosophical Quarterly 4647:10.1111/j.0029-4624.2006.00610.x 4004:Eastern Philosophy: Key Readings 3790:from the original on 15 May 2011 2691:Dike, Charles C. (1 June 2008). 2507:Nevada Tea Partier's Memory Hole 2264:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00695.x 59:is a common depiction of a liar. 4910:Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 4576:. Gregorian Biblical BookShop. 4481: 4471: 4444: 4406: 4287: 4246: 4209: 4175: 4091: 4035: 3926: 3848: 3828: 3802: 3776: 3750: 3724: 3698: 3672: 3646: 3613: 3587: 3561: 3512: 3469: 3439: 3416: 3407: 3395: 3382: 3356: 3243: 3231: 3219: 3196: 3182: 3058: 3035: 2968: 2952: 2927: 2897: 2867: 2837: 2814: 2792: 2780: 2768: 2741: 2715: 2607: 2584: 2446: 2433: 2407: 2372: 2349: 2288: 2239: 1549:"Magna quæstio est de Mendacio" 1397:19:11; Prov. 14:5; Prov. 30:6; 1322: 977:. In one instance, the gorilla 756: 2645:"Pathological lying revisited" 2592:"Problems with the Noble Lie." 2151: 1963: 1932: 1899: 1587: 1409:11:27), most famously, in the 917:When one lies, one undermines 364:that includes some element of 13: 1: 4618:Treatises on Various Subjects 4382:Dandamayev, Muhammad (2002). 3880:Treatises on various subjects 1734:. Thus, says Insler, we have 1515:wrote two books about lying: 1254: 1161:, the lawyer Fletcher Reede ( 961:A study was conducted by the 4863:, Simon and Schuster, 2021, 4735:Necessity, Volition and Love 4384:"Persepolis Elamite Tablets" 4253:Terwiel, Barend Jan (2012). 3228:, (2008), Iain King, p. 147. 3193:, (2008), Iain King, p. 148. 3136:. Accessed 27 November 2011. 3092:10.1371/journal.pone.0060713 2986:The New York Review of Books 2604:. Accessed 4 December 2017. 2328:Patterns for College Writing 2325:Ericsson, Stephanie (2010). 1892: 1766:, having nobility of truth. 1762:, prospering the truth, and 1004:, a symbol of untruthfulness 784: 485:continuing misrepresentation 432:. In the United States, the 303:that consists of deliberate 299:is supposed to be a type of 7: 4694:(InterVarsity Press, 1996). 4570:Wai, Maurice Nyunt (2002). 2905:"Definition of 'white lie'" 2845:"Definition of 'white lie'" 2417:. M-w.com. 31 August 2012. 2107:Annual Review of Psychology 2016:Annual Review of Psychology 1910:. Oxford University Press. 1803: 1535:. Based on the location of 1443:accounts of lying include: 969:Great apes and mother birds 705:French colonials in America 216:only thinks he 'covers up'" 10: 5024: 4827:, Vol. 47 (1969), 132–144. 4796:Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4767:Don't Think of an Elephant 4629:, 2d ed. (New York, 1989). 4602:, Vol. 94 (1997), 435–452. 4538:Cambridge University Press 3639:10.1016/j.paid.2012.09.001 3504:Smith, David Livingstone. 3422:Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit. 3179:article on lying, Feb 2012 2453:Cavinder, Fred D. (1985). 2295:Frankfurt, Harry (2013) . 1906:Carson, Thomas L. (2012). 1876:Psychological manipulation 1555:Lies in religious teaching 1274:Stereotypically speaking, 827: 788: 114:Types and associated terms 44:White lie (disambiguation) 29: 4904:, Vol. 3 (1966), 128–136. 4787:, Vol. 7 (2003), 101–133. 4752:The Metaphysics of Morals 4692:Hard Sayings of the Bible 4520:General and cited sources 4102:. In Powers, John (ed.). 3401:1578 Lyly Euphues I. 236 3155:Can we talk? by T. Arjuna 3013:10.1146/knowable-032421-1 2541:Minkler, Alanson (2011). 2070:Zimmerman, Laura (2016). 1713:), is considered to be a 1117:was first popularized by 823: 4957:Margaret Talbot (2007). 4507:Kent, Roland G. (1953). 4457:. Taylor & Francis. 4232:10.1177/1523422306288426 3841:28 February 2008 at the 3151:"To lead a life of lies" 1866:Preference falsification 963:University of Nottingham 830:Christian views on lying 707:inviting members of the 55:The fictional character 4943:10.5840/jphil2013110144 4900:Siegler, F.A. "Lying," 4295:"VTA.gamall-steinn.org" 4098:Cozort, Daniel (2015). 4001:Leaman, Oliver (2000). 3916:Schaff, Philip (1887). 3429:7 December 2017 at the 3048:8 December 2017 at the 3000:"The truth about lying" 2981:1 December 2017 at the 2789:, Vol 19, 1859, p. 230. 2514:31 January 2017 at the 2488:1 November 2014 at the 2362:18 October 2017 at the 1886:Spin (public relations) 1846:Knowledge falsification 1754:, delighting in truth, 1474:as the father of lies ( 1276:David Livingstone Smith 876:There is no alternative 865:Stanford law professor 612:Paternalistic deception 4985:Encyclopedia Americana 4894:London Review of Books 4719:10.5840/jphil200910612 4697:Denery, Dallas G. II. 4527:Harvey, Peter (2000). 2379:Druzin, Bryan (2011). 1738:, protector of truth, 1663: 1594:five Buddhist precepts 1509: 1343: 1337:Glockengasse Synagogue 1318:Religious perspectives 1294:Pseudologia fantastica 1202:The Invention of Lying 1075:to politicians in his 1025:The Boy Who Cried Wolf 1005: 845: 591: 506: 434:Burlington Liars' Club 292: 217: 98:, or the act of lying 83:are considered lies – 60: 36:Lying (disambiguation) 4931:Journal of Philosophy 4883:, I.B. Tauris, 2021, 4707:Journal of Philosophy 4664:Journal of Philosophy 4600:Journal of Philosophy 4193:Oneworld Publications 3569:"Merriam–Webster.com" 2620:HBS Working Knowledge 2252:Developmental Science 2205:21 April 2018 at the 2076:Monitor on Psychology 2072:"Deception detection" 1984:10.5840/ijap200822216 1856:Plausible deniability 1826:Fabrication (science) 1661: 1501: 1330: 1296:is a term applied by 1071:, awards one to four 1043:A famous anecdote by 1000: 841:of Aristotle made by 837: 576: 500: 286:How to spot fake news 283: 211: 121:barefaced, bald-faced 54: 40:Liar (disambiguation) 4388:Encyclopedia Iranica 4301:on 12 September 2005 3760:. Biblegateway.com. 3734:. Biblegateway.com. 3656:. Biblegateway.com. 3537:10.1093/brain/awp052 3506:"Natural-Born Liars" 3349:28 June 2011 at the 2879:Cambridge Dictionary 2568:Psych and Philosophy 2566:Arp, Robert (2013). 2159:"Worldwidewords.org" 1775:Behistun Inscription 1494:Augustine's taxonomy 1128:Nineteen Eighty-Four 950:Human, All Too Human 709:Iroquois Confederacy 505:shops in California. 32:Lie (disambiguation) 3434:National Geographic 3370:on 30 November 2011 3316:Commonweal Magazine 3309:"Listening to Koko" 3276:10.1038/nature17160 3268:2016Natur.531..496G 3214:. 17 November 2021. 3132:3 July 2012 at the 3083:2013PLoSO...860713W 2965:. 7 December 2017. 2830:4 June 2011 at the 2597:17 May 2017 at the 2367:Stanford University 1861:Post-truth politics 1758:, pillar of truth, 1284:Parkinson's disease 1235:Grand Theft Auto IV 1068:The Washington Post 993:Cultural references 955:Friedrich Nietzsche 514:consumer protection 362:deceptive statement 4609:(II.II), Vol. 41, 4323:Herodotus (2009). 4104:The Buddhist World 4073:, pp. 74, 76. 3595:"People.tribe.net" 2590:Aruffo, Madeline. 2236:. 9 November 2020. 2231:2020-11-09 at the 2210:. 7 December 2017. 1871:Prisoner's dilemma 1851:Mental reservation 1742:, lover of truth, 1719:Tablets discovered 1664: 1592:The fourth of the 1513:Augustine of Hippo 1510: 1344: 1241:Grand Theft Auto V 1065:, a journalist at 1006: 895:St. Thomas Aquinas 846: 662:diplomatic illness 625:pathological lying 592: 507: 483:, also known as a 404:are lies meant in 293: 218: 61: 4838:Los Angeles Times 4620:(New York, 1952). 4547:978-0-511-07584-1 4363:on 5 January 2007 4202:978-1-78074-476-6 4117:978-1-317-42016-3 4057:978-0-7914-8679-5 4021:978-0-415-17357-5 3262:(7595): 496–499. 3004:Knowable Magazine 2974:Arendt, Hannah. 2821:Microsoft Encarta 2802:. 6 February 2018 2697:Psychiatric Times 2602:Boston University 2505:Weinstein, Adam, 2439:Julius, Anthony, 2226:ChangingMinds.org 1836:False equivalence 1811:Appeal to emotion 1701:Achaemenid Persia 1654:In Zoroastrianism 1629:In Norse paganism 1168:In the 1985 film 1137:Ministry of Truth 1113:The concept of a 1056:To Tell the Truth 1049:George Washington 935:, neuroscientist 503:automotive repair 481:Lying by omission 301:yellow journalism 288:published by the 254:is intentionally 228:confirmation bias 16:(Redirected from 5015: 4989: 4981: 4954: 4925: 4853:Mount, Ferdinand 4849: 4847: 4845: 4765:Lakoff, George, 4730: 4687: 4658: 4607:Summa Theologiae 4587: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4557:on 12 April 2019 4556: 4550:. 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Rhode 689:speaking with a 655:is a lie that a 653: 652: 468:The Conversation 422:Crick Crack Club 162:April Fools' Day 21: 5023: 5022: 5018: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5012: 4993: 4992: 4972: 4877:Jacqueline Rose 4871:, 192 pp.; and 4843: 4841: 4830: 4676:10.2307/2025605 4613:(London, 1972). 4595: 4593:Further reading 4590: 4584: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4548: 4533: 4522: 4517: 4516: 4498: 4496: 4487: 4486: 4482: 4476: 4472: 4465: 4449: 4445: 4440:. Liege: Brill. 4427: 4425: 4414:Insler, Stanley 4411: 4407: 4397: 4395: 4380: 4376: 4366: 4364: 4348: 4344: 4337: 4321: 4314: 4304: 4302: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4280: 4274: 4266:. p. 183. 4259: 4251: 4247: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4180: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4149: 4141: 4137: 4129: 4125: 4118: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4058: 4050:. p. 169. 4040: 4036: 4028: 4022: 4014:. p. 140. 4007: 3999: 3992: 3982: 3980: 3973: 3957: 3953: 3943: 3941: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3914: 3910: 3900: 3898: 3891: 3875: 3871: 3861: 3859: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3843:Wayback Machine 3833: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3793: 3791: 3784:"1 Kings 22:23" 3782: 3781: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3758:"2 Thess. 2:11" 3756: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3739: 3732:"2 Thess. 2:11" 3730: 3729: 3725: 3715: 3713: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3689: 3687: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3663: 3661: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3618: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3578: 3576: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3517: 3513: 3502: 3495: 3485: 3483: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3460: 3458: 3451:LiveScience.com 3445: 3444: 3440: 3431:Wayback Machine 3421: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3387: 3383: 3373: 3371: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3351:Wayback Machine 3342: 3338: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3311: 3305: 3301: 3248: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3183: 3177:Sunday Observer 3168: 3166: 3159:Sunday Observer 3147: 3140: 3134:Wayback Machine 3125: 3118: 3063: 3059: 3050:Wayback Machine 3040: 3036: 3026: 3024: 2996: 2992: 2983:Wayback Machine 2973: 2969: 2957: 2953: 2943: 2941: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2918: 2916: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2888: 2886: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2858: 2856: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2832:Wayback Machine 2819: 2815: 2805: 2803: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2775:Niles' Register 2773: 2769: 2762: 2746: 2742: 2732: 2730: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2706: 2704: 2703:on 8 March 2011 2689: 2680: 2670: 2668: 2641: 2634: 2624: 2622: 2612: 2608: 2599:Wayback Machine 2589: 2585: 2578: 2564: 2560: 2553: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2516:Wayback Machine 2503: 2499: 2494:Firedoglake.com 2490:Wayback Machine 2478: 2474: 2467: 2451: 2447: 2438: 2434: 2424: 2422: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2398: 2396: 2377: 2373: 2364:Wayback Machine 2354: 2350: 2343: 2323: 2316: 2309: 2293: 2289: 2244: 2240: 2233:Wayback Machine 2223: 2214: 2207:Wayback Machine 2197: 2178: 2168: 2166: 2157: 2156: 2152: 2103:"Judging Truth" 2099: 2095: 2085: 2083: 2068: 2061: 2008: 1999: 1968: 1964: 1954: 1952: 1937: 1933: 1918: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1806: 1728:Yale University 1656: 1631: 1618: 1611:Thich Nhat Hanh 1590: 1529:Contra Mendacio 1496: 1335:recovered from 1325: 1320: 1257: 1211:Jennifer Garner 1123:dystopian novel 995: 971: 832: 826: 793: 787: 759: 650: 649: 547:rationalization 463:social sciences 441:Lie-to-children 116: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5021: 5011: 5010: 5005: 4991: 4990: 4971: 4970:External links 4968: 4967: 4966: 4965:, 2 July 2007. 4963:The New Yorker 4955: 4926: 4916:(2): 251–264. 4905: 4898: 4889:978-1838600044 4869:978-1398501003 4850: 4828: 4821: 4810: 4799: 4790:Mahon, J.E., " 4788: 4785:Kantian Review 4777: 4770: 4763: 4744: 4738: 4731: 4702: 4695: 4688: 4670:(3): 143–159. 4659: 4641:(2): 284–306. 4630: 4621: 4614: 4603: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4583:978-8876529207 4582: 4567: 4546: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4480: 4470: 4464:978-0415035354 4463: 4443: 4405: 4374: 4342: 4336:978-1420933055 4335: 4312: 4286: 4273:978-8776941017 4272: 4245: 4208: 4201: 4174: 4172:, p. 295. 4162: 4147: 4135: 4123: 4116: 4090: 4075: 4063: 4056: 4034: 4020: 3990: 3972:978-0754672777 3971: 3951: 3925: 3908: 3890:978-0813213200 3889: 3869: 3858:. ESVBible.org 3847: 3827: 3801: 3775: 3749: 3723: 3697: 3671: 3645: 3632:(2): 311–314. 3612: 3601:on 30 May 2013 3586: 3560: 3511: 3493: 3468: 3438: 3415: 3406: 3394: 3381: 3355: 3336: 3299: 3242: 3230: 3218: 3204:"Why We Cheat" 3195: 3181: 3175:| Sri Lanka's 3138: 3116: 3057: 3034: 2990: 2967: 2951: 2926: 2909:dictionary.com 2896: 2866: 2836: 2813: 2791: 2779: 2777:, 13 June 1829 2767: 2761:978-0324537123 2760: 2740: 2714: 2678: 2655:(3): 342–349. 2632: 2606: 2583: 2577:978-0812698251 2576: 2558: 2552:978-0472116430 2551: 2533: 2524: 2497: 2480:Murphy, Kirk, 2472: 2465: 2445: 2432: 2406: 2371: 2348: 2342:978-0312601522 2341: 2314: 2308:978-0691122946 2307: 2287: 2258:(4): 495–503. 2238: 2212: 2200:Dictionary.com 2176: 2150: 2113:(1): 499–515. 2093: 2059: 2022:(1): 295–317. 1997: 1978:(2): 211–230. 1962: 1931: 1917:978-0199654802 1916: 1897: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1841:Falsifiability 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1724:Stanley Insler 1655: 1652: 1630: 1627: 1616:Barend Terwiel 1589: 1586: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1541:Retractationes 1533:Retractationes 1507:Carlo Crivelli 1495: 1492: 1490:21:8; 21:27). 1468: 1467: 1459: 1452: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1230: 1222: 1198: 1190: 1175: 1166: 1153: 1144: 1111: 1099: 1083: 1080: 1060: 1052: 1041: 1032:attributed to 1021: 994: 991: 970: 967: 953:, philosopher 927: 926: 915: 881: 880: 877: 874: 825: 822: 789:Main article: 786: 783: 758: 755: 754: 753: 745: 737: 720: 716:theraputic fib 712: 700:Andrew Jackson 685: 678: 669: 645: 629: 616: 608: 600: 570: 550: 530: 517: 509:Lying in trade 494: 478: 459:bioinformatics 447:misconceptions 437: 399: 381: 348: 340: 331: 320: 305:misinformation 277: 263: 258:or misleading 251:Disinformation 247: 239: 231: 205: 185: 165: 154: 146: 138: 128: 125:bold-faced lie 115: 112: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5020: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4987: 4986: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4906: 4903: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4851: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4815: 4812:Mahon, J.E. " 4811: 4808: 4804: 4801:Mahon, J.E. " 4800: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4786: 4782: 4779:Mahon, J.E. " 4778: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4742: 4741:Hausman, Carl 4739: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4700: 4696: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4622: 4619: 4615: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4601: 4597: 4596: 4585: 4579: 4575: 4574: 4568: 4553: 4549: 4543: 4539: 4532: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4510: 4494: 4490: 4484: 4474: 4466: 4460: 4456: 4455: 4447: 4439: 4424:on 5 May 2007 4423: 4419: 4415: 4409: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4362: 4358: 4357: 4354: 4346: 4338: 4332: 4328: 4327: 4326:The Histories 4319: 4317: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4279: 4275: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4257: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4212: 4204: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4189: 4184: 4178: 4171: 4166: 4160:, p. 74. 4159: 4154: 4152: 4144: 4139: 4133:, p. 68. 4132: 4127: 4119: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4088:, p. 75. 4087: 4082: 4080: 4072: 4067: 4059: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4013: 4006: 4005: 3997: 3995: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3964: 3963: 3955: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3921: 3920: 3912: 3896: 3892: 3886: 3882: 3881: 3873: 3857: 3851: 3844: 3840: 3837: 3831: 3815: 3811: 3805: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3737: 3733: 3727: 3711: 3707: 3706:"Heb 6:13–18" 3701: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3640: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3616: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3515: 3507: 3500: 3498: 3482: 3478: 3472: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3425: 3419: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3391: 3385: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3352: 3348: 3345: 3340: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3239: 3234: 3227: 3222: 3216:(around 5:00) 3213: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3192: 3191: 3185: 3178: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3128: 3123: 3121: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3077:(4): e60713. 3076: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3044: 3041:Conti, Alli. 3038: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2994: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2977: 2971: 2964: 2961: 2955: 2940: 2936: 2930: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2840: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2801: 2795: 2788: 2783: 2776: 2771: 2763: 2757: 2753: 2752: 2744: 2728: 2724: 2718: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2637: 2621: 2617: 2610: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2593: 2587: 2579: 2573: 2569: 2562: 2554: 2548: 2544: 2537: 2528: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2510: 2509:, 9 June 2010 2508: 2501: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2476: 2468: 2462: 2458: 2457: 2449: 2442: 2436: 2420: 2416: 2410: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2375: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2358: 2352: 2344: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2321: 2319: 2310: 2304: 2300: 2299: 2291: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2242: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2227: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2164: 2160: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2097: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2066: 2064: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2006: 2004: 2002: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1966: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1935: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1913: 1909: 1902: 1898: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1831:False analogy 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1801: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1707:(in Avestan: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1660: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1585: 1582: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1525:Against Lying 1522: 1518: 1514: 1508: 1504: 1503:St. Augustine 1500: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1427:); Ex. 23:1; 1426: 1423: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352:New Testament 1349: 1348:Old Testament 1342: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1298:psychiatrists 1295: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1260: 1249: 1248: 1243: 1242: 1237: 1236: 1232:In the games 1231: 1228: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1207:Ricky Gervais 1204: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1159: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1119:George Orwell 1116: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1103: 1102:Thomas Hobbes 1100: 1097: 1096: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1063:Glenn Kessler 1061: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1010:Carlo Collodi 1008: 1007: 1003: 999: 990: 988: 982: 980: 976: 966: 964: 959: 956: 952: 951: 945: 943: 938: 934: 933: 924: 920: 916: 913: 909: 908: 907: 904: 900: 899:Immanuel Kant 896: 892: 891:St. Augustine 889: 885: 878: 875: 872: 871: 870: 868: 863: 860: 856: 855: 850: 844: 840: 839:Portrait bust 836: 831: 821: 817: 815: 814:pseudoscience 810: 806: 801: 798: 792: 791:Lie detection 782: 779: 778:Hannah Arendt 775: 773: 768: 764: 751: 750: 746: 742: 738: 735: 730: 729:informal term 726: 725: 721: 717: 713: 710: 706: 701: 697: 693: 692: 691:forked tongue 686: 683: 679: 675: 674: 670: 667: 663: 658: 654: 646: 643: 639: 635: 634: 630: 627: 626: 621: 617: 614: 613: 609: 606: 605: 601: 598: 597: 589: 588: 583: 579: 575: 571: 568: 564: 560: 556: 555: 554:Mutual deceit 551: 548: 545:coupled with 544: 540: 536: 535: 531: 528: 524: 523: 518: 515: 510: 504: 499: 495: 492: 491: 486: 482: 479: 476: 475: 470: 469: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 443: 442: 438: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 400: 396: 392: 391:confabulation 388: 387: 382: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 358:partial truth 355: 354: 349: 345: 341: 337: 336: 332: 329: 325: 321: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 297: 291: 287: 282: 278: 275: 270: 269: 264: 261: 257: 253: 252: 248: 244: 240: 237: 236: 232: 229: 224: 223: 215: 210: 206: 203: 199: 195: 191: 190: 186: 183: 178: 174: 170: 166: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 134: 129: 126: 122: 118: 117: 111: 109: 103: 101: 97: 92: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 58: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 4983: 4962: 4937:(1): 33–60. 4934: 4930: 4913: 4909: 4901: 4892: 4891:, 240 pp.), 4880: 4860: 4857:Peter Oborne 4842:. 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