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separates UI concerns which allows to reuse each independent of others. In the study at authors reduce UI code by 32% through aspect-based UI approach applied to a production system. Main advantages are templating for adjusting the presentation, separate definitions of concerns and mostly generic transformation rules applicable across various data.
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These approaches are based on existing general purpose language (GPL) code bases . They inspect the code through meta-programming and assemble a structural model that is transformed to the UI. This approach addresses information restatement. These approaches does not fit to adaptive and context-aware
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In usage-centered design, the modeling task is to show how the actual presentation of a planned system and how the user interaction is supposed to happen. This is probably the most praised approach, and it has been used successfully on a variety of small and large-scale projects. Its strengths are in
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Because application models in UML describe few aspects of user interfaces, and because the model-based user interface development environments (MB-UIDE) lack ability for modeling applications, the
University of Manchester started the research project UMLi in 1998. UMLi aims to address this problem
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DiaMODL combines a dataflow-oriented language (Pisa interactor abstraction) with UML Statecharts which has focus on behavior. It is capable of modeling the dataflow as well as the behavior of interaction objects. It may be used for documenting the function and structure of concrete user interfaces.
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is a development technique used by computer application programmers. Today's user interfaces (UIs) are complex software components, which play an essential role in the usability of an application. The development of UIs requires therefore, not only guidelines and best practice reports, but also a
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The known issues of model-based approaches include information restatement and lack of mechanisms to effectively to solve cross-cutting concerns . Model-based solutions can work well on their own, but integration with alternative approaches brings complexity in development and maintenance efforts.
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Modeling user interfaces is a well-established discipline in its own right. For example, modeling techniques can describe interaction objects, tasks, and lower-level dialogs in user interfaces. Using models as part of user interface development can help capture user requirements, avoid premature
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Aspect-based solution suggested by integrates advantages of code-inspection based and generative programming approaches. It inspects existing code and applies aspect oriented methods to address cross-cutting concerns. It works at runtime, reduces information restatement and at the same time
108:(USer Interface eXtensible Markup Language) is an XML-based specification language for user interface design. It supports the description of UI for multiple contexts of use such as Character User Interfaces (CUIs), Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs), Auditory User Interfaces, and
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Himalia combines the
Hypermedia Models with the control/composite paradigm. It is a full user interface language, it may be used for specifying but also for running it, because of this the designer tool can categorized as a
177:(how users can interact with the objects presentation (as push buttons, commands, etc.), with interaction media (as voice input, touch screen, etc.) and the reactions that the user interface communicates via these objects)
62:(Model-based lAnguage foR Interactive Applications) is a universal, declarative, multiple abstraction level, XML-based user interface markup language for modelling interactive applications in ubiquitous environments.
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Models of this kind show the contents of a user interface and its different components. Aesthetics and behavior details are not included in this kind of model as it is a form of usage-centered design model.
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These approaches connect domain methods with GPL . Cross-cutting concerns are addressed at compile-time, which does not directly accommodate future adaptive UIs needing runtime information.
296:– P. Markopoulos, A compositional model for the formal specification of user interface software, Doctoral thesis, Queen Mary and Westfield College University of London, 1997
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UML can be used for several of the models mentioned above with varying degree of success, but it lacks support for user modeling, platform modeling and presentation model.
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is a representation of how the end user(s) interact with a computer program or another device and also how the system responds. The modeling task is then to show all the "
299:– D. Trevisan, J. Vanderdonck, B. Macq, Model-Based Approach and Augmented Reality Systems, UniversitĂ© catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 2003
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commitment to specific layouts and widgets, and make the relationships between an interface's different parts and their roles explicit. .
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The different aspects of a user interface requires different model types. Some of the models that may be considered for UI-modeling are:
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Aspect-driven, Data-reflective and
Context-aware User Interfaces Design (page 53). In: ACM SIGAPP Applied Computing Review [online
293:– P. Pinheiro da Silva, N. W. Paton, User Interface Modeling in UMLi, Stanford University / University of Manchester, 2003
183:(application appearance, representation of the visual, haptic and auditory elements that the user interface offers to its users)
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74:. However, the language is not mainly intended for this kind of modeling, which may render the models somewhat synthetic.
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H. Trætteberg, Model-based User
Interface Design, Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2002
171:(used to model the physical devices that are intended to host the application and how they interact with each other)
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development process including the elaboration of visual models and a standardized notation for this visualization.
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F Paternò, Model-based tools for pervasive usability, Interacting with
Computers 17 (3), 291-315
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of designing and implementing user interfaces using a combination of
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Some aspects of user interface modeling can be realized using
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There exist several approaches to modeling a user interface.
368:– Krzysztof Czarnecki and Ulrich W. Eisenecker. 2000.
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The
Unified Modeling Language for Interactive Applications
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Generative
Programming: Methods, Tools, and Applications
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