386:
Chinese sources as the Tieh-lê, who were to be found in Inner Asia as well The fluidity of the situation in the steppes is mirrored in our sources, a kaleidoscope of dissolving and reforming tribal unions... Although some of the antecedents of this important migration are still unclear, there can be no doubt that the 0ghur tribes now became the dominant element in the Ponto-Caspian steppes. The term Oghur denoted "grouping of kindred tribes, tribal union" and figures in their ethnonyms: Onoghur, Saraghur, etc. The language of these Oghur tribes, which survives today only in
Chuvash, was distinct from that of Common Turkic. In 480 we find our earliest firm notice on the Bulghars ("Mixed Ones"), a large conglomeration of Oghur, Hunnic and other elements. In addition, we have reports about the activities of the Kutrighurs and Utrighurs who appear in our sources under their own names, as "Huns" and perhaps even as "Bulghars." Their precise relationship to the latter cannot be determined with any certainty, but all three clearly originated in the same Hunno-Oghur milieu.
20:
249:...in the old days many Huns, called then Cimmerians, inhabited the lands I mentioned already. They all had a single king. Once one of their kings had two sons: one called Utigur and another called Kutrigur. After their father's death they shared the power and gave their names to the subjected peoples, so that even nowadays some of them are called Utigurs and the others - Kutrigurs.
279:(527–565) through diplomatic persuasion and bribery dragged the Kutrigurs and Utigurs into mutual warfare. Utigurs led by Sandilch attacked the Kutrigurs who suffered great losses. According to Procopius, Agathias and Menander, the Kutrigurs and Utigurs decimated one another, until they lost even their tribal names. Some Kutrigur remnants were swept away by the
582:
Syriac chroniclers (along with their Arab, Byzantine, Latin, Armenian, and
Georgian counterparts) did not use ethnonyms as specifically as modern scholars do. As K. Czeglédy notes, "some sources... use the ethnonyms of the various steppe-peoples, in particular those of the Scythians, Huns and Türks,
385:
Sometime about A.D. 463 a series of nomadic migrations was set off in Inner Asia... Archeological and literary evidence permits us to place the homeland of these newcomers, the Oghur tribes, in
Western Siberia and the Kazakh steppes... The Oghurs were part of a large Turkic tribal grouping known in
257:, "it is neither fair nor decent to exterminate our tribesmen (the Kutrigurs), who not only speak a language, identical to ours, who are our neighbours and have the same dressing and manners of life, but who are also our relatives, even though subjected to other lords".
267:..all of them are called in general Scythians and Huns in particular according to their nation. Thus, some are Koutrigours or Outigours and yet others are Oultizurs and Bourougounds... the Oultizurs and Bourougounds were known up to the time of the Emperor
294:
in 576 an Utigur army led by chieftain Ανάγαιος (Anagai, Anağay). Bosphoros fell to them c. 579 AD. In the same year, Byzantine embassy to the Türks passed through the territory of Ἀκκάγας (Akagas, Aq-Qağan), "which is the name of the woman who rules the
561:
Like the name
Scythian up to the early medieval period, the name Hun became a generic (usually pejorative) term in subsequent history for any steppe-warrior people, or even any enemy people, regardless of their actual
271:(457–474) and the Romans of that time and appeared to have been strong. We, however, in this day, neither know them, nor, I think, will we. Perhaps, they have perished or perhaps they have moved off to very far place.
337:
The ethnonym of the Huns, like those of
Scythians and Türks, became a generic term for steppe-people (nomads) and invading enemies from the East, no matter of their actual origin and identity.
765:
An introduction to the
History of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East
632:
826:
805:
781:
554:
480:
378:
226:
tribes. The land is called
Evlisia and barbarians populate the sea-coast and the inland up to the so-called lake of
120:
There has been little scholarly support for theories linking the names
Kutrigur and Utigur to peoples such as the
242:." They occupied the Don-Azov steppe zone, the Kutrigurs in the Western part and the Utigurs towards the East.
86:
497:
80:
859:
38:
625:
283:
to
Pannonia, while the Utigurs remained in the Pontic steppe and fell under the rule of the Türks.
854:
540:
158:
149:
791:
759:
358:
195:
8:
773:
546:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of
Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
299:
there, having been appointed at that time by Anagai, chief of the tribe of the Utigurs".
613:
291:
287:
268:
231:
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374:
187:
366:
141:
370:
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506:
470:
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280:
153:
34:
603:
238:, and now they are called Utigurs. North of them are the populous tribes of the
140:. No evidence has been presented that the Guti moved from their homeland in the
239:
129:
848:
203:
136:
respectively, which have been posited by scholars such as Osman Karatay, and
121:
31:
95:
818:
In Search of the Lost Tribe: The Origins and Making of the Croatian Nation
276:
227:
191:
103:
602:
D. Dimitrov (1987). "Bulgars, Unogundurs, Onogurs, Utigurs, Kutrigurs".
235:
171:
125:
275:
When the Kutrigurs invaded the lands of the Byzantium Empire, Emperor
769:
308:
296:
219:
215:
137:
74:
68:
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42:
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Procopius also recorded a genealogical legend according to which:
318:
313:
183:
145:
46:
41:
in the 6th century AD. They possibly were closely related to the
800:. Editura Academiei Române; Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei.
253:
This story was also confirmed by the words of the Utigur ruler
199:
79:, is generally considered as a metathesized form suggested by
163:
797:
Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes
223:
19:
680:
152:(rather than Turkic) language. The Udi were mentioned by
699:
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391:
714:
712:
422:
420:
418:
724:
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663:
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639:
432:
403:
361:(1990). "The peoples of the south Russian steppes".
290:, who recorded among the Türk forces that attacked
198:'s suggestion that the Utigurs may be linked to the
577:
Medieval Syriac Historians' Perceptionsof the Turks
415:
736:
605:Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie
444:
148:, and they are widely believed to have spoken an
846:
365:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 256–284.
190:and the ... Udini" on the western shores of the
186:"), who lived "above the maritime coast of
838:Early Turks: Essays of history and ideology
601:
549:. Princeton University Press. p. 99.
214:The origin of relative tribes Utigurs and
202:– an Indo-European people that settled in
597:
595:
593:
591:
363:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia
222:wrote that "Beyond the Sagins dwell many
194:. Neither is there general acceptance of
539:
495:
162:, VI, book, 39), in connection with the
18:
814:
631:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
580:. University of Cambridge. p. 19.
573:
465:
461:
459:
438:
847:
790:
758:
730:
718:
703:
686:
674:
657:
645:
588:
472:Naturkunde, Buch VI, Geographie: Asien
426:
409:
397:
357:
234:. The people living there were called
835:
742:
527:
456:
450:
13:
583:in the generic sense of 'nomads'".
14:
871:
475:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 36.
23:Eastern Hemisphere in c. 600 AD.
567:
533:
331:
489:
351:
94:mean "Thirty Oğurs (tribes)".
1:
371:10.1017/CHOL9780521243049.011
344:
75:
69:
63:
52:
7:
302:
10:
876:
286:Their last mention was by
209:
166:(sometimes jointly as the
144:(modern Iran/Iraq) to the
109:(the victors-conquerors),
178:caste/tribe known as the
16:Historical ethnical group
541:Beckwith, Christopher I.
324:
815:Karatay, Osman (2003).
760:Golden, Peter Benjamin
574:Dickens, Mark (2004).
359:Golden, Peter Benjamin
273:
251:
206:during ancient times.
37:who flourished in the
24:
840:. Almaty: Daik-Press.
265:
247:
39:Pontic–Caspian steppe
22:
496:John Bostock (ed.).
263:(c. 579–582) wrote:
196:Edwin G. Pulleyblank
500:The Natural History
102:(to resist), while
35:nomadic equestrians
689:, p. 140–141.
498:"Pliny the Elder,
400:, p. 71, 139.
288:Menander Protector
25:
774:Otto Harrassowitz
660:, p. 99–100.
530:, p. 21, 39.
867:
860:Migration Period
841:
832:
821:. Ayse Demiral.
811:
792:Golden, Peter B.
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142:Zagros Mountains
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159:Natural History
154:Pliny the Elder
117:(the enrages).
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
873:
863:
862:
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855:Turkic peoples
843:
842:
833:
827:
812:
806:
788:
782:
755:
754:
748:
747:
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733:, p. 131.
723:
708:
706:, p. 100.
691:
679:
677:, p. 140.
662:
650:
638:
587:
566:
555:
532:
520:
488:
481:
467:Plinius, Gaius
455:
443:
431:
414:
412:, p. 139.
402:
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349:
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343:
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329:
328:
326:
323:
322:
321:
316:
311:
304:
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230:and the river
211:
208:
130:Southwest Asia
64:Οὺτ(τ)ρίγουροι
61:, recorded as
54:
51:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
872:
861:
858:
856:
853:
852:
850:
839:
836:Zuev (2002).
834:
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828:9789756467077
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820:
819:
813:
809:
807:9789732721520
803:
799:
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789:
785:
783:9783447032742
779:
775:
771:
767:
766:
761:
757:
756:
752:
751:
745:, p. 62.
744:
739:
732:
727:
721:, p. 91.
720:
715:
713:
705:
700:
698:
696:
688:
683:
676:
671:
669:
667:
659:
654:
648:, p. 98.
647:
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592:
584:
579:
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556:9781400829941
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482:9783050061849
478:
474:
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468:
462:
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453:, p. 39.
452:
447:
441:, p. 26.
440:
435:
429:, p. 99.
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150:Indo-European
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128:, of Ancient
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511:. Retrieved
505:
499:
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446:
439:Karatay 2003
434:
405:
393:
384:
362:
353:
333:
285:
274:
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259:
252:
248:
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218:is obscure.
213:
179:
167:
157:
119:
114:
110:
106:
99:
96:Lajos Ligeti
91:
84:
81:Gyula Németh
70:Οὺτούργουροι
58:
56:
27:
26:
731:Golden 1992
719:Golden 2011
704:Golden 1992
687:Golden 2011
675:Golden 2011
658:Golden 1992
646:Golden 1992
622:|work=
427:Golden 1992
410:Golden 2011
398:Golden 2011
277:Justinian I
192:Caspian Sea
184:Cultivators
104:Louis Bazin
90:, thus the
849:Categories
345:References
236:Cimmerians
172:Sarmatians
83:of Turkic
770:Wiesbaden
743:Zuev 2002
624:ignored (
614:cite book
562:identity.
528:Zuev 2002
513:1 October
451:Zuev 2002
309:Kutrigurs
297:Scythians
220:Procopius
216:Kutrigurs
138:Yury Zuev
122:Guti/Quti
98:proposed
59:Ut(r)igur
57:The name
53:Etymology
43:Kutrigurs
794:(2011).
762:(1992).
608:. Varna.
543:(2009).
469:(1996).
303:See also
292:Bosporos
261:Agathias
255:Sandilch
180:Aroteres
176:Scythian
168:Utidorsi
134:Caucasus
132:and the
115:qudurmaq
111:Quturgur
92:*Uturğur
76:Οὺτρίγου
753:Sources
319:Bulgars
314:Onogurs
228:Meotida
224:Hunnish
210:History
188:Albania
170:), the
146:Steppes
126:Udi/Uti
124:and/or
107:uturkar
47:Bulgars
28:Utigurs
825:
804:
780:
553:
479:
377:
232:Tanais
200:Yuezhi
174:and a
85:*Otur-
32:Turkic
325:Notes
281:Avars
240:Antes
164:Aorsi
100:utur-
30:were
823:ISBN
802:ISBN
778:ISBN
633:link
626:help
551:ISBN
515:2015
477:ISBN
375:ISBN
113:and
87:Oğur
73:and
45:and
367:doi
269:Leo
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