204:
7397:
390:
192:
703:. The classification reflects the decision to split up the previous Taracahitic and Takic groups, that are no longer considered to be valid genetic units. Whether the division between Northern and Southern languages is best understood as geographical or phylogenetic is under discussion. The table contains demographic information about number of speakers and their locations based on data from
653:'s argument was statistical, arguing that Northern Uto-Aztecan languages displayed too few cognates to be considered a unit. On the other hands he found the number of cognates among Southern Uto-Aztecan languages to suggest a genetic relation. This position was supported by subsequent lexicostatistic analyses by
605:, however, rejected the claim in his own classification of North American indigenous languages (also published in 1891). Powell recognized two language families: "Shoshonean" (encompassing Takic, Numic, Hopi, and TĂŒbatulabal) and "Sonoran" (encompassing Pimic, Taracahitan, and Corachol). In the early 1900s
285:
The internal classification of the family often divides it into two branches: a northern branch including all the languages of the US and a southern branch including all the languages of Mexico, although it is still being discussed whether this is best understood as a genetic classification or as a
581:
within the family"). Some recent studies have begun to question the unity of
Taracahitic and Takic and computer-assisted statistical studies have begun to question some of the long-held assumptions and consensuses. As to higher-level groupings, disagreement has persisted since the 19th century.
624:
As of about 2011, there is still debate about whether to accept the proposed basic split between "Northern Uto-Aztecan" and "Southern Uto-Aztecan" languages. Northern Uto-Aztecan corresponds to Powell's "Shoshonean", and the latter is all the rest: Powell's "Sonoran" plus
Aztecan. Northern
1466:
in the early 20th century, and later supported with potential lexical evidence by other scholars. This proposal has received much criticism about the validity of the proposed cognate sets and has been largely abandoned since the end of the last century as unproven.
690:
recognizes similarities between
Corachol and Aztecan, but explains them by diffusion instead of genetic evolution. Most scholars view the breakup of Proto-Uto-Aztecan as a case of the gradual disintegration of a dialect continuum.
251:
The Uto-Aztecan language family is one of the largest linguistic families in the
Americas in terms of number of speakers, number of languages, and geographic extension. The northernmost Uto-Aztecan language is
1423:
In addition to the above languages for which linguistic evidence exists, it is suspected that among dozens of now extinct, undocumented or poorly known languages of northern Mexico, many were Uto-Aztecan.
2043:
Cortina-Borja, M.; Stuart-Smith, J.; Valiñas-Coalla, L. (2002). "Multivariate classification methods for lexical and phonological dissimilarities and their application to the Uto-Aztecan family".
665:
considers the evidence in favor of the genetic unity of
Northern Uto-Aztecan to be convincing, but remains agnostic on the validity of Southern Uto-Aztecan as a genetic grouping.
8010:
8005:
649:
accepted the basic division into
Northern and Southern branches as valid. Other scholars have rejected the genealogical unity of either both nodes or the Northern node alone.
8000:
7078:
7678:
7338:
7381:
3166:. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics 56. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 153â149.
7371:
6104:
7639:
7634:
7411:
590:
2821:
Hopi
Dictionary: HopĂŹikwa LavĂ ytutuveni: A HopiâEnglish Dictionary of the Third Mesa Dialect With an EnglishâHopi Finder List and a Sketch of Hopi Grammar
3255:. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics, 56. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
6095:
1444:
A large number of languages known only from brief mentions are thought to have been Uto-Aztecan languages that became extinct before being documented.
377:
or possibly
Northwestern Mexico. An alternative theory has proposed the possibility that the language family originated in southern Mexico, within the
3196:. Archivo de Lenguas IndĂgenas del Estado de Oaxaca, 14. 14. 166. MĂ©xico, D.F.: Instituto de InvestigaciĂłn e IntegraciĂłn Social del Estado de Oaxaca.
7331:
1634:
7126:
7088:
3379:
8020:
6984:
5960:
2995:
7902:
2781:
2014:
2819:
2718:
Steele, Susan (1979). "Uto-Aztecan: An assessment for historical and comparative linguistics". In
Campbell, Lyle; Mithun, Marianne (eds.).
400:
Uto-Aztecan languages are spoken in the North
American mountain ranges and adjacent lowlands of the western United States in the states of
2300:
Kemp; Gonzålez-Oliver; Malhi; Monroe; Schroeder; McDonough; Rhett; Resendéz; Peñalosa-Espinoza; Buentello-Malo; Gorodetsky; Smith (2010).
549:
Uto-Aztecan has been accepted by linguists as a language family since the early 1900s, and six subgroups are generally accepted as valid:
7990:
7946:
7791:
7324:
4062:
17:
7651:
7646:
7083:
2302:"Evaluating the farming/language dispersal hypothesis with genetic variation exhibited by populations in the Southwest and Mesoamerica"
1439:
7953:
7704:
7429:
2959:. publications in linguistics (No. 92). Dallas, Texas: The Summer Institute of Linguistics and The University of Texas at Arlington.
1936:
Caballero, G. (2011). "Behind the Mexican Mountains: Recent Developments and New Directions in Research on Uto-Aztecan Languages".
7995:
1976:
Campbell, Lyle (2003). "What drives linguistic diversification and language spread?". In Bellwood, Peter; Renfrew, Colin (eds.).
6088:
7712:
7777:
7673:
6108:
4016:
3974:
3260:
3212:
2847:
1433:
707:. The table also contains links to a selected bibliography of grammars, dictionaries on many of the individual languages.( =
679:
also rejected the validity of the Takic grouping decomposing it into a Californian areal grouping together with Tubatulabal.
3007:. University of California Publications in Linguistics. Vol. 119. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
7912:
7907:
5475:
5056:
3034:. University of California Publications in Linguistics. Vol. 92. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
225:
5585:
7932:
7787:
7611:
7119:
6957:
3372:
7772:
7601:
7347:
4557:
597:
affiliation between the Aztecan branch and the rest. He ascribed the similarities between the two groups to diffusion.
7629:
7037:
6081:
5742:
3182:
1994:
1546:
278:
gives the total number of languages in the family as 61, and the total number of speakers as 1,900,412. Speakers of
8015:
7722:
7093:
5718:
4957:
7975:
7855:
7800:
7762:
7742:
7417:
6487:
6456:
4876:
4812:
4055:
3076:
2968:
2833:
2575:
Miller, Wick R. (1983a). "A note on extinct languages of northwest Mexico of supposed Uto-Aztecan affiliation".
7980:
7917:
7845:
7835:
7820:
7747:
7588:
7112:
5489:
4731:
3936:
3619:
3396:
3365:
1966:
5240:
7850:
7825:
7805:
7752:
6073:
5955:
5602:
4737:
4562:
4348:
4342:
4266:
3477:
3330:. Departamento de Estudios en Lenguas IndĂgenasâUniversidad de Guadalajara â Secretaria de EducaciĂłn PĂșblica.
669:
also considered the North/South split to be valid based on phonological evidence, confirming both groupings.
237:
3342:
7830:
7810:
7767:
7757:
7717:
5965:
5950:
5649:
4950:
4937:
4708:
4669:
997:
Last native speakers died in early 1900s, in 21st century undergoing revival efforts, Southern California
7875:
7815:
7564:
7508:
7376:
6805:
5945:
5939:
5724:
4997:
4915:
4888:
4592:
4582:
3849:
3698:
1822:
1192:
3104:. University of California Publications in Linguistics 16. Berkeley: The University of California Press.
203:
7985:
7840:
7305:
7042:
6423:
5511:
5172:
4969:
4767:
4627:
4597:
4587:
4577:
4283:
4048:
4003:
3923:
3890:
3669:
3664:
3428:
1476:
1453:
1128:
1113:
791:
497:
378:
374:
70:
7424:
5923:
5730:
5706:
5681:
5654:
5637:
4647:
4602:
4572:
4545:
4116:
4071:
3824:
3715:
3148:. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 267â393.
2613:
Miller, Wick R. (1984). "The classification of the Uto-Aztecan languages based on lexical evidence".
2074:"Long vowels and morpheme boundaries in Nahuatl and Uto-Aztecan: comments on historical developments"
1188:
520:
by a wave of migration from Mexico, and formerly had many speakers there. Now it has gone extinct in
7503:
7274:
7196:
7183:
7052:
6903:
6885:
6548:
6131:
5970:
5777:
5414:
5402:
5234:
4296:
4289:
4105:
3420:
2471:
Merrill, William L.; Hard, Robert J.; Mabry, Jonathan B.; Fritz; Adams; Roney; MacWilliams (2010).
2073:
869:
776:
7922:
7518:
7450:
4975:
4900:
4303:
4253:
3070:. University of California Publications in Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
861:
598:
3605:
3233:
Yaara' Shiraaw'ax 'Eyooshiraaw'a. Now You're Speaking Our Language: Gabrielino/Tongva/Fernandeño
1040:
570:
315:
143:
7190:
7135:
6879:
6837:
6646:
6612:
6330:
5989:
5837:
5632:
5408:
5361:
4991:
4908:
4567:
4551:
4359:
4260:
4123:
4099:
3854:
614:
5627:
3347:
3343:
Uto-Aztecan.org, a website devoted to the comparative study of the Uto-Aztecan language family
1635:"Nawat â and not nahuatl. Centroamerican nawat and its flavors: Nawat pipil and nawat nicarao"
228:, consisting of over thirty languages. Uto-Aztecan languages are found almost entirely in the
7927:
7606:
7513:
7289:
7269:
7047:
6993:
6890:
6531:
6413:
6035:
5933:
5622:
5204:
5166:
4773:
4747:
4652:
4642:
4325:
4241:
4092:
4010:
3931:
3913:
3690:
1162:
634:
594:
558:
331:
229:
137:
43:
7247:
7241:
6945:
6938:
5736:
5461:
2731:. Memoirs of the International Journal of American Linguistics. Vol. 17. Waverly Press.
1794:
7885:
7880:
7596:
7386:
7177:
6872:
6720:
6286:
6252:
6010:
5767:
5575:
5548:
5531:
5499:
5397:
5111:
5036:
4963:
4742:
4719:
4691:
4622:
4533:
4314:
3279:
3041:
The Collected Works of Edward Sapir, X, Southern Paiute and Ute Linguistics and Ethnography
2484:
2313:
2210:
355:
5895:
3898:
3155:
El idioma tubar y los tubares. Segun documentos ineditos de C. S. Lumholtz y C. V. Hartman
3039:
Sapir, Edward (1992) . "Southern Paiute, a Shoshonean Language". In William Bright (ed.).
2012:
Cortina-Borja, M; Valiñas-Coalla, L (1989). "Some remarks on Uto-Aztecan Classification".
327:
286:
geographical one. Below this level of classification the main branches are well accepted:
8:
7284:
7202:
7160:
7057:
6896:
6854:
6794:
6773:
6567:
6503:
6446:
6394:
6379:
6352:
6320:
6136:
5787:
5691:
5591:
5580:
5542:
5521:
5419:
5378:
5153:
5135:
5129:
5104:
5097:
5090:
5003:
4986:
4725:
4391:
4378:
4272:
4222:
4079:
3703:
1170:
1078:
873:
699:
Below is a representation of the internal classification of the language family based on
613:
proved the unity among Aztecan, "Sonoran", and "Shoshonean". Sapir's applications of the
335:
323:
3864:
3643:
3580:
3283:
2488:
2357:
2317:
2214:
975:
489:
307:
7890:
7683:
7279:
7231:
7154:
6968:
6924:
6848:
6748:
6734:
6664:
6554:
6370:
6314:
6307:
6218:
6202:
5701:
5696:
5686:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5643:
5612:
5607:
5560:
5554:
5505:
5450:
5373:
5257:
5221:
5182:
5124:
4931:
4926:
4637:
4396:
4365:
4331:
4319:
4278:
4153:
3844:
3775:
3648:
3535:
3305:
3291:
2989:
2943:
2806:
2706:
2698:
2630:
2592:
2554:
2507:
2472:
2459:
2451:
2404:
2336:
2301:
2233:
2198:
2185:
2156:
2109:
2060:
2031:
1919:
1892:
1314:
1093:
927:
682:
Some classifications have posited a genetic relation between Corachol and Nahuan (e.g.
602:
562:
87:
6191:
5798:
5761:
3574:
954:
621:
argued for a three-way division of Shoshonean, Sonoran and Aztecan, following Powell.
469:
373:
The homeland of the Uto-Aztecan languages is generally considered to have been in the
181:
7737:
7621:
7396:
7366:
7316:
7032:
6974:
6727:
6710:
6685:
6671:
6526:
6389:
6384:
6346:
6229:
5712:
5617:
5597:
5536:
5516:
5227:
5188:
5159:
5147:
5084:
5030:
5008:
4981:
4921:
4894:
4713:
4674:
4664:
4632:
4505:
4431:
4413:
4407:
4309:
4227:
4141:
3908:
3833:
3806:
3752:
3675:
3628:
3568:
3542:
3489:
3461:
3456:
3444:
3328:
GramĂĄtica DidĂĄctica del Huichol: Vol. I. Estructura FonolĂłgica y Sistema de Escritura
3256:
3208:
3178:
2947:
2853:
2843:
2839:
2810:
2798:
2710:
2634:
2596:
2558:
2537:
Merrill, William L. (2012). "The Historical Linguistics of Uto-Aztecan Agriculture".
2463:
2408:
2341:
2238:
2113:
2064:
2035:
1990:
1962:
1949:
1924:
1364:
1228:
1143:
950:
896:
841:
826:
811:
606:
583:
441:
343:
339:
319:
303:
295:
291:
253:
82:
60:
5803:
5792:
5772:
4110:
3309:
3241:
2160:
673:
adduced further evidence for the unity of Southern Uto-Aztecan as a valid grouping.
582:
Presently scholars also disagree as to where to draw language boundaries within the
7895:
7569:
7215:
7165:
7104:
7062:
7007:
7000:
6918:
6859:
6787:
6780:
6699:
6657:
6622:
6580:
6561:
6536:
6497:
6476:
6470:
6433:
6340:
6238:
6184:
6177:
6170:
6149:
6020:
5880:
5870:
5865:
5819:
5813:
5782:
5675:
5570:
5494:
5432:
5384:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5280:
5264:
5199:
5194:
5177:
5118:
5012:
4944:
4855:
4822:
4790:
4686:
4658:
4607:
4528:
4512:
4498:
4480:
4473:
4459:
4419:
4401:
4385:
4371:
4193:
4176:
3903:
3880:
3859:
3788:
3725:
3520:
3512:
3295:
3287:
3172:
3122:
2935:
2923:
2907:
2790:
2749:
2690:
2660:
2622:
2584:
2546:
2525:
2502:
2492:
2443:
2396:
2375:
2353:
2331:
2321:
2259:
2228:
2218:
2177:
2148:
2101:
2052:
2023:
1945:
1914:
1904:
1496:
1459:
1355:
1339:
923:
708:
687:
642:
601:
added the Aztecan languages to the family in 1891 and coined the term Uto-Aztecan.
578:
566:
513:
505:
367:
363:
245:
129:
104:
5860:
5808:
4800:
2893:. Culture and Language Use Volume 3. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
2754:
2737:
1980:. Cambridge(U.K.): McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. pp. 49â63.
7574:
7264:
7171:
6865:
6822:
6815:
6692:
6678:
6628:
6542:
6517:
6440:
6406:
6400:
6297:
6263:
6163:
6125:
6015:
5890:
5875:
5844:
5565:
5526:
5391:
5337:
5209:
5071:
4837:
4832:
4697:
4612:
4493:
4486:
4466:
4448:
4353:
4336:
4135:
3953:
3948:
3941:
3839:
3794:
3734:
3560:
3549:
3503:
3449:
3405:
3202:
3003:
Zigmond, Maurice L.; Booth, Curtis G.; Munro, Pamela (1991). Pamela Munro (ed.).
2132:
Morphology at the interfaces: reduplication and noun incorporation in Uto-Aztecan
2000:
1295:
992:
765:
554:
517:
473:
299:
287:
221:
124:
109:
92:
54:
2434:
Manaster Ramer, Alexis (1992). "A Northern Uto-Aztecan Sound Law: *-c- â -y-Âč".
2281:
1593:
589:
The similarities among the Uto-Aztecan languages were noted as early as 1859 by
318:
are languages outside those groups. The Southern languages are divided into the
7544:
7534:
7465:
7236:
6931:
6763:
6741:
6594:
6573:
6465:
6359:
6279:
6272:
6211:
6156:
6025:
5885:
5854:
5825:
5456:
5342:
5325:
5275:
5270:
5141:
5078:
4848:
4842:
4762:
4757:
4703:
4680:
4425:
4247:
4204:
4187:
4181:
4159:
4147:
4031:
3958:
3760:
3741:
3709:
3300:
3130:. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and University of Texas at Arlington.
1385:
1275:
1236:
1209:
704:
650:
509:
347:
261:
115:
6103:
2681:
Shaul, David L.; Hill, Jane H. (1998). "Tepimans, Yumans, and other Hohokam".
2529:
2447:
2181:
1668:
7969:
7539:
7480:
7361:
6635:
6601:
6587:
6245:
6142:
5909:
5849:
5831:
5347:
5331:
5285:
5042:
4862:
4827:
4817:
4795:
4752:
4617:
4198:
4130:
3783:
3765:
3600:
3144:
Bascom, Burton W. (1982). "Northern Tepehuan". In Ronald W. Langacker (ed.).
3109:
2829:
2263:
2092:
Fowler, Catherine S. (1983). "Some lexical clues to Uto-Aztecan prehistory".
2056:
1870:
1458:
An "AztecâTanoan" macrofamily that unites the Uto-Aztecan languages with the
1322:
1253:
1014:
878:
920 speakers of all dialects, in Colorado, Nevada, California, Utah, Arizona
626:
574:
359:
351:
311:
257:
98:
4040:
2857:
2802:
2608:. Vol. 10. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 113â124.
2497:
2326:
2223:
2004:
1909:
7732:
7470:
7460:
7455:
4806:
3164:
Studies in Uto-Aztecan grammar 4: Southern Uto-Aztecan grammatical sketches
2912:
University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology
2345:
2242:
1928:
1463:
610:
3526:
3146:
Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar, Volume 3, Uto-Aztecan Grammatical Sketches
2674:
A Prehistory of Western North America: The Impact of Uto-Aztecan Languages
2664:
2604:
Miller, Wick R. (1983). "Uto-Aztecan languages". In Ortiz, Alfonso (ed.).
2550:
461:
165:
7139:
3482:
3230:
2964:
2651:
Sapir, E. (1913). "Southern Paiute and Nahuatl, a study in Uto-Aztekan".
2566:
Miller, Wick R. (1986). "Numic Languages". In Warren L. dâAzevedo (ed.).
2125:. Vol. 17. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 1â16.
1000:
865:
533:
493:
265:
3357:
3270:
Mason, J. Alden (1916). "Tepecano, A Piman language of western Mexico".
7475:
7445:
4453:
2772:
2702:
2455:
2042:
1959:
American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America
1875:
American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America
816:
1000 fluent speakers and 1000 learners in Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, Idaho
658:
617:
to unwritten Native American languages are regarded as groundbreaking.
417:
274:
2720:
The Languages of Native America: Historical and Comparative Assessment
2189:
1893:"Lack of linguistic support for Proto-Uto-Aztecan at 8900 BP (letter)"
389:
236:. The name of the language family reflects the common ancestry of the
2861:
529:
521:
453:
269:
174:
158:
3351:
3090:
2776:
2694:
1083:
14,000 speakers in southern Arizona, US and northern Sonora, Mexico
7727:
3253:
Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar 2: Modern Aztec Grammatical Sketches
2939:
2794:
2626:
2588:
2400:
2152:
2105:
2027:
525:
481:
465:
191:
3815:
3139:. Mexico City: Instituto de Investigaciones Antropologicas, UNAM.
2473:"Reply to Hill and Brown: Maize and Uto-Aztecan cultural history"
1652:
Constenla Umaña, Adolfo (1994). "Las lenguas de la Gran Nicoya".
1402:
1067:
485:
457:
449:
445:
437:
425:
409:
279:
3025:. Languages of the World/Meterials 488. Muenchen: LINCOM Europa.
2516:
Merrill, W (2013). "The genetic unity of southern Uto-Aztecan".
2387:
Langacker, Ronald W. (1970). "The Vowels of Proto Uto-Aztecan".
2199:"New evidence for a Mesoamerican homeland for Proto-Uto-Aztecan"
6049:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
6030:
5928:
3325:
3162:
Casad, Eugene H. (1984). "Cora". In Ronald W. Langacker (ed.).
1347:
477:
433:
429:
421:
401:
394:
233:
47:
2876:
Dayley, Jon P. (1989). "TĂŒmpisa (Panamint) Shoshone Grammar".
2299:
2121:
Goddard, Ives (1996). "Introduction". In Goddard, Ives (ed.).
2729:
Typological and Comparative Grammar of Uto-Aztecan: Phonology
1505:
550:
501:
405:
3326:
Iturrioz Leza, JosĂ© Luis; RamĂrez de la Cruz, Julio (2001).
3231:
Munro, Pamela; Gabrielino/Tongva Language Committee (2008).
3226:. Archivo de Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico. Colegio de MĂ©xico.
1344:
17,800 speakers in Nayarit, Jalisco, and western Zacatecas.
2011:
1852:
1535:
1529:
1511:
654:
413:
241:
3061:. University of California, Los Angeles, PhD dissertation.
2568:
Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 11, Great Basin
1176:
45,500 speakers of all varieties, all spoken in Chihuahua
641:
adduced phonological evidence in the form of a sound law.
3084:(PhD Dissertation). University of California at Berkeley.
1782:
1517:
1502:
381:, but this has not been generally considered convincing.
1462:
of the southwestern United States was first proposed by
717:
3078:
Choguita RarĂĄmuri (Tarahumara) Phonology and Morphology
2817:
2570:. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 98â106.
1616:
1614:
1151:
Extinct since approx. 1985, spoken in Northern Jalisco
1022:
1001:
Munro & Gabrielino/Tongva Language Committee (2008)
659:
Cortina-Borja, Stuart-Smith & Valiñas-Coalla (2002)
298:) and the Californian languages (formerly known as the
8011:
Indigenous languages of the Southwestern United States
8006:
Indigenous languages of the North American Great Basin
7346:
3016:. University of California, Berkeley PhD dissertation.
2976:. PhD Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley
2722:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 444â544.
959:
35 speakers of Cahuilla, no native speakers of Cupeño
2470:
1772:
1770:
1755:
1547:
1538:
1532:
1520:
1499:
781:
700 speakers in California, Oregon, Idaho and Nevada
609:
filled in the picture of the Shoshonean group, while
8001:
Indigenous languages of the North American Southwest
7134:
2878:
University of California Publications in Linguistics
2726:
2168:
Hill, Jane H. (December 2001). "Proto-Uto-Aztecan".
1840:
1743:
1611:
1526:
1508:
1367:
1298:
1278:
1212:
1146:
930:
729:
719:
Genealogical classification of Uto-Aztecan languages
618:
132:
119:
3137:
La lengua guarijio: gramatica, vocabulario y textos
3116:. Tucson, Arizona: The University of Arizona Press.
3095:. PhD Dissertation: University of Oregon at Eugene.
1978:
Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis
1707:
1523:
1372:Extinct since 1970s, spoken on the coast of Oaxaca
1045:Currently spoken by growing community of speakers
3348:Swadesh vocabulary lists for Uto-Aztecan languages
3243:Categories et operations dans la grammaire Nahuatl
3100:Kroeber, Alfred L.; Grace, George William (1960).
2250:Hill, J. H. (2011). "Subgrouping in Uto-Aztecan".
1802:
1767:
1731:
1683:
1645:
625:Uto-Aztecan was proposed as a genetic grouping by
3221:
3002:
2955:Robinson, Lila Wistrand; Armagost, James (1990).
2139:Heath, J. (1978). "Uto-Aztecan* na-class verbs".
1719:
1101:
904:
209:Current extent of Uto-Aztecan languages in Mexico
196:Pre-contact distribution of Uto-Aztecan languages
7967:
2954:
2727:Voegelin, C. F.; Voegelin, F.; Hale, K. (1962).
1877:. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 269â273.
1695:
834:
2477:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2306:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2291:Kaufman, Terrence (1981). Lyle Campbell (ed.).
1897:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1656:. 18â19. Museo Nacional de Costa Rica: 191â208.
1651:
741:Where spoken and approximate number of speakers
393:Uto-Aztecan-speaking communities in and around
6804:
2433:
2382:. Vol. 8. University of California Press.
2286:. Mesoamerican Language Documentation Project.
1447:
1283:Extinct since approx. 1930. Spoken in Sonora.
638:
310:) account for most of the Northern languages.
7332:
7120:
6089:
4070:
4056:
3373:
3005:Kawaiisu, A Grammar and Dictionary with Texts
2928:International Journal of American Linguistics
2926:(1958). "Working Dictionary of TĂŒbatulabal".
2782:International Journal of American Linguistics
2615:International Journal of American Linguistics
2577:International Journal of American Linguistics
2436:International Journal of American Linguistics
2389:International Journal of American Linguistics
2141:International Journal of American Linguistics
2094:International Journal of American Linguistics
2015:International Journal of American Linguistics
1984:
1348:Iturrioz Leza & RamĂrez de la Cruz (2001)
1098:650 speakers in Chihuahua and Sonora, Mexico
6059:Families with more than 30 languages are in
3170:
3124:A reference grammar of southeastern Tepehuan
3099:
2738:"The Comparative Linguistics of Uto-Aztecan"
1632:
1626:
1244:
983:
544:
6983:
3177:. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
3157:. Mexico, D. F: Universidad Iberoamericana.
2429:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2134:. Vol. 117. John Benjamins Publishing.
1987:Language classification, history and method
1797:
7339:
7325:
7127:
7113:
6096:
6082:
4063:
4049:
3380:
3366:
3272:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
3052:. Banning, California: Malki Museum Press.
3020:
2994:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2777:"El dialecto mexicano de Pochutla, Oaxaca"
1985:Campbell, Lyle; Poser, William J. (2008).
1666:
1440:List of extinct languages of North America
819:
384:
6105:Indigenous language families and isolates
3387:
3299:
3250:
3074:
2838:. Mouton Grammar Library, no. 1. Berlin:
2753:
2680:
2506:
2496:
2424:
2415:
2386:
2335:
2325:
2232:
2222:
1935:
1918:
1908:
1827:The Pahka'anil (TĂŒbatulabal) Text Project
1620:
1414:
1303:Spoken in Sonora, but extinct since 1940
1179:
655:Cortina-Borja & Valiñas-Coalla (1989)
536:, all areas dominated by use of Spanish.
508:are part of the Uto-Aztecan family. The
282:languages account for over 85% of these.
6709:
3171:Dedrick, John; Casad, Eugene H. (1999).
2922:
2906:
2828:
2270:
1975:
1956:
1858:
1846:
1393:
1133:10,600 speakers in Southeastern Durango
1052:
1048:
744:
739:
734:
724:
388:
3200:
3152:
3120:
3088:
3011:
2764:
2653:Journal de la Société des Américanistes
2574:
2536:
2515:
2374:
2352:
2290:
2279:
2120:
1749:
1713:
1689:
1306:
1220:
1197:2,840 speakers in Chihuahua and Sonora
1136:
1019:6,800 speakers in northeastern Arizona
784:
683:
670:
646:
569:. That leaves two ungrouped languages:
14:
7968:
3814:
3239:
3204:Un idioma extinto de sonora: El eudeve
3191:
3143:
3134:
3108:
3047:
2897:
2875:
2824:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
2717:
2641:
2612:
2603:
2565:
2275:. Cornell University PhD dissertation.
2129:
2091:
1808:
1788:
1776:
1761:
1737:
1410:
1261:
1200:
1121:
1086:
1026:
962:
849:
662:
532:, and it is nearly extinct in western
8021:Indigenous languages of North America
7320:
7108:
6077:
4044:
4017:List of extinct Uto-Aztecan languages
3975:Nahuatl language in the United States
3361:
3316:
3269:
3161:
3038:
3029:
2888:
2735:
2671:
2650:
2427:Non-distinct arguments in Uto-Aztecan
2138:
2071:
1890:
1725:
1701:
1434:List of extinct Uto-Aztecan languages
1407:1,500,000 speakers in Central Mexico
1330:
1286:
1154:
889:
885:
881:
846:20 speakers in California and Nevada
700:
633:based on morphological evidence, and
630:
3092:A Northern Paiute Grammar with Texts
3065:
3056:
2963:
2771:
2249:
2196:
2167:
1470:
1427:
1375:
1327:13,600 speakers in northern Nayarit
1118:6,200 speakers in Chihuahua, Mexico
966:
938:
799:
676:
666:
619:Voegelin, Voegelin & Hale (1962)
226:indigenous languages of the Americas
2045:Journal of Quantitative Linguistics
432:, they are spoken in the states of
248:(also known as Aztecan) of Mexico.
24:
7991:Indigenous languages of California
7620:
7348:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
3292:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1916.tb55171.x
3251:Langacker, Ronald W., ed. (1979).
3222:Estrada-FernĂĄndez, Zarina (1998).
3014:Northern Paiute historical grammar
2898:Jeanne, LaVerne Masayesva (1978).
2606:Handbook of North American Indians
2420:. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
2418:An overview of Uto-Aztecan grammar
2123:Handbook of North American Indians
1820:
980:5 speakers in Southern California
777:Paviotso, Bannock, Northern Paiute
256:, which is spoken as far north as
25:
8032:
3336:
3059:A Grammar of the Serrano Language
3032:Chemehuevi, A Grammar and Lexicon
2835:The Pipil Language of El Salvador
2676:. University of New Mexico Press.
2359:Shoshonean dialects of California
2293:Comparative Uto-Aztecan Phonology
905:Zigmond, Booth & Munro (1991)
694:
593:, but he failed to recognize the
539:
7395:
3246:. Ph. D. dissertation, Paris IV.
3174:Sonora Yaqui Language Structures
2818:Hopi Dictionary Project (1998).
1950:10.1111/j.1749-818x.2011.00287.x
1938:Language and Linguistics Compass
1495:
796:About 40 speakers in California
260:, while the southernmost is the
202:
190:
3319:The Opatan Languages, Plus Jova
3224:Pima bajo de Yepachi, Chihuahua
3102:The Sparkman Grammar of Luiseño
2957:Comanche dictionary and grammar
2910:(1935). "TĂŒbatulabal Grammar".
2644:The languages of Native America
2380:Uto-Aztecan Languages of Mexico
2209:(11): E33, author reply E35â6.
1903:(15): E34, author reply E35â6.
1864:
1814:
7996:Indigenous languages of Mexico
3481:(Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute,
1989:. Cambridge University Press.
1660:
1586:
1560:
1488:
1390:20-40 speakers in El Salvador
1023:Hopi Dictionary Project (1998)
993:Tongva (Gabrielino-Fernandeño)
835:Robinson & Armagost (1990)
27:North American language family
13:
1:
2755:10.1525/aa.1935.37.4.02a00050
2646:. Cambridge University Press.
1580:
1258:33,000 in Sinaloa and Sonora
1241:11,800 in Sonora and Arizona
1217:Spoken in Sinaloa and Sonora
1063:(possibly an areal grouping)
761:(possibly an areal grouping)
714:
713:
290:(including languages such as
3194:Mayo de Los Capomos, Sinaloa
3075:Caballero, Gabriela (2008).
3021:McLaughlin, John E. (2012).
2518:Language Dynamics and Change
2252:Language Dynamics and Change
1669:"Summary by language family"
862:Colorado River dialect chain
7:
3048:Seiler, Hans-Jakob (1977).
3043:. Berlin: Mouton deGruyter.
3030:Press, Margaret L. (1979).
2539:Anthropological Linguistics
1961:. Oxford University Press.
1633:Mc Callister, Rick (2013).
1448:Proposed external relations
59:One of the world's primary
18:Uto-Aztecan language family
10:
8037:
7306:Mesoamerican language area
3937:TehuacanâZongolica Nahuatl
2283:Nawa linguistic prehistory
2280:Kaufman, Terrence (2001).
2273:Numic historical phonology
1883:
1477:Proto-Uto-Aztecan language
1474:
1451:
1437:
1431:
1245:Dedrick & Casad (1999)
1058:
984:Kroeber & Grace (1960)
756:
751:
379:Mesoamerican language area
375:Southwestern United States
7941:
7868:
7786:
7703:
7694:
7664:
7587:
7557:
7527:
7496:
7489:
7438:
7404:
7393:
7354:
7298:
7257:
7224:
7146:
7071:
7025:
6956:
6836:
6762:
6645:
6611:
6516:
6486:
6455:
6422:
6369:
6329:
6296:
6262:
6228:
6201:
6115:
6044:
6003:
5980:
5919:
5908:
5752:
5485:
5474:
5442:
5369:
5360:
5249:
5066:
5055:
5022:
4884:
4875:
4783:
4541:
4527:
4441:
4236:
4218:
4169:
4087:
4078:
4072:Primary language families
4025:
3995:
3967:
3922:
3889:
3873:
3823:
3805:
3774:
3751:
3724:
3689:
3657:
3636:
3627:
3618:
3593:
3559:
3511:
3502:
3470:
3437:
3413:
3404:
3395:
3057:Hill, Kenneth C. (1967).
3012:Nichols, Michael (1973).
2642:Mithun, Marianne (1999).
2530:10.1163/22105832-13030102
2448:10.1086/ijal.58.3.3519784
2425:Langacker, R. W. (1976).
2416:Langacker, R. W. (1977).
2295:. Unpublished manuscript.
2182:10.1525/aa.2001.103.4.913
1823:"The Pahka'anil Language"
1353:
1312:
1267:
1226:
1160:
1107:
1072:
1065:
1032:
1006:
989:
972:
944:
917:
910:
901:5 speakers in California
855:
831:100 speakers in Oklahoma
805:
770:
763:
545:History of classification
201:
189:
173:
157:
152:
76:
66:
55:Linguistic classification
53:
37:
32:
4889:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
3201:Lionnet, Andrés (1986).
3153:Lionnet, Andrés (1978).
3135:Miller, Wick R. (1996).
3114:A Tohono O'odham Grammar
2672:Shaul, David L. (2014).
2271:Iannucci, David (1972).
2264:10.1163/221058212x643978
2057:10.1076/jqul.9.2.97.8485
1891:Brown, Cecil H. (2010).
1481:
1102:Estrada-FernĂĄndez (1998)
661:. Reviewing the debate,
8016:Agglutinative languages
6056:have no living members.
3850:TlaxcalaâPuebla Nahuatl
3240:Launey, Michel (1986).
3192:Freeze, Ray A. (1989).
2900:Aspects of Hopi grammar
2742:American Anthropologist
2498:10.1073/pnas.1000923107
2327:10.1073/pnas.0905753107
2224:10.1073/pnas.0914473107
2170:American Anthropologist
1957:Campbell, Lyle (1997).
1910:10.1073/pnas.0914859107
1570:or (rarely in English)
599:Daniel Garrison Brinton
385:Geographic distribution
7976:Mesoamerican languages
7258:Proposed macrofamilies
7089:Unclassified languages
6036:Unclassified languages
5990:list of sign languages
4958:Northeastern Tasmanian
3855:Central Puebla Nahuatl
3066:Hill, Jane H. (2005).
2362:. The University Press
2197:Hill, Jane H. (2010).
2130:Haugen, J. D. (2008).
1454:AztecâTanoan languages
1094:Pima Bajo (O'ob No'ok)
500:, the language of the
397:
7981:Uto-Aztecan languages
7674:European colonization
7147:Demonstrated families
6011:Constructed languages
3932:Sierra Puebla Nahuatl
3914:Temascaltepec Nahuatl
3389:Uto-Aztecan languages
3352:Swadesh-list appendix
3317:Shaul, D. L. (2001).
3089:Thornes, Tim (2003).
2891:Ute Reference Grammar
2889:GivĂłn, Talmy (2011).
2736:Whorf, B. L. (1935).
2665:10.3406/jsa.1913.2866
2551:10.1353/anl.2012.0017
2376:Kroeber, Alfred Louis
2354:Kroeber, Alfred Louis
2072:Dakin, Karen (1996).
1568:Uto-Aztekan languages
1079:O'odham (Pima-Papago)
758:Northern Uto-Aztecan
753:Uto-Aztecan languages
639:Manaster Ramer (1992)
635:Alexis Manaster Ramer
392:
332:Tarahumaran languages
230:Western United States
218:Uto-Aztecan languages
44:Western United States
7387:Solutrean hypothesis
4558:BinandereanâGoilalan
3321:. Festschrift. INAH.
3121:Willett, T. (1991).
2924:Voegelin, Charles F.
2908:Voegelin, Charles F.
2902:. MIT, dissertation.
2765:Individual languages
1173:(several varieties)
1060:Southern Uto-Aztecan
356:Coracholan languages
7773:Trinidad and Tobago
7038:AlgonquianâWakashan
5840:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
5743:TequiracaâCanichana
5586:HarĂĄkmbutâKatukinan
4349:Northwest Caucasian
4343:Northeast Caucasian
4267:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
3424:(including Bannock)
3350:(from Wiktionary's
3301:2027/uc1.c077921598
3284:1916NYASA..25..309M
3068:A Grammar of Cupeño
2489:2010PNAS..107E..35M
2318:2010PNAS..107.6759K
2215:2010PNAS..107E..33H
1861:, pp. 133â135.
1671:. SIL International
1667:Ethnologue (2014).
935:No native speakers
842:Timbisha (Panamint)
577:(sometimes termed "
7933:In popular culture
7684:Columbian exchange
7679:Population history
7405:Mythology/Religion
7026:Proposed groupings
6116:Language families
5462:Tarascan/Purépecha
4951:Northern Tasmanian
4709:South Bougainville
4670:North Bougainville
3845:Tetelcingo Nahuatl
3699:Downriver Guarijio
2683:American Antiquity
1791:, p. 539-540.
1193:Downriver Guarijio
812:Shoshoni, Goshiute
615:comparative method
603:John Wesley Powell
591:J. C. E. Buschmann
398:
7986:Language families
7963:
7962:
7864:
7863:
7660:
7659:
7583:
7582:
7553:
7552:
7367:Pre-Columbian era
7314:
7313:
7136:Language families
7102:
7101:
7084:Extinct languages
7021:
7020:
7017:
7016:
6832:
6831:
6758:
6757:
6512:
6511:
6488:TakelmaâKalapuyan
6071:
6070:
6021:Language isolates
5999:
5998:
5904:
5903:
5470:
5469:
5356:
5355:
5051:
5050:
4998:Western Tasmanian
4916:Eastern Tasmanian
4871:
4870:
4593:East Geelvink Bay
4523:
4522:
4214:
4213:
4038:
4037:
4032:extinct languages
4004:Proto-Uto-Aztecan
3991:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3899:MichoacĂĄn Nahuatl
3834:Classical Nahuatl
3685:
3684:
3670:Southern Tepehuan
3665:Northern Tepehuan
3614:
3613:
3589:
3588:
3498:
3497:
3486:
3453:
3425:
3262:978-0-88312-072-9
3214:978-968-837-915-8
2970:A Grammar of Mono
2849:978-3-11-010344-1
2840:Mouton de Gruyter
2312:(15): 6759â6764.
1821:Ahland, Michael.
1598:SIL International
1471:Proto-Uto-Aztecan
1428:Extinct languages
1420:
1419:
1129:Southern Tepehuan
1114:Northern Tepehuan
820:McLaughlin (2012)
607:Alfred L. Kroeber
512:, an offshoot of
498:Classical Nahuatl
344:Cahitan languages
320:Tepiman languages
302:group, including
214:
213:
71:Proto-Uto-Aztecan
61:language families
16:(Redirected from
8028:
7701:
7700:
7618:
7617:
7494:
7493:
7436:
7435:
7399:
7341:
7334:
7327:
7318:
7317:
7299:Linguistic areas
7129:
7122:
7115:
7106:
7105:
7094:Linguistic areas
6981:
6980:
6802:
6801:
6707:
6706:
6420:
6419:
6199:
6198:
6098:
6091:
6084:
6075:
6074:
5917:
5916:
5871:Huaorani/Waorani
5755:(extant in 2000)
5719:EsmeraldaâYaruro
5490:AndoqueâUrequena
5483:
5482:
5367:
5366:
5173:Plateau Penutian
5064:
5063:
5039:(Northern Daly?)
4882:
4881:
4768:Northwest Papuan
4732:TransâNew Guinea
4598:East New Britain
4573:Central Solomons
4539:
4538:
4284:Great Andamanese
4234:
4233:
4085:
4084:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4042:
4041:
3904:Coatepec Nahuatl
3881:Huasteca Nahuatl
3865:Ometepec NĂĄhuatl
3860:Guerrero Nahuatl
3821:
3820:
3812:
3811:
3716:Upriver Guarijio
3634:
3633:
3625:
3624:
3509:
3508:
3480:
3447:
3423:
3411:
3410:
3402:
3401:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3359:
3358:
3331:
3322:
3313:
3303:
3266:
3247:
3236:
3227:
3218:
3207:. MĂ©xico: UNAM.
3197:
3188:
3167:
3158:
3149:
3140:
3131:
3129:
3117:
3105:
3096:
3085:
3083:
3071:
3062:
3053:
3050:Cahuilla Grammar
3044:
3035:
3026:
3023:Shoshoni Grammar
3017:
3008:
2999:
2993:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2975:
2960:
2951:
2919:
2903:
2894:
2885:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2860:. Archived from
2825:
2814:
2759:
2757:
2732:
2723:
2714:
2677:
2668:
2647:
2638:
2609:
2600:
2571:
2562:
2533:
2512:
2510:
2500:
2467:
2430:
2421:
2412:
2383:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2349:
2339:
2329:
2296:
2287:
2276:
2267:
2246:
2236:
2226:
2193:
2164:
2135:
2126:
2117:
2088:
2078:
2068:
2039:
2008:
1981:
1972:
1953:
1932:
1922:
1912:
1878:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1654:Revista VĂnculos
1649:
1643:
1642:
1639:Revista Caratula
1630:
1624:
1618:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1594:"Nahuatl Family"
1590:
1574:
1564:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1492:
1460:Tanoan languages
1415:Langacker (1979)
1369:
1300:
1280:
1214:
1189:Upriver Guarijio
1180:Caballero (2008)
1148:
932:
715:
643:Terrence Kaufman
584:dialect continua
506:modern relatives
490:Estado de MĂ©xico
368:Nahuan languages
246:Nahuan languages
206:
194:
185:
184:
169:
168:
134:
121:
30:
29:
21:
8036:
8035:
8031:
8030:
8029:
8027:
8026:
8025:
7966:
7965:
7964:
7959:
7937:
7860:
7782:
7696:
7690:
7666:
7656:
7616:
7579:
7549:
7523:
7485:
7434:
7430:Human sacrifice
7418:List of deities
7400:
7391:
7350:
7345:
7315:
7310:
7294:
7253:
7220:
7142:
7133:
7103:
7098:
7067:
7013:
6979:
6961:linguistic area
6960:
6952:
6841:linguistic area
6840:
6828:
6800:
6754:
6705:
6650:linguistic area
6649:
6641:
6615:linguistic area
6614:
6607:
6508:
6482:
6451:
6418:
6365:
6325:
6292:
6258:
6224:
6197:
6117:
6111:
6102:
6072:
6067:
6066:
6040:
6026:Mixed languages
5995:
5976:
5911:
5900:
5754:
5748:
5603:KatembriâTaruma
5477:
5466:
5438:
5352:
5245:
5058:
5047:
5018:
4867:
4779:
4738:TuramaâKikorian
4648:Lower Mamberamo
4603:East Strickland
4531:
4519:
4437:
4225:
4220:
4210:
4165:
4074:
4069:
4039:
4034:
4021:
3979:
3963:
3954:Tabasco Nahuatl
3949:Isthmus Nahuatl
3942:Orizaba Nahuatl
3918:
3885:
3869:
3840:Morelos Nahuatl
3801:
3770:
3747:
3720:
3681:
3653:
3610:
3585:
3581:Luiseño-Juaneño
3555:
3494:
3466:
3433:
3421:Northern Paiute
3391:
3386:
3339:
3334:
3263:
3215:
3185:
3127:
3081:
2987:
2986:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2867:
2865:
2850:
2767:
2762:
2695:10.2307/2694626
2483:(11): E35âE36.
2365:
2363:
2076:
1997:
1969:
1886:
1881:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1665:
1661:
1650:
1646:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1612:
1602:
1600:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1565:
1561:
1552:
1548:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1473:
1456:
1450:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1421:
1394:Campbell (1985)
1062:
1053:Voegelin (1958)
1049:Voegelin (1935)
976:Luiseño-Juaneño
914:
912:
870:Southern Paiute
760:
697:
547:
542:
518:Central America
470:San Luis PotosĂ
387:
210:
207:
197:
180:
179:
164:
163:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8034:
8024:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7961:
7960:
7958:
7957:
7950:
7942:
7939:
7938:
7936:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7899:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7872:
7870:
7869:Related topics
7866:
7865:
7862:
7861:
7859:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7797:
7795:
7784:
7783:
7781:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7709:
7707:
7698:
7692:
7691:
7689:
7688:
7687:
7686:
7681:
7670:
7668:
7662:
7661:
7658:
7657:
7655:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7643:
7642:
7632:
7626:
7624:
7615:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7593:
7591:
7585:
7584:
7581:
7580:
7578:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7561:
7559:
7555:
7554:
7551:
7550:
7548:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7531:
7529:
7525:
7524:
7522:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7500:
7498:
7491:
7487:
7486:
7484:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7466:Medicine wheel
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7442:
7440:
7433:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7421:
7420:
7408:
7406:
7402:
7401:
7394:
7392:
7390:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7372:Classification
7369:
7364:
7358:
7356:
7352:
7351:
7344:
7343:
7336:
7329:
7321:
7312:
7311:
7309:
7308:
7302:
7300:
7296:
7295:
7293:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7275:Macro-Chibchan
7272:
7267:
7261:
7259:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7251:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7228:
7226:
7222:
7221:
7219:
7218:
7213:
7206:
7199:
7197:Tequistlatecan
7194:
7187:
7180:
7175:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7150:
7148:
7144:
7143:
7132:
7131:
7124:
7117:
7109:
7100:
7099:
7097:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7079:Classification
7075:
7073:
7069:
7068:
7066:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7053:Macro-Chibchan
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7029:
7027:
7023:
7022:
7019:
7018:
7015:
7014:
7012:
7011:
7004:
6997:
6989:
6987:
6978:
6977:
6972:
6964:
6962:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6950:
6942:
6935:
6928:
6921:
6916:
6909:
6908:
6907:
6900:
6888:
6886:Tequistlatecan
6883:
6876:
6869:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6844:
6842:
6834:
6833:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6826:
6819:
6811:
6809:
6799:
6798:
6791:
6784:
6777:
6769:
6767:
6760:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6752:
6745:
6738:
6731:
6724:
6716:
6714:
6704:
6703:
6696:
6689:
6682:
6675:
6668:
6661:
6653:
6651:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6639:
6632:
6625:
6619:
6617:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6605:
6598:
6591:
6584:
6577:
6570:
6565:
6558:
6551:
6549:Tequistlatecan
6546:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6523:
6521:
6514:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6506:
6501:
6493:
6491:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6480:
6473:
6468:
6462:
6460:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6449:
6444:
6437:
6429:
6427:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6410:
6409:
6404:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6376:
6374:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6363:
6356:
6349:
6344:
6336:
6334:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6323:
6318:
6311:
6303:
6301:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6283:
6276:
6268:
6266:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6256:
6249:
6242:
6234:
6232:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6222:
6215:
6207:
6205:
6196:
6195:
6188:
6181:
6174:
6167:
6160:
6153:
6146:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6121:
6119:
6113:
6112:
6101:
6100:
6093:
6086:
6078:
6069:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6057:
6050:
6046:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6007:
6005:
6001:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5993:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5951:Indo-Pakistani
5948:
5943:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5920:
5914:
5906:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5834:
5829:
5822:
5817:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5758:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5740:
5734:
5728:
5722:
5716:
5710:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5650:PiaroaâSaliban
5647:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5551:
5546:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5486:
5480:
5472:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5429:
5422:
5417:
5415:Tequistlatecan
5412:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5388:
5381:
5376:
5370:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5328:
5323:
5316:
5309:
5302:
5295:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5261:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5219:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5163:
5156:
5151:
5144:
5139:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5094:
5087:
5082:
5075:
5067:
5061:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5034:
5026:
5024:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5006:
5001:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4973:
4966:
4961:
4954:
4947:
4942:
4938:MarrkuâWurrugu
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4912:
4905:
4897:
4892:
4885:
4879:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4852:
4846:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4804:
4798:
4793:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4771:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4728:
4723:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4509:
4502:
4496:
4491:
4483:
4478:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4451:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4429:
4423:
4417:
4411:
4405:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4363:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4300:
4297:Hurro-Urartian
4293:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4269:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4245:
4237:
4231:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4191:
4184:
4179:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4128:
4120:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4096:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4068:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4045:
4036:
4035:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4007:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3934:
3928:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3829:
3827:
3818:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3791:
3786:
3780:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3738:
3730:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3706:
3701:
3695:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3672:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3631:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3517:
3515:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3478:Colorado River
3474:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3417:
3415:
3408:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3385:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3345:
3338:
3337:External links
3335:
3333:
3332:
3323:
3314:
3278:(1): 309â416.
3267:
3261:
3248:
3237:
3228:
3219:
3213:
3198:
3189:
3183:
3168:
3159:
3150:
3141:
3132:
3118:
3110:Zepeda, Ofelia
3106:
3097:
3086:
3072:
3063:
3054:
3045:
3036:
3027:
3018:
3009:
3000:
2965:Lamb, Sydney M
2961:
2952:
2940:10.1086/464459
2934:(3): 221â228.
2920:
2904:
2895:
2886:
2873:
2848:
2830:Campbell, Lyle
2826:
2815:
2795:10.1086/463709
2785:(in Spanish).
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2748:(4): 600â608.
2733:
2724:
2715:
2689:(3): 375â396.
2678:
2669:
2659:(2): 379â425.
2648:
2639:
2627:10.1086/465813
2610:
2601:
2589:10.1086/465793
2583:(3): 328â333.
2572:
2563:
2545:(3): 203â260.
2534:
2513:
2468:
2442:(3): 251â268.
2431:
2422:
2413:
2401:10.1086/465108
2395:(3): 169â180.
2384:
2372:
2350:
2297:
2288:
2277:
2268:
2258:(2): 241â278.
2247:
2194:
2176:(4): 913â934.
2172:. New Series.
2165:
2153:10.1086/465546
2147:(3): 211â222.
2136:
2127:
2118:
2106:10.1086/465789
2100:(3): 224â257.
2089:
2069:
2040:
2028:10.1086/466114
2022:(2): 214â239.
2009:
1995:
1982:
1973:
1967:
1954:
1944:(7): 485â504.
1933:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1871:Campbell, Lyle
1863:
1851:
1839:
1813:
1801:
1793:
1781:
1766:
1764:, p. 118.
1754:
1742:
1730:
1718:
1706:
1694:
1682:
1659:
1644:
1625:
1621:Caballero 2011
1610:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1559:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1475:Main article:
1472:
1469:
1452:Main article:
1449:
1446:
1432:Main article:
1429:
1426:
1418:
1417:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1362:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1310:
1309:
1307:Lionnet (1986)
1304:
1301:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1273:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1224:
1223:
1221:Lionnet (1978)
1218:
1215:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1140:
1139:
1137:Willett (1991)
1134:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1064:
1056:
1055:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1004:
1003:
998:
995:
990:
987:
986:
981:
978:
973:
970:
969:
960:
957:
948:
942:
941:
936:
933:
921:
916:
908:
907:
902:
899:
893:
892:
879:
876:
859:
857:Southern Numic
853:
852:
847:
844:
838:
837:
832:
829:
823:
822:
817:
814:
809:
803:
802:
797:
794:
788:
787:
785:Nichols (1973)
782:
779:
774:
769:
762:
755:
749:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
722:
721:
705:The Ethnologue
696:
695:Present scheme
693:
684:Merrill (2013)
671:Merrill (2013)
651:Wick R. Miller
647:Kaufman (1981)
546:
543:
541:
540:Classification
538:
510:Pipil language
386:
383:
262:Nawat language
212:
211:
208:
199:
198:
195:
187:
186:
177:
171:
170:
161:
155:
154:
153:Language codes
150:
149:
148:
147:
140:
135:
127:
122:
112:
107:
102:
95:
90:
85:
78:
74:
73:
68:
67:Proto-language
64:
63:
57:
51:
50:
41:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8033:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7973:
7971:
7956:
7955:
7951:
7949:
7948:
7944:
7943:
7940:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7878:
7877:
7874:
7873:
7871:
7867:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7789:
7788:South America
7785:
7779:
7778:United States
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7710:
7708:
7706:
7705:North America
7702:
7699:
7695:Modern groups
7693:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7676:
7675:
7672:
7671:
7669:
7663:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7641:
7638:
7637:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7627:
7625:
7623:
7619:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7594:
7592:
7590:
7586:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7562:
7560:
7558:South America
7556:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7532:
7530:
7526:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7501:
7499:
7495:
7492:
7488:
7482:
7481:Turtle Island
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7443:
7441:
7439:North America
7437:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7419:
7416:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7403:
7398:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7362:Paleo-Indians
7360:
7359:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7342:
7337:
7335:
7330:
7328:
7323:
7322:
7319:
7307:
7304:
7303:
7301:
7297:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7262:
7260:
7256:
7249:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7223:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7211:
7207:
7205:
7204:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7192:
7188:
7186:
7185:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7173:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7156:
7152:
7151:
7149:
7145:
7141:
7137:
7130:
7125:
7123:
7118:
7116:
7111:
7110:
7107:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7076:
7074:
7070:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7030:
7028:
7024:
7010:
7009:
7005:
7003:
7002:
6998:
6996:
6995:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6986:
6982:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6970:
6966:
6965:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6948:
6947:
6943:
6941:
6940:
6936:
6934:
6933:
6929:
6927:
6926:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6905:
6901:
6899:
6898:
6894:
6893:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6881:
6877:
6875:
6874:
6870:
6868:
6867:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6850:
6846:
6845:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6825:
6824:
6820:
6818:
6817:
6813:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6806:CalusaâTunica
6803:
6797:
6796:
6792:
6790:
6789:
6785:
6783:
6782:
6778:
6776:
6775:
6771:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6761:
6751:
6750:
6746:
6744:
6743:
6739:
6737:
6736:
6732:
6730:
6729:
6725:
6723:
6722:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6708:
6702:
6701:
6697:
6695:
6694:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6683:
6681:
6680:
6676:
6674:
6673:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6655:
6654:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6638:
6637:
6633:
6631:
6630:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6618:
6616:
6610:
6604:
6603:
6599:
6597:
6596:
6592:
6590:
6589:
6585:
6583:
6582:
6578:
6576:
6575:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6563:
6559:
6557:
6556:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6515:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6499:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6485:
6479:
6478:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6454:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6438:
6436:
6435:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6421:
6415:
6412:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6402:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6368:
6362:
6361:
6357:
6355:
6354:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6342:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6328:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6295:
6289:
6288:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6277:
6275:
6274:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6265:
6261:
6255:
6254:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6243:
6241:
6240:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6231:
6227:
6221:
6220:
6216:
6214:
6213:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6204:
6200:
6194:
6193:
6189:
6187:
6186:
6182:
6180:
6179:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6168:
6166:
6165:
6161:
6159:
6158:
6154:
6152:
6151:
6147:
6145:
6144:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6114:
6110:
6109:North America
6106:
6099:
6094:
6092:
6087:
6085:
6080:
6079:
6076:
6062:
6058:
6055:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6043:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6002:
5992:
5991:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5979:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5961:Original Thai
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5907:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5751:
5744:
5741:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5729:
5726:
5725:HibitoâCholĂłn
5723:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5593:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5473:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5441:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5242:
5241:YumanâCochimĂ
5239:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5054:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4977:
4976:Southern Daly
4974:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4901:Darwin Region
4898:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4583:DemtaâSentani
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4530:
4526:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4304:Indo-European
4301:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4254:Austroasiatic
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4224:
4217:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4066:
4061:
4059:
4054:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3378:
3376:
3371:
3369:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3184:9780816519811
3180:
3176:
3175:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3126:
3125:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3087:
3080:
3079:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2864:on 2014-06-06
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2051:(2): 97â124.
2050:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1996:9780521880053
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1860:
1859:Campbell 1997
1855:
1848:
1847:Campbell 1997
1843:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1805:
1798:
1790:
1785:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1763:
1758:
1751:
1746:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1722:
1715:
1710:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1686:
1670:
1663:
1655:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1585:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1543:
1491:
1487:
1478:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1425:
1416:
1412:
1411:Launey (1986)
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1262:Freeze (1989)
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1237:Yaqui (Hiaki)
1235:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:Miller (1996)
1199:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:Bascom (1982)
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:Zepeda (1983)
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1070:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1027:Jeanne (1978)
1024:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
977:
974:
971:
968:
964:
963:Seiler (1977)
961:
958:
956:
952:
949:
947:
943:
940:
937:
934:
929:
925:
922:
920:
909:
906:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
891:
887:
883:
880:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
860:
858:
854:
851:
850:Dayley (1989)
848:
845:
843:
840:
839:
836:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
821:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
807:Central Numic
804:
801:
798:
795:
793:
790:
789:
786:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
772:Western Numic
768:
767:
759:
754:
750:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
723:
720:
716:
712:
710:
706:
702:
692:
689:
685:
680:
678:
674:
672:
668:
664:
663:Haugen (2008)
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
627:Jeffrey Heath
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
396:
391:
382:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
283:
281:
277:
276:
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:Salmon, Idaho
255:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
205:
200:
193:
188:
183:
178:
176:
172:
167:
162:
160:
156:
151:
146:
145:
141:
139:
136:
131:
128:
126:
123:
118:
117:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
100:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
80:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
62:
58:
56:
52:
49:
45:
42:
36:
31:
19:
7952:
7945:
7667:colonization
7471:The red road
7461:Medicine man
7456:Great Spirit
7209:
7208:
7201:
7191:Oto-Manguean
7189:
7182:
7170:
7153:
7043:AztecâTanoan
7006:
6999:
6994:Guanahatabey
6992:
6985:Pre-Arawakan
6967:
6944:
6937:
6930:
6923:
6912:
6911:
6902:
6895:
6880:Oto-Manguean
6878:
6871:
6864:
6847:
6838:Mesoamerican
6821:
6814:
6793:
6786:
6779:
6772:
6747:
6740:
6733:
6726:
6719:
6698:
6691:
6684:
6677:
6670:
6663:
6656:
6647:Coahuiltecan
6634:
6627:
6600:
6593:
6586:
6579:
6572:
6560:
6553:
6541:
6496:
6475:
6457:Coast Oregon
6439:
6432:
6399:
6358:
6351:
6339:
6331:Macro-Siouan
6313:
6306:
6285:
6278:
6271:
6251:
6244:
6237:
6217:
6210:
6190:
6183:
6176:
6169:
6162:
6155:
6148:
6141:
6124:
6118:and isolates
6060:
6053:
6052:Families in
5987:
5938:
5836:
5824:
5674:
5642:
5633:Pano-Tacanan
5590:
5553:
5541:
5512:ArutaniâSape
5504:
5449:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5409:Oto-Manguean
5407:
5390:
5383:
5330:
5318:
5311:
5304:
5297:
5290:
5263:
5256:
5233:
5226:
5215:
5214:
5187:
5165:
5158:
5146:
5134:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5096:
5089:
5077:
5070:
5029:
4996:
4992:Western Daly
4970:PamaâNyungan
4968:
4956:
4949:
4936:
4914:
4909:Eastern Daly
4907:
4899:
4854:
4730:
4718:
4696:
4679:
4657:
4628:KaureâKosare
4588:DosoâTurumsa
4578:ChimbuâWahgi
4568:Bulaka River
4552:Austronesian
4550:
4511:
4504:
4485:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4384:
4377:
4370:
4360:Sino-Tibetan
4358:
4341:
4324:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4271:
4261:Austronesian
4259:
4252:
4240:
4186:
4124:Nilo-Saharan
4122:
4115:
4100:Austronesian
4098:
4091:
4027:
4011:Proto-Nahuan
4009:
4002:
3832:
3793:
3740:
3733:
3708:
3674:
3573:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3525:
3388:
3327:
3318:
3275:
3271:
3252:
3242:
3232:
3223:
3203:
3193:
3173:
3163:
3154:
3145:
3136:
3123:
3113:
3101:
3091:
3077:
3067:
3058:
3049:
3040:
3031:
3022:
3013:
3004:
2978:. Retrieved
2969:
2956:
2931:
2927:
2915:
2911:
2899:
2890:
2881:
2877:
2866:. Retrieved
2862:the original
2834:
2820:
2786:
2780:
2745:
2741:
2728:
2719:
2686:
2682:
2673:
2656:
2652:
2643:
2618:
2614:
2605:
2580:
2576:
2567:
2542:
2538:
2521:
2517:
2480:
2476:
2439:
2435:
2426:
2417:
2392:
2388:
2379:
2364:. Retrieved
2358:
2309:
2305:
2292:
2282:
2272:
2255:
2251:
2206:
2202:
2173:
2169:
2144:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2097:
2093:
2084:
2080:
2048:
2044:
2019:
2013:
1986:
1977:
1958:
1941:
1937:
1900:
1896:
1874:
1866:
1854:
1842:
1830:. Retrieved
1826:
1816:
1804:
1796:
1784:
1757:
1752:, p. 7.
1750:Goddard 1996
1745:
1733:
1721:
1714:Kroeber 1934
1709:
1697:
1690:Kroeber 1907
1685:
1673:. Retrieved
1662:
1653:
1647:
1638:
1628:
1601:. Retrieved
1597:
1588:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1490:
1464:Edward Sapir
1457:
1443:
1422:
1382:Core Nahuan
1354:
1331:Casad (1984)
1313:
1287:Shaul (2001)
1268:
1227:
1161:
1155:Mason (1916)
1108:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1033:
1007:
945:
918:
890:Sapir (1992)
886:Press (1979)
882:GivĂłn (2011)
856:
806:
771:
764:
757:
752:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
718:
701:Shaul (2014)
698:
681:
675:
631:Heath (1978)
623:
611:Edward Sapir
588:
548:
516:, spread to
399:
372:
284:
273:
250:
238:Ute language
217:
215:
142:
114:
97:
77:Subdivisions
40:distribution
7876:Ethnobotany
7733:El Salvador
7635:Visual arts
7504:Cosmovision
7490:Mesoamerica
7451:Fifth World
7412:Mythologies
7377:Archaeology
7355:Pre-history
7290:Totozoquean
7270:Macro-Mayan
7210:Uto-Aztecan
7140:Mesoamerica
7048:Macro-Mayan
6913:Uto-Aztecan
6891:Totozoquean
6721:Coahuilteco
6532:Palaihnihan
6414:Tsimshianic
5946:Germanosign
5850:Mura-PirahĂŁ
5731:LuleâVilela
5707:Bora-Witoto
5682:UruâChipaya
5655:TicunaâYuri
5638:PebaâYaguan
5623:Nambikwaran
5426:Uto-Aztecan
5362:Mesoamerica
5216:Uto-Aztecan
5205:Tsimshianic
5167:Palaihnihan
5037:Malak-Malak
4774:Papuan Gulf
4748:West Papuan
4653:Lower Sepik
4643:Lakes Plain
4546:AraiâSamaia
4534:the Pacific
4242:Afroasiatic
4117:NigerâCongo
4093:Afroasiatic
3691:Tarahumaran
3606:TĂŒbatulabal
3448:(including
3235:. Lulu.com.
2789:(1): 9â44.
2773:Boas, Franz
2621:(1): 1â24.
1809:Mithun 1999
1789:Mithun 1999
1777:Miller 1984
1762:Miller 1983
1738:Steele 1979
1572:Uto-Nahuatl
1376:Boas (1917)
1163:Tarahumaran
1041:TĂŒbatulabal
1034:TĂŒbatulabal
967:Hill (2005)
939:Hill (1967)
911:Californian
800:Lamb (1958)
677:Hill (2011)
667:Hill (2011)
571:TĂŒbatulabal
559:Taracahitic
534:El Salvador
494:Mexico City
366:), and the
358:(including
346:(including
334:(including
322:(including
316:TĂŒbatulabal
266:El Salvador
144:TĂŒbatulabal
138:Tarahumaran
33:Uto-Aztecan
7970:Categories
7918:Philosophy
7723:Costa Rica
7697:by country
7528:Variations
7519:World tree
7476:Totem pole
7446:Arborglyph
7184:MixeâZoque
7178:Misumalpan
6904:MixeâZoque
6873:Misumalpan
6795:Chitimacha
6287:Algonquian
6253:Athabaskan
6132:YukiâWappo
5940:Francosign
5788:Chiquitano
5768:Alacalufan
5576:Guaicuruan
5549:Chapacuran
5532:Cahuapanan
5500:Araucanian
5403:MixeâZoque
5398:Misumalpan
5112:Comecrudan
4964:Nyulnyulan
4743:Upper Yuat
4720:Torricelli
4692:Senu River
4623:Foja Range
4529:New Guinea
4454:Burushaski
4315:Kartvelian
4290:HmongâMien
4106:KhoeâKwadi
3704:Tarahumara
2868:2014-06-06
2524:: 68â104.
1968:0195094271
1873:. (1997).
1726:Whorf 1935
1702:Sapir 1913
1603:16 October
1581:References
1438:See also:
1171:Tarahumara
874:Chemehuevi
504:, and its
418:California
275:Ethnologue
38:Geographic
7913:Movements
7908:Languages
7856:Venezuela
7801:Argentina
7763:Nicaragua
7743:Guatemala
7738:Greenland
7425:Religions
7285:Tolatecan
7248:AlagĂŒilac
7242:Purépecha
7232:Cuitlatec
7203:Totonacan
7161:Jicaquean
7058:Tolatecan
6958:Caribbean
6946:AlagĂŒilac
6939:Purépecha
6925:Cuitlatec
6897:Totonacan
6855:Jicaquean
6774:Muskogean
6749:Mamulique
6735:Comecrudo
6665:Karankawa
6568:Jicaquean
6555:Chimariko
6504:Kalapuyan
6447:Sahaptian
6395:Yok-Utian
6380:Chinookan
6353:Iroquoian
6321:Chimakuan
6137:Chumashan
5971:Tanzanian
5912:languages
5809:HodĂŻ/Joti
5753:Isolates
5692:Yanomaman
5628:OtomĂĄkoan
5592:Jirajaran
5581:Guajiboan
5543:Catacaoan
5522:Barbacoan
5451:Cuitlatec
5420:Totonacan
5379:Jicaquean
5258:Chimariko
5154:Muskogean
5136:Kalapuyan
5130:Iroquoian
5105:Chumashan
5098:Chinookan
5091:Chimakuan
5009:Yangmanic
5004:Worrorran
4987:Wagaydyic
4877:Australia
4726:Trans-Fly
4392:Yeniseian
4379:Tyrsenian
4273:Dravidian
4030:indicate
3649:Pima Bajo
3536:Kitanemuk
2990:cite book
2948:145758965
2918:: 55â190.
2811:145443094
2711:162215129
2635:144398421
2597:144510097
2559:144089923
2464:148412173
2409:144762214
2366:24 August
2114:143511895
2081:Amerindia
2065:205390627
2036:145309871
2005:10438309M
928:Kitanemuk
736:Languages
557:, Pimic,
530:Nicaragua
522:Guatemala
492:, and in
462:MichoacĂĄn
454:Zacatecas
442:Chihuahua
270:Nicaragua
175:Glottolog
159:ISO 639-5
7947:Category
7903:Identity
7886:Iroquois
7881:Cherokee
7846:Suriname
7836:Paraguay
7821:Colombia
7748:Honduras
7728:Dominica
7665:European
7640:Painting
7602:Colombia
7514:Religion
7509:Creation
7382:Genetics
7280:Penutian
7225:Isolates
7155:Chibchan
6969:Arawakan
6849:Chibchan
6728:Cotoname
6686:Quinigua
6672:Maratino
6371:Penutian
6315:Wakashan
6308:Salishan
6219:Eskimoan
6203:Eskaleut
6004:See also
5981:Isolates
5956:Japanese
5896:Yuracaré
5778:Candoshi
5737:Macro-JĂȘ
5702:Zaparoan
5697:Zamucoan
5687:Witotoan
5670:Tucanoan
5665:Tiniguan
5660:Timotean
5644:Quechuan
5613:Matacoan
5608:Mascoian
5598:Jivaroan
5561:Chibchan
5555:Charruan
5506:Arawakan
5443:Isolates
5374:Chibchan
5250:Isolates
5222:Wakashan
5183:Salishan
5125:Eskaleut
5031:Giimbiyu
5023:Isolates
4932:Jarrakan
4927:Iwaidjan
4784:Isolates
4638:Kutubuan
4506:Sumerian
4442:Isolates
4397:Yukaghir
4366:Tungusic
4332:Mongolic
4320:Koreanic
4279:Eskaleut
4170:Isolates
4154:Ubangian
3909:Pochutec
3874:Huasteca
3776:Corachol
3676:Tepecano
3658:Tepehuan
3620:Southern
3569:Cahuilla
3543:Tataviam
3490:Kawaiisu
3471:Southern
3462:Timbisha
3457:Comanche
3445:Shoshoni
3397:Northern
3310:86778121
3112:(1983).
2967:(1958).
2858:13433705
2832:(1985).
2803:56221629
2775:(1917).
2378:(1934).
2356:(1907).
2346:20351276
2243:20231477
2161:16989534
1929:20231478
1551:-toh az-
1365:Pochutec
1358:(Nahuan)
1315:Corachol
1144:Tepecano
1109:Tepehuan
951:Cahuilla
913:language
897:Kawaiisu
827:Comanche
579:isolates
563:Corachol
526:Honduras
482:Veracruz
466:Guerrero
340:Guarijio
336:Raramuri
328:TepehuĂĄn
304:Cahuilla
296:Shoshoni
292:Comanche
254:Shoshoni
244:and the
182:utoa1244
88:Corachol
7923:Studies
7851:Uruguay
7826:Ecuador
7806:Bolivia
7753:Jamaica
7652:Writers
7647:Artists
7607:Ecuador
7589:Culture
7570:Mapuche
7033:Amerind
7008:Ciguayo
7001:Macorix
6975:Cariban
6949: ?
6808: ?
6788:Atakapa
6781:Natchez
6766: ?
6713: ?
6711:Pakawan
6700:Tonkawa
6658:Aranama
6613:Pueblo
6581:Salinan
6562:Esselen
6527:Shastan
6520: ?
6498:Takelma
6490: ?
6477:Siuslaw
6459: ?
6434:Klamath
6426: ?
6424:Plateau
6390:Maiduan
6385:Wintuan
6373: ?
6347:Caddoan
6333: ?
6300: ?
6239:Tlingit
6230:Na-Dene
6185:Waikuri
6178:Timucua
6171:Kutenai
6150:Beothuk
6054:italics
6031:Pidgins
6016:Creoles
5966:Swedish
5934:Chinese
5881:Urarina
5866:Puinave
5820:Itonama
5814:Irantxe
5783:Chimane
5713:Chimuan
5618:Nadahup
5537:Cariban
5517:Aymaran
5478:America
5320:Waikuri
5313:Tonkawa
5306:Timucua
5299:Takelma
5292:Siuslaw
5281:Kutenai
5265:Esselen
5228:Wintuan
5189:Shastan
5160:Na-Dene
5148:Maiduan
5085:Caddoan
5059:America
5013:Wagiman
5011:(incl.
4982:Tangkic
4922:Garawan
4895:Bunuban
4856:Tambora
4823:Maybrat
4791:Abinomn
4714:Teberan
4675:Pauwasi
4665:Mairasi
4633:Kiwaian
4513:Tambora
4499:Shompen
4481:Kusunda
4474:Kenaboi
4460:Elamite
4432:Siangic
4414:Kho-Bwa
4408:Hrusish
4326:KraâDai
4310:Japonic
4219:Eurasia
4194:Sandawe
4177:Bangime
4142:Songhay
4028:Italics
3996:History
3924:Eastern
3891:Western
3825:Central
3816:Nahuatl
3807:Aztecan
3789:Huichol
3644:OÊŒodham
3629:Tepiman
3527:Vanyume
3521:Serrano
3450:Gosiute
3438:Central
3414:Western
3280:Bibcode
2980:July 8,
2703:2694626
2508:2841871
2485:Bibcode
2456:3519784
2337:2872417
2314:Bibcode
2234:2841890
2211:Bibcode
1920:2841887
1884:Sources
1832:May 21,
1675:July 2,
1403:Nahuatl
1356:Aztecan
1340:Huichol
1068:Tepiman
924:Serrano
709:extinct
688:Kaufman
595:genetic
567:Aztecan
514:Nahuatl
486:Morelos
474:Hidalgo
458:Jalisco
450:Durango
446:Nayarit
438:Sinaloa
426:Arizona
410:Montana
364:Huichol
354:), the
342:), the
330:), the
324:O'odham
308:Luiseño
280:Nahuatl
83:Cahitan
7954:Portal
7891:Navajo
7831:Guyana
7811:Brazil
7768:Panama
7758:Mexico
7718:Canada
7713:Belize
7575:Muisca
7497:Common
7216:Xincan
7166:Lencan
7063:Waroid
6919:Xincan
6860:Lencan
6823:Calusa
6816:Tunica
6693:Solano
6679:Naolan
6623:Tanoan
6537:Pomoan
6471:Coosan
6466:Alsean
6441:Molala
6401:Yokuts
6341:Siouan
6192:PericĂș
6164:Cayuse
5929:BANZSL
5891:Yamana
5876:Trumai
5845:Movima
5799:FulniĂŽ
5762:AikanĂŁ
5676:Tupian
5571:Chonan
5495:Arauan
5433:Xincan
5385:Lencan
5338:Yokuts
5235:Yukian
5200:Tanoan
5195:Siouan
5178:Pomoan
5119:Coosan
4945:Mirndi
4838:Porome
4833:Pawaia
4687:Senagi
4659:Madang
4608:Eleman
4563:Border
4494:Nihali
4487:Minoan
4467:Hattic
4449:Basque
4420:Mijiic
4402:Digaro
4386:Uralic
4372:Turkic
4223:Europe
4080:Africa
3795:Cazcan
3753:Cahita
3735:Eudeve
3726:Opatan
3575:Cupeño
3550:Tongva
3513:Serran
3308:
3259:
3211:
3181:
2946:
2856:
2846:
2809:
2801:
2709:
2701:
2633:
2595:
2557:
2505:
2462:
2454:
2407:
2344:
2334:
2241:
2231:
2190:684121
2188:
2159:
2112:
2063:
2034:
2003:
1993:
1965:
1927:
1917:
1296:Eudeve
1269:Opatan
1229:Cahita
955:Cupeño
919:Serran
731:Groups
726:Family
565:, and
528:, and
502:Aztecs
478:Puebla
434:Sonora
430:Mexico
424:, and
422:Nevada
402:Oregon
395:Mexico
234:Mexico
222:family
220:are a
130:Serran
105:Nahuan
48:Mexico
7928:Trade
7816:Chile
7630:Music
7597:Andes
7545:Olmec
7535:Aztec
7265:Hokan
7237:Huave
7172:Mayan
7072:Lists
6932:Huave
6866:Mayan
6742:Garza
6629:Keres
6595:Washo
6574:Karuk
6543:Yuman
6518:Hokan
6407:Utian
6360:Yuchi
6298:Mosan
6280:Yurok
6273:Wiyot
6264:Algic
6212:Aleut
6157:Bidai
6126:Haida
5886:Warao
5855:Nukak
5826:Kunza
5804:GuatĂł
5793:CofĂĄn
5773:CamsĂĄ
5566:Choco
5527:Boran
5476:South
5457:Huave
5392:Mayan
5343:Yuchi
5326:Washo
5276:Karuk
5271:Haida
5210:Utian
5142:Keres
5079:Alsea
5072:Algic
5057:North
4849:Taiap
4843:Sulka
4698:Sepik
4613:Engan
4354:Ongan
4337:Nivkh
4205:Shabo
4188:Jalaa
4182:Hadza
4136:Mande
3968:Other
3959:Pipil
3761:Yaqui
3742:Opata
3710:Tubar
3637:Pimic
3594:Other
3561:Cupan
3504:Takic
3406:Numic
3306:S2CID
3128:(PDF)
3082:(PDF)
2974:(PDF)
2944:S2CID
2807:S2CID
2707:S2CID
2699:JSTOR
2631:S2CID
2593:S2CID
2555:S2CID
2460:S2CID
2452:JSTOR
2405:S2CID
2186:JSTOR
2157:S2CID
2110:S2CID
2077:(PDF)
2061:S2CID
2032:S2CID
1482:Notes
1386:Pipil
1276:Ăpata
1210:Tubar
1074:Pimic
946:Cupan
915:area
766:Numic
746:Works
555:Takic
551:Numic
428:. In
406:Idaho
348:Yaqui
300:Takic
288:Numic
125:Piman
116:Opata
110:Numic
93:Cupan
7896:Zuni
7841:Peru
7792:list
7612:Peru
7565:Inca
7540:Maya
6764:Gulf
6636:Zuni
6602:Yana
6588:Seri
6246:Eyak
6143:Adai
6061:bold
5988:See
5924:Arab
5910:Sign
5861:PĂĄez
5838:Maku
5832:Leco
5348:Zuni
5332:Yana
5286:Seri
5043:Tiwi
4863:Wiru
4828:Mpur
4818:Kuot
4801:AnĂȘm
4796:Abun
4763:Yuat
4758:Yawa
4704:Skou
4681:Ramu
4532:and
4426:Miju
4248:Ainu
4228:Asia
4226:and
4199:Laal
4160:Kadu
4148:Ijaw
4111:Kx'a
3784:Cora
3766:Mayo
3601:Hopi
3429:Mono
3257:ISBN
3209:ISBN
3179:ISBN
2996:link
2982:2012
2854:OCLC
2844:ISBN
2799:OCLC
2368:2012
2342:PMID
2239:PMID
2203:PNAS
1991:ISBN
1963:ISBN
1925:PMID
1834:2023
1677:2014
1605:2020
1323:Cora
1254:Mayo
1015:Hopi
1008:Hopi
792:Mono
657:and
575:Hopi
573:and
414:Utah
362:and
360:Cora
352:Mayo
350:and
338:and
326:and
314:and
312:Hopi
306:and
294:and
268:and
242:Utah
232:and
216:The
99:Hopi
7622:Art
7138:of
6107:of
4813:Kol
4807:Ata
4753:Yam
4618:Fas
4131:Tuu
3483:Ute
3296:hdl
3288:doi
2936:doi
2882:115
2791:doi
2750:doi
2691:doi
2661:doi
2623:doi
2585:doi
2547:doi
2526:doi
2503:PMC
2493:doi
2481:107
2444:doi
2397:doi
2332:PMC
2322:doi
2310:107
2260:doi
2229:PMC
2219:doi
2207:107
2178:doi
2174:103
2149:doi
2102:doi
2053:doi
2024:doi
1946:doi
1915:PMC
1905:doi
1901:107
1566:or
1555:-Én
1553:TEK
1549:YOO
866:Ute
686:).
645:in
637:in
629:in
264:of
240:of
224:of
166:azc
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7414:â
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2740:.
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2030:.
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2018:.
2001:OL
1999:.
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1913:.
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