3401:
5287:
181:
3314:
duration or succession of time, but in fact, he meant only that the Hopi have no conception of time as an object or a substance that may be divided and subdivided. Furthermore, according to John A. Lucy, many of Whorf's critics have failed to read his writings accurately, preferring instead to proffer uncharitable caricatures of his arguments. The existence of temporal concepts in the Hopi language was extensively documented by
1739:, there is a phonemic contrast with fronted velar with following palatal glide and the backed velar. Complicating this pattern are words borrowed from Spanish that have a velar followed by a low vowel. With the addition of these loanwords, a third velar contrast has been introduced into Hopi. Words with this borrowed velar are "neutral" and typically velar in articulation. Thus, there is a distinction between
422:(which is the central mesa) in Mishongnovi village. Mishongnovi has few speakers compared to First and Third Mesa dialects. Shipaulovi is also spoken on Second Mesa in Shipaulovi village, which is close to Mishongnovi village. Whorf notes that other villages on Second Mesa are of unknown dialectal affiliation.
3313:
that one's worldview is affected by one's language and vice versa. Among Whorf's best-known claims was that Hopi had "no words, grammatical forms, construction or expressions that refer directly to what we call 'time.'" Whorf's statement has been misunderstood to mean that Hopi has no concept of
297:
The use of Hopi has gradually declined over the course of the 20th century. In 1990, it was estimated that more than 5,000 people could speak Hopi as a native language (approximately 75% of the population), but only 40 of them were monolingual in Hopi. The 1998 language survey of 200 Hopi people
798:
Hopi dialects differ in their number of consonants. Below are two separate inventories of the Third Mesa and
Mishongnovi dialects. The Third Mesa inventory has orthographic symbols and IPA transcriptions of those symbols when the IPA symbol differs from the orthographic symbol.
624:
occurred and the Hopi expelled the
Spanish from the region. Both the practices of the Spanish when there, and the stories of negative experiences of Puebloan refugees from the Rio Grande region, contributed to a Hopi attitude where acculturation was resisted or rejected.
456:, but it was later checked by other reservation speakers. In his study, he states that Mishongnovi is the most archaic and phonemically complex of the dialects. The Third Mesa dialect preserves some older relics that have been lost in Mishongnovi.
2925:
are both used to make a simple verb into a durative one (implying the action is ongoing and not yet complete) but it is hard to predict which suffix applies to which verbs. Second language learners of Hopi usually simply learn this by rote.
1950:
of
Mishongnovi only occur in syllable coda position. However, they do contrast with plain stops and voiced sonorants in this position. Whorf notes that the preaspirated stops also contrast with a similar sequence of
1547:
As seen above, the
Mishongnovi dialect has a larger number of consonants when compared with the Third Mesa dialect. The additional consonants are a series of preaspirated stops and a series of voiceless sonorants.
2445:, an alphabetical system developed by Mormon scholars in modern-day Utah, was used for academic notation of the language in a handwritten English–Hopi dictionary made in 1860 that was rediscovered in 2014.
3188:
but singular verbs. Hopi does not have dual pronouns; instead, the plural pronouns may be used with singular verbs for a dual meaning. Noun and verb plurality is indicated, among other devices, by partial
1770:
is distinguished more by presence of the palatal glide than by the difference in the articulatory position of the dorsal contact. He also mentions that the backed sound represented by
5338:
1786:
describes the fronted form as palatal with palatal glide before some vowels, The form from
Spanish loanwords as "ordinary k", and the backed form as velar. Whorf's letter to
5343:
3459:
Tuba City
Unified Superintendent Dr. Harold Begay is devoted to seeing the Navajo and Hopi languages and cultures thrive long into the future through district programs.
1981:
Where there are more than two vowels, the first vowel is stressed if it is long or it is directly followed by two consonants. Otherwise, the second vowel is stressed.
298:
showed that 100% of Hopi elders (60 years or older) were fluent, but fluency in adults (40–59) was only 84%, 50% in young adults (20–39), and 5% in children (2–19).
3511:
1966:
The CVCC cluster is very rare due to limited number of CC combinations in the language. This also makes it unusual to find the intrasyllabic clusters C-C and CC-C.
3447:
3364:
is found much more frequently in Hopi than in
English, particularly at the beginning of a word, before the final consonant, or at the ends of words after a vowel.
3488:
1570:. Before a consonant (word-medially) and at the end of words, it is not voiced although its realization is dependent upon dialect; Third Mesa speakers have
3777:
Hopi dictionary: Hopìikwa Lavàytutuveni: A Hopi–English dictionary of the Third Mesa dialect with an
English–Hopi finder list and a sketch of Hopi grammar
3309:
and still one of the foremost authorities on the relationships obtaining between southwestern and
Central American languages, used Hopi to exemplify his
2018:
The falling tone (high-low) in the Third Mesa dialect corresponds to either a vowel + preaspirated consonant, a vowel + voiceless sonorant, or a vowel +
433:
speaker. Shongopavi is another village on the Second Mesa, but its relation to other dialects has not been analyzed. The Third Mesa dialect is spoken on
3474:
5358:
3318:; other linguists and philosophers are also skeptical of Whorf's broader argument and his findings on Hopi have been disputed or rejected by some.
613:
to reside on First Mesa. The
Arizona Tewa have traditionally acted as translators for the Hopi-speaking Tewa, Hopi, Navajo, Spanish, and English.
4399:
325:
and others has been published, and a group, the Hopi Literacy Project, has focused its attention on promoting the language. As of 2013, "a pilot
5353:
5082:
3351:
Polacca is at the base of First Mesa, unlike the other villages, which are on the top of the mesa. Polacca is shared by Hopi and Tewa peoples.
3327:
318:
1798:, which suggests a uvular articulation. Whorf's phonemicization of Mishongnovi posits the fronted version occurring before all vowels but
191:
1919:
5333:
5328:
5323:
3046:
when it becomes internal to a word or when the word is preceded by another word used as an adjectival or an incorporated verbal
3414:
1472:
620:
missionaries started arriving in Hopi territory, building a church the following year. They remained there until 1680 when the
4161:(Vol. 2, pp. 1198–1326). Columbia University contributions to anthropology (No. 23). New York: Columbia University Press.
329:
project, the Hopi Lavayi Nest Model Program, for families with children birth through 5," is being planned for the village of
5036:
4994:
3652:
2062:
339:
Since 2019, more recent Hopi language revitalization programs have been reported, involving language immersion for children.
4232:(1941). "The relation of habitual thought and behavior to language". In Spier, L.; Hallowell, A. I.; Newman, S. S. (eds.).
1492:
306:
4392:
3692:
3519:
3077:
However, many Hopi sentences also include an object, which is inserted between the subject and the verb. Thus, Hopi is a
3032:– when the stress-shift would cause a clipped vowel not in the first syllable to have a low stress, that vowel is elided.
2389:
2233:
1534:
1514:
1085:
1062:
213:
4096:. Parsons, E. C. (Ed.). Columbia University contributions to anthropology (No. 23). New York: Columbia University Press.
3439:
5075:
3986:
4367:
309:
as their first language. More recently, Hopi language programs for children on the reservation have been implemented.
4048:
3788:
3100:
Pronouns are also marked as either nominative or oblique. For example, the singular subject pronoun "you" in Hopi is
1889:. In Mishongnovi speech, Whorf describes the backed nasal as having the more rear articulation of the backed dorsal:
2003:"running". We would expect the second vowel to be stressed but in fact the first one is stressed in these examples.
1198:
5318:
5291:
1631:
1623:
2015:
on long vowels, diphthongs, and vowel + sonorant sequences. This dialect has either falling tones or level tones.
1924:, although the fricative realization is much more common. In Mishongnovi, this sound is only weakly fricative. In
5363:
5099:
3548:
3478:
1581:
203:
4956:
4639:
4416:
4385:
2053:
1833:
1817:
1670:
722:
97:
5182:
5167:
5068:
4497:
2089:
2080:
1934:
1929:
1841:
1801:
1782:
describes the fronted sound and the sound from Spanish loanwords as palatal while the backed ones are velar.
1722:
1698:
1481:
732:
703:
4043:. Trends in linguistics: Studies and monographs (No. 20). Berlin / New York / Amsterdam: Mouton De Gruyter.
1651:. Elsewhere, the contrasts are neutralized. The velar in environments of neutralization is called "neutral"
2365:
2341:
2071:
1706:
1425:
1418:
1330:
1285:
1019:
982:
944:
765:
744:
167:
2319:
2311:
2279:
2223:
2215:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1882:
1637:
1597:
1593:
787:
779:
5268:
5200:
4869:
4718:
3780:
3767:
Hill, Kenneth C. (1997), "Spanish loanwords in Hopi.", in Hill, J.H.; Mistry, P.J.; Campbell, L. (eds.),
3078:
2917:
Verbs are also marked by suffixes but these are not used in a regular pattern. For example, the suffixes
2193:
1809:
1662:
1449:
1046:
691:
616:
The Hopi had cursory contact with Spanish beginning with the explorers in 1540. In 1629 a small group of
494:
instead. This loss of labialization is also found on the simultaneity marker where younger speakers have
251:
5023:
4943:
4910:
4689:
4684:
4448:
2401:
2353:
2329:
2301:
2044:
1911:
1905:
1865:
Similarly to the velar stops, Hopi has a fronted dorsal nasal and a backed dorsal nasal represented as
1857:
1849:
1825:
1734:
1682:
1676:
1646:
1643:
Hopi has a number of stop contrasts at the velar place of articulation that occur before the low vowel
1615:
1607:
1573:
1523:
1302:
1296:
1278:
1271:
1071:
1026:
955:
937:
930:
783:
4844:
4735:
4248:. Viking Fund publications in anthropology (No. 6). New York: The Viking Fund, Inc. pp. 158–183.
3981:. Studies in the Social and Cultural Foundations of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3181:
2399:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2363:
2351:
2339:
2327:
2299:
2287:
2267:
2255:
2243:
2231:
2203:
2191:
2179:
2087:
2078:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2033:
The vowel letters correspond to the phonemes of Hopi as follows, and long vowels are written double.
1932:
1917:
1909:
1890:
1874:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1799:
1732:
1720:
1704:
1696:
1680:
1668:
1660:
1644:
1629:
1621:
1613:
1605:
1579:
1571:
1399:
1328:
1300:
1009:
434:
3775:
Hopi Dictionary Project (University of Arizona Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology). (1998).
3400:
4440:
4372:
1324:
1181:
1174:
5348:
5121:
3118:
are marked by case in Hopi, shown first in their nominative form and then in their oblique form:
2205:
1892:
1310:
1250:
965:
453:
326:
4625:
4874:
3310:
1116:
820:
567:
4352:
2706:
for dual nouns (those referring to exactly two individuals), possessed nouns or plural nouns.
5313:
5149:
5030:
4951:
4933:
4710:
4408:
3996:
3297:
2423:
2257:
2245:
1432:
1223:
1216:
878:
871:
279:
92:
336:
In 2004, Mesa Media, a nonprofit organization, was created to help revitalize the language.
5108:
5091:
3771:, Trends in linguistics: Studies and monographs, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter., pp. 19–24
3763:
Harrington, John P. (1913). . (National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution).
3047:
2289:
1876:
1234:
889:
597:. They have also been in close contact with a Tanoan language for over 300 years since the
419:
4918:
8:
4723:
4362:
3071:
430:
400:
5162:
4884:
4663:
4600:
305:
both are supported by bilingual education programs in Arizona, and children acquire the
5195:
4864:
4795:
4668:
4555:
4368:
Lessons in the Hopi language by the University of Arizona Press (free downloadable PDF)
4333:
4321:
4313:
4293:
4281:
4273:
4253:
4241:
4229:
4217:
4197:
4185:
4165:
4146:
4117:
4067:
4024:
4016:
3979:
Language Diversity and Thought: A Reformulation of the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
3962:
3954:
3909:
3871:
3863:
3811:
3752:
3735:
Dockstader, Frederick J. (1955). "Spanish loanwords in Hopi: A preliminary checklist".
3302:
2269:
2012:
1567:
1111:
899:
815:
452:'s study of Mishongnovi Hopi. His work was based primarily on a single off-reservation
449:
347:
330:
322:
4594:
159:
5205:
4928:
4853:
4826:
4772:
4695:
4648:
4588:
4562:
4509:
4481:
4476:
4464:
4325:
4121:
4044:
4028:
3982:
3966:
3913:
3875:
3815:
3784:
3756:
3648:
1505:
1209:
1133:
1123:
837:
827:
442:
4285:
3418:
2426:
from similar looking phonemes meeting across syllable boundaries, a period is used:
209:
5263:
5220:
5215:
5190:
5131:
4923:
4900:
4879:
4808:
4745:
4540:
4532:
4305:
4265:
4209:
4177:
4138:
4129:
Voegelin, C. F. (1956). "Phonemicizing for dialect study: With reference to Hopi".
4109:
4036:
4008:
3946:
3901:
3855:
3831:
3803:
3744:
3315:
2442:
1974:
The stress pattern in Hopi follows a simple rule that applies to nearly all words.
1775:
1601:
1106:
810:
575:
287:
261:
5210:
5116:
4973:
4968:
4961:
4859:
4814:
4754:
4580:
4569:
4523:
4469:
4425:
3937:; MacLeish, Kenneth (1955). "Moencopi variations from Whorf's Second Mesa Hopi".
3934:
1787:
1640:
is palatalized when at the beginning of syllables and non-palatalized elsewhere.
1161:
1128:
865:
832:
716:
593:
Hopi speakers have traditionally used Hopi as the language of communication with
587:
438:
302:
84:
1774:
is "not-so-far-back". This suggests that this sound is post-velar and not quite
172:
5172:
5051:
4978:
4780:
4761:
4729:
3843:
3823:
3717:
Brew, J. O. (1979). "Hopi prehistory and history to 1850". In Ortiz, A. (ed.).
1555:
606:
579:
404:
116:
4041:
Hopi time: A linguistic analysis of the temporal concepts in the Hopi language
3688:
5307:
5236:
5139:
4803:
4785:
3388:
3332:
3190:
3115:
3053:
1463:
1401:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1317:
1243:
1167:
1154:
972:
909:
858:
621:
610:
602:
583:
511:
463:
412:
3794:
Hymes, D. H. (1956). "The supposed Spanish loanword in Hopi for 'jaybird'".
3974:
3730:. Vol. 9. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 539–553.
3721:. Vol. 9. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 514–523.
3361:
3094:
3090:
2181:
1338:
992:
598:
123:
4546:
3726:
Connelly, John C. (1979). "Hopi social organization". In Ortiz, A. (ed.).
143:
4502:
3922:
3689:"Setting the Record Straight About Native Languages: Language Complexity"
3306:
3177:
1563:
1457:
1054:
685:
678:
668:
653:
617:
594:
75:
59:
4377:
4071:
4058:
Seaman, P. David (1977). "Hopi Linguistics: An Annotated Bibliography".
3835:
5060:
4317:
4277:
4020:
3958:
3867:
3393:
755:
571:
4338:
Language, thought, and reality: Selected writings of Benjamin L. Whorf
4296:(1952). "Linguistic factors in the terminology of Hopi architecture".
4221:
4189:
4150:
3769:
The life of language: Papers in linguistics in honor of William Bright
3540:
1885:
in Third Mesa speech and thus forms a "neutral" series with "neutral"
462:
reports that Third Mesa speakers of younger generations have lost the
3645:
Language Thought and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf
1590:
1412:
1003:
673:
663:
408:
317:
Many Hopi children are being raised in the language. A comprehensive
152:
136:
4356:
4234:
Language, culture, and personality: Essays in memory of Edward Sapir
4100:
Titiev, Mischa (1946). "Suggestions for the further study of Hopi".
180:
4336:(1956). "Discussion of Hopi linguistics". In Carroll, J. B. (ed.).
4309:
4269:
4213:
4181:
4142:
4113:
4012:
3950:
3905:
3859:
3807:
3748:
3056:– stem-initial CV, stem-final CV and word-final V are reduplicated.
3035:
1925:
1762:
consonants is unclear due to vague descriptions in the literature.
1752:
1552:
629:
221:
4244:(1946). "The Hopi language, Toreva dialect". In Osgood, C. (ed.).
4168:(1936). "The punctual and segmentative aspects of verbs in Hopi".
4835:
3029:
2458:
Hopi uses suffixes for a variety of purposes. Some examples are:
1260:
924:
445:
village, which lies off Third Mesa and at a distance west of it.
351:
291:
217:
48:
3512:"Preserving Hopi Language – Crucial to Children's Early Success"
3070:
The simplest type of sentence in Hopi is simply a subject and a
4236:. Menasha, WI: Sapir Memorial Publication Fund. pp. 75–93.
3892:
Kennard, Edward A. (1963). "Linguistic acculturation in Hopi".
3631:
An 1860 English–Hopi Vocabulary Written in the Deseret Alphabet
312:
188:
1978:
In words with one or two vowels, the first vowel is stressed.
415:, in addition to a variety of Hopi and English and Spanish.
407:
pueblo and in other neighboring communities. A community of
283:
236:
1794:
describes the backed velar as being like Arabic or Nootka
220:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3483:
1679:
with a fronted articulation and following palatal glide
4157:
Whorf, Benjamin Lee. (1936). . In E. C. Parsons (Ed.),
3440:"Dual-language programs grow in Arizona public schools"
2022:
sequence in the Second Mesa dialect recorded by Whorf.
1604:. In some Third Mesa speakers, they are palatalized to
5339:
Indigenous languages of the Southwestern United States
1766:
suggests that the fronted articulation represented by
441:
village and in neighboring communities, as well as in
3562:
1830:); the backed form occurring before non-high vowels (
1695:
are and , respectively. Before the non-front vowels
448:
The first published analysis of the Hopi language is
5344:
Indigenous languages of the North American Southwest
4256:(1950). "An American Indian model of the universe".
3610:
3669:
3586:
2698:Nouns are marked as oblique by either the suffixes
3106:, and the form for the singular object pronoun is
1963:The most common syllable clusters are CV and CVC.
1558:with the voiced labial fricative represented with
403:(which is the eastern mesa) in Polacca village in
3933:
1791:
5305:
3657:
3598:
3574:
1747:in native words both of which are distinct from
3887:. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press.
3995:
3927:Field Mouse Goes to War: Tusan Homichi Tuwvöta
3628:
3193:, marked in the gloss below with a tilde (~).
2929:There are some gender specific terms in Hopi:
1854:); and the form from Spanish loanwords before
5076:
4393:
4298:International Journal of American Linguistics
4258:International Journal of American Linguistics
4102:International Journal of American Linguistics
4001:International Journal of American Linguistics
3939:International Journal of American Linguistics
3894:International Journal of American Linguistics
3848:International Journal of American Linguistics
3796:International Journal of American Linguistics
3737:International Journal of American Linguistics
3728:Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest
3719:Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest
2422:To distinguish certain consonants written as
2011:The Third Mesa dialect of Hopi has developed
1873:, respectively. The fronted nasal is palatal
313:Teaching and language revitalization efforts
4353:Hopi Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words
3920:
3846:(1982). "Some phonological rules of Hopi".
3629:Beesley, Kenneth R.; Elzinga, Dirk (2014).
5083:
5069:
4400:
4386:
4200:(1938). "Some verbal categories of Hopi".
3734:
3568:
3273:
3266:
3246:
3239:
3219:
3212:
3162:
3154:
3146:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3107:
3101:
3023:
3010:
3003:
2991:
2984:
2972:
2965:
2953:
2946:
2904:
2897:
2885:
2878:
2866:
2859:
2847:
2840:
2828:
2821:
2809:
2802:
2790:
2783:
2771:
2764:
2752:
2745:
2733:
2726:
2685:
2673:
2661:
2642:
2632:
2620:
2610:
2598:
2588:
2576:
2566:
2554:
2544:
2532:
2522:
2510:
2500:
2488:
2478:
2433:
2427:
2414:
2030:Hopi is written using the Latin alphabet.
1998:
1992:
1986:
552:
546:
538:
532:
524:
518:
411:live on First Mesa, and its members speak
273:
179:
27:
4407:
4340:. New York: John Wiley. pp. 102–111.
3882:
3469:
3467:
1881:. The backed nasal is described as velar
632:borrowed into Hopi from other languages.
426:
5090:
4128:
3725:
1763:
192:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
187:Hopi is classified as Vulnerable by the
5359:Native American language revitalization
4363:Hopi: Survey of an Uto-Aztecan Language
4246:Linguistic structures of native America
4035:
3891:
3675:
3592:
3479:"Teaching To Protect The Hopi Language"
3473:
3328:Hopi Dictionary: Hopìikwa Lavàytutuveni
1779:
459:
301:Despite the apparent decline, Hopi and
214:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
5306:
4834:
4099:
4057:
3929:. Palmer Lake, Colorado: Filter Press.
3842:
3822:
3616:
3464:
2409:Falling accent is marked with a grave
1656:
470:on the different subject subordinator
5064:
5037:List of extinct Uto-Aztecan languages
4995:Nahuatl language in the United States
4381:
4332:
4292:
4252:
4240:
4228:
4196:
4164:
3793:
3580:
3509:
3384:
3382:
3380:
1958:
1900:The retroflex sound represented with
1783:
1110:
1103:
814:
807:
342:
4159:Hopi journal of Alexander M. Stephen
4094:Hopi journal of Alexander M. Stephen
3973:
3766:
3716:
3691:. Native Languages of the Americas.
3663:
3647:. MIT Press: Boston, Massachusetts.
3604:
3518:. Flagstaff, Arizona. Archived from
3074:: 'Maana wuupa' (the girl is tall).
1719:is . Before the front rounded vowel
645:There are six basic vowels in Hopi:
628:A number of studies have focused on
16:Uto-Aztecan language of Arizona, USA
3491:from the original on 17 August 2019
3184:noun subjects take the dual suffix
1928:coda position, it is devoiced to a
561:
13:
3377:
3291:
2655:Hopi also has free postpositions:
514:, the labialization is also lost:
14:
5375:
4346:
4080:Iisaw niqw tsaayantotaqam tsiròot
3999:(1986). "Genesis of Hopi tones".
1985:Some exceptions to this rule are
1806:(with a fronted allophone before
1533:
1522:
1513:
1491:
1480:
1471:
1448:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1337:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1295:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1249:
1242:
1233:
1222:
1215:
1197:
1180:
1173:
1084:
1070:
1061:
1045:
1025:
1018:
1008:
991:
981:
971:
964:
954:
943:
936:
929:
908:
898:
888:
877:
870:
764:
743:
731:
721:
702:
690:
5286:
5285:
3399:
1727:, it has a backed articulation:
1578:while Mishongnovi speakers have
5334:Indigenous languages of Arizona
3695:from the original on 2007-05-09
3681:
3643:Carroll, John B. (ed.) (1956).
3637:
3622:
3551:from the original on 2018-03-05
3450:from the original on 2015-07-19
3354:
2709:Some examples are shown below:
1792:Kluckhohn & MacLeish (1955)
1758:The precise phonetics of these
437:(which is the western mesa) at
5329:Languages of the United States
5324:Northern Uto-Aztecan languages
4501:(Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute,
4092:Stephen, Alexander M. (1936).
3533:
3503:
3432:
3407:
3345:
2025:
1:
5354:Subject–object–verb languages
3510:Pardo, Cynthia (2013-10-18).
3371:
3065:
2448:
1620:, which can sound similar to
793:
4089:. Santa Fe, NM: Clear Light.
4082:. Santa Fe, NM: Clear Light.
1636:of English. In Mishongnovi,
635:
574:) along with members of the
7:
4060:Anthropological Linguistics
3781:University of Arizona Press
3633:. University of Utah Press.
3321:
2453:
350:identifies four varieties (
10:
5380:
4957:Tehuacan–Zongolica Nahuatl
3709:
3295:
2627:all the way to the bottom
1659:. Before the front vowels
425:An introductory textbook (
5281:
5256:
5249:
5229:
5181:
5148:
5130:
5107:
5098:
5045:
5015:
4987:
4942:
4909:
4893:
4843:
4825:
4794:
4771:
4744:
4709:
4677:
4656:
4647:
4638:
4613:
4579:
4531:
4522:
4490:
4457:
4433:
4424:
4415:
4085:Seqaquaptewa, E. (1994).
4078:Seqaquaptewa, E. (1994).
3844:Jeanne, LaVerne Masayesva
3824:Jeanne, LaVerne Masayesva
3415:"Status of Hopi language"
3262:
3235:
3208:
3171:
3060:
2097:
2038:
1969:
1711:, it is a typical velar:
1512:
1470:
1456:
1423:
1411:
1259:
1221:
1179:
1160:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1115:
1105:
1060:
1053:
1017:
1002:
923:
876:
864:
849:
846:
843:
836:
831:
826:
819:
809:
657:
652:
650:
640:
418:Mishongnovi is spoken on
307:Native American languages
257:
242:
232:
200:
178:
166:
150:
134:
129:
113:
81:
66:
54:
43:
35:
26:
21:
3883:Kalectaca, Milo (1978).
3338:
2172:Consonants are written:
1946:and voiceless sonorants
529:(older) "he started out"
429:) has been written by a
399:First Mesa is spoken on
72:6,100 (2015 census)
5319:Agglutinative languages
4870:Tlaxcala–Puebla Nahuatl
4087:Iisaw niqw yöngösonhoya
3828:Aspects of Hopi grammar
3541:"About Us – Mesa Media"
3274:
3267:
3247:
3240:
3220:
3213:
3163:
3155:
3147:
3139:
3131:
3123:
3108:
3102:
3084:
3024:Morphological processes
3011:
3004:
2992:
2985:
2973:
2966:
2954:
2947:
2905:
2898:
2886:
2879:
2867:
2860:
2848:
2841:
2829:
2822:
2810:
2803:
2791:
2784:
2772:
2765:
2753:
2746:
2734:
2727:
2686:
2674:
2662:
2643:
2633:
2621:
2611:
2599:
2589:
2577:
2567:
2555:
2545:
2533:
2523:
2511:
2501:
2489:
2479:
2434:
2428:
2415:
2006:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1942:The preaspirated stops
1562:, which varies between
557:(older) "he got frozen"
553:
547:
543:(older) "he will drink"
539:
533:
525:
519:
327:language revitalization
319:Hopi-English dictionary
290:group) of northeastern
274:
28:
5364:Pueblo linguistic area
4875:Central Puebla Nahuatl
3997:Manaster-Ramer, Alexis
2438:('to follow tracks').
568:Pueblo linguistic area
202:This article contains
4952:Sierra Puebla Nahuatl
4934:Temascaltepec Nahuatl
4409:Uto-Aztecan languages
4357:Swadesh-list appendix
3298:Hopi time controversy
1944:/ʰp,ʰt,ʰts,ʰkʷ,ʰk,ʰq/
5092:Languages of Arizona
4373:How to count in Hopi
3921:Kennard, Edward A.;
3516:Navajo-Hopi Observer
3089:Nouns are marked as
2702:for simple nouns or
2668:with (instrumental)
1948:/m̥,n̥,ŋ̠̊,l̥,ȷ̊,w̥/
566:Hopi is part of the
280:Uto-Aztecan language
98:Northern Uto-Aztecan
4444:(including Bannock)
4355:(from Wiktionary's
4334:Whorf, Benjamin Lee
4294:Whorf, Benjamin Lee
4254:Whorf, Benjamin Lee
4242:Whorf, Benjamin Lee
4230:Whorf, Benjamin Lee
4198:Whorf, Benjamin Lee
4166:Whorf, Benjamin Lee
3830:(PhD thesis). MIT.
3779:. Tucson, Arizona:
3079:subject–object–verb
2285:⟨ngy⟩
2277:⟨ngw⟩
1930:voiceless fricative
1906:retroflex fricative
1867:⟨ngy⟩
1741:⟨kya⟩
1100:
914:⟨ngw⟩
894:⟨ngy⟩
804:
4865:Tetelcingo Nahuatl
4719:Downriver Guarijio
3477:(17 August 2019).
3303:Benjamin Lee Whorf
3097:, as shown above.
2361:⟨ts⟩
2317:⟨qw⟩
2265:⟨ng⟩
2221:⟨kw⟩
2213:⟨ky⟩
2165:⟨öö⟩
2160:⟨uu⟩
2155:⟨oo⟩
2150:⟨ii⟩
2145:⟨ee⟩
2140:⟨aa⟩
1959:Syllable structure
1871:⟨ng⟩
1768:⟨ky⟩
1749:⟨ka⟩
1745:⟨qa⟩
1729:⟨kö⟩
1717:⟨ko⟩
1713:⟨ku⟩
1693:⟨ke⟩
1689:⟨ki⟩
1098:
977:⟨kw⟩
960:⟨ky⟩
904:⟨ng⟩
802:
790:descends from *u.
343:Language variation
323:Emory Sekaquaptewa
5301:
5300:
5277:
5276:
5245:
5244:
5230:Language isolates
5058:
5057:
5052:extinct languages
5024:Proto-Uto-Aztecan
5011:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5002:
4919:Michoacán Nahuatl
4854:Classical Nahuatl
4705:
4704:
4690:Southern Tepehuan
4685:Northern Tepehuan
4634:
4633:
4609:
4608:
4518:
4517:
4506:
4473:
4445:
4037:Malotki, Ekkehart
3653:978-0-262-73006-8
3545:www.mesamedia.org
3397:(25th ed., 2022)
3289:
3288:
3268:taa~taqt nöö~nösa
3021:
3020:
2915:
2914:
2696:
2695:
2653:
2652:
2411:⟨`⟩
2397:⟨y⟩
2385:⟨w⟩
2373:⟨v⟩
2349:⟨t⟩
2337:⟨s⟩
2325:⟨r⟩
2309:⟨q⟩
2297:⟨p⟩
2253:⟨n⟩
2241:⟨m⟩
2229:⟨l⟩
2201:⟨k⟩
2189:⟨h⟩
2177:⟨’⟩
2170:
2169:
2130:⟨ö⟩
2125:⟨u⟩
2120:⟨o⟩
2115:⟨i⟩
2110:⟨e⟩
2105:⟨a⟩
1904:varies between a
1902:⟨r⟩
1796:⟨q⟩
1772:⟨q⟩
1560:⟨v⟩
1545:
1544:
1508:
1466:
1350:
1267:
1212:
1170:
1099:Mishongnovi Hopi
1096:
1095:
1076:⟨y⟩
1031:⟨r⟩
1014:⟨v⟩
997:⟨’⟩
987:⟨q⟩
784:Proto-Uto-Aztecan
777:
776:
770:⟨a⟩
749:⟨o⟩
737:⟨ö⟩
727:⟨e⟩
708:⟨u⟩
696:⟨i⟩
605:, moved from the
580:Keresan languages
474:after the vowels
294:, United States.
267:
266:
228:
227:
210:rendering support
206:phonetic symbols.
5371:
5289:
5288:
5254:
5253:
5105:
5104:
5085:
5078:
5071:
5062:
5061:
4924:Coatepec Nahuatl
4901:Huasteca Nahuatl
4885:Ometepec Náhuatl
4880:Guerrero Nahuatl
4841:
4840:
4832:
4831:
4736:Upriver Guarijio
4654:
4653:
4645:
4644:
4529:
4528:
4500:
4467:
4443:
4431:
4430:
4422:
4421:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4379:
4378:
4341:
4329:
4289:
4249:
4237:
4225:
4193:
4154:
4125:
4075:
4054:
4032:
3992:
3970:
3935:Kluckhohn, Clyde
3930:
3917:
3888:
3879:
3839:
3819:
3772:
3760:
3731:
3722:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3626:
3620:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3475:Sevigny, Melissa
3471:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3417:. Archived from
3411:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3386:
3365:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3316:Ekkehart Malotki
3282:several men ate
3277:
3270:
3250:
3243:
3223:
3216:
3204:Pronoun subject
3196:
3195:
3166:
3158:
3150:
3142:
3134:
3126:
3111:
3105:
3014:
3007:
2995:
2988:
2976:
2969:
2957:
2950:
2932:
2931:
2908:
2901:
2889:
2882:
2870:
2863:
2851:
2844:
2832:
2825:
2813:
2806:
2794:
2787:
2775:
2768:
2756:
2749:
2737:
2730:
2712:
2711:
2689:
2677:
2665:
2658:
2657:
2646:
2636:
2624:
2617:distance suffix
2614:
2602:
2592:
2580:
2573:habitual suffix
2570:
2558:
2548:
2536:
2526:
2514:
2504:
2492:
2482:
2461:
2460:
2443:Deseret alphabet
2437:
2431:
2418:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2393:
2386:
2381:
2374:
2369:
2362:
2357:
2350:
2345:
2338:
2333:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2313:
2310:
2305:
2298:
2293:
2286:
2281:
2278:
2273:
2266:
2261:
2254:
2249:
2242:
2237:
2230:
2225:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2202:
2197:
2190:
2185:
2178:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2036:
2035:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1923:
1915:
1903:
1896:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1829:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1773:
1769:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1674:
1666:
1650:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1619:
1611:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1577:
1561:
1537:
1526:
1517:
1504:
1495:
1484:
1475:
1462:
1452:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1265:
1253:
1246:
1237:
1226:
1219:
1208:
1201:
1184:
1177:
1166:
1101:
1097:
1088:
1077:
1074:
1065:
1049:
1032:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1012:
998:
995:
988:
985:
978:
975:
968:
961:
958:
947:
940:
933:
915:
912:
905:
902:
895:
892:
881:
874:
805:
803:Third Mesa Hopi
801:
789:
781:
771:
768:
750:
747:
738:
735:
728:
725:
709:
706:
697:
694:
648:
647:
562:Language contact
556:
550:
542:
536:
528:
522:
502:. In words with
490:where they have
427:Kalectaca (1978)
277:
230:
229:
194:
183:
162:
146:
139:
119:
87:
31:
19:
18:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5273:
5241:
5225:
5177:
5168:Southern Paiute
5144:
5126:
5094:
5089:
5059:
5054:
5041:
4999:
4983:
4974:Tabasco Nahuatl
4969:Isthmus Nahuatl
4962:Orizaba Nahuatl
4938:
4905:
4889:
4860:Morelos Nahuatl
4821:
4790:
4767:
4740:
4701:
4673:
4630:
4605:
4601:Luiseño-Juaneño
4575:
4514:
4486:
4453:
4441:Northern Paiute
4411:
4406:
4349:
4344:
4051:
3989:
3885:Lessons in Hopi
3712:
3707:
3698:
3696:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3674:
3670:
3662:
3658:
3642:
3638:
3627:
3623:
3615:
3611:
3603:
3599:
3591:
3587:
3579:
3575:
3569:Dockstader 1955
3567:
3563:
3554:
3552:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3525:
3523:
3508:
3504:
3494:
3492:
3472:
3465:
3453:
3451:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3424:
3422:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3398:
3387:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3341:
3324:
3305:, a well-known
3300:
3294:
3292:Metalinguistics
3241:taaqa-vit nöösa
3174:
3087:
3068:
3063:
3026:
2583:usually throws
2517:walking around
2456:
2451:
2410:
2396:
2384:
2372:
2360:
2348:
2336:
2324:
2316:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2276:
2264:
2252:
2240:
2228:
2220:
2212:
2200:
2188:
2176:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2028:
2009:
1972:
1961:
1901:
1870:
1866:
1795:
1788:Clyde Kluckhohn
1771:
1767:
1764:Voegelin (1956)
1748:
1744:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1712:
1692:
1688:
1559:
1118:
1075:
1030:
1013:
996:
986:
976:
959:
913:
903:
893:
822:
796:
786:*o, while Hopi
769:
748:
736:
726:
707:
695:
643:
638:
564:
345:
315:
250:
208:Without proper
196:
195:
186:
158:
142:
135:
120:
115:
109:
88:
85:Language family
83:
73:
69:
68:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
5377:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5349:Pueblo culture
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5295:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5266:
5260:
5258:
5251:
5250:Non-Indigenous
5247:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5187:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5154:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5136:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5122:Western Apache
5119:
5113:
5111:
5102:
5096:
5095:
5088:
5087:
5080:
5073:
5065:
5056:
5055:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5027:
5019:
5017:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4915:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4849:
4847:
4838:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4811:
4806:
4800:
4798:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4783:
4777:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4758:
4750:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4726:
4721:
4715:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4692:
4687:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4660:
4658:
4651:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4591:
4585:
4583:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4537:
4535:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4498:Colorado River
4494:
4492:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4437:
4435:
4428:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4405:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4348:
4347:External links
4345:
4343:
4342:
4330:
4310:10.1086/464204
4304:(2): 141–145.
4290:
4270:10.1086/464066
4250:
4238:
4226:
4214:10.2307/409181
4208:(4): 275–286.
4194:
4182:10.2307/408755
4176:(2): 127–131.
4162:
4155:
4143:10.2307/410660
4137:(1): 116–135.
4126:
4114:10.1086/463895
4097:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4055:
4049:
4033:
4013:10.1086/466010
4007:(2): 154–160.
3993:
3988:978-0521387972
3987:
3971:
3951:10.1086/464323
3945:(2): 150–156.
3931:
3918:
3906:10.1086/464709
3889:
3880:
3860:10.1086/465734
3854:(3): 245–270.
3840:
3820:
3808:10.1086/464362
3802:(2): 186–187.
3791:
3773:
3764:
3761:
3749:10.1086/464324
3743:(2): 157–159.
3732:
3723:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3680:
3668:
3656:
3636:
3621:
3609:
3597:
3585:
3573:
3561:
3532:
3502:
3463:
3431:
3406:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3353:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3323:
3320:
3296:Main article:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3160:
3152:
3144:
3136:
3128:
3116:Demonstratives
3086:
3083:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3051:
3033:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3008:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2989:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2970:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2951:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2938:female speech
2936:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2902:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2883:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2864:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2845:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2826:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2807:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2788:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2750:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2731:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2640:
2637:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2596:
2593:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2574:
2571:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2552:
2549:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2530:
2527:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2508:
2505:
2497:
2496:
2495:walking along
2493:
2486:
2483:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2432:('eagle') but
2407:
2406:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2358:
2346:
2334:
2322:
2314:
2306:
2294:
2282:
2274:
2262:
2250:
2238:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2198:
2186:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2027:
2024:
2008:
2005:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1971:
1968:
1960:
1957:
1780:Malotki (1983)
1556:free variation
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1520:
1518:
1511:
1509:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1478:
1476:
1469:
1467:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1023:
1016:
1006:
1000:
999:
989:
979:
969:
962:
952:
950:
948:
941:
934:
927:
921:
920:
918:
916:
906:
896:
886:
884:
882:
875:
868:
862:
861:
856:
852:
851:
848:
845:
841:
840:
835:
830:
825:
818:
813:
808:
795:
792:
782:descends from
775:
774:
772:
762:
760:
758:
752:
751:
741:
739:
729:
719:
713:
712:
710:
700:
698:
688:
682:
681:
676:
671:
666:
660:
659:
656:
651:
642:
639:
637:
634:
609:following the
607:Galisteo Basin
563:
560:
559:
558:
551:(younger) vs.
544:
537:(younger) vs.
530:
523:(younger) vs.
498:against older
460:Malotki (1983)
450:Benjamin Whorf
397:
396:
386:
376:
366:
348:Benjamin Whorf
344:
341:
314:
311:
282:spoken by the
265:
264:
259:
255:
254:
244:
240:
239:
234:
226:
225:
212:, you may see
198:
197:
185:
184:
176:
175:
170:
164:
163:
156:
148:
147:
140:
132:
131:
130:Language codes
127:
126:
121:
117:Writing system
114:
111:
110:
108:
107:
106:
105:
91:
89:
82:
79:
78:
70:
67:
64:
63:
56:
52:
51:
45:
41:
40:
37:
36:Native to
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5376:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5294:
5293:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5257:Indo-European
5255:
5252:
5248:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5183:Yuman-Cochimí
5180:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5086:
5081:
5079:
5074:
5072:
5067:
5066:
5063:
5053:
5049:
5044:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5014:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4450:
4447:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4403:
4398:
4396:
4391:
4389:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4056:
4052:
4050:90-279-3349-9
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3790:
3789:0-8165-1789-4
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3677:
3672:
3665:
3660:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3632:
3625:
3619:, p. 16.
3618:
3613:
3606:
3601:
3594:
3589:
3582:
3577:
3570:
3565:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3522:on 2013-10-29
3521:
3517:
3513:
3506:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3460:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3421:on 2015-12-15
3420:
3416:
3410:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3376:
3363:
3357:
3348:
3344:
3334:
3333:Qatsi trilogy
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3275:itam nöö~nösa
3272:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3191:reduplication
3187:
3183:
3179:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3075:
3073:
3055:
3054:Reduplication
3052:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2835:spring water
2834:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2605:at Ismo'wala
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2446:
2444:
2439:
2436:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2417:
2403:
2395:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2371:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2335:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2023:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1967:
1964:
1956:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1916:) and a flap
1913:
1907:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1878:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1803:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1736:
1724:
1708:
1700:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1664:
1658:
1657:Jeanne (1978)
1654:
1648:
1641:
1633:
1625:
1617:
1609:
1603:
1592:
1589:The alveolar
1587:
1583:
1575:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1497:
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1490:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1001:
994:
990:
984:
980:
974:
970:
967:
963:
957:
953:
951:
949:
946:
942:
939:
935:
932:
928:
926:
922:
919:
917:
911:
907:
901:
897:
891:
887:
885:
883:
880:
873:
869:
867:
863:
860:
857:
854:
853:
842:
839:
834:
829:
824:
817:
812:
806:
800:
791:
785:
773:
767:
763:
761:
759:
757:
754:
753:
746:
742:
740:
734:
730:
724:
720:
718:
715:
714:
711:
705:
701:
699:
693:
689:
687:
684:
683:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
661:
655:
649:
646:
633:
631:
626:
623:
622:Pueblo Revolt
619:
614:
612:
611:Pueblo Revolt
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
555:
549:
545:
541:
535:
531:
527:
521:
517:
516:
515:
513:
512:syllable coda
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:labialization
461:
457:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
423:
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
394:
390:
387:
384:
380:
377:
374:
370:
367:
364:
360:
357:
356:
355:
353:
349:
340:
337:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
310:
308:
304:
299:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
276:
271:
263:
260:
256:
253:
248:
245:
241:
238:
235:
231:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
205:
199:
193:
190:
182:
177:
174:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
155:
154:
149:
145:
141:
138:
133:
128:
125:
122:
118:
112:
104:
101:
100:
99:
96:
95:
94:
90:
86:
80:
77:
71:
65:
61:
57:
53:
50:
47:Northeastern
46:
42:
39:United States
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
5314:Hopi culture
5290:
5157:
5047:
5031:Proto-Nahuan
5029:
5022:
4852:
4813:
4760:
4753:
4728:
4694:
4620:
4593:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4545:
4337:
4301:
4297:
4264:(2): 67–72.
4261:
4257:
4245:
4233:
4205:
4201:
4173:
4169:
4158:
4134:
4130:
4108:(2): 89–91.
4105:
4101:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4066:(2): 78–97.
4063:
4059:
4040:
4004:
4000:
3978:
3942:
3938:
3926:
3923:Yava, Albert
3900:(1): 36–41.
3897:
3893:
3884:
3851:
3847:
3836:1721.1/16325
3827:
3799:
3795:
3776:
3768:
3740:
3736:
3727:
3718:
3697:. Retrieved
3683:
3676:Malotki 1983
3671:
3659:
3644:
3639:
3630:
3624:
3612:
3600:
3593:Kennard 1963
3588:
3576:
3564:
3553:. Retrieved
3544:
3535:
3524:. Retrieved
3520:the original
3515:
3505:
3493:. Retrieved
3482:
3458:
3452:. Retrieved
3444:azednews.com
3443:
3434:
3423:. Retrieved
3419:the original
3409:
3392:
3362:glottal stop
3356:
3347:
3301:
3255:two men ate
3201:Noun subject
3185:
3178:plural verbs
3175:
3114:
3099:
3088:
3076:
3069:
3043:
3039:
2935:male speech
2928:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2654:
2529:to, towards
2457:
2440:
2421:
2408:
2171:
2098:orthography
2032:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2010:
1997:"spill" and
1984:
1973:
1965:
1962:
1941:
1899:
1886:
1864:
1784:Whorf (1946)
1759:
1757:
1731:is . Before
1652:
1642:
1588:
1550:
1546:
1348:preaspirated
797:
778:
644:
627:
615:
601:, who speak
599:Arizona Tewa
592:
578:family, the
565:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
458:
447:
424:
417:
409:Arizona Tewa
398:
392:
391:(or Whorf's
388:
382:
381:(or Whorf's
378:
372:
371:(or Whorf's
368:
362:
361:(or Whorf's
358:
346:
338:
335:
316:
300:
296:
269:
268:
246:
201:
151:
124:Latin script
102:
76:monolinguals
62:(Golla 2007)
5150:Uto-Aztecan
4711:Tarahumaran
4626:Tübatulabal
4468:(including
3617:Jeanne 1978
3285:we all ate
3258:we two ate
3214:taaqa nöösa
3012:oo'o, 'wiya
2715:nominative
2561:will throw
2539:towards us
2435:kuk.wuwàaqe
2026:Orthography
1677:palatalized
1564:labiodental
1458:Approximant
1055:Approximant
466:feature of
420:Second Mesa
369:Mishongnovi
354:) of Hopi:
262:Hopitutskwa
216:instead of
93:Uto-Aztecan
5308:Categories
5109:Athabaskan
5100:Indigenous
4724:Tarahumara
3975:Lucy, John
3699:2007-05-01
3581:Hymes 1956
3555:2017-05-29
3526:2013-10-24
3454:2015-08-17
3425:2015-09-08
3394:Ethnologue
3372:References
3248:itam nöösa
3228:a man ate
3164:mima/mimuy
3156:puma/pumuy
3081:language.
3066:Word order
3038:– initial
2979:thank you
2854:he/she/it
2600:Ismo'walpe
2507:go around
2449:Morphology
1553:idiolectal
794:Consonants
658:Non-front
618:Franciscan
572:Sprachbund
554:tuusungwti
435:Third Mesa
431:Shongopavi
401:First Mesa
389:Third Mesa
379:Shipaulovi
359:First Mesa
321:edited by
286:people (a
275:Hopílavayi
247:Hopilàvayi
29:Hopilàvayi
5196:Havasupai
5050:indicate
4669:Pima Bajo
4556:Kitanemuk
4326:144233449
4122:144830663
4029:144768505
3967:143319549
3914:143928841
3876:143643843
3816:143642814
3757:143816567
3664:Lucy 1992
3605:Hill 1997
3495:17 August
3221:ni’ nöösa
3209:Singular
3176:Hopi has
3072:predicate
2735:himutskit
2692:at/in/on
2649:only one
2595:location
2578:tuuvangwu
2485:go along
2419:'birds'.
2000:warikiwta
1753:loanwords
1591:sibilants
1551:There is
1464:voiceless
1413:Fricative
1168:voiceless
1004:Fricative
674:unrounded
664:unrounded
636:Phonology
630:loanwords
548:tuusungti
454:informant
383:Sipaulovi
331:Sipaulovi
252:Hand Talk
153:Glottolog
137:ISO 639-3
55:Ethnicity
5292:Category
5206:Maricopa
5201:Hualapai
4929:Pochutec
4894:Huasteca
4796:Corachol
4696:Tepecano
4678:Tepehuan
4640:Southern
4589:Cahuilla
4563:Tataviam
4510:Kawaiisu
4491:Southern
4482:Timbisha
4477:Comanche
4465:Shoshoni
4417:Northern
4286:54491985
4202:Language
4170:Language
4131:Language
4072:30027313
4039:(1983).
3977:(1992).
3925:(1999).
3826:(1978).
3693:Archived
3549:Archived
3489:Archived
3448:Archived
3322:See also
3311:argument
3307:linguist
3148:ima/imuy
3048:modifier
3042:becomes
3036:Lenition
3005:owi, 'wi
2993:nukwangw
2941:meaning
2728:himutski
2721:meaning
2718:oblique
2622:atkyamiq
2473:meaning
2470:example
2467:purpose
2454:Suffixes
2424:digraphs
1955:+ stop.
1926:syllable
1715:is and
1687:. Thus,
1675:, it is
1568:bilabial
1143:neutral
1140:fronted
1119:alveolar
1112:Alveolar
847:neutral
844:fronted
823:alveolar
816:Alveolar
443:Moenkopi
352:dialects
288:Puebloan
243:Language
222:Help:IPA
160:hopi1249
5269:Spanish
5264:English
5221:Yavapai
5216:Quechan
5191:Cocopah
5163:Oʼodham
5048:Italics
5016:History
4944:Eastern
4911:Western
4845:Central
4836:Nahuatl
4827:Aztecan
4809:Huichol
4664:Oʼodham
4649:Tepiman
4547:Vanyume
4541:Serrano
4470:Gosiute
4458:Central
4434:Western
4318:1262812
4278:1262850
4021:1265374
3959:1263941
3868:1264788
3710:Sources
3263:Plural
3167:– those
3151:– these
3140:miˈ/mit
3132:pam/put
3095:oblique
3091:subject
3030:Elision
2974:askwali
2967:kwakwha
2759:coyote
2754:iisawuy
2556:tuuvani
2551:future
2534:itamumi
2512:waynuma
2464:suffix
1994:wehekna
1991:"car",
1988:sikisve
1261:Plosive
1146:backed
1134:Glottal
1124:Palatal
925:Plosive
850:backed
838:Glottal
828:Palatal
679:rounded
669:rounded
510:in the
500:-kyangw
363:Polacca
292:Arizona
278:) is a
272:(Hopi:
258:Country
218:Unicode
49:Arizona
5211:Mojave
5132:Tanoan
5117:Navajo
4815:Cazcan
4773:Cahita
4755:Eudeve
4746:Opatan
4595:Cupeño
4570:Tongva
4533:Serran
4324:
4316:
4284:
4276:
4222:409181
4220:
4190:408755
4188:
4151:410660
4149:
4120:
4070:
4047:
4027:
4019:
3985:
3965:
3957:
3912:
3874:
3866:
3814:
3787:
3755:
3651:
3231:I ate
3172:Number
3159:– them
3143:– that
3127:– this
3061:Syntax
2955:hin'ur
2887:tuuwat
2830:paahut
2778:we/us
2773:itamuy
2740:shrub
2429:kwaahu
2101:short
1970:Stress
1846:, and
1822:, and
1776:uvular
1602:apical
1506:voiced
1210:voiced
1155:labial
1151:plain
1107:Labial
859:labial
855:plain
811:Labial
641:Vowels
588:Navajo
586:, and
576:Tanoan
540:kikwni
526:nakwsu
496:-kyang
439:Oraibi
393:Oraibi
373:Toreva
303:Navajo
233:People
189:UNESCO
58:7,400
44:Region
5173:Yaqui
4988:Other
4979:Pipil
4781:Yaqui
4762:Opata
4730:Tubar
4657:Pimic
4614:Other
4581:Cupan
4524:Takic
4426:Numic
4322:S2CID
4314:JSTOR
4282:S2CID
4274:JSTOR
4218:JSTOR
4186:JSTOR
4147:JSTOR
4118:S2CID
4068:JSTOR
4025:S2CID
4017:JSTOR
3963:S2CID
3955:JSTOR
3910:S2CID
3872:S2CID
3864:JSTOR
3812:S2CID
3753:S2CID
3339:Notes
3236:Dual
3124:iˈ/it
2998:good
2986:lolma
2960:very
2919:-lawu
2892:sand
2880:tuuwa
2873:they
2868:pumuy
2823:paahu
2816:I/me
2797:snow
2792:nuvat
2747:iisaw
2680:from
2675:angkw
2644:suksa
2639:only
2590:ve/pe
2490:wayma
2416:tsirò
2320:/k̠ʷ/
2136:long
1937:]
1933:[
1922:]
1918:[
1914:]
1910:[
1895:]
1891:[
1879:]
1875:[
1685:]
1681:[
1618:]
1614:[
1610:]
1606:[
1584:]
1580:[
1576:]
1572:[
1404:]
1400:[
1333:]
1329:[
1305:]
1301:[
1266:plain
1162:Nasal
1129:Velar
1117:Post-
866:Nasal
833:Velar
821:Post-
654:Front
534:hikni
520:naksu
405:Walpi
60:Hopis
5237:Zuni
5158:Hopi
5140:Tewa
4804:Cora
4786:Mayo
4621:Hopi
4449:Mono
4045:ISBN
3983:ISBN
3785:ISBN
3649:ISBN
3497:2019
3389:Hopi
3360:The
3186:-vit
3182:Dual
3135:– it
3085:Case
3017:yes
2948:a'ni
2921:and
2911:you
2861:puma
2785:nuva
2766:itam
2568:ngwu
2502:numa
2441:The
2312:/k̠/
2280:/ŋʷ/
2224:/kʷ/
2216:/kʲ/
2039:IPA
2013:tone
2007:Tone
1869:and
1743:and
1703:and
1691:and
1667:and
1638:/ts/
1628:and
1612:and
1600:are
1596:and
1594:/ts/
1566:and
686:High
603:Tewa
595:Zuni
584:Zuni
413:Tewa
284:Hopi
270:Hopi
237:Hopi
173:Hopi
103:Hopi
22:Hopi
4503:Ute
4306:doi
4266:doi
4210:doi
4178:doi
4139:doi
4110:doi
4009:doi
3947:doi
3902:doi
3856:doi
3832:hdl
3804:doi
3745:doi
3484:NPR
3391:at
3109:ung
3093:or
2923:-ta
2906:ung
2849:put
2842:pam
2811:nuy
2804:nu'
2663:akw
1953:/h/
1790:in
1751:in
1655:by
1608:tsʲ
1598:/s/
1402:ʰk̠
1389:ʰkʷ
1369:ʰts
1199:ŋ̠̊
788:/o/
780:/ø/
756:Low
717:Mid
570:(a
508:ngw
506:or
472:-qw
204:IPA
168:ELP
144:hop
74:40
5310::
4320:.
4312:.
4302:19
4300:.
4280:.
4272:.
4262:16
4260:.
4216:.
4206:14
4204:.
4184:.
4174:12
4172:.
4145:.
4135:32
4133:.
4116:.
4106:12
4104:.
4064:19
4062:.
4023:.
4015:.
4005:52
4003:.
3961:.
3953:.
3943:21
3941:.
3908:.
3898:29
3896:.
3870:.
3862:.
3852:48
3850:.
3810:.
3800:22
3798:.
3783:.
3751:.
3741:21
3739:.
3547:.
3543:.
3514:.
3487:.
3481:.
3466:^
3457:.
3446:.
3442:.
3379:^
3180:.
3112:.
3103:um
2899:um
2704:-y
2700:-t
2687:ep
2634:sa
2546:ni
2524:mi
2480:ma
2413::
2366:ts
1939:.
1897:.
1893:ŋ̠
1862:.
1838:,
1814:,
1778:.
1755:.
1624:tʃ
1616:sʲ
1586:.
1493:w̥
1482:ȷ̊
1473:l̥
1396:ʰq
1382:ʰk
1362:ʰt
1355:ʰp
1331:k̠
1318:kʷ
1303:cʲ
1297:kʲ
1286:ts
1251:ŋ̠
1244:ŋʷ
1182:n̥
1175:m̥
983:k̠
973:kʷ
956:cʲ
945:ts
910:ŋʷ
590:.
582:,
504:kw
492:-q
486:,
482:,
478:,
333:.
5084:e
5077:t
5070:v
4818:?
4505:)
4472:)
4401:e
4394:t
4387:v
4359:)
4328:.
4308::
4288:.
4268::
4224:.
4212::
4192:.
4180::
4153:.
4141::
4124:.
4112::
4074:.
4053:.
4031:.
4011::
3991:.
3969:.
3949::
3916:.
3904::
3878:.
3858::
3838:.
3834::
3818:.
3806::
3759:.
3747::
3702:.
3678:.
3666:.
3607:.
3595:.
3583:.
3571:.
3558:.
3529:.
3499:.
3428:.
3050:.
3044:v
3040:p
2612:q
2404:/
2402:j
2400:/
2392:/
2390:w
2388:/
2380:/
2378:β
2376:/
2368:/
2364:/
2356:/
2354:t
2352:/
2344:/
2342:s
2340:/
2332:/
2330:ʐ
2328:/
2304:/
2302:p
2300:/
2292:/
2290:ɲ
2288:/
2272:/
2270:ŋ
2268:/
2260:/
2258:n
2256:/
2248:/
2246:m
2244:/
2236:/
2234:l
2232:/
2208:/
2206:k
2204:/
2196:/
2194:h
2192:/
2184:/
2182:ʔ
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