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necessity run from west to east across the sun compass's face. Under this theory, the disc's user would have made a reference point at the north index mark at high-noon just prior to departure and then made subsequent high-noon marks during the course of the journey, and compared these against their home's reference point. If the journey's marks were in the same position as the home reference point, it meant that the user had been maintaining a consistent latitude. A high-noon mark coming in below the home reference meant that one was further south (although travellers also would have had to make allowances for the constant seasonal changes of the sun's position at high-noon).
89:, with the hole in the centre intended for a handle that housed a horizontal directional pin and a vertical pin to cast a shadow. Sølver drew a speculative illustration from which a replica was fashioned, and this explanation was ultimately accepted by Vebæk. The discovery of the artifact prompted increased interest among historians about the possible use of navigational instruments by the Norse, as many experts assumed that they relied solely on non-instrumental resources such as celestial bodies, landmarks or intuition. The magnetic compass does not appear to have been in use in Europe until the early 13th century. While the
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222:). In addition to their work demonstrating the Uunartoq disc's possible use as a latitude reader, the Eötvös University researchers also argued that if the disc was used with a pair of sun stones, it might have been possible to detect true north up to 50 minutes after sunset, thus serving as a "twilight compass" as well. A 2018 study by different researchers at Eötvös found that "sky-polarimetric Viking navigation is surprisingly successful at spring equinox and summer solstice even in cloudy weather..."
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vertical pin at high-noon. In the northern hemisphere, a straight line drawn from the base of the pin to that closest high-noon position will point directly to true north, which will then serve as the compass' north index mark. The gnomonic line will be essentially straight during the vernal and autumnal
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a sun compass very similar in appearance to the
Uunartoq disc was a significant plot device in the first season, as it allowed the Norsemen to maintain a consistent latitude while sailing west on the open ocean to raid Britain, though it was shown floating in water rather than hand-held as envisioned
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Sølver noted that the
Uunartoq disc appeared to have gnomonic lines consistent with those produced during the summer solstice and the equinoxes (which in 1990 were microscopically shown to be deliberately double traced) and also noted that the disc had 8 triangular dial increments per quadrant, for a
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at some point in the 15th century remains one of the great historical mysteries. In 1948, Danish archaeologist
Christen Vebæk was excavating the ruins of the Norse site Ø149 located on the western shore of a fjord known to the Norse as Siglufjord and is today called Uunartoq ("the hot"), a name that
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Modern replica showing gnomonic lines for the summer solstice (bottom), vernal and autumnal equinoxes (middle) and winter solstice (top). The original
Uunartoq disc does not feature a line corresponding to the winter solstice, which would likely have been impractical during the limited daylight and
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lines. The disc is placed in a fixed level position and an observer regularly marks the different lengths and positions of the pin's shadow across the disc during the course of the day. When the pin tip shadow marks are connected, the result is a west-to-east gnomonic line that comes closest to the
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Modern replica showing how a course of
Northwest by West may have been plotted by the Uunartoq disc's user around the time of the summer solstice. The traveller rotates the disc while keeping it level until the vertical gnomonic pin tip's shadow touches the summer solstice gnomonic line (1), which
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Among other artifacts, Vebæk discovered a fragment of a wooden disc with triangular notches chip-carved around the perimeter and a hole in the centre. It was fashioned from softwood, likely larch or spruce (some sources indicate oak), and it measured just 7 centimetres wide, 1 centimetre thick and
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In 2013, researchers from Eötvös
University in Hungary argued that the Uunartoq disc could have also been used to determine a traveller's latitude. The researchers pointed to a series of very short inscribed lines stacked atop one another on the disc's north index mark, whereas gnomonic lines by
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Once these lines have been inscribed on the face of the compass, it can be used during travel. The user holds the device level and rotates it until the pin tip's shadow touches the appropriate seasonal gnomonic line, and the index mark will point to true north.
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and regarded as the "Ship-star" by the 10th century, mariners on the open ocean out of sight from any landmark would have had great difficulty in precisely determining true north during daylight hours.
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reveals the direction of true north (2). The traveller then turns the horizontal directional pin five compass points to the west for NWbW, and adjusts course to match the direction of the pin (3).
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Whether the Norse used these sorts of devices primarily as compasses or latitude readers, both relied on the sun. It is believed that on overcast days, Norse mariners made use of a
210:(Calcium Calcite) which can be used as a polarization analyzer to find the sun's position through the clouds. There are references to the possible Norse use of sun stones in two
155:. In addition to its gnomonic lines, it also had a round dimple on the 9th increment that corresponds with east, where the lines end with the setting of the sun in the west.
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Danish marine captain and naval historian Carl V. Sølver examined the notches and deliberate scored lines on the disc and pronounced it to be a sun compass used to determine
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referenced by Ivar
Bardarson, a Norwegian priest who lived in the colony in the mid-14th century as a representative of the Archdiocese of Nidaros and the Norwegian crown.
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Like a sundial, a sun compass features a vertical pin. The sun's rays cause the pin to cast a shadow which is longer in the morning and late afternoon and shortest at
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in 2000 has given further credence to the sun compass theory, particularly since the site dates from a period when the Norse had considerable impact in the region.
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Hot springs on
Uunartoq, formerly called Siglufjord by the Norse. The Uunartoq disc was discovered on the opposite shore of this fjord, in the center background.
216:"The King looked about and saw no blue sky...then the King took the Sunstone and held it up, and then he saw where the Sun beamed from the stone"
220:"Olaf grabbed a Sunstone, looked at the sky and saw from where the light came, from which he guessed the position of the invisible Sun"
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While some scholars continued to argue against the theory of Norse marine instrumentation, the discovery of a similar artifact with
321:"The Church Topography of the Eastern Settlement and the Excavation of the Benedictine Convent at Narsarsuaq in the Uunartoq Fjord"
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In 1984, Norwegian author and explorer Ragnar
Thorseth led an international expedition in a replica of a Norse merchant ship, the
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502:"Success of sky-polarimetric Viking navigation: revealing the chance Viking sailors could reach Greenland from Norway"
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Satellite view of the Norse
Greenland archeological site Ø149, where the Uunartoq disc was discovered.
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465:(Columbus: 105th Annual Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Studies, 2015) presentation
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A modern speculative replica of the Uunartoq disc, considerably larger than the original.
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well known to the Norse and the Inuit and is today a popular destination among tourists.
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The ruins at site Ø149 include a church and it is generally accepted to be the colony's
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denotes both the fjord and the islands at its mouth. One of the islands is the site of
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A replica of the sun compass, based on a Carl V. Sølver's speculative illustration.
489:"How could the Viking Sun compass be used with sunstones before and after sunset?"
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476:"The sunstone and polarised skylight: ancient Viking navigational tools?"
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358:"Maritime skills and astronomic knowledge in the Viking Age Baltic Sea"
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401:"The Discovery of an Early Bearing-Dial – Further Investigations"
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450:"An alternative interpretation of the Viking sundial artifact"
323:(Copenhagen: Meddelelser om Grønland, Vol. 14 1995) pg. 65-70
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403:(Cambridge: The Journal of Navigation, 1993) 46,1 pg. 33-48
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266:"Errors on Viking sun compass hint at alternative purpose"
491:(London: Proceedings Of The Royal Society, 2014) pg. 1-18
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had become an important navigational tool by the time of
452:(London: Proceedings Of The Royal Society, 2013) pg. 13
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A dramatization of the sun compass as a latitude reader
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homestead. It is widely believed to be an early Norse
504:(London: Proceedings Of The Royal Society, 2018) 5, 4
310:(Cambridge: The Journal of Navigation, 1953) 6, 294
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151:total of 32, corresponding with the traditional
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478:(Contemporary Physics: Volume 55, 2014) Issue 4
375:Compass: a Story of Exploration and Innovation
377:(New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2004)
20:is an artifact discovered in the ruins of a
297:(New York: St. Martin's, 1966), pg. 250-253
105:lines in a Polish archaeological site near
413:Maritime skills and astronomic knowledge
308:"The discovery of an early bearing dial"
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388:Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning
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271:"The Viking Sunstone Revealed?"
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463:"Early Norse Navigation Tools"
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520:Archaeology of Greenland
295:Land Under the Pole Star
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169:Saga Siglar
65:Benedictine
26:sun compass
514:Categories
439:... pg. 69
427:... pg. 71
282:References
91:North Star
87:true north
204:sun stone
128:equinoxes
39:Discovery
237:Vikings,
132:solstice
123:gnomonic
103:gnomonic
230:In the
95:Pytheas
68:Convent
107:Wolin
43:The
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