770:
28:
743:
707:
752:
260:
734:
725:
172:
761:
716:
20:
234:
records that "of the nations neighbouring upon the
Celtiberians the most advanced is the people of the Vaccaei, as they are called; for this people each year divides among its members the land which it tills and making the fruits the property of all they measure out his portion to each man, and for
159:. The Vaccean civilization was the result of a process of local evolution, importing elements from other cultures, whether by new additions of people or cultural and trading contacts with neighbouring groups. It is also believed that it was from the Vaccei that the warlike
593:, with several Vacceian towns remaining loyal to his cause even after his death. In 76 BC, Sertorius' sent one of its cavalry commanders, Gaius Insteius, to the Vacceian country in search of remounts for its battered mounted troops. The backlash came in 74 BC when
199:. This is confirmed by the stratigraphic study of their settlements, where have been found elements of the Vaccean culture on top of the remains of earlier cultures. For example, at
230:, and were distinguishable by a special collectivist type social structure, which enabled them to exploit successfully the wheat- and grass-growing areas of the western plateau.
219:, when the Vaccean period arose. The necropolis at Pintia is currently being excavated by an international field school students’ team every summer under the supervision of the
509:
508:'s offensive into their respective territories, only to be brought into submission after the fall of Salmantica and Arbucala to the Carthaginians, who defeated them at the
247:, they also practiced the rite of excarnation by exposing the corpses of warriors slain in battle to the vultures, which were regarded as sacred animals, as described by
1642:
1633:
561:, the Vaccaei assumed a more important role by supporting their neighbors, despite being subjected to the punitive campaigns meted out by the Roman consul
112:, since they were celebrated fighters. However, some scholars have reasoned that the name ‘Vaccaei’ may actually derive from ‘Aued-Ceia’, a contraction of
2357:
532:
188:
310:
204:
2362:
818:
1317:, in ZEPHYRUS – revista de prehistoria y arqueologia, vol. LXIX, Enero-Junio 2012, Ediciones Universidad Salamanca, pp. 129–147.
1626:
562:
547:
350:
36:
131:
peoples. They had a strict egalitarian society practising land reform and communal food distribution. This society was part of an
1580:
617:
570:
566:
496:. The Vaccaei enter the historical record around the late 3rd century BC, when in 221-220 BC they allied themselves with the
1517:
1462:
1444:
941:
1619:
376:
Although its borders are difficult to define, and shifted from time to time, it can be said to have occupied all of the
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2367:
1559:
1545:
1531:
1503:
1489:
1427:
1413:
1378:
1359:
1344:
869:
605:
574:
127:
They often acted in concert with their neighbours, the
Celtiberi, suggesting that they may have been part of the
1586:
1526:, Breviarios de la Calle del Pez n. º 33, Diputación provincial de León/Editorial Eal Terrae, Santander (1982)
1354:, Sydney, Australia: Sydney Series in Celtic Studies 2, Centre for Celtic Studies, University of Sydney (1992)
1569:, dirigido por Martín Almagro-Gorbea, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Editorial ACTAS, S.l., Madrid (1993)
135:
substrate, which explains the cultural, socio-economic, linguistic and ideological affinity of the
Vaccaei,
859:
27:
769:
96:
in the ancient sources, the
Vaccaei were probably largely of Celtic descent and probably related to the
958:
931:
742:
468:
A warrior people, the
Vaccaei were far from being the "harmless and submissive nation" portrayed by
267:
The
Vaccean homeland extended throughout the center of the northern Meseta, along both banks of the
235:
any cultivators who have appropriated some part for themselves they have set the penalty as death".
220:
1394:, Latomus: revue d'études latines, Société d'Études Latines de Bruxelles 38 (4), Bruxelles (1979)
1385:
Los
Vacceos – Estudio sobre los pobladores del valle medio del Duero durante la penetración romana
669:
665:
132:
1399:
1322:
645:
633:
377:
208:
1436:
The
Romanization of Central Spain: Complexity, Diversity and Change in a Provincial Hinterland
911:
Almagro-Gorbea, Martín; Alberto J. Lorrio (2004). "War and
Society in the Celtiberian World".
1890:
1885:
1658:
1611:
1434:
656:, an auxiliary cavalry unit raised after AD 63 and cantoned in the Roman Legionary Fortress (
629:
397:
706:
385:
8:
2298:
1827:
393:
381:
2244:
808:
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453:
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259:
226:
The Vaccei were considered by the Romans to be the most cultivated people west of the
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1409:
1395:
1374:
1355:
1340:
1318:
1006:
937:
865:
733:
652:. Later during the imperial era, the Vaccei seemed to have provided recruits for the
590:
582:
544:
485:
248:
724:
2262:
2129:
1915:
990:
231:
460:. It is likely that there was some contact with the latter to the west of Zamora.
2134:
803:
798:
558:
318:
81:
421:
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2097:
1202:
1038:
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67:
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586:
513:
429:
326:
40:
1422:, Crítica, Grijalbo Mondadori, S.A., Barcelona (1998, revised edition 2007)
1371:
Historia de España 2 – colonizaciones y formacion de los pueblos prerromanos
608:
and Pompey, the
Vaccaei rose again in 57-56 BC in a joint uprising with the
171:
2329:
2303:
1779:
521:
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366:
227:
163:
stemmed from around the late 4th Century BC to conquer the eastern meseta.
136:
128:
97:
56:
2080:
2175:
2109:
1822:
1735:
1279:
457:
342:
268:
581:
in 134-133 BC, the Vaccaei were technically submitted and included into
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2038:
2028:
1935:
1930:
1832:
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76:
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715:
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594:
497:
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409:
289:
196:
117:
62:
people of Spain, who inhabited the sedimentary plains of the central
628:
raids, the Vaccaei rebelled a last time in 29 BC, just prior to the
516:, though in 193-192 BC they joined the combined force of Carpetani,
440:
were their neighbors and allies. On the south and southeast lay the
2337:
2267:
2192:
2085:
2065:
2060:
2005:
1975:
1965:
1905:
1855:
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1710:
1690:
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187:‘Douro Culture’ – which evolved from the previous early Iron Age ‘
19:
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1985:
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Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC)
1234:
1160:
1144:
1128:
910:
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in the northwest, while a line traced between the Esla and the
200:
176:
1641:
1524:
Roma contra Cantabros y Astures – Nueva lectura de las fuentes
899:
Roma contra Cantabros y Astures – Nueva lectura de las fuentes
550:
during its first incursion into the central Meseta in 179 BC.
2166:
2090:
1980:
1945:
1870:
1837:
1792:
1770:
601:
600:
besieged the Vacceian capital Pallantia, setting on fire its
192:
63:
59:
1599:
1392:
Hannibal's Battle on the Tagus (Polybius 3.14 and Livy 21.5)
2332:. The Madeira and Azores islands were unoccupied until the
1606:
1218:
1112:
1096:
444:
in an area that roughly corresponds to the distribution of
211:), there is evidence of continuous human settlement since
1496:
Los pueblos célticos del soroeste de la Península Ibérica
223:
and the Federico Wattenberg Center of Vaccean Studies.
74:(specifically in Castile and León). Their capital was
1591:
e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies
488:. In the early 3rd Century BC they aided the smaller
1337:
Law, Culture and Regionalism in Early Medieval Spain
612:
and northern Celtiberians, which was crushed by the
604:
brick walls and stormed Cauca. Defeated in 73 BC by
1408:, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Murcia (1997)
484:to settle in the west and southwest regions of the
31:Painting depicting the Vaccaei going out to defend
1554:, ABC-CLIO Inc., Santa Barbara, California (2006)
695:by several early medieval chronicles and authors.
512:. The Vaccaei appear to have taken no part in the
183:Archeology has identified the Vaccei with the 2nd
1432:
1329:The Vaccaei, the Vaceti, and the rise of Vasconia
373:in the late 4th century BC – to name but a few.
191:’ (c. 800-400 BC) cultural complex of the middle
100:. Their name may be derived from the Celtic word
2349:
959:"The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula:Celtiberian"
492:people in their liberation from the rule of the
448:around the highlands of Ávila and Salamanca and
1335:. Salamanca, 1988. Reprinted in Roger Collins,
1508:Berrocal-Rangel, Luis & Gardes, Philippe,
287:lists in their territory some twenty towns or
2336:in the 15th century; the Canary islands, the
1627:
1512:, Fundación Casa de Velázquez, Madrid (2001)
644:The Vaccaei were later aggregated to the new
179:in June 2008, containing many perfume bottles
102:
2340:occupied the territory until the Castilians.
1457:, Pen & Sword Military, Barnsley (2013)
23:The Iberian Peninsula in the 3rd century BC.
1778:
913:Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies
2358:Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
1634:
1620:
1587:Oppida and Celtic society in western Spain
1387:, Universidad Pontificia, Salamanca (1989)
819:Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
472:. They participated in the 5th century BC
116:, the presumed ancient name of the modern
1552:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
933:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
654:Ala II Flavia Hispanorum civium romanorum
957:Cólera, Carlos Jordán (March 16, 2007).
857:
258:
195:basin –, being also affiliated with the
170:
26:
18:
1498:, Editorial Complutense, Madrid (1992)
853:
851:
849:
847:
618:Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos Iunior
2363:Celtic tribes of the Iberian Peninsula
2350:
956:
567:Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus
476:migrations alongside off-shots of the
416:rivers separated the Vaccaei from the
1615:
1478:Les Celtes dans la péninsule Ibérique
648:province created in 27 BC by Emperor
120:, prefixed by the Indo-European root
1455:Sertorius and the struggle for Spain
1315:Sobre la escritura entre los Vacceos
1252:Sertorius and the struggle for Spain
929:
844:
577:in 137 BC. After the destruction of
404:. By the time of the arrival of the
361:– located at the banks of the river
1585:Álvarez-Sanchís, Jesús R. (2005), "
864:. Cork: Collins Press. p. 75.
263:Map of the territory of the Vaccaei
13:
1469:
1373:, Editorial Gredos, Madrid (1989)
436:, and a little farther south, the
14:
2384:
1574:
1540:, The Collins Press, Cork (2002)
1420:Los Celtíberos – Etnias y Estados
1565:Zapatero, Gonzalo Ruiz et alli,
1433:Leonard A Curchin (5 May 2004).
768:
759:
750:
741:
732:
723:
714:
705:
539:, they were again beaten by the
428:. To the east, the Pisuerga and
16:Pre-Roman Celtic people of Spain
1484:, Éditions Stock, Paris (1997)
1404:Lorrio Alvarado, Alberto José,
1306:
1289:
1273:
1257:
1244:
1228:
1212:
1196:
1183:
1170:
1154:
1138:
1122:
1106:
1090:
1077:
1064:
1048:
1032:
1016:
639:
632:, only to be subdued by Consul
606:Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius
575:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Porcina
424:rivers was the border with the
1000:
984:
950:
923:
904:
891:
878:
831:
585:province; however, during the
1:
1567:Los Celtas: Hispania y Europa
687:came to be called mistakenly
432:marked the frontier with the
7:
1439:. Routledge. pp. 37–.
1418:Motoza, Francisco Burillo,
901:(1982), p. 18, footnote 14.
777:
679:
589:they lent their support to
254:
238:
10:
2389:
1207:Historiae Adversus Paganos
1043:Historiae Adversus Paganos
698:
463:
166:
87:
2328:were not occupied by the
2314:
2286:
2253:
2237:
2164:
2019:
1846:
1769:
1681:
1653:
1600:http://www.celtiberia.net
1313:Blanco, António Bellido,
936:. ABC-CLIO. p. 481.
858:Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí (2002).
2373:Tribes conquered by Rome
2368:Ancient peoples of Spain
1607:https://pintiavaccea.es/
1476:Almagro-Gorbea, Martín,
1365:Duque, Ángel Montenegro
1119:, 40: 35, 39, 44, 47-50.
824:
565:(151-150 BC), proconsul
548:Lucius Postumius Albinus
456:), between them and the
221:University of Valladolid
37:Lucius Licinius Lucullus
1494:Berrocal-Rangel, Luis,
670:Santibanez de Vidriales
569:in 142 BC, and consuls
563:Lucius Licinius Luculus
103:
1383:González-Cobos, A.M.,
995:Bibliothekes Istorikes
930:Koch, John T. (2006).
646:Hispania Terraconensis
634:Titus Statilius Taurus
571:Marcus Popilius Laenas
378:province of Valladolid
264:
180:
44:
24:
1891:Celtici Supertamarici
1886:Celtici Praestamarici
1510:Entre celtas e íberos
1390:Harry Morrison Hine,
630:Astur-Cantabrian wars
524:that was defeated by
295:Helmantica/Salmantica
262:
175:A grave excavated at
174:
30:
22:
1550:Koch, John T.(ed.),
1538:The Celts: A History
861:The Celts: A History
666:Rosinos de Vidriales
271:. Their capital was
1352:The Celts in Europe
1339:. Variorum (1992).
1333:Studia Historica VI
1087:, III, 13, 14, 2-9.
839:The Celts in Europe
510:battle on the Tagus
369:), seized from the
39:(151 BC). (Artist:
35:from the troops of
2245:Germani (Oretania)
1536:Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí,
1522:Martino, Eutimio,
809:Celtiberian script
265:
181:
45:
25:
2345:
2344:
2238:Germanic peoples?
2160:
2159:
1647:Iberian Peninsula
1643:Pre-Roman peoples
1518:978-84-95555-10-6
1463:978-1-84884-787-3
1453:Philip Matyszak,
1446:978-1-134-45112-8
1299:, 51: 20; 53: 23.
1061:, II, 33; IV, 49.
1007:Claudius Aelianus
943:978-1-85109-440-0
591:Quintus Sertorius
583:Hispania Citerior
573:(139-138 BC) and
545:Hispania Ulterior
533:battle of Toletum
486:Iberian Peninsula
249:Claudius Aelianus
189:Soto de Medinilla
2380:
2225:Turdetani Proper
1776:
1775:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1450:
1350:Cremin, Aedeen,
1327:Collins, Roger,
1300:
1293:
1287:
1277:
1271:
1261:
1255:
1248:
1242:
1232:
1226:
1223:Fragmenta Librii
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991:Diodorus Siculus
988:
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882:
876:
875:
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842:
835:
804:Celtiberian Wars
772:
763:
754:
745:
736:
727:
718:
709:
559:Celtiberian Wars
535:. Alongside the
311:Padilla de Duero
232:Diodorus Siculus
205:Padilla de Duero
106:
92:Also designated
2388:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2381:
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2378:
2377:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2310:
2287:Semitic peoples
2282:
2249:
2233:
2156:
2021:
2015:
1842:
1765:
1677:
1649:
1640:
1577:
1572:
1562:, 1-85109-445-8
1472:
1470:Further reading
1467:
1447:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1297:Romaïké istoría
1294:
1290:
1284:Romaïké istoría
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1274:
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1258:
1254:(2013), p. 145.
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1135:, 6, 51-52; 54.
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1123:
1117:Ab Urbe Condita
1111:
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1101:Ab Urbe Condita
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1091:
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1072:Ab Urbe Condita
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832:
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799:Cantabrian Wars
780:
773:
764:
755:
746:
737:
728:
719:
710:
701:
682:
642:
620:. Pressured by
466:
380:, and parts of
319:Paredes de Nava
313:– Valladolid),
257:
241:
169:
90:
82:Paredes de Nava
66:valley, in the
17:
12:
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1575:External links
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1473:
1471:
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1466:
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1406:Los Celtíberos
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1074:, 21: 5, 7-17.
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1011:Varia Historia
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870:
843:
841:(1992), p. 57.
829:
828:
826:
823:
822:
821:
816:
814:Sertorian Wars
811:
806:
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796:
791:
786:
779:
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749:
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738:
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704:
700:
697:
681:
678:
641:
638:
587:Sertorian Wars
553:Allies of the
529:Marcus Fulvius
470:Paulus Orosius
465:
462:
430:Arlanza rivers
256:
253:
240:
237:
168:
165:
133:Hispano-Celtic
89:
86:
68:Meseta Central
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2385:
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2339:
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2301:
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2299:Carthaginians
2297:
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2279:
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2108:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2098:Eastern Celts
2096:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2081:Mirobrigenses
2079:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2072:
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2027:
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2018:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
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1999:
1997:
1994:
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1989:
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1688:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:Proto-Basques
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1614:
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1560:1-85109-440-7
1557:
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1549:
1547:
1546:0-85115-923-0
1543:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1532:84-87081-93-2
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1505:
1504:84-7491-447-7
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1497:
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1490:2-234-04844-3
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1437:
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1429:
1428:84-7423-891-9
1425:
1421:
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1414:84-7908-335-2
1411:
1407:
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1401:
1397:
1393:
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1379:84-249-1013-3
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1360:0-86758-624-9
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1353:
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1346:
1345:0-86078-308-1
1342:
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1298:
1295:Cassius Dio,
1292:
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1231:
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907:
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894:
887:
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871:0-85115-923-0
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564:
560:
556:
551:
549:
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538:
534:
530:
527:
523:
519:
515:
514:2nd Punic War
511:
507:
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499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
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471:
461:
459:
455:
451:
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374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
321:– Palencia),
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
297:(Salamanca),
296:
292:
291:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
261:
252:
250:
246:
236:
233:
229:
224:
222:
218:
215:times to the
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
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164:
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85:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:
54:
50:
42:
41:Eugenio Oliva
38:
34:
29:
21:
2146:
2020:Other Celtic
1780:Celtiberians
1593:
1590:
1566:
1551:
1537:
1523:
1509:
1495:
1481:
1477:
1454:
1435:
1419:
1405:
1391:
1384:
1370:
1366:
1351:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1314:
1307:Bibliography
1296:
1291:
1283:
1275:
1270:, II, 11, 2.
1268:Stratagemata
1267:
1259:
1251:
1246:
1238:
1230:
1222:
1214:
1206:
1198:
1190:
1185:
1177:
1172:
1164:
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1148:
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1132:
1124:
1116:
1108:
1100:
1092:
1084:
1079:
1071:
1066:
1058:
1050:
1042:
1034:
1026:
1018:
1010:
1002:
994:
986:
974:. Retrieved
969:
965:
952:
932:
925:
916:
912:
906:
898:
893:
888:, III, 3, 4.
886:Geographikon
885:
880:
860:
838:
833:
692:
688:
683:
661:
657:
653:
643:
640:Romanization
616:of Citerior
552:
522:Celtiberians
467:
375:
362:
358:
354:
346:
338:
330:
329:– Segovia),
322:
314:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:, including
288:
272:
266:
242:
228:Celtiberians
225:
203:(modern-day
182:
137:Celtiberians
126:
121:
113:
109:
108:, meaning a
101:
98:Celtiberians
93:
91:
75:
70:of northern
52:
48:
46:
2294:Phoenicians
2176:Lusitanians
2110:Oestriminis
1823:Pellendones
1736:Ilercavones
1280:Cassius Dio
1180:, 6, 81-83.
1103:, 37: 7, 6.
997:, V: 34, 3.
685:The Basques
557:during the
458:Lusitanians
269:Duero River
129:Celtiberian
55:were a pre-
2352:Categories
2334:Portuguese
2198:Bletonesii
2049:Suessetani
2039:Autrigones
2029:Allotriges
1936:Lapatianci
1931:Interamici
1833:Turboletae
1721:Contestani
1706:Castellani
1701:Bergistani
1482:Les Celtes
1250:Matyszak,
1193:, 56: 1-2.
1083:Polybius,
1029:, II, 5, 6
1027:Geographia
662:Petavonium
504:to thwart
494:Autrigones
371:Autrigones
347:Dessobriga
331:Septimanca
315:Intercatia
281:Palenzuela
213:Eneolithic
209:Valladolid
77:Intercatia
2215:Turdetani
2205:Tartessos
2142:Turmodigi
2115:Plentauri
2071:Carpetani
1991:Quaquerni
1798:Cratistii
1746:Indigetes
1741:Ilergetes
1731:Indigetes
1716:Cessetani
1696:Bastetani
1596:: 255-285
1400:0023-8856
1323:0514-7336
1286:, 39, 54.
1264:Frontinus
1241:, 1, 112.
1191:Periochae
1167:, 17, 79.
1055:Herodotus
972:: 749–750
897:Martino,
794:Bellovaci
614:Proconsul
610:Turmodigi
595:Proconsul
498:Carpetani
490:Turmodigi
434:Turmodigi
398:Salamanca
290:Civitates
273:Pallantia
243:Like the
197:Turmodigi
124:(water).
118:river Cea
94:Vaccaenas
2338:Guanches
2268:Aeolians
2263:Achaeans
2220:Mastieni
2193:Vettones
2169:peoples?
2130:Oppidani
2066:Caristii
2061:Cantabri
2006:Tamagani
1976:Nemetati
1966:Namarini
1916:Gallaeci
1906:Coelerni
1856:Albiones
1848:Gallaeci
1803:Lobetani
1761:Sedetani
1756:Laietani
1751:Lacetani
1711:Ceretani
1691:Ausetani
1683:Iberians
1673:Vascones
1668:Iacetani
1655:Aquitani
1176:Appian,
1085:Istorion
1059:Istoriai
1013:, X, 22.
966:E-Keltoi
884:Strabo,
837:Cremin,
778:See also
680:Namesake
650:Augustus
626:Cantabri
579:Numantia
537:Lusitani
518:Vettones
506:Hannibal
446:verracos
442:Vettones
426:Cantabri
422:Pisuerga
386:Palencia
359:Austraca
335:Simancas
301:(Toro),
299:Arbucala
277:Palencia
275:(either
255:Location
239:Religion
217:Iron Age
185:Iron Age
157:Callaeci
149:Cantabri
145:Lusitani
141:Vettones
72:Hispania
33:Palencia
2318:Madeira
2278:Ionians
2273:Dorians
2210:Cynetes
2181:Paesuri
2152:Varduli
2147:Vaccaei
2135:Veteres
2125:Bardili
2120:Turduli
2076:Celtici
2056:Berones
2034:Astures
2022:peoples
1986:Poemani
1971:Narbasi
1961:Luanqui
1956:Louguei
1911:Equaesi
1896:Cibarci
1876:Bracari
1866:Artabri
1818:Oretani
1813:Olcades
1808:Lusones
1788:Arevaci
1726:Edetani
1645:of the
1367:et alli
1239:Romaika
1209:, 5: 5.
1178:Romaika
1165:Romaika
1149:Iberiké
1133:Romaika
1045:, 5: 5.
1023:Ptolemy
976:16 June
784:Arevaci
699:Gallery
693:Vacceti
689:Vaccaei
658:castrum
622:Astures
555:Arevaci
541:Praetor
531:at the
502:Olcades
482:Lusones
478:Arevaci
474:Celtici
464:History
438:Arevaci
418:Astures
394:Segovia
355:Autraca
285:Ptolemy
245:Arevaci
167:Culture
161:Arevaci
153:Astures
88:Origins
49:Vaccaei
2330:Romans
2324:, and
2322:Azores
2304:Punics
2255:Greeks
2186:Tapoli
2167:Celtic
2103:Volcae
2044:Belgae
2011:Turodi
2001:Seurri
1996:Seurbi
1951:Limici
1941:Lemavi
1926:Iadovi
1921:Grovii
1901:Cileni
1881:Capori
1861:Arroni
1558:
1544:
1530:
1516:
1502:
1488:
1461:
1443:
1426:
1412:
1398:
1377:
1358:
1343:
1321:
1235:Appian
1189:Livy,
1161:Appian
1145:Appian
1129:Appian
1070:Livy,
940:
868:
789:Belgae
674:Zamora
624:' and
598:Pompey
526:Consul
520:, and
454:Zamora
450:Aliste
408:, the
406:Romans
402:Zamora
390:Burgos
353:) and
351:Oserna
307:Pintia
303:Pincia
283:) and
201:Pintia
177:Pintia
122:*aued-
110:slayer
60:Celtic
53:Vaccei
2165:Para-
2091:Sefes
1981:Nerii
1946:Leuni
1871:Baedi
1838:Uraci
1828:Titii
1793:Belli
1771:Celts
1480:, in
1225:, 91.
962:(PDF)
825:Notes
660:) of
602:adobe
363:Autra
339:Rauda
323:Cauca
193:Douro
104:vacos
64:Duero
57:Roman
2316:The
2086:Ophi
1556:ISBN
1542:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1514:ISBN
1500:ISBN
1486:ISBN
1459:ISBN
1441:ISBN
1424:ISBN
1410:ISBN
1396:ISSN
1375:ISBN
1356:ISBN
1341:ISBN
1319:ISSN
1219:Livy
1113:Livy
1097:Livy
978:2010
938:ISBN
866:ISBN
691:and
500:and
480:and
414:Esla
412:and
400:and
382:León
367:Odra
327:Coca
155:and
114:Ceia
47:The
1589:".
1151:76.
676:).
543:of
410:Cea
357:or
345:),
343:Roa
337:),
305:or
279:or
80:in
51:or
2354::
2320:,
1369:,
1331:,
1282:,
1266:,
1237:,
1221:,
1205:,
1163:,
1147:,
1131:,
1115:,
1099:,
1057:,
1041:,
1025:,
1009:,
993:,
968:.
964:.
915:.
846:^
672:–
668:,
636:.
396:,
392:,
388:,
384:,
251:.
207:–
151:,
147:,
143:,
139:,
84:.
1661:)
1657:(
1635:e
1628:t
1621:v
1594:6
1449:.
1362:.
1347:.
980:.
970:6
946:.
919:.
917:6
874:.
664:(
452:(
365:(
349:(
341:(
333:(
325:(
317:(
309:(
43:)
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