Vajrayana - Knowledge

2558: 2753: 2047: 3179: 5339: 2550: 1502: 2387: 2646: 3718: 3389: 31: 2966: 3562: 3520: 1706: 3058: 1522: 1949: 1264: 1088: 5727: 1440:. Ryujun Tajima divides the tantras into those which were "a development of Mahāyānist thought" and those "formed in a rather popular mould toward the end of the eighth century and declining into the esoterism of the left", this "left esoterism" mainly refers to the Yogini tantras and later works associated with wandering yogis. This practice survives in Tibetan Buddhism, but it is rare for this to be done with an actual person. It is more common for a yogi or yogini to use an imagined consort (a buddhist tantric deity, i.e. a yidam). 2761: 6104: 6068: 5876: 5384: 5314: 1202:

made from parts of the human body, so that control may be exercised over the forces hindering the natural abilities of the siddha to manipulate the cosmos at will. At their most extreme, siddhas also represented a defensive position within the Buddhist tradition, adopted and sustained for the purpose of aggressive engagement with the medieval culture of public violence. They reinforced their reputations for personal sanctity with rumors of the magical manipulation of various flavors of demonic females (

5302: 4038:(1932-1980) was one important modern promoter of Esoteric Buddhism. He is known for translating a collection of Esoteric Buddhist texts, contributing to the dissemination of Esoteric Buddhism in Vietnam. Thích Viên Đức promoted esoteric Buddhist teachings as the fastest path to enlightenment. He established numerous communities in southern Vietnam and was also known as a healer. He also met with Tibetan lamas and Japanese Buddhists. Another modern Vietnamese esoteric organization is 73: 5186: 16470: 11446: 4085: 2106: 11457: 5667: 16480: 3913: 2372: 8855: 8842: 2159: 3964:. According to Quang Minh Thich "at present, it is still the norm in Vietnamese Buddhist temples, both in Vietnam and abroad, that these mantras, as elements of the Mantrayana, are recited either in their distinctive chanted sessions or in conjunction with other popular Buddhist scriptures. In function, the Vietnamese Tantric practices serve as a complement to the practices of Zen and Pure Land, not as an independent tradition." 2912: 3373: 8832: 2814: 8779: 3251:

into Tibetan, and a smaller part into Chinese. Aside from these, there are perhaps another two thousand or more works that are known today only from such translations. We can be certain as well that many others are lost to us forever, in whatever form. Of the texts that survive a very small proportion has been published; an almost insignificant percentage has been edited or translated reliably.

2140:) which required interpretation and guidance from a teacher. The teachings may also be considered "self-secret", meaning that even if they were to be told directly to a person, that person would not necessarily understand the teachings without proper context. In this way, the teachings are "secret" to the minds of those who are not following the path with more than a simple sense of curiosity. 1242: 2532:) are allowed to practice the more advanced esoteric methods. In tantric deity yoga, mantras or bijas are used during the ritual evocation of deities which are said to arise out of the uttered and visualized mantric syllables. After the deity's image and mandala has been established, heart mantras are visualized as part of the contemplation in different points of the deity's body. 3797:, a Japanese monk who studied in China in the 9th century during the Tang dynasty and brought back Vajrayana scriptures, techniques and mandalas then popular in China. The school was merged into other schools in China towards the end of the Tang dynasty but was sectarian in Japan. Shingon is one of the few remaining branches of Buddhism in the world that continues to use the 5438:, when Shinto was declared an independent state religion separate from Buddhism, Shugendō was banned as a superstition not fit for a new, enlightened Japan. Some Shugendō temples converted themselves into various officially approved Shintō denominations. In modern times, Shugendō is practiced mainly by Tendai and Shingon sects, retaining an influence on modern 2763: 2768: 2766: 2762: 1577:. Sanderson's comparison of them shows similarity in "ritual procedures, style of observance, deities, mantras, mandalas, ritual dress, Kapalika accouterments like skull bowls, specialized terminology, secret gestures, and secret jargons. There is even direct borrowing of passages from Shaiva texts." Sanderson gives numerous examples such as the 2767: 2129:) and their practice requires initiation in a ritual space containing the mandala of the deity. Many techniques are also commonly said to be secret, but some Vajrayana teachers have responded that secrecy itself is not important and only a side-effect of the reality that the techniques have no validity outside the teacher-student lineage. 5551:

initiation procedure in the highest class of tantra (such as the Kalachakra), students must take the tantric vows which commit them to such secrecy. "Explaining general tantra theory in a scholarly manner, not sufficient for practice, is likewise not a root downfall. Nevertheless, it weakens the effectiveness of our tantric practice."

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being no less real than everyday reality, but a process of transforming reality itself, including the practitioner's identity as the deity. As Stephan Beyer notes, "In a universe where all events dissolve ontologically into Emptiness, the touching of Emptiness in the ritual is the re-creation of the world in actuality".

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The seats are well-known on earth to be spots within the lotus mandala; by abiding within it there is great bliss, the royal nature of nondual joy. Therefore the lotus seat is supreme: filled with a mixture of semen and uterine blood, one should especially kiss it, and lolling with the tongue take it

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and may have passed through other cultures, notably those of Japan and Tibet, before translation for the modern reader. Further complications arise as seemingly equivalent terms can have subtle variations in use and meaning according to context, the time and place of use. A third problem is that the

3166:) can be made, special chanting techniques can be used, and in elaborate offering rituals or initiations, many more ritual implements and tools are used, each with an elaborate symbolic meaning to create a special environment for practice. Vajrayana has thus become a major inspiration in traditional 1641:

and other Saiva movements, but the influence was apparently mutual. Perhaps a more nuanced model would be that the various lines of transmission were locally flourishing and that in some areas they interacted, while in others they maintained concerted hostility. Thus the influence was both sustained

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According to Ronald M. Davidson, the rise of Tantric Buddhism was a response to the feudal structure of Indian society in the early medieval period (ca. 500–1200 CE) which saw kings being divinized as manifestations of gods. Likewise, tantric yogis reconfigured their practice through the metaphor of

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states "You should kill living beings, speak lying words, take what is not given, consort with the women of others". While some of these statements were taken literally as part of ritual practice, others such as killing were interpreted in a metaphorical sense. In the Hevajra, "killing" is defined

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Though we do not know precisely at present just how many Indian tantric Buddhist texts survive today in the language in which they were written, their number is certainly over one thousand five hundred; I suspect indeed over two thousand. A large part of this body of texts has also been translated

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These elements are brought together in the practice of tantric deity yoga, which involves visualizing the deity's body and mandala, reciting the deity's mantra and gaining insight into the nature of things based on this contemplation. Advanced tantric practices such as deity yoga are taught in the

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Buddhist siddhas demonstrated the appropriation of an older sociological form—the independent sage/magician, who lived in a liminal zone on the borders between fields and forests. Their rites involved the conjunction of sexual practices and Buddhist mandala visualization with ritual accoutrements

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Buddhist tantric practice is categorized as secret practice; this is to avoid misinformed people from harmfully misusing the practices. A method to keep this secrecy is that tantric initiation is required from a master before any instructions can be received about the actual practice. During the

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is central to the Tantric Buddhist view and practice. The Buddhist emptiness view sees the world as being fluid, without an ontological foundation or inherent existence, but ultimately a fabric of constructions. Because of this, tantric practice such as self-visualization as the deity is seen as

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Vajrayāna texts exhibit a wide range of literary characteristics—usually a mix of verse and prose, almost always in a Sanskrit that "transgresses frequently against classical norms of grammar and usage," although also occasionally in various Middle Indic dialects or elegant classical Sanskrit.

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Because of its adoption by the monastic tradition, the practice of sexual yoga was slowly transformed into one which was either done with an imaginary consort visualized by the yogi instead of an actual person, or reserved to a small group of the "highest" or elite practitioners. Likewise, the

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venues, despite their presence in lists employed by both traditions." Davidson further adds that like the Buddhists, the Shaiva tradition was also involved in the appropriation of Hindu and non-Hindu deities, texts and traditions, an example being "village or tribal divinities like Tumburu".

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A recent development is known as the "tantric revival movement" (mijiao fuxing yundong 密教復興運動) which involved the revival of Chinese Esoteric schools by Chinese students of Japanese Shingon. Some important figures of this revival include Wang Hongyuan 王弘願 (1876–1937), and Guru Wuguang (悟光上師

1129:, these tantric figures thrived during the latter half of the first millennium CE. According to John Myrdhin Reynolds, the mahasiddhas date to the medieval period in North India and used methods that were radically different from those used in Buddhist monasteries, including practicing on 2820: 2818: 2816: 2086:

In the vehicle of Sutra Mahayana, the "path of the cause" is taken whereby a practitioner starts with his or her potential Buddha-nature and nurtures it to produce the fruit of Buddhahood. In the Vajrayāna, the "path of the fruit" is taken whereby the practitioner takes his or her innate

2819: 2237:): "Bliss melts the conceptual mind, heightens sensory awareness, and opens the practitioner to the naked experience of the nature of mind." This tantric experience is not the same as ordinary self-gratifying sexual passion since it relies on tantric meditative methods using the 2087:

Buddha-nature as the means of practice. The premise is that since we innately have an enlightened mind, practicing seeing the world in terms of ultimate truth can help us to attain our full Buddha-nature. Experiencing ultimate truth is said to be the purpose of all the various

2083:. As with the Mahayana, motivation is a vital component of Vajrayāna practice. The Bodhisattva-path is an integral part of the Vajrayāna, which teaches that all practices are to be undertaken with the motivation to achieve Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings. 4008:). Another promoter of esoteric Buddhism during this period was Sùng Phạm (1004-1078) of Phap Van pagoda who studied in India for nine years before returning to Vietnam and was the teacher of the influential esoteric master Tri Bat. Phap Loa (1284-1330), a leader of the 2633:

This dissolution into emptiness is then followed by the visualization of the deity and re-emergence of the yogi as the deity. During the process of deity visualization, the deity is to be imaged as not solid or tangible, as "empty yet apparent", with the character of a

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which is currently fully accessible online in discrete digitized manuscripts. With the Wylie transcription of the manuscripts they are to be made discoverable online in the future. These 350 texts are just a small portion of the vast cache of the Dunhuang manuscripts.

2623:). In the generation stage, one dissolves one's reality into emptiness and meditates on the deity-mandala, resulting in identification with this divine reality. In the completion stage, the divine image along with the illusory body is applied to the realization of 1770:, was also an important theory which became the basis for Tantric views. As explained by the Tantric commentator Lilavajra, this "intrinsic secret (behind) diverse manifestation" is the utmost secret and aim of Tantra. According to Wayman this "Buddha embryo" ( 3007:. As a secondary meaning, "vajra" symbolizes the ultimate nature of things which is described in the tantras as translucent, pure and radiant, but also indestructible and indivisible. It is also symbolic of the power of tantric methods to achieve its goals. 2642:. This visualization is to be combined with "divine pride", which is "the thought that one is oneself the deity being visualized." Divine pride is different from common pride because it is based on compassion for others and on an understanding of emptiness. 2817: 7703:

Cousins, L.S. (1997), "Aspects of Southern Esoteric Buddhism", in Peter Connolly and Sue Hamilton (eds.), Indian Insights: Buddhism, Brahmanism and Bhakd Papers from the Annual Spalding Symposium on Indian Religions, Luzac Oriental, London: 185-207, 410.

3690:(1918–2000), both trained in Shingon and went on to spread Shingon teachings in the Chinese speaking world. These revivalist lineages exist in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Malaysia. Though they draw mainly from Shingon teachings, they have also adopted some 2046: 1824:

Those things by which evil men are bound, others turn into means and gain thereby release from the bonds of existence. By passion the world is bound, by passion too it is released, but by heretical Buddhists this practice of reversals is not

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outlines two main types of completion practice: a formless and image-less contemplation on the ultimate empty nature of the mind and various yogas that make use of the illusory body to produce energetic sensations of bliss and warmth.

3889:, Esoteric Buddhist schools were forced to merge with the Seon and Kyo schools, becoming the ritual specialists. With the decline of Buddhism in Korea, Esoteric Buddhism mostly died out, save for a few traces in the rituals of the 2764: 1807:

is that of transformation. In Vajrayāna, negative mental factors such as desire, hatred, greed, pride are used as part of the path. As noted by French Indologist Madeleine Biardeau, the tantric doctrine is "an attempt to place

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which was said to be indestructible and unbreakable (like a diamond) and extremely powerful (like thunder). Thus, the term is variously translated as Diamond Vehicle, Thunderbolt Vehicle, Indestructible Vehicle and so on.

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Feminine deities and forces are also increasingly prominent in Vajrayāna. In the Yogini tantras in particular, women and female yoginis are given high status as the embodiment of female deities such as the wild and nude

2465:, Buddhist esotericism is centered on what is known as "the three mysteries" or "secrets": the tantric adept affiliates his body, speech, and mind with the body, speech, and mind of a Buddha through mudra, mantras and 5358:

Some traditions are related to Vajrayana, but are not to be seen as "Vajrayana" or "Mantrayana" proper. Vajrayana here referring to the Buddhist tradition based on the tantric literature of North Indian Mahayana, the

3477:) or mantrayana methods to a lesser extent. In many Asian Mahayana Buddhist traditions, esoteric methods are used as a complement, not as the central practice. This mainly involves the recitation of mantras (like the 1091:

Mahasiddhas, Palpung monastery. Note the figure of the great adept Putalipa at center, seated in a cave and gazing at an image of the meditational deity Samvara and the figure at the bottom left holding a skull-staff

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tantras is by no means so well established" and that "the available evidence suggests that received Saiva tantras come into evidence sometime in the ninth to tenth centuries with their affirmation by scholars like

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Today, esoteric traditions are deeply embedded in mainstream Chinese Buddhism and expressed through various rituals which make use of tantric mantra and dhāraṇī and the veneration of certain tantric deities like

5642:, not Buddhism Tantric Buddhism is a name for a phenomenon which calls itself, in Sanskrit, Mantranaya, Vajrayāna, Mantrayāna or Mantramahāyāna (and apparently never Tantrayāna). Its practitioners are known as 7288: 3904:(眞覺). According to Henrik H. Sørensen, "they have absolutely no historical link with the Korean Buddhist tradition per se but are late constructs based in large measures on Japanese Shingon Buddhism." 5046:

tantras' include many transgressive elements, such as sexual and mortuary symbolism that is not shared by the earlier tantras that are studied in East Asian Buddhism. These texts were translated into

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as developing concentration by killing the life-breath of discursive thoughts. Likewise, while actual sexual union with a physical consort is practiced, it is also common to use a visualized consort.

7342: 2557: 2204:). Since the ultimate state is in some sense non-dual, a practitioner can approach that state by "transcending attachment to dual categories such as pure and impure, permitted and forbidden". As the 1637:

The Buddhist-Kapalika connection is more complex than a simple process of religious imitation and textual appropriation. There can be no question that the Buddhist tantras were heavily influenced by

3049:. The union of the two sets of spokes at the center of the wheel is said to symbolize the unity of wisdom (prajña) and compassion (karuna) as well as the sexual union of male and female deities. 2815: 5592:

In the Vajrayana tradition, now preserved mainly in Tibetan lineages, it has long been recognized that certain important teachings are expressed in a form of secret symbolic language known as

3750:("Esoteric (or Mystery) Teaching"), which are similar in concept to those in Vajrayana Buddhism. The lineage for Shingon Buddhism differs from that of Tibetan Vajrayana, having emerged from 1552:, various classes of Vajrayāna literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and Shaivism. The relationship between the two systems can be seen in texts like the 2864:

The practice of ingestion of sexual fluids is mentioned by numerous tantric commentators, sometimes euphemistically referring to the penis as the "vajra" and the vagina as the "lotus". The

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Sørensen. Esoteric Buddhism under the Koryŏ in the Light of the Greater East Asian Tradition. International Journal of Buddhist Thought & Culture September 2006, Vol.7, pp. 55-94.

2185:, though some of these are often replaced with less taboo substances such as yogurt. Tantric feasts and initiations sometimes employed substances like human flesh as noted by Kahha's 2752: 1739:

schools. The major difference seen by Vajrayana thinkers is the superiority of Tantric methods, which provide a faster vehicle to liberation and contain many more skillful means (

5654:. Thus, our use of the anglicised adjective “Tantric” for the Buddhist religion taught in Tantras is not native to the tradition, but is a borrowed term which serves its purpose. 5171:. It has also spread to Western countries and there are now international networks of Tibetan Buddhist temples and meditation centers in the Western world from all four schools. 2449:, and are seen as their manifestations in sonic form. They are traditionally believed to have spiritual power, which can lead to enlightenment as well as supramundane abilities ( 3104:

as well as of the inner workings of the human person. The macrocosmic symbolism of the mandala then, also represents the forces of the human body. The explanatory tantra of the

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Although the Tendai school in China and Japan does employ some esoteric practices, these rituals came to be considered of equal importance with the exoteric teachings of the

4035: 7786: 1778:), an effortless fount of good qualities" that resides in the mindstream but is "obscured by discursive thought". This doctrine is often associated with the idea of the 2853:"), as well as the sacramental ingestion of "power substances" such as the mingled sexual fluids and uterine blood (often performed by licking these substances off the 3666:

the official religion of China, and Tibetan lamas were given patronage at the court. Imperial support of Tibetan Vajrayana continued into the Ming and Qing dynasties.

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All ritual in Vajrayana practice can be seen as aiding in this process of visualization and identification. The practitioner can use various hand implements such as a

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The Six Yogas Of Naropa, Tsongkhapa's Commentary Entitled A Book Of Three Inspirations A Treatise On The Stages Of Training In The Profound Path Of Naro's Six Dharmas

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already contained some elements which are emphasized in the Tantras, such as mantras and dharani. The use of protective verses or phrases actually dates back to the

685: 1363:, some of which can be traced to at least the 7th century CE but might be older. The dating of the tantras is "a difficult, indeed an impossible task" according to 1218:), and other things that go bump in the night. Operating on the margins of both monasteries and polite society, some adopted the behaviors associated with ghosts ( 1923:(1308–1364) expanded on these philosophies in their tantric commentaries and treatises. The status of the tantric view continued to be debated in medieval Tibet. 5506:

sources. As such, it has no direct connection to the Indian "Vajrayana" of the Buddhist tantras, the Indian mahasiddhas and the Nalanda-Vikramashila traditions.

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Vajrayāna practices are connected to specific lineages in Buddhism, through the teachings of lineage holders. Others might generally refer to these texts as the

8753:Āryadeva's Lamp that Integrates the Practices (Caryāmelāpakapradīpa): The Gradual Path of Vajrayāna Buddhism according to the Esoteric Community Noble Tradition 7050:(2007). Catalogue of the Tibetan Tantric Manuscripts from Dunhuang in the Stein Collection . Second electronic edition. International Dunhuang Project. Source: 4004:. He also spread esoteric teachings throughout Vietnam and liberalized their practice, making them less dependent on reincarnation lineages (similar to Tibetan 3355:

also contain Tibetan Tantric manuscripts. Dalton and Schaik (2007, revised) provide an excellent online catalogue listing 350 Tibetan Tantric Manuscripts] from

1562:, and states that mantras taught in the Shaiva, Garuda and Vaishnava tantras will be effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all taught originally by 2327:. The special tantric vows vary depending on the specific mandala practice for which the initiation is received and also depending on the level of initiation. 4012:

school, was another very influential Vietnamese esoteric master. He is known for establishing esoteric abhiseka (initiation) ceremonies as well as Huayan (

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In India, there is evidence to show that women participated in tantric practice alongside men and were also teachers, adepts and authors of tantric texts.

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According to David Gray, these sexual practices probably originated in a non-monastic context, but were later adopted by monastic establishments (such as

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In the Unsurpassed Yoga Tantras, the most widespread tantric form in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, this method is divided into two stages, the generation stage (

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context of an initiation ceremony by tantric gurus or vajracharyas (vajra-masters) to the tantric initiate, who also takes on formal commitments or vows (

2445:). Mantras are words, phrases or a collection of syllables used for a variety of meditative, magical and ritual ends. Mantras are usually associated with 1397:), classed as a "Yoga tantra", is one of the first Buddhist tantras which focuses on liberation as opposed to worldly goals. In another early tantra, the 2713:("wheels"). These subtle energies are seen as "mounts" for consciousness, the physical component of awareness. They are engaged by various means such as 12890: 10511: 8986: 5415:

back in the 7th century, Shugendō evolved as a sort of amalgamation between Esoteric Buddhism, Shinto and several other religious influences including

4987: 3292:, a large number of tantric works are widely studied and different schools focus on the study and practice of different cycles of texts. According to 12981: 7628:

J. Takakusu (2005). A Record of the Buddhist Religion : As Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago (A.D. 671-695)/I-Tsing. New Delhi, AES.

7071: 822:). However, traditionally, the adherents and texts of Vajrayāna claim these teachings have been passed down by an unbroken lineage going back to the 15423: 5630:"Tantric Buddhism" is not the transcription of a native term, but a rather modern coinage, if not totally occidental. For the equivalent Sanskrit 5338: 2945:

thinking. In Vajrayāna, symbols, and terms are multi-valent, reflecting the microcosm and the macrocosm as in the phrase "As without, so within" (

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is sometimes portrayed as a method for those of inferior abilities. However the practitioner of the mantra still has to adhere to the vows of the

1930:(1012–1088) held that the views of sutra such as Madhyamaka were inferior to that of tantra, which was based on basic purity of ultimate reality. 1633:) mingled and discussed their paths at various pilgrimage places and that there were conversions between the different groups. Thus he concludes: 15272: 10515: 7053: 7026: 3882:) schools. During the era of the Mongol occupation (1251–1350s), Tibetan Buddhism also existed in Korea though it never gained a foothold there. 3178: 1184:. It was dominated by long-haired, wandering mahasiddhas who openly challenged and ridiculed the Buddhist establishment. The mahasiddhas pursued 7757: 16329: 10739: 909:

In India, the initial term was Mantranāya (Path of Mantras), and Mantrayāna (Mantra Vehicle). Later, other terms were adopted, like Vajrayāna.

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Vajrayāna Buddhism is esoteric in the sense that the transmission of certain teachings only occurs directly from teacher to student during an

1387:), teach the use of mantras and dharanis for mostly worldly ends including curing illness, controlling the weather and generating wealth. The 2787:, often termed "formless practices" or the path of self-liberation. These techniques do not rely on deity visualization per se but on direct 2026:

leads one to Buddhahood in a single lifetime. According to the literature, the mantra is an easy path without the difficulties innate to the

1621:(c. 1000 c.e.)" Davidson also notes that the list of pithas or sacred places "are certainly not particularly Buddhist, nor are they uniquely 8159:

Orzech, Charles D. (2006). "The 'Great Teaching of Yoga', the Chinese Appropriation of the Tantras, and the Question of Esoteric Buddhism".

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during the "New translation period" (10th–12th centuries). Tibetan Buddhism also includes numerous native Tibetan developments, such as the

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This practice is not taught for the sake of enjoyment, but for the examination of one's own thought, whether the mind is steady or waving.

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and that his arrival was predicted by the Buddha. Some accounts also maintain Padmasambhava is a direct reincarnation of Buddha Shakyamuni.

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further states that "one knowing the nature of poison may dispel poison with poison." As Snellgrove notes, this idea is already present in

1501: 7363: 3139:, are central to many Vajrayana mandalas as they represent the "five wisdoms", which are the five primary aspects of primordial wisdom or 2549: 2346:

vows in the same way as his students. Proper conduct is considered especially necessary for a qualified Vajrayana guru. For example, the

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substances like alcohol, urine, and meat. At least two of the mahasiddhas cited in the Buddhist literature are comparable with the Shaiva

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drinking of sexual fluids was also reinterpreted by later commentators to refer illusory body anatomy of the perfection stage practices.

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being expelled from their monasteries for performing them, shows that supposedly celibate monastics were undertaking these sexual rites.

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as the path. Vajrayāna can also be distinguished from the paramitayana. According to this schema, Indian Mahayana revealed two vehicles (

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Due to the esoteric initiatory nature of the tradition, many practitioners will not divulge information or sources of their information.

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Various classifications are possible when distinguishing Vajrayāna from the other Buddhist traditions. Vajrayāna can be seen as a third

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Sanderson, Alexis (2009). "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period". In Einoo, Shingo (ed.).

2565:). Visualizing deities in the form of seed syllables is a common Vajrayana meditation. In Shingon, one of the most common practices is 2386: 1662:

According to several Buddhist tantras as well as traditional Tibetan Buddhist sources, the tantras and the Vajrayana was taught by the

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has suggested that Buddhist tantra employed various elements of a “pan-Indian religious substrate” which is not specifically Buddhist,

8799: 1857:, rather they exist in a continuum. All individuals are seen as containing the seed of enlightenment within, which is covered over by 15117: 11494: 8821: 7422: 5375:. However, these related traditions may have been influenced by Vajrayana proper and have borrowed practices from Vajrayana schools. 15568: 8265: 1900:

brought Tantra to Tang China (716 to 720), tantric philosophy continued to be developed in Chinese and Japanese by thinkers such as

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While all the Vajrayāna Buddhist traditions include all of the traditional practices used in Mahayana Buddhism such as developing

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Isabelle Onians, "Tantric Buddhist Apologetics, or Antinomianism as a Norm," D.Phil. dissertation, Oxford, Trinity Term 2001 pg 8

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Kate Crosby, Traditional Theravada Meditation and its Modern-Era Suppression Hong Kong: Buddha Dharma Centre of Hong Kong, 2013,

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There is an extended body of texts associated with Buddhist Tantra, including the "tantras" themselves, tantric commentaries and

3100:, is another unique feature of Buddhist Tantra. Mandalas are symbolic depictions of the sacred space of the awakened Buddhas and 1529:, which, according to scholars like David B. Gray and Alexis Sanderson, appropriated numerous elements from nondual Shaiva Tantra 3535:

sometimes include material not usually thought of as tantric outside the Tibetan Buddhist tradition, such as the widely recited

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An important element in some of these rituals (particularly initiations and tantric feasts) seems to have been the practice of

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The Elements of Tantric Practice:A General Exposition of the Process of Meditation in the Indestructible Way of Secret Mantra

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and received sanction from the emperors of the Tang dynasty. During this time, three great masters came from India to China:

3388: 1814:, desire, in every meaning of the word, in the service of liberation." This view is outlined in the following quote from the 1306: 3858:

during the initial introduction of Buddhism to the region in 372 CE. Esoteric Buddhism was supported by the royalty of both

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continued the tradition of Buddhist philosophy and adapted it to their commentaries on the major Tantras. Abhayakaragupta's

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and this tradition has preserved many Vajrayana texts in this language. Its priests do not follow celibacy and are called

1934:(1357–1419) on the other hand, held that there is no difference between Vajrayāna and other forms of Mahayana in terms of 16514: 16011: 15292: 14888: 11326: 4360: 3717: 3654:

to adopt various esoteric practices over time, leading to a merging of teachings between the various schools. During the

3029:), enfolding either end of the rod. The vajra is often traditionally employed in tantric rituals in combination with the 2941:

Vajrayāna uses a rich variety of symbols, terms, and images that have multiple meanings according to a complex system of

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developed in the 10th century. It is farthest removed from the earlier Buddhist traditions, and incorporates concepts of

692: 8330:. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series. Vol. 23. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo. 7257:"From China to Japan and Back Again: An Energetic Example of Bidirectional Sino-Japanese Esoteric Buddhist Transmission" 5543:

As with many different subjects, it must be studied in context and with a long history spanning many different cultures.

16221: 15951: 15833: 15287: 13867: 11779: 11223: 10773: 8868: 7725: 7586:(1970). "Theravada Buddhist Sangha: Some General Observations on Historical and Political Factors in its Development". 7395: 4959: 1487:) of a mandala palace of divine vassals, an imperial metaphor symbolizing kingly fortresses and their political power. 1459:

tantras" and represent the final form of development of Indian Buddhist tantras in the ninth and tenth centuries. The

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The term Tantric Buddhism was not one originally used by those who practiced it. As scholar Isabelle Onians explains:

5460:"Southern Esoteric Buddhism" or Borān kammaṭṭhāna ('ancient practices') is a term for esoteric forms of Buddhism from 3998:. He brought back various texts and practices from Burma. He became famous as a powerful magician. He was fond of the 1136:

Since the practice of Tantra focuses on the transformation of poisons into wisdom, the yogic circles came together in

815:

According to contemporary historical scholarship, Vajrayāna practice originated in the tantric era of medieval India (

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This tradition practices and studies a set of tantric texts and commentaries associated with the more "left hand" (

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Secret of Speech: Speech exactly appropriate to the lineage of the creature, as in the language of the yaksas, etc.

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Reformulating the Appropriated and Relinking the Chain: Challenges of Lineage and Legitimacy in Zhenyan Revivalism

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Journey and Goal: An Analysis of the Spiritual Paths and Levels to be Traversed and the Consummate Fruition state

8209: 5071: 4897: 4111: 4039: 3301: 1666:, but only to some individuals. There are several stories and versions of how the tantras were disseminated. The 4029:

Collection of Essentials for the Attainment of Buddhahood by Total Penetration of the Esoteric and the Exoteric,

3131:, the Dalai Lama describes mandalas thus: "This is the celestial mansion, the pure residence of the deity." The 2535:

Most Tantric Buddhists believe nirvana is achievable in a single lifetime with "vigorous study and meditation".

157: 16141: 15966: 15239: 14253: 14194: 14081: 13960: 13892: 12278: 11916: 11835: 11338: 10991: 10793: 10684: 10629: 9202: 8679:. The Treasury of Knowledge (books 9 & 10). Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications. pp. 159–251, 333–451. 4019:

Chinese Buddhist esotericism also influenced Vietnamese esotericism during the medieval period, especially the

2717:(breath control) to produce blissful experiences that are then applied to the realization of ultimate reality. 2229:

and the bodhisattva's quest for enlightenment is likened to a lover seeking union with the mind of the Buddha.

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which might have served as a central source of visual imagery for Tantric texts. Later Mahāyāna texts like the

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Although a large number of Tantric scriptures are extant, they have not been formally ordered or systematized.

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Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism refers to the traditions of Esoteric Buddhism found in the Indonesian islands of

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that one is innately an enlightened being, and that one can attain enlightenment within the current lifetime.

3766:) and is based on earlier versions of the Indian texts than the Tibetan lineage. Shingon shares material with 2756:

A Newari Buddhist mandala used for Guru Puja, Nepal, 19th century, gilt copper inlaid with semiprecious stones

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Because of their role in giving access to the practices and guiding the student through them, the role of the

16291: 15706: 15443: 15102: 14951: 14873: 14295: 13337: 12848: 11487: 11308: 11006: 10689: 8981: 8814: 4054:. Vietnamese esotericism can also be quite sycretic, borrowing from Chinese, Japanese and Tibetan Buddhism. 2088: 1553: 1376: 554: 309: 7120:

Orzech, Charles D. (general editor) (2011). Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia, Brill, Page 296.

5313: 2505:, advanced practices like deity yoga are usually preceded by or coupled with "preliminary practices" called 1569:

Sanderson notes that the Vajrayāna Yogini tantras draw extensively from the material also present in Shaiva

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The terminology associated with Vajrayana Buddhism can be confusing. Most of the terms originated in the

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Serious Vajrayana academic study in the Western world is in early stages due to the following obstacles:

5332: 4935: 4575: 20: 14388: 14378: 10126: 7999:

Penetrating the Secret Essence Tantra: Context and Philosophy in the Mahayoga System of rNying-ma Tantra

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issued a regulation obliging Shugendō temples to belong to either Shingon or Tendai temples. During the

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and Southeast Asian Maritime trade routes sometime during the first half of the 7th century, during the

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throughout Asia. Vajrayana (in the form of Tibetan Buddhism) dominates the Himalayan regions and in the

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for the lower levels of tantra, and are taken during initiations into the empowerment for a particular

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In the pre-modern era, Tibetan Buddhism spread outside of Tibet primarily due to the influence of the

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notes the importance of the psycho-physical experiences arising in sexual yoga, termed "great bliss" (

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Fontein, Jan. Entering the Dharmadhātu: A Study of the <Gandavyūha Reliefs of Borobudur, page 233.

4066: 3556: 3519: 3265: 3260: 3011: 2744:, in which the yogi ceremonially offers their body to be eaten by tantric deities in a ritual feast. 1647: 1389: 968: 886: 568: 125: 14484: 9345: 5472:

once practiced forms of tantra which were popular in the island. Another tradition of this type was

4402: 3337: 2600:), which involves the recitation of mantras, prayers and visualization of the deity, the associated 1642:

and reciprocal, even in those places where Buddhist and Kapalika siddhas were in extreme antagonism.

15888: 15848: 15803: 15593: 15583: 15388: 15137: 14962: 14898: 14868: 14758: 14523: 14432: 14400: 14361: 14273: 13170: 12395: 12331: 11801: 11786: 11480: 11426: 10778: 10592: 10570: 10563: 10466: 9999: 9619: 9435: 9380: 9001: 8807: 8435: 7543: 5737: 5695: 5267:(650 CE–1377 CE) was a major center of Esoteric Buddhist learning which drew Chinese monks such as 4533: 4474: 4385: 4106: 3237: 3229: 2965: 2788: 2395: 758: 652: 205: 24: 19:"Buddhist tantra" and "Esoteric Buddhism" redirect here. For the esoteric Buddhist scriptures, see 12838: 16339: 16276: 16226: 16186: 16131: 15766: 15761: 15651: 15598: 15488: 15418: 15214: 15020: 14935: 14140: 14118: 13917: 13739: 13264: 12880: 12807: 12491: 11862: 11662: 11571: 11363: 11343: 10674: 10654: 10411: 10141: 9385: 5741: 5638:

is a term denoting someone who follows the teachings of scriptures known as Tantras, but only in

4293: 4262: 3866:(918–1392). During the Goryeo Dynasty esoteric practices were common within large sects like the 3332: 2866: 2516: 2122: 1608:

Ronald M. Davidson meanwhile, argues that Sanderson's arguments for direct influence from Shaiva

1594: 1526: 1272: 1191: 526: 5499: 5042:) tantras, which are not part of East Asian Esoteric Buddhism. These tantras (sometimes termed ' 3678:. One example of esoteric teachings still practiced in many Chinese Buddhist monasteries is the 547: 30: 16206: 16101: 16061: 16041: 15898: 15873: 15778: 15751: 15701: 15671: 15661: 15578: 15543: 15528: 15513: 15468: 15403: 15072: 15003: 14908: 14903: 14644: 14567: 14329: 14211: 14135: 13932: 13922: 13781: 13749: 13687: 13658: 13165: 13160: 12944: 12825: 12785: 12570: 11911: 11906: 11886: 11882: 11373: 11213: 10881: 10851: 10624: 10575: 10416: 10364: 10359: 10121: 9942: 9839: 9591: 9586: 9335: 8789: 7355: 5572:, a means of instruction that is deliberately coded. These obscure teaching methods relying on 5283:

also reflects strong Tantric or at least proto-tantric influences, particularly of the cult of

4855: 4813: 4694: 4521: 4430: 3199: 2799: 2608:, along with consorts and attendant Buddhas and bodhisattvas. According to the Tibetan scholar 2512: 2058: 1598: 457: 9703: 3516:

through the sea route. Medieval monks were a prime factor in the spread of esoteric Buddhism.

3057: 2995:, or an indestructible substance which could, therefore, pierce and penetrate any obstacle or 2223:

Alex Wayman points out that the symbolic meaning of tantric sexuality is ultimately rooted in

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make use of energetic schemas of human psycho-physiology composed of "energy channels" (Skt.

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and therefore it is possible that he was aware of Tantric techniques, including sexual yoga.

1705: 645: 442: 191: 13148: 13096: 9994: 8473:

Yoga of the Guhyasamājatantra: The Arcane Lore of Forty Verses: a Buddhist Tantra Commentary

5198: 2215:, union with a physical consort as part of advanced practices. Some tantras go further, the 1897: 1582: 1415: 16437: 16427: 16412: 16319: 16246: 16216: 16191: 16156: 16116: 16111: 16086: 15956: 15878: 15828: 15808: 15798: 15686: 15633: 15608: 15458: 15453: 15433: 15398: 15383: 15327: 15097: 15030: 14998: 14878: 14813: 14679: 14557: 14410: 14290: 14189: 14101: 14069: 14064: 13912: 13644: 13013: 12897: 12481: 12241: 11852: 11796: 11747: 11732: 11585: 11401: 11368: 11353: 10871: 10768: 10714: 10599: 10538: 10506: 10501: 10486: 10471: 10461: 10426: 10339: 10031: 9954: 9257: 9197: 8946: 8913: 8863: 8592: 7978:

Duckworth, Douglas (2015). "Tibetan Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna". In Emmanuel, Steven M. (ed.).

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Somapura Buddhist Vihar dates back to the 8th century AD during the rule of the Pala empire

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Some modern teachers and organizations focus specifically on Vietnamese esoteric Buddhism.

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An 18th century Mongolian miniature which depicts a monk generating a tantric visualization

2069:

The goal of spiritual practice within the Mahayana and Vajrayāna traditions is to become a

1409: 1288: 1072: 161: 13212: 12094: 11241: 9856: 9725: 9651: 9527: 9265: 8404:. Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy. 7663:

Laszlo Legeza, "Tantric Elements in Pre-Hispanic Gold Art," Arts of Asia, 1988, 4:129-133.

7415: 5618:, those mysterious devices and diagrams that were so much in vogue in the pseudo-Buddhist 3025:) at its centre, and a variable number of spokes, 3, 5 or 9 at each end (depending on the 1948: 1762: 1670:, for example, has the Buddha state that the tantras will be explained by the bodhisattva 1521: 1094: 540: 8: 16442: 16417: 16397: 16374: 16301: 16251: 16231: 16146: 16136: 16091: 16051: 16006: 16001: 15991: 15981: 15976: 15971: 15961: 15946: 15941: 15936: 15931: 15926: 15903: 15813: 15788: 15666: 15656: 15618: 15588: 15573: 15558: 15548: 15538: 15503: 15498: 15448: 15393: 15368: 15312: 15169: 15152: 15040: 15035: 15025: 14893: 14694: 14607: 14552: 14528: 14415: 14300: 14258: 14053: 13902: 13530: 13322: 13197: 12976: 12763: 12648: 12576: 12466: 12387: 12214: 11867: 11691: 11537: 11208: 11087: 10921: 10896: 10886: 10846: 10823: 10706: 10679: 10639: 10558: 10548: 10476: 10403: 9834: 9691: 9472: 9450: 9402: 9222: 9022: 8878: 8858: 7416:"Georgieva-Russ, Nelly. Esoteric Buddhist Ritual Objects of the Koryŏ Dynasty (936-1392)" 5705: 5700: 5573: 4952: 4947: 4516: 4094: 3835:

maintains that one is able to understand sense experiences as taught by the Buddha, have

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Other methods which are associated with the completion stage in Tibetan Buddhism include

2409: 2324: 2230: 1728: 1559: 1534: 1404: 1263: 1087: 519: 9182: 9109: 8635:

Esoteric Instructions: A Detailed Presentation of the Process of Meditation in Vajrayana

8548:

As Long As Space Endures: Essays on the Kalacakra Tantra in Honor of H.H. the Dalai Lama

8291:

Establishing Appearances as Divine: Rongzom Chözang on Reasoning, Madhyamaka, and Purity

3412:

above), today the Vajrayāna exists primarily in the form of the two major traditions of

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Enlightenment in Dispute: The Reinvention of Chan Buddhism in Seventeenth-Century China

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The question of the origins of early Vajrayāna has been taken up by various scholars.

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Many of the elements found in Buddhist tantric literature are not wholly new. Earlier

881:

There are several Buddhist tantric traditions that are currently practiced, including

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Another form of Vajrayana practice are certain meditative techniques associated with

2416:

meditation which are seen as more advanced. These include mantras, mandalas, mudras,

2379: 2137: 1862: 1790: 1461: 1345: 1226:), not only as a religious praxis but also as an extension of their implied threats. 711: 13937: 13535: 13185: 12907: 10393: 9187: 9087: 5588:

add to the difficulties faced by those attempting to understand Vajrayana Buddhism:

4509: 3527:

The distinction between mantrayana traditions is not always rigid. For example, the

2316: 2132:

The secrecy of teachings was often protected through the use of allusive, indirect,

1940:(perfection of insight) itself, only that Vajrayāna is a method which works faster. 1694: 1349: 16432: 16314: 16211: 15823: 15783: 15731: 15726: 15643: 15613: 15523: 15413: 15277: 15229: 15224: 14783: 14748: 14721: 14479: 14464: 14339: 14263: 14113: 14091: 13999: 13860: 13639: 13602: 13458: 13443: 13391: 13175: 13155: 13123: 13118: 13089: 13084: 12996: 12986: 12795: 12759: 12751: 12722: 12635: 12555: 12550: 12513: 12503: 12429: 12367: 12209: 12046: 11896: 11554: 11097: 11050: 11045: 10901: 10866: 10841: 10836: 10587: 10543: 10456: 10131: 9787: 9780: 9564: 9554: 9440: 9104: 8976: 8588: 8246: 8197: 8168: 7595: 7314: 7268: 7237:, pp. 68–71 Sino-American Buddhist Association, Buddhist Text Translation Society. 7181: 5585: 5443: 5223:. It is the only form of Vajrayana Buddhism in which the scriptures are written in 5156: 5113: 5063: 5001: 4823: 4818: 4655: 4650: 4609: 4599: 4084: 4074: 3767: 3735: 3691: 3671: 3663: 3643: 3509: 3505: 3458: 3441: 3433: 3413: 3289: 3270: 3243: 3217: 3116: 2915: 2502: 2446: 2309:

Practitioners of Vajrayāna need to abide by various tantric vows or pledges called

1924: 1892:

is a key source in the theory and practice of tantric rituals. After monks such as

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Another form of esoteric Buddhism in China is the related but unique tradition of

3096:. The use of visual aids, particularly microcosmic/macrocosmic diagrams, known as 2794:

Another distinctive feature of Tantric Buddhism is its unique and often elaborate

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Isaacson, Harunaga (1998). "Tantric Buddhism in India (from c. 800 to c. 1200)".

7385: 7356:"Research Review of Bai Esoteric Buddhist Azhali Religion Since the 20th Century" 7057: 5672: 5564: 5164: 5023: 4862: 4687: 4677: 4672: 4355: 4350: 4252: 4172: 4047: 3925: 3900:

There are two Esoteric Buddhist schools in modern Korea: the Chinŏn (眞言) and the

3466: 3360: 3293: 3187: 3132: 3004: 2950: 2849: 2439:

A central feature of tantric practice is the use of mantras, and seed syllables (

2320: 1885: 1426:

class of Tantra, which features forms of ritual practice considered "left-hand" (

1280: 1100: 853: 10206: 9360: 9350: 8213: 5480:. The Tantric Buddhist 'Yogāvacara' tradition was a major Buddhist tradition in 3523:

A map depicting the spread of Esoteric Buddhism in Southeast and Eastern Eurasia

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Coming to Terms with Chinese Buddhism: A Reading of the Treasure Store Treatise

8188:

Osto, Douglas (June 2009). "'Proto–Tantric' Elements in the Gandavyuha Sutra".

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Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia; Networks of Masters, Texts, Icons

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not as something outside or an event in the future, but as immanently present.

1816: 1682:(a figure related to Vajrapani, in some cases said to be an emanation of him). 1663: 1629:

Davidson adds that Buddhists and Kapalikas as well as other ascetics (possibly

1445: 1433: 1163: 1130: 1126: 1122: 894: 782: 762: 501: 139: 12410: 8445:

Tantric Ethics: An Explanation of the Precepts for Buddhist Vajrayana Practice

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The Holy Land Reborn: Pilgrimage and the Tibetan Reinvention of Buddhist India

8025:

Green, Ronald S. (2015). "East Asian Buddhism". In Emmanuel, Steven M. (ed.).

7170:"Seeing Chen-Yen Buddhism: Traditional Scholarship and the Vajrayāna in China" 5404: 3967:

The first Vietnamese monk we know of who studied Vajrayana was Master Van Ky (

3328: 3112:, states: "The body becomes a palace, the hallowed basis of all the Buddhas." 1845:

According to Buddhist Tantra, there is no strict separation of the profane or

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Masters of Mahāmudrā: Songs and Histories of the Eighty-four Buddhist Siddhas

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Sacred Interconnections: Postmodern Spirituality, Political Economy, and Art,

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substances, such as blood, semen, alcohol and urine, as ritual offerings and

2163: 1952: 1916: 1779: 1757: 1686: 1618: 1451: 1371: 1298: 1245: 874: 868: 862: 366: 359: 13826: 9644: 9634: 9006: 7872: 7303:"The Reception of the Mantra of Light in Republican Period Chinese Buddhism" 5495:

Southern Esoteric Buddhism is a unique Southeast Asian development based on

3991: 3983: 2838: 2432:

fire ritual. Vajrayana teaches that these techniques provide faster path to

2117:, India. Some empowerment ceremonies can include large numbers of initiates. 897:. Historically, there were also other esoteric Buddhist traditions, such as 478: 15297: 15199: 15055: 14743: 14738: 14716: 14706: 14587: 14019: 13954: 13897: 13882: 13848: 13473: 13381: 12377: 12268: 12263: 12114: 12084: 11958: 11926: 11674: 11645: 11632: 11276: 11261: 11231: 11181: 11171: 11013: 10808: 10301: 10136: 10014: 9802: 9797: 9624: 9495: 9370: 8831: 8755:. New York: American Institute of Buddhist Studies at Columbia University. 8133: 5473: 5383: 5368: 5089: 5043: 5027: 5022:, some time before 767. Tibetan Buddhism reflects the later stages tantric 4902: 4887: 4727: 4247: 3901: 3759: 3755: 3655: 3594: 3490: 3462: 3211: 3101: 3089: 2884: 2528: 2080: 1651: 1432:) such as the use of taboo substances like alcohol, consort practices, and 1159: 990: 93: 13520: 12165: 10059: 10044: 10004: 9701: 9365: 8941: 5607: 5593: 5185: 4403: 2791:

from a master and are often seen as the most advanced and direct methods.

1150:) which included dancing, singing, consort practices and the ingestion of 15219: 15194: 15013: 14981: 14972: 14918: 14848: 14833: 14726: 14617: 14278: 14226: 14014: 13732: 13712: 13552: 13493: 13231: 13227: 13040: 12528: 12476: 12446: 12283: 12137: 12029: 11953: 11818: 11754: 11705: 11246: 11075: 10216: 10201: 9984: 9792: 9720: 9500: 9330: 9232: 9079: 8951: 8734:

The Buddhist Handbook: A Complete Guide to Buddhist Teaching and Practice

5328: 5229: 5148: 5093: 4880: 4418: 4220: 3894: 3890: 3867: 3823: 3606: 3537: 3497: 3167: 2996: 2988: 2970: 2773: 2725: 2686: 2462: 2255: 2144: 2054: 2035: 2022:

to lead one to Buddhahood. The tantra literature, however, says that the

1997:) or methods for attaining enlightenment: the method of the perfections ( 1877: 1873: 1721: 1713: 1542: 1353: 994: 838: 664: 260: 14533: 14474: 13577: 12971: 12790: 12339: 11236: 9696: 8008:

The Cakrasamvara Tantra: The Discourse of Śrī Heruka (Śrīherukābhidhāna)

7808:

The Twilight Language: Explorations in Buddhist Meditation and Symbolism

7319: 7302: 7289:

Replanting the Bodhi Tree: Buddhist Sectarianism and Zhenyan Revivalism.

7273: 7256: 5423:, and Kūkai's syncretic religion held wide sway up until the end of the 5398: 2929:, after the empowerment, Tharlam Monastery of Tibetan Buddhism, Boudha, 1302: 15185: 15180: 15050: 15045: 15008: 14986: 14843: 14823: 14818: 14659: 14649: 14612: 14216: 13994: 13942: 13682: 13327: 13307: 12843: 12768: 12707: 12471: 12451: 12372: 12024: 11992: 11963: 11742: 11737: 11722: 11191: 11149: 11025: 10831: 10756: 10370: 10354: 10316: 10296: 10191: 10166: 10074: 10009: 9989: 9735: 9666: 9537: 9420: 9390: 9325: 9275: 8933: 8923: 8896: 7607: 7201: 7169: 5424: 5391: 5372: 4917: 4722: 4562: 4550: 4540: 4504: 4242: 3987: 3702: 3602: 3543: 3396:

engraved on a stele. Temple Fo Ding Shan Chao Sheng in Sanyi Township,

3136: 3123:

that house and contain the uncontainable essence of a central deity or

3093: 2942: 2896: 2825: 2721: 2682: 2609: 2585: 2544: 2433: 2417: 2401: 2375: 2355:

Distance yourself from Vajra Masters who are not keeping the three vows

2225: 2212: 2110: 2071: 1990: 1931: 1920: 1893: 1866: 1732: 1675: 1646:

Davidson also argues for the influence of non-Brahmanical and outcaste

1466: 1321: 1167: 1138: 1118: 834: 823: 496: 464: 435: 338: 331: 267: 255: 230: 14024: 12863: 10211: 9207: 6614: 6458: 5509:

Southern Esoteric Buddhism declined after the rise of Southeast Asian

5197:

Buddhism, it's now home to only a small minority who are followers of

3642:

The prestige of this tradition eventually influenced other schools of

2105: 1605:, introducing a copying error where a deity was mistaken for a place. 421: 169: 15127: 14923: 14838: 14828: 14699: 14654: 14639: 14572: 14420: 13887: 13809: 13769: 13759: 13722: 13697: 13677: 13572: 13438: 13292: 13282: 13044: 12964: 12959: 12870: 12680: 12665: 12613: 12595: 12508: 12288: 12204: 12183: 12178: 12155: 12150: 12109: 12104: 12041: 11978: 11901: 11872: 11823: 11764: 11717: 11166: 11139: 10306: 10181: 9893: 9809: 9686: 9576: 9542: 9505: 9462: 9425: 9192: 9157: 9124: 9099: 9054: 7143:

The Will to Orthodoxy: A Critical Genealogy of Northern Chan Buddhism

6701: 6386: 5795:, p. 78, speaks of the tantra divisions of some editions of the 5496: 5387: 5284: 5276: 5264: 5140: 5038: 4912: 4545: 4298: 3975: 3949: 3698: 3590: 3581:

Esoteric and Tantric teachings followed the same route into northern

3513: 2930: 2780: 2714: 2605: 2485:

Secret of Body: Whatever form is necessary to tame the living beings.

2441: 2371: 2208:

states "the wise man who does not discriminate achieves Buddhahood".

2182: 2050: 1978: 1671: 1563: 1510: 1479: 1470: 1428: 1253: 1076: 842: 778: 428: 99: 12560: 12089: 10939: 9775: 9629: 9395: 9177: 9046: 9038: 8393:

Indo-Tibetan Buddhism. Indian Buddhists and Their Tibetan Successors

7599: 4756: 3746: 3486: 3474: 2875:

up. Unite the vajra and lotus, with the rapture of drinking liquor.

2241:

and visualizations as well as the motivation for enlightenment. The

2153: 1079:

doctrines passed down from "supposedly initiated Buddhist masters."

1023: 14930: 14674: 14664: 14519: 14009: 13989: 13816: 13692: 13547: 13111: 12833: 12773: 12692: 12600: 12587: 12565: 12545: 12523: 12518: 12498: 12438: 12405: 12344: 12188: 12173: 12051: 12012: 11968: 11759: 11696: 11600: 11503: 11456: 11296: 11251: 11196: 11161: 11065: 10724: 10291: 10286: 10236: 10171: 10089: 10054: 10049: 9710: 9581: 9569: 9480: 9139: 8836: 7846:. Translated by Paul Groner. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. 7185: 5666: 5581: 5560: 5489: 5481: 5224: 5194: 5168: 5101: 5059: 4808: 4744: 4469: 4225: 4187: 4116: 3804: 3706: 3586: 3570: 3356: 3069: 2991:

like a legendary weapon and divine attribute that was made from an

2978: 2784: 2459: 2413: 2193: 2158: 2114: 2014: 1974: 1783: 1749: 1736: 1725: 1690: 1679: 1638: 1622: 1586: 1570: 1538: 1506: 1423: 1223: 1207: 786: 751: 10281: 10271: 10256: 10079: 9949: 9217: 8616:

Systems of Buddhist Tantra:The Indestructible Way of Secret Mantra

8567:

Tantra in Bengal: A Study in Its Origin, Development and Influence

7952:

Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement

6275: 5272: 4200: 4046:(2004). Esoteric practices are also currently associated with the 3725:

holding a vajra and a mala, 14th century, Art Institute of Chicago

3722: 3686:, which are especially influential in the Chinese Chan tradition. 2911: 2888: 2511:, consisting of five to seven accumulation practices and includes 2480:

Commentary, the secret Body, Speech, and Mind of the Buddhas are:

2357:

who keep on with a root downfall, who are miserly with the Dharma,

1905: 1712:, a major center for the study of Vajrayana philosophy during the 15204: 14803: 14768: 14689: 14602: 14543: 14447: 14150: 14004: 13754: 13707: 13592: 13468: 13287: 12712: 12675: 12486: 12036: 12002: 11845: 11546: 11201: 11144: 11129: 10276: 10266: 10241: 10116: 10111: 10069: 10039: 9971: 9937: 9824: 9765: 9760: 9614: 9517: 9355: 9305: 9092: 8918: 8520:

Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition

8310:

Indestructible Truth: The Living Spirituality of Tibetan Buddhism

8010:. American Institute of Buddhist Studies at Columbia University. 7878:. Berkeley; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press. 7645:

Levenda, Peter. Tantric Temples: Eros and Magic in Java, page 99.

6910: 6898: 6604: 6602: 6539: 6470: 6056: 6032: 5981: 5796: 5639: 5577: 5256: 5105: 5067: 5055: 4892: 4848: 4843: 4739: 4638: 4604: 4392: 4316: 4101: 3944:

and is a common part of Vietnamese Mahayana Buddhism (along with

3831:, maintaining mudras, or practicing certain forms of meditation, 3828: 3775: 3651: 3628: 3532: 3482: 3372: 3311: 3205: 3084: 3026: 3022: 2992: 2926: 2923: 2880: 2639: 2627: 2601: 2507: 2466: 2390:

A Japanese Handscroll depicting various mudras, 11th–12th century

2332: 2177:

Some Vajrayāna rituals traditionally included the use of certain

2167: 1901: 1853: 1847: 1359:

Vajrayāna Buddhists developed a large corpus of texts called the

1293: 1257: 1186: 809: 801: 627: 399: 378: 9888: 9656: 8656:. The Treasury of Knowledge (book 8 part 3). Ithaca: Snow Lion. 8618:. The Treasury of Knowledge (book 6 part 4). Ithaca: Snow Lion. 8365:

Dakini's Warm Breath: The Feminine Principle in Tibetan Buddhism

8097:

The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture

3061: 2741: 2526:, and thus only those who receive an empowerment or initiation ( 15112: 14991: 14976: 14795: 14684: 14669: 14627: 14405: 14283: 13557: 13312: 13302: 12914: 12875: 12717: 12325: 12295: 12019: 11281: 11266: 11102: 10964: 10944: 10719: 10381: 10261: 10251: 10186: 9814: 9770: 9755: 9745: 9715: 9639: 9522: 9290: 9162: 8906: 8901: 8778: 8597:

Creation and Completion: Essential Points of Tantric Meditation

8464:

The Yogini's Eye: Comprehensive Introduction to Buddhist Tantra

6575: 6022: 6020: 5710: 5619: 5518: 5416: 5216: 4793: 4557: 4492: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4126: 4020: 3871: 3832: 3816: 3659: 3631:

during this period. This tradition focused on tantras like the

3614: 3528: 3501: 3451: 3446: 3425: 3397: 3221: 3158: 3152: 3065: 3034: 2892: 2810:) and the goma fire ritual (common in East Asian Esotericism). 2795: 2710: 2635: 2561:

A Japanese depiction of the Amida Triad in Seed Syllable form (

2451: 2328: 2311: 2304: 2285: 2076: 2018:, of which the scriptures say that it takes three incalculable 1834: 1767: 1685:

Other accounts attribute the revelation of Buddhist tantras to

1456: 1316: 1268: 1215: 1211: 1203: 1181: 1175: 980: 925: 797: 755: 659: 617: 610: 605: 600: 406: 385: 302: 237: 223: 43: 13503: 6599: 6441:

Reflections on a Mountain Lake:Teachings on Practical Buddhism

6080: 5349:–1919) reconstructing the scene of Borobudur during its heyday 4016:) assemblies. He also wrote various texts on esoteric topics. 2592:), meditation on a chosen deity or "cherished divinity" (Skt. 14808: 14582: 14562: 14547: 14123: 13949: 13744: 13607: 13562: 13542: 12702: 12099: 11945: 11727: 11421: 11256: 11114: 11080: 11060: 11030: 10959: 10376: 10221: 10099: 10094: 10064: 10019: 9866: 9861: 9740: 9445: 9270: 9237: 9227: 6350: 5622:

culture of the 1960s, were all examples of Twilight Language

5614: 5477: 5260: 5234: 5220: 5193:

Although, Bengal was once a thriving centre of Vajrayana and

5097: 5079: 5075: 5051: 5007: 4803: 4761: 4751: 4704: 4131: 4121: 4051: 4005: 3929: 3855: 3794: 3763: 3751: 3741: 3675: 3624: 3582: 3574: 3437: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3323: 3319: 3078: 3038: 3000: 2983: 2934: 2919: 2854: 2729: 2661: 2651: 2425: 2178: 1912: 1775: 1741: 1284: 1219: 1151: 1017: 1009:密 ("secret, esoteric") is a translation of the Sanskrit term 961: 957: 921: 917: 805: 770: 766: 723: 622: 471: 450: 392: 297: 72: 35: 7446: 7444: 7442: 6251: 6167: 6140: 6017: 5957: 3577:, which promotes the Chinese Zhenyan (Mantrayana) tradition. 14733: 14622: 12533: 11472: 11291: 10084: 9750: 9247: 8713:

Patrul Rinpoche (1994). Brown, Kerry; Sharma, Sima (eds.).

8402:

The History of Buddhism in Vietnam: Institute of Philosophy

7490: 7488: 7486: 7484: 6638: 6587: 6563: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6340: 6338: 5485: 5252: 4734: 2612:, deity yoga is what separates Tantra from Sutra practice. 2339: 2147: 2019: 1810: 1241: 1155: 1114: 413: 39: 7508:

Vietnamese supernaturalism: views from the southern region

5263:

in the region (13–16th centuries). The Buddhist empire of

2870:

commentator Kambala, writing about this practice, states:

2828:, a traditional practice in some sects of Tibetan Buddhism 14632: 14597: 13272: 12609: 10949: 9485: 8652:

Kongtrul, Jamgon; Guarisco, Elio; McLeod, Ingrid (2008).

8614:

Kongtrul, Jamgon; Guarisco, Elio; McLeod, Ingrid (2004).

8518:

Williams, Paul; Tribe, Anthony; Wynne, Alexander (2012).

7525: 7439: 7019:"IDP Database - Dalton_vanSchaik_2005 Catalogue Overview" 6421: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6362: 6311: 6005: 5969: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5813: 5403:

Shugendō was founded in 7th-century Japan by the ascetic

3874:

school as well as smaller esoteric sects like the Sinin (

2843:"desire seal", also referred to as "consort observance", 2649:

A Tibetan depiction of the perfection stage practices of

2361:

Those who worship them go to hell and so on as a result.

8319:

Secret of the Vajra World: The Tantric Buddhism of Tibet

7963:. Ithaca, New York: State University of New York Press. 7481: 7148: 6874: 6626: 6522: 6374: 6335: 6128: 5900: 5119:

The Tibetan Buddhist tradition is today found in Tibet,

5112:

it has spread outside of Asia due to the efforts of the

5066:

literature. There are four major traditions or schools:

1113:

Tantric Buddhism is associated with groups of wandering

8492:

The Buddhist Tantras: Light on Indo-Tibetan Esotericism

8118:. Studies on East Asian Religions. Vol. 1. Brill. 7547: 7458: 7456: 6963: 6961: 6838: 6239: 6227: 6215: 6203: 6191: 6116: 5799:

as including Sravakayana, Mahayana and Vajrayana texts.

5327:

Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism may have also reached the

2772:

Video of a Shingon Goma Fire Ritual at Yakuōin Yūkiji,

1108: 11515: 8208: 7564: 7410: 7408: 6826: 6655: 6653: 6410: 6281: 6179: 5924: 5912: 5830: 5828: 3994:

school. One famous esoteric master of this period was

3473:

also make use of esoteric (Chinese: mijiao, Japanese:

2491:

Secret of Mind: Knowing all things as they really are.

1985:

is the method of perfecting good qualities, where the

1724:, the philosophical view of the Vajrayana is based on 8447:. Translated by Gareth Sparham. Wisdom Publications. 7291:

Pacific World: Third Series Number 20 (2018): 95-129.

7123: 7102: 6802: 6790: 6754: 6159:

Sanderson, A. (1994). "Buddhism into the Year 2000".

5546:

Ritual, as well as doctrine, need to be investigated.

3978:

from a certain Jñanabhadra (Tri Hien) as reported by

2802:, protection rituals, death rituals, tantric feasts ( 1612:

texts are problematic because "the chronology of the

8288: 7806:

Bucknell, Roderick & Stuart-Fox, Martin (1986).

7552: 7513: 7453: 6986: 6958: 6934: 6922: 6886: 6850: 6814: 6778: 6742: 6677: 6665: 6551: 6392: 6323: 6092: 6044: 5662: 3190:, abbot of the Vikramashila monastery around 1100 CE 1344:–5th century CE) expound the use of mantras such as 1267:

Naked tantrikas dancing and eating from skull cups (

7730: 7405: 6862: 6650: 6398: 6299: 6287: 5888: 5825: 3052: 2412:, they also make use of unique tantric methods and 1319:which contain "proto-tantric" material such as the 1005:(Chinese: 密教; Esoteric Teaching). The Chinese term 979:: 真言, literally "true word", referring to mantra), 8517: 8289:Rongzom Chözang; Köppl, Heidi I. (trans.) (2008). 7871: 6946: 6916: 6904: 6766: 6707: 6689: 6620: 6608: 6545: 6533: 6476: 6464: 6344: 6062: 6038: 6026: 5987: 5852: 5427:, coexisting with Shinto elements within Shugendō 3907: 2359:and who engage in actions that should be forsaken. 1943: 8337:Buddhism: an outline of its teachings and schools 7090: 7006:Civilized shamans: Buddhism in Tibetan societies, 5864: 5840: 2154:Affirmation of the feminine, antinomian and taboo 1919:(1182–28 – 1251), as well as later thinkers like 1674:. One of the most famous legends is that of king 1593:scriptures and mandalas. Sanderson says that the 16496: 8214:"The Eight Manifestations of Guru Padmasambhava" 8132: 6086: 5993: 5568:Vajrayana texts employ the tantric tradition of 5167:. Tibetan Buddhism is also the main religion in 5006:Vajrayāna Buddhism was initially established in 3541:and even versions of some material found in the 3135:or 'Five Buddhas', along with the figure of the 2584:The fundamental practice of Buddhist Tantra is " 1989:is the method of taking the intended outcome of 46:), which are classic ritual symbols of Vajrayāna 5240: 3088:), or mandala, are often employed as an aid to 3076:Representations of the deity, such as statues ( 3041:as well as great bliss and the bell stands for 2566: 2335:school keep a special non-celibate ordination. 1046: 1021: 971:it is generally known by various terms such as 8411:Etude sur le Mahavairocana-sutra (dainichikyo) 5528: 5419:. Buddhism and Shinto were amalgamated in the 5307:Esoteric Sinhalese Buddhism spreading to Java. 3781:The primary texts of Shingon Buddhism are the 3273:, the most influential esoteric texts are the 3010:A vajra is also a scepter-like ritual object ( 2573: 2192:The use of these substances is related to the 1473:not present elsewhere in Buddhist literature. 1407:is developed. Other early tantras include the 1348:, associated with vastly powerful beings like 1063:The term "Esoteric Buddhism" is first used by 1053: 1030: 812:and the visualization of deities and Buddhas. 11488: 8815: 6158: 5449: 5010:in the 8th century when various figures like 4981: 2887:). He notes that the anxiety of figures like 1872:Indian Tantric Buddhist philosophers such as 1045:), which also refers to a specific school of 686: 9597:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 8696:Perfect Conduct: Ascertaining the Three Vows 8362: 6593: 6581: 6569: 6508:Trungpa, Chögyam and Chödzin, Sherab (1992) 3974:) who received initiation in the kingdom of 3936:Vietnamese Buddhist esotericism is known as 3778:– but the actual practices are not related. 3550: 2891:towards these practices, and the stories of 2342:, or teacher is expected to keep his or her 1403:(Vajra Peak), the influential schema of the 848:According to Vajrayāna scriptures, the term 7874:The Cult of Tārā: Magic and Ritual in Tibet 7842:Akira, Hirakawa (1993). Paul Groner (ed.). 7156:Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen. 3952:). Commonly recited esoteric texts include 3246:and so on. According to Harunaga Isaacson, 2315:. These are extensions of the rules of the 1700: 1490: 1305:is also seen in pre-tantric texts like the 1252:, and symbolizing the final realization of 719: 11495: 11481: 8822: 8808: 8442: 8390: 6632: 6510:The Lion's Roar: An Introduction to Tantra 6444:. Snow Lion Publications. pp. 224–5. 6368: 6356: 6317: 6011: 5975: 5906: 5468:is dominant. The monks of the Sri Lankan, 5331:, possibly establishing the first form of 5204: 4988: 4974: 3744:and includes practices, known in Japan as 3404:Although there is historical evidence for 2271:Women are heaven, women are the teaching ( 1977:. Vajrayāna can be distinguished from the 1774:) is a "non-dual, self-originated Wisdom ( 1581:of Padmavajra, a work associated with the 1558:, which later came to be classified under 693: 679: 8633:Kongtrul, Jamgon; Harding, Sarah (2007). 8325: 7977: 7476:Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture 7318: 7272: 6380: 6173: 6163:. Dhammakaya Foundation. pp. 87–102. 6146: 6134: 5767:Learn how and when to remove this message 5751:so that sources are clearly identifiable. 3609:who translated key texts and founded the 3318:and terma cycles, and the most important 2677:The illusory body yogas systems like the 2420:, other visualization based meditations, 1173:According to Schumann, a movement called 796:. It includes practices that make use of 14052: 8694:Panchen, Ngari; Dudjom Rinpoche (1996). 8371: 8334: 8263: 8094: 8081: 8067:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 7949: 7570: 6967: 6257: 6245: 6233: 6221: 6209: 6197: 6122: 6110: 6098: 5963: 5935: 5918: 5894: 5792: 5382: 5337: 5184: 4057: 3911: 3716: 3682:and the dhāraṇī revealed within it, the 3560: 3518: 3496:There was strong connection between the 3387: 3371: 3177: 3056: 3037:; symbolically, the vajra may represent 2964: 2910: 2812: 2798:. They include pujas (worship rituals), 2759: 2751: 2644: 2556: 2548: 2385: 2370: 2277:Women indeed are the highest austerity ( 2157: 2104: 2094: 2045: 1947: 1704: 1520: 1500: 1262: 1240: 1086: 1013:("secret, hidden, profound, abstruse"). 29: 15349: 10784:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 8461: 8043: 7892: 7582: 7354:Huang, Zhengliang; Zhang, Xilu (2013). 7158:York Beach: Samuel Weiser. 1997. p. 99. 6644: 6425: 6269: 5819: 5147:that are adjacent to the area, such as 3793:. The founder of Shingon Buddhism was 3712: 3346: 3021:), which has a sphere (and sometimes a 928:, Buddhist Tantra is most often termed 901:, which are no longer practiced today. 16497: 10987:List of Buddhist architecture in China 8489: 8470: 8408: 8399: 8240: 8158: 8084:Buddhismus in Geschichte und Gegenwart 7996: 7958: 7930: 7850: 7531: 7494: 7167: 7108: 7008:Smithsonian Institution Press, p. 226. 6940: 6928: 6892: 6820: 6796: 6784: 6760: 6748: 6683: 6671: 6557: 6490:The Complete Guide to Buddhist America 6404: 6329: 6293: 6074: 6050: 5947: 5870: 3850:Esoteric Buddhist practices (known as 3770:– such as the esoteric sutras (called 3182:Three leaves from a manuscript of the 2906: 2701:), "drops" or charged particles (Skt. 1657: 916:practiced in the Himalayan regions of 15348: 14501: 14051: 11514: 11476: 8803: 8751:Wedemeyer, Christian K., ed. (2007). 8498: 8427: 8413:(in French). France: A. Maisonneuve. 8343: 8231: 8116:Chinese and Tibetan Esoteric Buddhism 8062: 8024: 7911: 7869: 7841: 7736: 7558: 7544:Hoà thượng Thích Viên Đức (1932-1980) 7519: 7462: 7254: 7129: 7096: 6992: 6719: 6437: 6305: 6185: 5846: 5634:is found, but not in Buddhist texts. 5353: 3754:during the 9th–11th centuries in the 2732:(the interim state between death and 2298: 1689:, saying that he was an emanation of 1370:Some of the earliest of these texts, 960:is a mythical weapon associated with 23:. For the book by A. P. Sinnett, see 8187: 8005: 7248: 7069: 7060:(accessed: Tuesday February 2, 2010) 6880: 6868: 6856: 6844: 6808: 6659: 5999: 5834: 5720: 3406:Vajrayāna Buddhism in Southeast Asia 3314:specialize in the various so called 3216:(liturgical texts), ritual manuals ( 2366: 2290:Women are the Perfection of Wisdom. 2283:Women are the Buddha, women are the 1650:and their feminine deities (such as 1190:, magical powers such as flight and 1109:Mahasiddhas and the tantric movement 8328:Genesis and Development of Tantrism 8316: 8307: 8266:"The Mahasiddha Tradition in Tibet" 6952: 6832: 6772: 6695: 5882: 5430:In 1613 during the Edo period, the 5411:. With its origins in the solitary 5174: 3729: 3457:Other traditions like contemporary 3068:drum and hand-bell, as well as the 1020:, Buddhist esotericism is known as 852:refers to one of three vehicles or 13: 15318:Religions and spiritual traditions 11517:Religious groups and denominations 10774:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 8538: 8113: 8027:A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy 7980:A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy 7383: 7300: 5858: 5292:Influences and movements into Java 4458:Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction 3810: 3186:, a ritual compendium compiled by 3162:), but also ritual hand gestures ( 2747: 2736:), transference of consciousness ( 2041: 1505:Vajrayana adopted deities such as 14: 16541: 8771: 8499:White, David Gordon, ed. (2000). 8321:. Boston: Shambhala Publications. 7997:Garson, Nathaniel DeWitt (2004). 5259:before the rise and dominance of 5058:texts, Tibetan scholastic works, 4044:Quintessence of Esoteric Buddhism 4025:Xianmi yuantong chengfo xinyao ji 3982:. By the 12th century (under the 2728:), practices associated with the 2522:Vajrayana is a system of tantric 2079:); those on this path are termed 1589:guru and initiating members into 1194:as well as spiritual liberation. 820: the 5th century CE onwards 16:Indian Buddhist tantric tradition 16478: 16469: 16468: 16282:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 15424:Democratic Republic of the Congo 11455: 11445: 11444: 11002:Thai temple art and architecture 10747:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 8987:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 8853: 8840: 8830: 8777: 8335:Schumann, Hans Wolfgang (1974). 8243:Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism 8210:Palden Sherab Rinpoche, Khenchen 8202:10.1111/j.1467-9809.2009.00792.x 8167:(1). Informa UK Limited: 29–78. 8095:Kitagawa, Joseph Mitsuo (2002). 7893:Buswell, Robert E., ed. (2004). 7821: 7800: 7771: 7742: 7714: 7697: 7679: 7666: 7657: 7648: 7639: 7622: 7576: 7537: 7500: 7468: 7390:. USA: Oxford University Press. 7377: 7347: 7335: 7294: 7281: 7227: 7161: 7135: 6917:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012 6905:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012 6708:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012 6621:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012 6609:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012 6546:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012 6534:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012 6477:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012 6465:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012 6393:Rongzom Chözang & Köppl 2008 6345:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012 6063:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012 6039:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012 6027:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012 5988:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012 5749:add missing citation information 5725: 5665: 5554: 5312: 5300: 4083: 3842: 3489:(in China) and the South Korean 3053:Imagery and ritual in deity yoga 2999:. It is the weapon of choice of 2947:yatha bahyam tatha ’dhyatmam iti 1748:The importance of the theory of 1443:These later tantras such as the 1180:developed in the 8th century in 860:(also known pejoratively as the 373:Thought forms and visualisation: 71: 16525:Buddhist philosophical concepts 14884:Evolutionary origin of religion 8854: 8715:The Words of My Perfect Teacher 8546:Arnold, Edward A., ed. (2009). 8348:. University of Hawai'i Press. 8264:Reynolds, John Myrdhin (2007). 8220:from the original on 2022-12-04 7853:Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism 7789:from the original on 2022-10-06 7760:from the original on 2022-10-06 7478:, p. 174. Abhinav Publications. 7428:from the original on 2017-09-01 7366:from the original on 2016-08-22 7216:from the original on 2021-04-21 7114: 7076:. ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. 7063: 7040: 7029:from the original on 2008-05-28 7011: 6998: 6973: 6713: 6502: 6482: 6431: 6272:, Ch. 7: Origin of Guhyamantra. 6152: 5786: 5215:Newar Buddhism is practiced by 5018:(725–788) were invited by King 4040:Mat Giao Friendship Association 3908:Vietnamese Buddhist esotericism 3740:The Shingon school is found in 3701:, which is practiced among the 3533:Tibetan Buddhist canon of texts 3444:(literally "True Speech", i.e. 3359:in the Stein Collection of the 3127:and their retinue. In the book 2665:(transference of consciousness) 2580:, meditating on the syllable A. 2211:Vajrayāna rituals also include 2200:) nature of a Buddha's wisdom ( 2150:is indispensable in Vajrayāna. 1944:Place within Buddhist tradition 1585:, which prescribes acting as a 1197:Ronald M. Davidson states that 899:that of maritime Southeast Asia 15240:Separation of church and state 13893:Polytheistic reconstructionism 10992:Japanese Buddhist architecture 10794:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 9874:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 9065:Places where the Buddha stayed 8736:. London: Century Paperbacks. 8503:. Princeton University Press. 8431:Vietnamese Buddhism in America 8293:. Snow Lion. pp. 95–108. 7834: 6161:Vajrayāna: Origin and function 5279:in central Java, built by the 3432:and also internationally) and 1839:Mahayana-sutra-alamkara-karika 1803:Another fundamental theory of 1780:inherent or natural luminosity 1287:period and can be seen in the 1248:mandala, based on the tantric 904: 1: 12849:Traditional Sabahan religions 11007:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 8391:Snellgrove, David L. (1987). 8363:Simmer-Brown, Judith (2002). 8234:Tantric Buddhism in East Asia 7914:The Prajnaparamita Literature 5716: 5343: 3968: 3367: 3236:), dharanis, poems or songs ( 3129:The World of Tibetan Buddhism 2922:drawing lines that close the 2693:), "winds" or currents (Skt. 2538: 2470: 2378:, stones inscribed with the " 1381: 1338: 827: 816: 16520:Buddhism in the Heian period 11502: 10764:Buddhism and the Roman world 10740:Decline of Buddhism in India 10735:History of Buddhism in India 8835: Topics in 8790:An Introduction to Vajrayana 8190:Journal of Religious History 8161:Journal of Chinese Religions 8006:Gray, David B., ed. (2007). 7959:Dowman, Keith (tr.) (1985). 7954:. Columbia University Press. 7950:Davidson, Ronald M. (2002). 7588:The Journal of Asian Studies 6087:Mullin & Tsongkhapa 2005 5806: 5342:A painting by G.B. Hooijer ( 5247:Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism 5241:Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism 5131:, southwestern and northern 4042:who publishes Phước Triệu's 3487:Mantra School Bright Lineage 3409: 2969:Bronze vajras and bell from 2960: 2619:) and the completion stage ( 2091:practiced in the Vajrayana. 2001:) and the method of mantra ( 185:Gateway of the Hidden Flower 109:Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism 7: 16530:Esoteric schools of thought 15093:National religiosity levels 14318:Nauruan Indigenous religion 13873:Hellenism (modern religion) 9962:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 9702: 8795:What is Vajrayana Buddhism? 7897:. Macmillan Reference USA. 7855:. India: Sarup & Sons. 7750:"Information for Beginners" 7168:Orzech, Charles D. (1989). 6979:Griffin, David Ray (1990), 6282:Palden Sherab Rinpoche 1992 5658: 5608: 5594: 5529:Academic study difficulties 5378: 5333:Buddhism in the Philippines 4404: 3854:, 密教) and texts arrived in 3064:ritual, showing the use of 2567: 2447:specific deities or Buddhas 2136:and metaphorical language ( 2012:consists of the six or ten 1678:(also known as King Ja) of 1047: 1022: 738:('secret mantra vehicle'), 640:Ordination and transmission 21:Buddhist tantric literature 10: 16546: 16515:Buddhism in the Edo period 14502: 10912:The unanswerable questions 8550:. Snow Lion Publications. 8428:Thich, Quang Minh (2007). 8339:. Theosophical Pub. House. 8249:: Snow Lion Publications. 8232:Payne, Richard K. (2006). 8173:10.1179/073776906803525165 8144:. Snow Lion Publications. 7935:. Snow Lion Publications. 7844:History of Indian Buddhism 7779:"Common Root Tantric Vows" 7360:Journal of Dali University 6722:A Day in the Life of China 6720:Cohen, David, ed. (1989). 5492:well into the modern era. 5456:Southern Esoteric Buddhism 5453: 5450:Southern Esoteric Buddhism 5396: 5244: 5208: 5178: 4999: 3814: 3733: 3554: 3434:Japanese Esoteric Buddhism 3193: 3047:wisdom realizing emptiness 2542: 2469:respectively. Padmavajra ( 2393: 2350:of Manjushrikirti states: 2302: 2098: 1865:notes that Vajrayana sees 1601:list from the Shaiva text 1494: 1410:Mahāvairocana Abhisaṃbodhi 1234: 1230: 1082: 856:, the other two being the 831: the 5th century BCE 115:Filipino Esoteric Buddhism 18: 16464: 16383: 16300: 16172: 15917: 15642: 15359: 15355: 15344: 15253: 15178: 14949: 14857: 14794: 14512: 14508: 14497: 14060: 14047: 13972: 13795: 13777:Transcendental Meditation 13670: 13657: 13622: 13370: 13347: 13336: 13263: 13226: 12928: 12824: 12806: 12750: 12741: 12658: 12586: 12437: 12428: 12386: 12358: 12316: 12249: 12240: 12231: 12197: 12164: 12136: 12127: 12077: 11944: 11631: 11545: 11536: 11527: 11523: 11510: 11440: 11392: 11307: 11222: 10997:Buddhist temples in Korea 10920: 10822: 10705: 10402: 10330: 10157: 10030: 9970: 9605: 9560:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 9471: 9463:Three planes of existence 9411: 9256: 9148: 9078: 9070:Buddha in world religions 8932: 8877: 8849: 8344:Sharf, Robert H. (2002). 8317:Ray, Reginald A. (2001). 8308:Ray, Reginald A. (2000). 8044:Hopkins, Jeffrey (2009). 7301:An, Saiping (July 2023). 7004:Samuel, Geoffrey (1993), 5371:masters and the Buddhist 5271:and Indian scholars like 5033:period (500 to 1200 CE). 4023:Esotericism of Daoshen's 3990:school as well as by the 3774:in Tibetan Buddhism) and 3589:itself, arriving via the 3557:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 3551:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 3440:), which is found in the 3376:Map showing the dominant 3015: 2574: 2109:Monks attending the 2003 1796:) or purity of the mind ( 1787:prakṛti-prabhāsvara-citta 1525:The central deity of the 1315:There are other Mahāyāna 1142:, often in sacred sites ( 1054: 1041:(a Japanese rendering of 1031: 1001:(密宗, "Esoteric Sect") or 969:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 887:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 726:vehicle'), also known as 715: 15409:Central African Republic 12396:Vietnamese folk religion 11787:Charismatic Christianity 10779:Persecution of Buddhists 10000:Four stages of awakening 9381:Three marks of existence 8967:Physical characteristics 8436:Florida State University 8372:Skilling, Peter (1998). 7895:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 7851:Baruah, Bibhuti (2000). 7810:. Curzon Press: London. 5779: 5696:Buddhism in the Maldives 5319:Gurjara pilgrims in Java 5275:. The temple complex at 5139:and various constituent 5092:(1271–1368), founded by 4487:Practices and attainment 4475:Pointing-out instruction 4386:Three marks of existence 3173: 2847:and euphemistically as " 2806:), tantric initiations ( 2789:pointing-out instruction 2396:Tibetan tantric practice 2348:Ornament for the Essence 1701:Philosophical background 1491:Relationship to Shaivism 1419:(Gathering of Secrets). 1395:Compendium of Principles 1356:also includes a mantra. 1299:visualization of Buddhas 1291:, where they are termed 653:Pointing-out instruction 206:True Awakening Tradition 25:Esoteric Buddhism (book) 15303:New religious movements 14936:Theories about religion 14889:Evolutionary psychology 13918:Modern Finnish paganism 11863:Independent Catholicism 10142:Ten principal disciples 9025:(aunt, adoptive mother) 8732:Snelling, John (1987). 8698:. Wisdom Publications. 8565:Banerji, S. C. (1977). 8475:. Motilal Banarsidass. 8462:Verrill, Wayne (2012). 8409:Tajima, Ryujun (1992). 8400:Tai Tu, Nguyen (2008). 7931:Cozort, Daniel (2005). 7912:Conze, Edward (1978) . 7870:Beyer, Stephan (1973). 7474:Upendra Thakur (1986), 7233:Shi, Hsüan Hua (1977). 5598:, 'Twilight Language'. 5205:Nepalese Newar Buddhism 3705:of China and venerates 3420:and other parts of the 3400:. Erected in June 2005. 2683:Six Yogas of Kalachakra 2515:and recitations of the 2325:Unsurpassed Yoga Tantra 2170:union with his consort 2064: 1192:extrasensory perception 1098:) and a flaying knife ( 854:routes to enlightenment 833:) or to other mythical 15952:Bosnia and Herzegovina 13933:Erzyan native religion 13782:Unitarian Universalism 13161:Native American Church 11907:Oneness Pentecostalism 10852:Buddhism and democracy 10365:Tibetan Buddhist canon 10360:Chinese Buddhist canon 9592:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 9587:Early Buddhist schools 8599:. Wisdom Publication. 7341:Bahir, Cody R. (2018) 7141:Faure, Bernard (1997) 6438:Palmo, Tenzin (2002). 5656: 5624: 5476:, which was common in 5409:Queen's Peacocks Sutra 5394: 5350: 5190: 4856:Tibetan Buddhist canon 3933: 3726: 3578: 3524: 3512:, and the kingdoms in 3481:) and various popular 3401: 3385: 3344: 3253: 3200:Tibetan Buddhist canon 3191: 3156:) or a ritual dagger ( 3073: 2974: 2938: 2877: 2829: 2776: 2757: 2666: 2581: 2554: 2494: 2391: 2383: 2364: 2293: 2260:Candamaharosana Tantra 2251: 2174: 2118: 2061: 1962: 1827: 1717: 1644: 1573:tantras classified as 1530: 1518: 1436:practices which evoke 1276: 1260: 1228: 1105: 932:(Tib. རྡོ་རྗེ་ཐེག་པ་, 86:Historical traditions: 47: 16272:Saint Kitts and Nevis 15569:São Tomé and Príncipe 15429:Republic of the Congo 13630:Aboriginal Australian 12259:Chinese folk religion 10862:Eight Consciousnesses 8972:Life of Buddha in art 8490:Wayman, Alex (2008). 8471:Wayman, Alex (1977). 8376:. Pali Text Society. 8241:Powers, John (2007). 8236:. Simon and Schuster. 7070:Acri, Andrea (2016). 6488:Morreale, Don (1998) 5628: 5590: 5386: 5363:and the works of the 5341: 5188: 5014:(8th century CE) and 4431:Dependent origination 4058:Indo-Tibetan Buddhism 3915: 3720: 3564: 3522: 3414:Indo-Tibetan Buddhism 3391: 3375: 3298: 3248: 3181: 3060: 2968: 2914: 2872: 2823: 2771: 2755: 2679:Six Dharmas of Naropa 2648: 2560: 2552: 2482: 2428:and rituals like the 2389: 2374: 2352: 2268: 2247: 2161: 2108: 2101:Esoteric transmission 2095:Esoteric transmission 2049: 1960:of All-Reaching Union 1951: 1928:Rongzom Chokyi Zangpo 1822: 1760:, as outlined in the 1708: 1635: 1583:Guhyasamaja tradition 1524: 1504: 1495:Further information: 1422:The Guhyasamāja is a 1390:Tattvasaṃgraha Tantra 1266: 1244: 1199: 1090: 646:Esoteric transmission 569:Tattvasaṃgraha Tantra 33: 15894:United Arab Emirates 14680:Religious experience 14054:Historical religions 13014:Four Mothers Society 12416:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 11748:Schwenkfelder Church 11339:East Asian religions 10769:Buddhism in the West 10340:Early Buddhist texts 9955:Four Right Exertions 9421:Ten spiritual realms 8914:Noble Eightfold Path 8786:at Wikimedia Commons 8434:(PhD dissertation). 8063:Huber, Toni (2008). 7548:https://quangduc.com 7255:Bahir, Cody (2021). 7235:The Shurangama Sutra 7174:History of Religions 7046:Dalton, Jacob & 6883:, pp. 121, 127. 6647:, pp. 220, 251. 6623:, pp. 198, 242. 6467:, pp. 198, 231. 6260:, pp. 228, 231. 5966:, pp. 228, 234. 5736:needs more complete 5563:language of tantric 5515:Dhammakaya tradition 4930:History and overview 4329:Samding Dorje Phagmo 4194:Second dissemination 4001:Mahākaruṇika Dhāraṇī 3920:wearing an esoteric 3713:Japanese esotericism 3638:Anuttarayoga Tantras 3633:Mahavairocana tantra 3623:was also brought to 3410:History of Vajrayāna 3353:Dunhuang manuscripts 3347:Dunhuang manuscripts 3276:Mahavairocana Tantra 2857:, a practice termed 1405:five Buddha families 1309:Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra 1289:early Buddhist texts 1214:), cemetery ghouls ( 1073:Alfred Percy Sinnett 742:('tantra vehicle'), 734:('path of mantra'), 730:('mantra vehicle'), 192:New Kadampa Buddhism 16287:Trinidad and Tobago 16182:Antigua and Barbuda 15350:Religion by country 14406:Cult of Magna Mater 12886:Philippine Dayawism 12467:Nimbarka Sampradaya 12215:Chinese Manichaeism 11887:Jehovah's Witnesses 11692:Proto-Protestantism 11462:Religion portal 11209:Temple of the Tooth 11088:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 10127:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 9620:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 9403:Two truths doctrine 9223:Mahapajapati Gotamī 9023:Mahapajapati Gotamī 8443:Tsongkhapa (2005). 8395:. London: Serindia. 8114:Lü, Jianfu (2017). 7933:Highest Yoga Tantra 7674:Shugendo in History 7320:10.3390/rel14070818 7274:10.3390/rel12090675 6983:SUNY Press, p. 199. 6847:, pp. 108–118. 6835:, pp. 112–113. 6710:, pp. 223–224. 6611:, pp. 98, 240. 6584:, pp. 217–219. 6359:, pp. 125–126. 6176:, pp. 144–145. 6149:, pp. 129–131. 6029:, pp. 205–206. 5822:, pp. 875–876. 5706:Malaysian Vajrayana 5701:Eastern esotericism 5235:diamond-thunderbolt 4717:Institutional roles 4156:First dissemination 3954:Uṣṇīṣavijayadhāraṇī 3784:Mahavairocana Sutra 3723:Kobo Daishi (Kukai) 3613:(真言, "true word", " 3471:Vietnamese Buddhism 3408:and elsewhere (see 3150:, bell, hand-drum ( 3121:sacred architecture 3072:(thighbone trumpet) 3045:, specifically the 2907:Symbols and imagery 2867:Cakrasamvara Tantra 2517:100 syllable mantra 2231:Judith Simmer-Brown 1729:Buddhist philosophy 1668:Jñana Tilaka Tantra 1658:Traditional legends 1535:David Seyfort Ruegg 1527:Cakrasaṃvara Tantra 1483:) as the overlord ( 1477:being consecrated ( 1377:Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa 1035:, secret teachings) 562:Mañjuśrīnāmasamgīti 555:Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa 527:Cakrasaṃvara Tantra 520:Anuttarayoga Tantra 16222:Dominican Republic 15268:Abrahamic prophets 14357:Proto-Indo-Iranian 12859:Aliran Kepercayaan 12062:Non-denominational 11984:Modernist Salafism 11670:Oriental Orthodoxy 11384:Western philosophy 10982:Dzong architecture 10804:Vipassana movement 10799:Buddhist modernism 10227:Emperor Wen of Sui 9995:Pratyekabuddhayāna 9928:Threefold Training 9730:Vipassana movement 9446:Hungry Ghost realm 9266:Avidyā (Ignorance) 9213:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 8962:Great Renunciation 8957:Eight Great Events 8839: 8671:Kongtrul, Jamgon; 8501:Tantra in Practice 8046:Tantric Techniques 7534:, pp. 54–156. 7384:Wu, Jiang (2011). 7056:2008-05-28 at the 5691:Buddhism in Russia 5681:Buddhism in Bhutan 5523:Cambodian Buddhism 5511:Buddhist modernism 5466:Theravada Buddhism 5432:Tokugawa Shogunate 5395: 5354:Related traditions 5351: 5281:Shailendra dynasty 5199:Theravāda Buddhism 5191: 4908:Tree of physiology 4448:Four Tenets system 3972: 7th century 3958:Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī 3934: 3790:Vajrasekhara Sutra 3727: 3709:as a major deity. 3579: 3525: 3402: 3394:Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī 3386: 3378:Buddhist tradition 3304:specialize in the 3282:Vajraśekhara Sūtra 3196:Tantras (Buddhism) 3192: 3115:Mandalas are also 3106:Guhyasamaja tantra 3074: 3003:, the King of the 2975: 2939: 2830: 2777: 2758: 2667: 2659:, inner heat) and 2582: 2555: 2476:) explains in his 2474: 7th century 2392: 2384: 2299:Vows and behaviour 2206:Guhyasamaja Tantra 2175: 2119: 2089:tantric techniques 2062: 1963: 1851:and the sacred or 1798:prakrti-parisuddha 1718: 1710:Nalanda Mahavihara 1597:texts adopted the 1531: 1519: 1385: 6th century 1334:Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra 1297:. The practice of 1277: 1261: 1250:Vajrasekhara Sutra 1237:Tantras (Buddhism) 1106: 948:, Tib. གསང་སྔགས་, 761:that developed in 576:Vajrasekhara Sutra 534:Guhyagarbha Tantra 346:Anuttarayogatantra 318:Fourfold division: 310:Tantric techniques 199:Shambhala Buddhism 64:Vajrayana Buddhism 48: 16492: 16491: 16460: 16459: 16456: 16455: 15444:Equatorial Guinea 15340: 15339: 15336: 15335: 14874:Cognitive science 14493: 14492: 14426:Mysteries of Isis 14200:Frankish paganism 14043: 14042: 14039: 14038: 14035: 14034: 13787:White Brotherhood 13653: 13652: 13618: 13617: 13019:Keetoowah Society 12920:Sundanese Wiwitan 12737: 12736: 12733: 12732: 12462:Brahma Sampradaya 12424: 12423: 12227: 12226: 12223: 12222: 12205:Assianism/Uatsdin 12123: 12122: 11892:British Israelism 11878:Nontrinitarianism 11841:Plymouth Brethren 11836:Nondenominational 11770:Congregationalism 11658:Eastern Orthodoxy 11606:Reconstructionist 11470: 11469: 11108:Om mani padme hum 10814:Women in Buddhism 10730:Buddhist councils 10600:Western countries 10388:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 10149:Shaolin Monastery 9726:Samatha-vipassanā 9336:Pratītyasamutpāda 9140:Metteyya/Maitreya 9058: 9050: 9042: 9034: 9026: 9018: 9010: 8887:Four Noble Truths 8782:Media related to 8762:978-0-9753734-5-3 8743:978-0-7126-1554-9 8724:978-0-06-066449-7 8686:978-1-55939-360-7 8663:978-1-55939-305-8 8644:978-1-55939-284-6 8625:978-1-55939-210-5 8606:978-0-86171-312-7 8576:978-81-85425-63-4 8557:978-1-55939-303-4 8529:978-0-415-57179-1 8482:978-81-208-0872-0 8420:978-2-7200-1084-2 8383:978-0-86013-374-2 8355:978-0-8248-2443-3 8300:978-1-55939-288-4 8256:978-1-55939-282-2 8245:(Rev. ed.). 8125:978-90-04-34050-3 8106:978-0-7007-1762-0 8090:. Hamburg: 23–49. 8074:978-0-226-35648-8 8055:978-1-55939-320-1 8036:978-1-119-14466-3 8017:978-0-9753734-6-0 7989:978-1-119-14466-3 7970:978-0-88706-158-5 7923:978-81-215-0992-3 7904:978-0-02-865910-7 7862:978-81-7625-152-5 7783:studybuddhism.com 7754:kalachakranet.org 7693:on March 4, 2016. 7672:Miyake, Hitoshi. 7506:Thiện Đỗ (2003), 7497:, pp. 98–99. 7243:978-0-917512-17-9 6811:, pp. 73–74. 6735:978-0-00-215321-8 6724:. San Francisco: 6594:Simmer-Brown 2002 6582:Simmer-Brown 2002 6570:Simmer-Brown 2002 6451:978-1-55939-175-7 6188:, pp. 94–95. 5861:, pp. 72–82. 5777: 5776: 5769: 5686:Buddhism in Nepal 5570:twilight language 5470:Abhayagiri vihara 5440:Japanese religion 5436:Meiji Restoration 5390:priests at Gose, 5181:Bengali Buddhists 5048:Classical Tibetan 4998: 4997: 4960:Index of articles 4576:Major monasteries 4534:Tantra techniques 4453:Rangtong-Shentong 4361:10th Panchen Lama 4150:Key personalities 3479:ten small mantras 3117:sacred enclosures 2821: 2769: 2724:(which relies on 2669:The Tibetologist 2404:, practicing the 2380:om mani padme hum 2367:Tantra techniques 2138:twilight language 1863:Douglas Duckworth 1794:’od gsal gyi sems 1763:Ratnagotravibhāga 1664:Buddha Shakyamuni 1555:Mañjusrimulakalpa 1462:Kalachakra tantra 1346:Om mani padme hum 1067:writers, such as 1065:Western occultist 993:Esotericism" or " 824:historical Buddha 748:Esoteric Buddhism 703: 702: 595:Symbols and tools 541:Kulayarāja Tantra 355: 353:Twofold division: 320: 16537: 16482: 16472: 16471: 16350:Papua New Guinea 16325:Marshall Islands 16152:Northern Ireland 15357: 15356: 15346: 15345: 15230:Secular theology 15225:Secular humanism 14510: 14509: 14499: 14498: 14374:Ancestral Pueblo 14049: 14048: 13668: 13667: 13345: 13344: 12748: 12747: 12504:Shaiva Siddhanta 12435: 12434: 12368:Korean shamanism 12247: 12246: 12238: 12237: 12134: 12133: 12047:Mahdawi movement 11917:Swedenborgianism 11897:Christadelphians 11543: 11542: 11534: 11533: 11525: 11524: 11512: 11511: 11497: 11490: 11483: 11474: 11473: 11460: 11459: 11448: 11447: 11287:Sacred languages 11135:Maya Devi Temple 11098:Mahabodhi Temple 10902:Secular Buddhism 10867:Engaged Buddhism 9707: 9555:Tibetan Buddhism 9506:Vietnamese Thiền 9105:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 9056: 9048: 9040: 9032: 9024: 9016: 9008: 8857: 8856: 8844: 8834: 8824: 8817: 8810: 8801: 8800: 8781: 8766: 8747: 8728: 8709: 8690: 8667: 8648: 8629: 8610: 8589:Thrangu Rinpoche 8585:Kongtrul, Jamgon 8580: 8561: 8533: 8514: 8495: 8486: 8467: 8458: 8439: 8424: 8405: 8396: 8387: 8368: 8359: 8340: 8331: 8322: 8313: 8304: 8285: 8283: 8281: 8276:on 13 March 2015 8272:. 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4976: 4913:Festival thangka 4407: 4380:General Buddhist 4087: 4077: 4076:Tibetan Buddhism 4062: 4061: 3973: 3970: 3962:Śūraṅgama mantra 3878:) and Ch'ongji ( 3768:Tibetan Buddhism 3736:Shingon Buddhism 3730:Shingon Buddhism 3692:Tibetan Buddhist 3684:Śūraṅgama Mantra 3664:Tibetan Buddhism 3644:Chinese Buddhism 3531:sections of the 3459:Chinese Buddhism 3290:Tibetan Buddhism 3269:), and Japanese 3017: 3012:Standard Tibetan 2955:Nispannayogavali 2918:'s hand holds a 2916:Dagchen Rinpoche 2836:or sexual yoga ( 2822: 2800:prayer festivals 2770: 2579: 2577: 2576: 2570: 2503:Tibetan Buddhism 2478:Tantrarthavatara 2475: 2472: 2321:Bodhisattva vows 2075:(fully awakened 2057:associated with 1925:Tibetan Buddhist 1805:Tantric practice 1756:The doctrine of 1648:tribal religions 1550:Alexis Sanderson 1515:Tibetan Buddhism 1497:Kashmir Shaivism 1455:are classed as " 1438:wrathful deities 1386: 1383: 1365:David Snellgrove 1361:Buddhist Tantras 1343: 1340: 1271:), closeup of a 1166:) who practiced 1069:Helena Blavatsky 1059: 1057: 1056: 1050: 1036: 1034: 1033: 1027: 914:Tibetan Buddhism 891:Shingon Buddhism 883:Tibetan Buddhism 832: 829: 821: 818: 794:Buddhist Tantras 775:Himalayan states 744:Tantric Buddhism 721: 717: 695: 688: 681: 583:Yuthok Nyingthig 351: 316: 291:Completion stage 286:Generation stage 75: 65: 50: 49: 16545: 16544: 16540: 16539: 16538: 16536: 16535: 16534: 16495: 16494: 16493: 16488: 16452: 16379: 16360:Solomon Islands 16296: 16168: 16072:North Macedonia 15913: 15638: 15351: 15332: 15293:Mass gatherings 15261: 15256: 15249: 15188: 15183: 15174: 15108:Religiocentrism 15088:National church 14956: 14953: 14945: 14860: 14853: 14790: 14712:Bodies of water 14504: 14489: 14274:Jamaican Maroon 14056: 14031: 13968: 13798: 13791: 13662: 13660: 13649: 13614: 13588:Trinidad Orisha 13373: 13366: 13339: 13332: 13259: 13222: 13208:Washat Dreamers 12931: 12924: 12820: 12802: 12729: 12703:Srilankan Vedda 12654: 12582: 12457:Sri Vaishnavism 12420: 12382: 12354: 12312: 12219: 12193: 12160: 12119: 12073: 11998:Twelver Shi'ism 11940: 11802:Neo-charismatic 11775:Presbyterianism 11627: 11519: 11506: 11501: 11471: 11466: 11454: 11436: 11388: 11303: 11218: 10955:Ordination hall 10916: 10818: 10789:Buddhist crisis 10701: 10398: 10350:Mahayana sutras 10326: 10322:Thích Nhất Hạnh 10153: 10026: 9966: 9916:Bodhisattva vow 9601: 9467: 9407: 9366:Taṇhā (Craving) 9301:Five hindrances 9252: 9144: 9074: 8928: 8873: 8845: 8828: 8774: 8769: 8763: 8750: 8744: 8731: 8725: 8712: 8706: 8693: 8687: 8673:Barron, Richard 8670: 8664: 8651: 8645: 8632: 8626: 8613: 8607: 8583: 8577: 8564: 8558: 8545: 8541: 8539:Further reading 8536: 8530: 8511: 8483: 8455: 8421: 8384: 8356: 8301: 8279: 8277: 8257: 8223: 8221: 8152: 8126: 8107: 8075: 8056: 8037: 8018: 7990: 7971: 7943: 7924: 7905: 7886: 7863: 7837: 7832: 7831: 7826: 7822: 7805: 7801: 7792: 7790: 7777: 7776: 7772: 7763: 7761: 7748: 7747: 7743: 7735: 7731: 7719: 7715: 7702: 7698: 7685: 7684: 7680: 7671: 7667: 7662: 7658: 7653: 7649: 7644: 7640: 7627: 7623: 7600:10.2307/2943086 7581: 7577: 7569: 7565: 7557: 7553: 7542: 7538: 7530: 7526: 7518: 7514: 7505: 7501: 7493: 7482: 7473: 7469: 7461: 7454: 7449: 7440: 7431: 7429: 7425: 7418: 7414: 7413: 7406: 7398: 7382: 7378: 7369: 7367: 7353: 7352: 7348: 7340: 7336: 7299: 7295: 7287:Bahir, Cody R. 7286: 7282: 7253: 7249: 7232: 7228: 7219: 7217: 7166: 7162: 7153: 7149: 7140: 7136: 7128: 7124: 7119: 7115: 7107: 7103: 7095: 7091: 7084: 7068: 7064: 7058:Wayback Machine 7048:van Schaik, Sam 7045: 7041: 7032: 7030: 7017: 7016: 7012: 7003: 6999: 6991: 6987: 6978: 6974: 6966: 6959: 6951: 6947: 6939: 6935: 6927: 6923: 6915: 6911: 6903: 6899: 6891: 6887: 6879: 6875: 6867: 6863: 6859:, p. 118.. 6855: 6851: 6843: 6839: 6831: 6827: 6819: 6815: 6807: 6803: 6795: 6791: 6783: 6779: 6771: 6767: 6759: 6755: 6747: 6743: 6736: 6728:. p. 193. 6718: 6714: 6706: 6702: 6694: 6690: 6682: 6678: 6670: 6666: 6658: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6633:Tsongkhapa 2005 6631: 6627: 6619: 6615: 6607: 6600: 6592: 6588: 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5458: 5452: 5421:shinbutsu shūgō 5407:, based on the 5401: 5381: 5356: 5346: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5320: 5317: 5308: 5305: 5294: 5293: 5249: 5243: 5213: 5207: 5183: 5177: 5165:Khabarovsk Krai 5062:literature and 5024:Indian Buddhism 5004: 4994: 4965: 4964: 4931: 4923: 4922: 4883: 4873: 4872: 4863:Mahayana sutras 4839: 4829: 4828: 4784: 4774: 4773: 4718: 4710: 4709: 4578: 4568: 4567: 4488: 4480: 4479: 4376: 4366: 4365: 4356:14th Dalai Lama 4351:13th Dalai Lama 4335: 4324: 4306: 4288: 4270: 4253:Patrul Rinpoche 4195: 4157: 4152: 4142: 4141: 4097: 4075: 4060: 3971: 3922:Five Tathāgatas 3910: 3848: 3819: 3813: 3811:Tendai Buddhism 3738: 3732: 3715: 3680:Śūraṅgama Sūtra 3559: 3553: 3467:Korean Buddhism 3370: 3361:British Library 3349: 3294:Geoffrey Samuel 3202: 3188:Abhayakaragupta 3176: 3133:Five Tathagatas 3055: 2963: 2951:Abhayakaragupta 2909: 2824:A video of the 2813: 2760: 2750: 2748:Other practices 2604:of the deity's 2571: 2547: 2541: 2473: 2398: 2369: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2307: 2301: 2292: 2289: 2282: 2276: 2156: 2113:empowerment in 2103: 2097: 2067: 2044: 2042:Characteristics 1946: 1886:Abhayakaragupta 1772:tathāgatagarbha 1703: 1695:Avaloketishvara 1660: 1591:Saiva Siddhanta 1499: 1493: 1384: 1350:Avalokiteshvara 1341: 1281:Mahāyāna sutras 1239: 1233: 1131:charnel grounds 1125:. According to 1111: 1085: 1051: 1037:or by the term 1028: 938:rdo rje theg pa 907: 830: 819: 736:Guhyamantrayāna 699: 670: 669: 641: 633: 632: 596: 588: 587: 548:Mahāmāyā Tantra 515: 507: 506: 492: 484: 483: 458:Luminosity yoga 281: 273: 272: 251: 243: 242: 219: 211: 210: 83: 63: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16543: 16533: 16532: 16527: 16522: 16517: 16512: 16507: 16490: 16489: 16487: 16486: 16476: 16465: 16462: 16461: 16458: 16457: 16454: 16453: 16451: 16450: 16445: 16440: 16435: 16430: 16425: 16420: 16415: 16410: 16405: 16400: 16395: 16389: 16387: 16381: 16380: 16378: 16377: 16372: 16367: 16362: 16357: 16352: 16347: 16342: 16337: 16332: 16327: 16322: 16317: 16312: 16306: 16304: 16298: 16297: 16295: 16294: 16289: 16284: 16279: 16274: 16269: 16264: 16259: 16254: 16249: 16244: 16239: 16234: 16229: 16224: 16219: 16214: 16209: 16204: 16199: 16194: 16189: 16184: 16178: 16176: 16170: 16169: 16167: 16166: 16165: 16164: 16159: 16154: 16149: 16142:United Kingdom 16139: 16134: 16129: 16124: 16119: 16114: 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14826: 14821: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14800: 14798: 14792: 14791: 14789: 14788: 14787: 14786: 14781: 14776: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14730: 14729: 14724: 14719: 14714: 14704: 14703: 14702: 14697: 14692: 14682: 14677: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14652: 14647: 14642: 14637: 14636: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14600: 14595: 14590: 14585: 14580: 14575: 14570: 14565: 14560: 14555: 14550: 14541: 14539:Call to prayer 14536: 14531: 14526: 14524:Disaffiliation 14516: 14514: 14506: 14505: 14495: 14494: 14491: 14490: 14488: 14487: 14482: 14477: 14472: 14467: 14462: 14457: 14452: 14451: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14430: 14429: 14428: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14398: 14393: 14392: 14391: 14386: 14381: 14371: 14370: 14369: 14364: 14354: 14353: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14327: 14322: 14321: 14320: 14310: 14309: 14308: 14303: 14293: 14288: 14287: 14286: 14276: 14271: 14266: 14261: 14256: 14251: 14246: 14241: 14240: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14222:Greco-Buddhism 14219: 14209: 14208: 14207: 14202: 14197: 14192: 14182: 14177: 14176: 14175: 14165: 14160: 14155: 14154: 14153: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14132: 14131: 14126: 14116: 14111: 14110: 14109: 14104: 14099: 14089: 14084: 14079: 14074: 14073: 14072: 14061: 14058: 14057: 14045: 14044: 14041: 14040: 14037: 14036: 14033: 14032: 14030: 14029: 14028: 14027: 14017: 14012: 14007: 14002: 13997: 13992: 13987: 13982: 13976: 13974: 13970: 13969: 13967: 13966: 13965: 13964: 13952: 13947: 13946: 13945: 13940: 13935: 13930: 13925: 13920: 13915: 13905: 13900: 13895: 13890: 13885: 13880: 13875: 13870: 13865: 13864: 13863: 13853: 13852: 13851: 13846: 13836: 13835: 13834: 13829: 13819: 13814: 13813: 13812: 13803: 13801: 13793: 13792: 13790: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13774: 13773: 13772: 13767: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13742: 13737: 13736: 13735: 13725: 13720: 13715: 13710: 13705: 13700: 13695: 13690: 13685: 13680: 13674: 13672: 13665: 13655: 13654: 13651: 13650: 13648: 13647: 13642: 13637: 13632: 13626: 13624: 13620: 13619: 13616: 13615: 13613: 13612: 13611: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13590: 13585: 13583:Tambor de Mina 13580: 13575: 13570: 13565: 13560: 13555: 13550: 13545: 13540: 13539: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13509: 13508: 13507: 13506: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13481: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13446: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13426: 13421: 13416: 13411: 13410: 13409: 13404: 13394: 13389: 13384: 13378: 13376: 13368: 13367: 13365: 13364: 13363: 13362: 13360:Guanche church 13351: 13349: 13342: 13334: 13333: 13331: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13269: 13267: 13265:Tibeto-Burmese 13261: 13260: 13258: 13257: 13252: 13247: 13242: 13236: 13234: 13224: 13223: 13221: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13194: 13193: 13188: 13178: 13173: 13171:Nuu-chah-nulth 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13152: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13136: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13115: 13114: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13093: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13080:Muscogee Creek 13077: 13072: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13022: 13021: 13016: 13006: 13005: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12968: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12947: 12942: 12936: 12934: 12926: 12925: 12923: 12922: 12917: 12915:Sumbese Marapu 12912: 12911: 12910: 12905: 12895: 12894: 12893: 12883: 12878: 12873: 12868: 12867: 12866: 12861: 12853: 12852: 12851: 12846: 12836: 12834:Batak Parmalim 12830: 12828: 12822: 12821: 12819: 12818: 12812: 12810: 12804: 12803: 12801: 12800: 12799: 12798: 12793: 12783: 12782: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12756: 12754: 12745: 12739: 12738: 12735: 12734: 12731: 12730: 12728: 12727: 12726: 12725: 12720: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12689: 12688: 12683: 12673: 12668: 12662: 12660: 12656: 12655: 12653: 12652: 12645: 12640: 12639: 12638: 12628: 12627: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12598: 12592: 12590: 12584: 12583: 12581: 12580: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12542: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12496: 12495: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12443: 12441: 12432: 12426: 12425: 12422: 12421: 12419: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12392: 12390: 12384: 12383: 12381: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12364: 12362: 12356: 12355: 12353: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12336: 12335: 12322: 12320: 12314: 12313: 12311: 12310: 12309: 12308: 12303: 12293: 12292: 12291: 12286: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12255: 12253: 12244: 12235: 12229: 12228: 12225: 12224: 12221: 12220: 12218: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12201: 12199: 12195: 12194: 12192: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12170: 12168: 12162: 12161: 12159: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12146:Ilm-e-Khshnoom 12142: 12140: 12131: 12125: 12124: 12121: 12120: 12118: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12092: 12087: 12081: 12079: 12075: 12074: 12072: 12071: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12033: 12032: 12022: 12017: 12016: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11990: 11989: 11988: 11987: 11986: 11981: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11950: 11948: 11942: 11941: 11939: 11938: 11931: 11930: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11883:Bible Students 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11853:Restorationism 11850: 11849: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11832: 11831: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11809:Evangelicalism 11806: 11805: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11784: 11783: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11751: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11720: 11710: 11709: 11708: 11703: 11689: 11688: 11687: 11682: 11672: 11667: 11666: 11665: 11655: 11654: 11653: 11648: 11637: 11635: 11629: 11628: 11626: 11625: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11582: 11581: 11580: 11579: 11569: 11568: 11567: 11551: 11549: 11540: 11531: 11521: 11520: 11508: 11507: 11500: 11499: 11492: 11485: 11477: 11468: 11467: 11465: 11464: 11452: 11441: 11438: 11437: 11435: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11398: 11396: 11390: 11389: 11387: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11335: 11334: 11329: 11319: 11313: 11311: 11305: 11304: 11302: 11301: 11300: 11299: 11294: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11228: 11226: 11220: 11219: 11217: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11205: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11153: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11111: 11110: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11084: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11022: 11021: 11019:Greco-Buddhist 11011: 11010: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10973: 10972: 10970:Burmese pagoda 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10926: 10924: 10918: 10917: 10915: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10828: 10826: 10820: 10819: 10817: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10760: 10759: 10752:Greco-Buddhism 10749: 10744: 10743: 10742: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10711: 10709: 10703: 10702: 10700: 10699: 10698: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10685:United Kingdom 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10630:Czech Republic 10627: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10597: 10596: 10595: 10590: 10580: 10579: 10578: 10568: 10567: 10566: 10561: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10520: 10519: 10509: 10504: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10408: 10406: 10400: 10399: 10397: 10396: 10394:Abhidharmadīpa 10391: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10336: 10334: 10328: 10327: 10325: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10312:B. R. Ambedkar 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10232:Songtsen Gampo 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10163: 10161: 10155: 10154: 10152: 10151: 10146: 10145: 10144: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10108: 10107: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10036: 10034: 10028: 10027: 10025: 10024: 10023: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9976: 9974: 9968: 9967: 9965: 9964: 9959: 9958: 9957: 9947: 9946: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9925: 9924: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9911:Eight precepts 9908: 9898: 9897: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9871: 9870: 9869: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9848: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9806: 9805: 9800: 9790: 9785: 9784: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9699: 9689: 9684: 9682:Five Strengths 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9648: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9622: 9617: 9611: 9609: 9603: 9602: 9600: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9573: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9547: 9546: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9509: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9477: 9475: 9469: 9468: 9466: 9465: 9460: 9459: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9423: 9417: 9415: 9409: 9408: 9406: 9405: 9400: 9399: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9321:Mental factors 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9262: 9260: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9173:Mahamoggallāna 9170: 9165: 9160: 9154: 9152: 9146: 9145: 9143: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9096: 9095: 9088:Avalokiteśvara 9084: 9082: 9076: 9075: 9073: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9061: 9060: 9052: 9044: 9036: 9028: 9020: 9012: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8938: 8936: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8910: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8889: 8883: 8881: 8875: 8874: 8872: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8850: 8847: 8846: 8827: 8826: 8819: 8812: 8804: 8798: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8773: 8772:External links 8770: 8768: 8767: 8761: 8748: 8742: 8729: 8723: 8710: 8704: 8691: 8685: 8668: 8662: 8649: 8643: 8630: 8624: 8611: 8605: 8593:Harding, Sarah 8581: 8575: 8562: 8556: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8534: 8528: 8515: 8509: 8496: 8487: 8481: 8468: 8459: 8453: 8440: 8425: 8419: 8406: 8397: 8388: 8382: 8369: 8360: 8354: 8341: 8332: 8323: 8314: 8305: 8299: 8286: 8261: 8255: 8238: 8229: 8206: 8196:(2): 165–177. 8185: 8156: 8150: 8130: 8124: 8111: 8105: 8092: 8079: 8073: 8060: 8054: 8041: 8035: 8022: 8016: 8003: 7994: 7988: 7975: 7969: 7956: 7947: 7941: 7928: 7922: 7909: 7903: 7890: 7884: 7867: 7861: 7848: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7830: 7829: 7820: 7799: 7770: 7741: 7729: 7726:978-9881682024 7713: 7696: 7678: 7665: 7656: 7647: 7638: 7621: 7594:(4): 761–778. 7584:Bechert, Heinz 7575: 7563: 7551: 7536: 7524: 7512: 7499: 7480: 7467: 7452: 7438: 7404: 7397:978-0199895564 7396: 7376: 7346: 7334: 7293: 7280: 7247: 7226: 7186:10.1086/463182 7160: 7147: 7134: 7132:, p. 268. 7122: 7113: 7111:, p. 170. 7101: 7089: 7082: 7062: 7039: 7010: 6997: 6995:, p. 120. 6985: 6972: 6957: 6955:, p. 130. 6945: 6933: 6921: 6919:, p. 219. 6909: 6907:, p. 217. 6897: 6885: 6873: 6871:, p. 126. 6861: 6849: 6837: 6825: 6813: 6801: 6799:, p. 273. 6789: 6777: 6775:, p. 218. 6765: 6763:, p. 271. 6753: 6741: 6734: 6712: 6700: 6698:, p. 178. 6688: 6676: 6664: 6662:, p. 132. 6649: 6637: 6625: 6613: 6598: 6596:, p. 219. 6586: 6574: 6572:, p. 217. 6562: 6550: 6548:, p. 237. 6538: 6536:, p. 236. 6521: 6501: 6481: 6479:, p. 198. 6469: 6457: 6450: 6430: 6428:, p. 875. 6409: 6397: 6385: 6383:, p. 100. 6381:Duckworth 2015 6373: 6371:, p. 126. 6361: 6349: 6347:, p. 202. 6334: 6322: 6320:, p. 125. 6310: 6298: 6286: 6274: 6262: 6250: 6248:, p. 217. 6238: 6236:, p. 214. 6226: 6224:, p. 207. 6214: 6212:, p. 206. 6202: 6200:, p. 204. 6190: 6178: 6174:Sanderson 2009 6166: 6151: 6147:Sanderson 2009 6139: 6137:, p. 124. 6135:Sanderson 2009 6127: 6125:, p. 171. 6115: 6103: 6091: 6079: 6067: 6065:, p. 212. 6055: 6043: 6041:, p. 210. 6031: 6016: 6014:, p. 147. 6004: 5992: 5990:, p. 225. 5980: 5978:, p. 122. 5968: 5956: 5940: 5923: 5921:, p. 163. 5911: 5909:, p. 168. 5899: 5887: 5875: 5863: 5851: 5839: 5824: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5775: 5774: 5733: 5731: 5724: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5660: 5657: 5556: 5553: 5548: 5547: 5544: 5541: 5538: 5530: 5527: 5517:, the Burmese 5462:Southeast Asia 5454:Main article: 5451: 5448: 5397:Main article: 5380: 5377: 5355: 5352: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5245:Main article: 5242: 5239: 5211:Newar Buddhism 5209:Main article: 5206: 5203: 5179:Main article: 5176: 5173: 5096:, which ruled 5031:Early Medieval 5020:Trisong Detsen 5000:Main article: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4985: 4978: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4938: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4898:Wall paintings 4895: 4890: 4884: 4879: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4868:Nyingma Gyubum 4865: 4859: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4840: 4835: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4799:Galdan Namchot 4796: 4791: 4789:Chotrul Duchen 4785: 4780: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4759: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4725: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4712: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4579: 4574: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4510:Avalokiteśvara 4507: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4438: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4400: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4346:5th Dalai Lama 4343: 4337: 4336: 4326: 4325: 4320: 4319: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4302: 4301: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4284: 4283: 4281:Rangjung Dorje 4278: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4191: 4190: 4185: 4183:Trisong Detsen 4180: 4178:Songtsen Gampo 4175: 4170: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4140: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4098: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4080: 4079: 4071: 4070: 4059: 4056: 4036:Thích Viên Đức 3909: 3906: 3887:Joseon dynasty 3864:Goryeo Dynasty 3862:(668–935) and 3847: 3841: 3827:. By chanting 3815:Main article: 3812: 3809: 3803:script of the 3734:Main article: 3731: 3728: 3714: 3711: 3662:emperors made 3617:") tradition. 3599:Śubhakarasiṃha 3567:Jing'an Temple 3555:Main article: 3552: 3549: 3369: 3366: 3348: 3345: 3307:Hevajra Tantra 3175: 3172: 3082:), paintings ( 3054: 3051: 2962: 2959: 2908: 2905: 2749: 2746: 2726:lucid dreaming 2621:nispanna-krama 2563:Siddham Script 2543:Main article: 2540: 2537: 2493: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2368: 2365: 2353: 2303:Main article: 2300: 2297: 2269: 2243:Hevajra tantra 2217:Hevajra tantra 2155: 2152: 2099:Main article: 2096: 2093: 2072:Sammāsambuddha 2066: 2063: 2043: 2040: 1945: 1942: 1937:prajnaparamita 1898:Śubhakarasiṃha 1882:Ratnākaraśānti 1817:Hevajra tantra 1702: 1699: 1659: 1656: 1654:and Janguli). 1603:Tantrasadbhāva 1595:Samvara tantra 1492: 1489: 1446:Hevajra Tantra 1434:charnel ground 1352:. The popular 1235:Main article: 1232: 1229: 1164:Matsyendranath 1146:) and places ( 1139:tantric feasts 1127:Robert Thurman 1123:medieval India 1110: 1107: 1084: 1081: 1075:, to describe 906: 903: 895:Newar Buddhism 783:Southeast Asia 765:and spread to 763:Medieval India 701: 700: 698: 697: 690: 683: 675: 672: 671: 668: 667: 662: 656: 655: 649: 648: 642: 639: 638: 635: 634: 631: 630: 625: 620: 614: 613: 608: 603: 597: 594: 593: 590: 589: 586: 585: 579: 578: 572: 571: 565: 564: 558: 557: 551: 550: 544: 543: 537: 536: 530: 529: 523: 522: 516: 513: 512: 509: 508: 505: 504: 502:Ullambana Puja 499: 493: 490: 489: 486: 485: 482: 481: 475: 474: 468: 467: 461: 460: 454: 453: 447: 446: 439: 438: 432: 431: 425: 424: 410: 409: 403: 402: 396: 395: 389: 388: 382: 381: 370: 369: 363: 362: 349: 348: 342: 341: 335: 334: 328: 327: 306: 305: 300: 294: 293: 288: 282: 279: 278: 275: 274: 271: 270: 264: 263: 258: 252: 249: 248: 245: 244: 241: 240: 234: 233: 227: 226: 220: 217: 216: 213: 212: 209: 208: 202: 201: 195: 194: 188: 187: 176: 175: 174: 173: 154: 143: 142: 136: 135: 134: 133: 128: 119: 118: 112: 105: 104: 103: 102: 97: 94:Burmese-Bengal 84: 81: 80: 77: 76: 68: 67: 59: 58: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16542: 16531: 16528: 16526: 16523: 16521: 16518: 16516: 16513: 16511: 16508: 16506: 16503: 16502: 16500: 16485: 16481: 16477: 16475: 16467: 16466: 16463: 16449: 16446: 16444: 16441: 16439: 16436: 16434: 16431: 16429: 16426: 16424: 16421: 16419: 16416: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16404: 16401: 16399: 16396: 16394: 16391: 16390: 16388: 16386: 16385:South America 16382: 16376: 16373: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16353: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16343: 16341: 16338: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16328: 16326: 16323: 16321: 16318: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16308: 16307: 16305: 16303: 16299: 16293: 16292:United States 16290: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16265: 16263: 16260: 16258: 16255: 16253: 16250: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16179: 16177: 16175: 16174:North America 16171: 16163: 16160: 16158: 16155: 16153: 16150: 16148: 16145: 16144: 16143: 16140: 16138: 16135: 16133: 16130: 16128: 16125: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16115: 16113: 16110: 16108: 16105: 16103: 16100: 16098: 16095: 16093: 16090: 16088: 16085: 16083: 16080: 16078: 16075: 16073: 16070: 16068: 16065: 16063: 16060: 16058: 16055: 16053: 16050: 16048: 16045: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16033: 16032:Liechtenstein 16030: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16020: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15983: 15980: 15978: 15975: 15973: 15970: 15968: 15965: 15963: 15960: 15958: 15955: 15953: 15950: 15948: 15945: 15943: 15940: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15930: 15928: 15925: 15924: 15922: 15920: 15916: 15910: 15907: 15905: 15902: 15900: 15897: 15895: 15892: 15890: 15887: 15885: 15882: 15880: 15877: 15875: 15872: 15870: 15867: 15865: 15862: 15860: 15857: 15855: 15852: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15840: 15837: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15820: 15817: 15815: 15812: 15810: 15807: 15805: 15802: 15800: 15797: 15795: 15792: 15790: 15787: 15785: 15782: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15772: 15768: 15765: 15763: 15760: 15759: 15758: 15755: 15753: 15750: 15748: 15745: 15743: 15740: 15738: 15735: 15733: 15730: 15728: 15725: 15723: 15720: 15718: 15715: 15713: 15710: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15700: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15649: 15647: 15645: 15641: 15635: 15632: 15630: 15627: 15625: 15622: 15620: 15617: 15615: 15612: 15610: 15607: 15605: 15602: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15592: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15557: 15555: 15552: 15550: 15547: 15545: 15542: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15512: 15510: 15507: 15505: 15502: 15500: 15497: 15495: 15492: 15490: 15487: 15485: 15484:Guinea-Bissau 15482: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15470: 15467: 15465: 15462: 15460: 15457: 15455: 15452: 15450: 15447: 15445: 15442: 15440: 15437: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15427: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15417: 15415: 15412: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15402: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15390: 15387: 15385: 15382: 15380: 15377: 15375: 15372: 15370: 15367: 15366: 15364: 15362: 15358: 15354: 15347: 15343: 15329: 15326: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15314: 15311: 15309: 15308:Organizations 15306: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15252: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15192: 15190: 15187: 15182: 15177: 15171: 15168: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15151: 15149: 15146: 15145: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15133:Vegetarianism 15131: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15106: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15079: 15078:Homosexuality 15076: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15064: 15061: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15047: 15044: 15042: 15039: 15038: 15037: 15034: 15032: 15029: 15027: 15024: 15022: 15019: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15002: 15001: 15000: 14997: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14979: 14978: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14948: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14925: 14922: 14921: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14900: 14899:Neurotheology 14897: 14895: 14892: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14875: 14872: 14870: 14867: 14866: 14864: 14862: 14856: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14801: 14799: 14797: 14793: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14771: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14709: 14708: 14705: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14687: 14686: 14683: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14651: 14648: 14646: 14643: 14641: 14638: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14620: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14593:Folk religion 14591: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14545: 14542: 14540: 14537: 14535: 14532: 14530: 14527: 14525: 14521: 14518: 14517: 14515: 14511: 14507: 14500: 14496: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14478: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14468: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14435: 14434: 14431: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14416:Imperial cult 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14403: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14376: 14375: 14372: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14359: 14358: 14355: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14332: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14319: 14316: 14315: 14314: 14311: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14298: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14285: 14282: 14281: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14214: 14213: 14210: 14206: 14203: 14201: 14198: 14196: 14193: 14191: 14188: 14187: 14186: 14183: 14181: 14178: 14174: 14171: 14170: 14169: 14166: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14156: 14152: 14149: 14148: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14121: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14108: 14105: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14094: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14078: 14075: 14071: 14068: 14067: 14066: 14063: 14062: 14059: 14055: 14050: 14046: 14026: 14023: 14022: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13985:Discordianism 13983: 13981: 13980:Anthroposophy 13978: 13977: 13975: 13971: 13963: 13962: 13958: 13957: 13956: 13953: 13951: 13948: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13936: 13934: 13931: 13929: 13928:Mari religion 13926: 13924: 13921: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13911: 13910: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13896: 13894: 13891: 13889: 13886: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13866: 13862: 13859: 13858: 13857: 13854: 13850: 13847: 13845: 13842: 13841: 13840: 13837: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13824: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13811: 13808: 13807: 13805: 13804: 13802: 13800: 13794: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13765:Neo-Theosophy 13763: 13762: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13734: 13731: 13730: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13703:New Acropolis 13701: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13679: 13676: 13675: 13673: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13656: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13631: 13628: 13627: 13625: 13621: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13594: 13591: 13589: 13586: 13584: 13581: 13579: 13576: 13574: 13571: 13569: 13566: 13564: 13561: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13551: 13549: 13546: 13544: 13541: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13523: 13522: 13519: 13518: 13517: 13515: 13511: 13510: 13505: 13502: 13501: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13415: 13412: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13399: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13379: 13377: 13375: 13369: 13361: 13358: 13357: 13356: 13353: 13352: 13350: 13348:North African 13346: 13343: 13341: 13335: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13270: 13268: 13266: 13262: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13238: 13237: 13235: 13233: 13229: 13225: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13183: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13131: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13113: 13110: 13109: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13102:Kwakwakaʼwakw 13100: 13098: 13095: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13067: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13012: 13011: 13010: 13007: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12984: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12952: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12937: 12935: 12933: 12927: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12900: 12899: 12896: 12892: 12889: 12888: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12856: 12854: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12841: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12831: 12829: 12827: 12823: 12817: 12814: 12813: 12811: 12809: 12808:Austroasiatic 12805: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12788: 12787: 12784: 12780: 12779:Vattisen Yaly 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12766: 12765: 12761: 12758: 12757: 12755: 12753: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12740: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12715: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12698:Kirat Mundhum 12696: 12694: 12691: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12678: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12663: 12661: 12657: 12651: 12650: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12637: 12634: 12633: 12632: 12629: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12611: 12607: 12604: 12603: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12593: 12591: 12589: 12585: 12579: 12578: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12501: 12500: 12497: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12449: 12448: 12445: 12444: 12442: 12440: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12427: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12393: 12391: 12389: 12385: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12365: 12363: 12361: 12357: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12334: 12333: 12329: 12328: 12327: 12324: 12323: 12321: 12319: 12315: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12298: 12297: 12294: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12281: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12256: 12254: 12252: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12230: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12202: 12200: 12196: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12171: 12169: 12167: 12163: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12143: 12141: 12139: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12126: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12082: 12080: 12076: 12070: 12069: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12057:Milah Abraham 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12031: 12028: 12027: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11995: 11994: 11991: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11976: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11956: 11955: 11952: 11951: 11949: 11947: 11943: 11937: 11936: 11932: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11884: 11881: 11880: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11830: 11827: 11826: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11789: 11788: 11785: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11767: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11725: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11715: 11714: 11713:Protestantism 11711: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11698: 11695: 11694: 11693: 11690: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11677: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11664: 11661: 11660: 11659: 11656: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11643: 11642: 11639: 11638: 11636: 11634: 11630: 11624: 11623: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11578: 11575: 11574: 11573: 11570: 11566: 11563: 11562: 11561: 11558: 11557: 11556: 11553: 11552: 11550: 11548: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11526: 11522: 11518: 11513: 11509: 11505: 11498: 11493: 11491: 11486: 11484: 11479: 11478: 11475: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11451: 11443: 11442: 11439: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11399: 11397: 11395: 11391: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11324: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11314: 11312: 11310: 11306: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11289: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11229: 11227: 11225: 11224:Miscellaneous 11221: 11215: 11214:Vegetarianism 11212: 11210: 11207: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11179: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11127: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11109: 11106: 11105: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11058: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11036:Buddha in art 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11020: 11017: 11016: 11015: 11012: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10971: 10968: 10967: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10932: 10931: 10928: 10927: 10925: 10923: 10919: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10829: 10827: 10825: 10821: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10758: 10755: 10754: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10741: 10738: 10737: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10712: 10710: 10708: 10704: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10690:United States 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10602: 10601: 10598: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10585: 10584: 10581: 10577: 10574: 10573: 10572: 10569: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10556: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10517: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10499: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10409: 10407: 10405: 10401: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10389: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10372: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10337: 10335: 10333: 10329: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10247:Padmasambhava 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10164: 10162: 10160: 10159:Major figures 10156: 10150: 10147: 10143: 10140: 10139: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10106: 10105:Western tulku 10103: 10102: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10037: 10035: 10033: 10029: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10002: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9977: 9975: 9973: 9969: 9963: 9960: 9956: 9953: 9952: 9951: 9948: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9930: 9929: 9926: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9906:Five precepts 9904: 9903: 9902: 9899: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9884:Dhamma vicaya 9882: 9880: 9877: 9876: 9875: 9872: 9868: 9865: 9864: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9832: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9795: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9731: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9706: 9705: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9694: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9652:Buddhābhiṣeka 9650: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9627: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9612: 9610: 9608: 9604: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9552: 9551: 9548: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9488: 9487: 9484: 9483: 9482: 9479: 9478: 9476: 9474: 9470: 9464: 9461: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9428: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9418: 9416: 9414: 9410: 9404: 9401: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9383: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9296:Enlightenment 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9286:Dhamma theory 9284: 9282: 9281:Buddha-nature 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9263: 9261: 9259: 9255: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9151: 9147: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9120:Samantabhadra 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9094: 9091: 9090: 9089: 9086: 9085: 9083: 9081: 9077: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9059: 9053: 9051: 9045: 9043: 9037: 9035: 9029: 9027: 9021: 9019: 9013: 9011: 9005: 9004: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8939: 8937: 8935: 8931: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8894: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8884: 8882: 8880: 8876: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8852: 8851: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8825: 8820: 8818: 8813: 8811: 8806: 8805: 8802: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8785: 8780: 8776: 8775: 8764: 8758: 8754: 8749: 8745: 8739: 8735: 8730: 8726: 8720: 8716: 8711: 8707: 8705:0-86171-083-5 8701: 8697: 8692: 8688: 8682: 8678: 8674: 8669: 8665: 8659: 8655: 8650: 8646: 8640: 8636: 8631: 8627: 8621: 8617: 8612: 8608: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8572: 8568: 8563: 8559: 8553: 8549: 8544: 8543: 8531: 8525: 8522:. Routledge. 8521: 8516: 8512: 8510:0-691-05779-6 8506: 8502: 8497: 8493: 8488: 8484: 8478: 8474: 8469: 8465: 8460: 8456: 8454:0-86171-290-0 8450: 8446: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8432: 8426: 8422: 8416: 8412: 8407: 8403: 8398: 8394: 8389: 8385: 8379: 8375: 8370: 8366: 8361: 8357: 8351: 8347: 8342: 8338: 8333: 8329: 8324: 8320: 8315: 8311: 8306: 8302: 8296: 8292: 8287: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8262: 8258: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8239: 8235: 8230: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8157: 8153: 8151:1-55939-234-7 8147: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8121: 8117: 8112: 8108: 8102: 8099:. Routledge. 8098: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8080: 8076: 8070: 8066: 8061: 8057: 8051: 8048:. Shambhala. 8047: 8042: 8038: 8032: 8028: 8023: 8019: 8013: 8009: 8004: 8000: 7995: 7991: 7985: 7981: 7976: 7972: 7966: 7962: 7957: 7953: 7948: 7944: 7942:1-55939-235-5 7938: 7934: 7929: 7925: 7919: 7915: 7910: 7906: 7900: 7896: 7891: 7887: 7885:0-520-02192-4 7881: 7876: 7875: 7868: 7864: 7858: 7854: 7849: 7845: 7840: 7839: 7824: 7817: 7816:0-312-82540-4 7813: 7809: 7803: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7774: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7745: 7738: 7733: 7727: 7723: 7717: 7711: 7707: 7700: 7692: 7688: 7682: 7675: 7669: 7660: 7651: 7642: 7635: 7634:81-206-1622-7 7631: 7625: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7579: 7572: 7571:Davidson 2002 7567: 7561:, p. 21. 7560: 7555: 7549: 7545: 7540: 7533: 7528: 7522:, p. 46. 7521: 7516: 7509: 7503: 7496: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7485: 7477: 7471: 7465:, p. 51. 7464: 7459: 7457: 7447: 7445: 7443: 7424: 7417: 7411: 7409: 7399: 7393: 7389: 7388: 7380: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7350: 7344: 7338: 7330: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7297: 7290: 7284: 7275: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7251: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7230: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7180:(2): 87–114. 7179: 7175: 7171: 7164: 7157: 7154:Nan Huaijin. 7151: 7144: 7138: 7131: 7126: 7117: 7110: 7105: 7098: 7093: 7085: 7083:9789814695091 7079: 7075: 7074: 7066: 7059: 7055: 7052: 7049: 7043: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7014: 7007: 7001: 6994: 6989: 6982: 6976: 6969: 6968:Isaacson 1998 6964: 6962: 6954: 6949: 6943:, p. 83. 6942: 6937: 6931:, p. 42. 6930: 6925: 6918: 6913: 6906: 6901: 6895:, p. 62. 6894: 6889: 6882: 6877: 6870: 6865: 6858: 6853: 6846: 6841: 6834: 6829: 6823:, p. 45. 6822: 6817: 6810: 6805: 6798: 6793: 6787:, p. 57. 6786: 6781: 6774: 6769: 6762: 6757: 6751:, p. 37. 6750: 6745: 6737: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6716: 6709: 6704: 6697: 6692: 6686:, p. 36. 6685: 6680: 6674:, p. 63. 6673: 6668: 6661: 6656: 6654: 6646: 6641: 6635:, p. 46. 6634: 6629: 6622: 6617: 6610: 6605: 6603: 6595: 6590: 6583: 6578: 6571: 6566: 6560:, p. 39. 6559: 6554: 6547: 6542: 6535: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6518: 6517:0-87773-654-5 6514: 6511: 6505: 6498: 6497:1-57062-270-1 6494: 6491: 6485: 6478: 6473: 6466: 6461: 6453: 6447: 6443: 6440: 6434: 6427: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6406: 6401: 6394: 6389: 6382: 6377: 6370: 6365: 6358: 6353: 6346: 6341: 6339: 6332:, p. 56. 6331: 6326: 6319: 6314: 6308:, p. 69. 6307: 6302: 6295: 6290: 6283: 6278: 6271: 6266: 6259: 6258:Davidson 2002 6254: 6247: 6246:Davidson 2002 6242: 6235: 6234:Davidson 2002 6230: 6223: 6222:Davidson 2002 6218: 6211: 6210:Davidson 2002 6206: 6199: 6198:Davidson 2002 6194: 6187: 6182: 6175: 6170: 6162: 6155: 6148: 6143: 6136: 6131: 6124: 6123:Davidson 2002 6119: 6112: 6111:Davidson 2002 6107: 6100: 6099:Schumann 1974 6095: 6089:, p. 70. 6088: 6083: 6076: 6071: 6064: 6059: 6053:, p. 19. 6052: 6047: 6040: 6035: 6028: 6023: 6021: 6013: 6008: 6001: 5996: 5989: 5984: 5977: 5972: 5965: 5964:Davidson 2002 5960: 5953: 5949: 5944: 5938:, p. 80. 5937: 5936:Kitagawa 2002 5932: 5930: 5928: 5920: 5919:Schumann 1974 5915: 5908: 5903: 5896: 5895:Reynolds 2007 5891: 5884: 5879: 5872: 5867: 5860: 5855: 5848: 5843: 5836: 5831: 5829: 5821: 5816: 5812: 5798: 5794: 5793:Skilling 1998 5789: 5785: 5771: 5768: 5760: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5739: 5734:This article 5732: 5723: 5722: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5674: 5668: 5663: 5655: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5616: 5610: 5605: 5601: 5596: 5595:saṃdhyā-bhāṣā 5589: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5566: 5562: 5552: 5545: 5542: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5526: 5524: 5521:and in rural 5520: 5516: 5512: 5507: 5505: 5504:Pali language 5501: 5498: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5457: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5340: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5315: 5310: 5303: 5298: 5297: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5231: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5212: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5187: 5182: 5172: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5161:Tuva Republic 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5088: 5083: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5040: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5012:Padmasambhāva 5009: 5003: 4991: 4986: 4984: 4979: 4977: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4968: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4882: 4877: 4876: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4838: 4833: 4832: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4783: 4778: 4777: 4768: 4767:Western tulku 4765: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4580: 4577: 4572: 4571: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4375: 4370: 4369: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4341:Je Tsongkhapa 4339: 4338: 4333: 4332: 4331: 4330: 4322: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4312:Sakya Pandita 4310: 4309: 4304: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4286: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4268: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4258:Dudjom Lingpa 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4238:Yeshe Tsogyal 4236: 4235: 4231: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4193: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4163:Padmasambhāva 4161: 4160: 4155: 4154: 4151: 4146: 4145: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4096: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4081: 4078: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4063: 4055: 4053: 4052:Greater Hanoi 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3988:Vô Ngôn Thông 3985: 3981: 3977: 3965: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3948:practice and 3947: 3943: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3924:Crown in the 3923: 3919: 3914: 3905: 3903: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3860:Unified Silla 3857: 3853: 3846: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3825: 3818: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3785: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3737: 3724: 3719: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3693: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3548: 3546: 3545: 3540: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3521: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3365: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3343: 3341: 3340: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3308: 3303: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3284: 3283: 3278: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3209: 3208: 3201: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3160: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3142: 3141:Buddha-nature 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3090:visualization 3087: 3086: 3081: 3080: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3013: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2980: 2972: 2967: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2904: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2876: 2871: 2869: 2868: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2840: 2835: 2827: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2775: 2754: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2672: 2671:David Germano 2664: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2653: 2647: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2617:utpatti-krama 2613: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2551: 2546: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2468: 2464: 2461: 2458:According to 2456: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2422:illusory body 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2397: 2388: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2362: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2313: 2306: 2296: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2280: 2274: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2250: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2239:illusory body 2236: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2188: 2187:Yogaratnamala 2184: 2180: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2164:Chakrasamvara 2160: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2092: 2090: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2073: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1961: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1941: 1939: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1917:Sakya Pandita 1914: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1850: 1849: 1843: 1841: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1812: 1806: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1758:Buddha-nature 1754: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1731:, mainly the 1730: 1727: 1723: 1720:According to 1715: 1711: 1707: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1687:Padmasambhava 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1643: 1640: 1634: 1632: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1619:Abhinavagupta 1615: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1548:According to 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1528: 1523: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1481: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1453: 1452:Chakrasamvara 1448: 1447: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1372:Kriya tantras 1368: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1329: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1310: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1274: 1273:Chakrasamvara 1270: 1265: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1246:Diamond Realm 1243: 1238: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1177: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1140: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1096: 1089: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1026: 1025: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 997:Esotericism") 996: 992: 988: 984: 983: 978: 974: 970: 966: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 942:Secret mantra 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 910: 902: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 879: 877: 876: 871: 870: 865: 864: 859: 855: 851: 846: 844: 840: 836: 825: 813: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 790: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 757: 754:tradition of 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 713: 709: 708: 696: 691: 689: 684: 682: 677: 676: 674: 673: 666: 663: 661: 658: 657: 654: 651: 650: 647: 644: 643: 637: 636: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 615: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 598: 592: 591: 584: 581: 580: 577: 574: 573: 570: 567: 566: 563: 560: 559: 556: 553: 552: 549: 546: 545: 542: 539: 538: 535: 532: 531: 528: 525: 524: 521: 518: 517: 514:Tantric texts 511: 510: 503: 500: 498: 495: 494: 488: 487: 480: 477: 476: 473: 470: 469: 466: 463: 462: 459: 456: 455: 452: 449: 448: 444: 441: 440: 437: 434: 433: 430: 427: 426: 423: 420: 419: 418: 417: 415: 408: 405: 404: 401: 398: 397: 394: 391: 390: 387: 384: 383: 380: 377: 376: 375: 374: 368: 367:Outer Tantras 365: 364: 361: 360:Inner Tantras 358: 357: 356: 354: 347: 344: 343: 340: 337: 336: 333: 330: 329: 326: 323: 322: 321: 319: 314: 313: 311: 304: 301: 299: 296: 295: 292: 289: 287: 284: 283: 277: 276: 269: 266: 265: 262: 259: 257: 254: 253: 247: 246: 239: 236: 235: 232: 229: 228: 225: 222: 221: 215: 214: 207: 204: 203: 200: 197: 196: 193: 190: 189: 186: 183: 182: 181: 180: 179:New branches: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 153: 150: 149: 148: 145: 144: 141: 138: 137: 132: 129: 127: 124: 123: 121: 120: 116: 113: 110: 107: 106: 101: 98: 95: 92: 91: 89: 88: 87: 79: 78: 74: 70: 69: 66: 61: 60: 56: 52: 51: 45: 41: 37: 32: 26: 22: 15889:Turkmenistan 15849:Saudi Arabia 15594:South Africa 15584:Sierra Leone 15389:Burkina Faso 15298:Names of God 15245:Unaffiliated 15200:Antireligion 15056:Universalism 15004:Assimilation 14869:Anthropology 14744:Supernatural 14739:Spirituality 14707:Sacred space 14695:Purification 14568:Denomination 14522: / 14330:Paleo-Balkan 14296:Mesopotamian 14136:Cook Islands 14107:Old Prussian 14020:UFO religion 13959: 13955:Zalmoxianism 13883:Neoshamanism 13740:Spiritualism 13623:Other ethnic 13512: 13338:Traditional 13298:Bongthingism 13186:Acoma Pueblo 13129:Mesoamerican 12826:Austronesian 12647: 12643:Neo-Buddhism 12630: 12575: 12571:Neo-Hinduism 12492:Swaminarayan 12330: 12279:Salvationist 12264:Confucianism 12115:Samaritanism 12085:Ali-Illahism 12066: 11933: 11927:Unitarianism 11868:Old Catholic 11675:Nestorianism 11633:Christianity 11620: 11586:Conservative 11402:Bodhisattvas 11322:Christianity 11317:Baháʼí Faith 11182:Dharmachakra 11172:Prayer wheel 11162:Prayer beads 10930:Architecture 10809:969 Movement 10593:Saudi Arabia 10571:Central Asia 10564:South Africa 10386: 10369: 10302:Panchen Lama 10207:Buddhapālita 9803:Satipatthana 9798:Mindful Yoga 9711:Recollection 9625:Brahmavihara 9549: 9496:Japanese Zen 9491:Chinese Chan 9451:Animal realm 9258:Key concepts 9080:Bodhisattvas 8892:Three Jewels 8752: 8733: 8714: 8695: 8676: 8653: 8634: 8615: 8596: 8566: 8547: 8519: 8500: 8494:. Routledge. 8491: 8472: 8463: 8444: 8430: 8410: 8401: 8392: 8373: 8364: 8345: 8336: 8327: 8318: 8309: 8290: 8278:. Retrieved 8274:the original 8269: 8242: 8233: 8222:. Retrieved 8212:(May 1992). 8193: 8189: 8164: 8160: 8141: 8115: 8096: 8087: 8083: 8064: 8045: 8026: 8007: 7998: 7979: 7960: 7951: 7932: 7916:. Reiyukai. 7913: 7894: 7873: 7852: 7843: 7823: 7807: 7802: 7791:. Retrieved 7782: 7773: 7762:. Retrieved 7753: 7744: 7739:, p. 9. 7732: 7716: 7710:1-898942-153 7699: 7691:the original 7681: 7673: 7668: 7659: 7650: 7641: 7624: 7591: 7587: 7578: 7573:, p. 2. 7566: 7554: 7539: 7527: 7515: 7507: 7502: 7475: 7470: 7430:. Retrieved 7386: 7379: 7368:. Retrieved 7359: 7349: 7337: 7310: 7306: 7296: 7283: 7264: 7260: 7250: 7234: 7229: 7218:. Retrieved 7177: 7173: 7163: 7155: 7150: 7142: 7137: 7125: 7116: 7104: 7092: 7072: 7065: 7042: 7031:. Retrieved 7022: 7013: 7005: 7000: 6988: 6980: 6975: 6948: 6936: 6924: 6912: 6900: 6888: 6876: 6864: 6852: 6840: 6828: 6816: 6804: 6792: 6780: 6768: 6756: 6744: 6721: 6715: 6703: 6691: 6679: 6667: 6645:Hopkins 2009 6640: 6628: 6616: 6589: 6577: 6565: 6553: 6541: 6509: 6504: 6489: 6484: 6472: 6460: 6442: 6439: 6433: 6426:Buswell 2004 6407:, p. 5. 6400: 6388: 6376: 6364: 6352: 6325: 6313: 6301: 6296:, p. 3. 6289: 6277: 6270:Verrill 2012 6265: 6253: 6241: 6229: 6217: 6205: 6193: 6181: 6169: 6160: 6154: 6142: 6130: 6118: 6106: 6094: 6082: 6070: 6058: 6046: 6034: 6007: 5995: 5983: 5971: 5959: 5952:Introduction 5943: 5914: 5902: 5890: 5878: 5866: 5854: 5849:, p. 6. 5842: 5820:Buswell 2004 5815: 5788: 5763: 5754: 5747:Please help 5742:verification 5735: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5635: 5631: 5629: 5625: 5613: 5603: 5599: 5591: 5558: 5549: 5532: 5508: 5494: 5474:Ari Buddhism 5459: 5429: 5420: 5412: 5408: 5402: 5369:Vikramashila 5357: 5326: 5250: 5237:carriers"). 5233:(literally " 5228: 5214: 5192: 5118: 5104:and eastern 5090:Yuan dynasty 5084: 5054:system, new 5044:Anuttarayoga 5037: 5035: 5016:Śāntarakṣita 5005: 4903:Ashtamangala 4888:Sand mandala 4728:Panchen Lama 4695:Tashi Lhunpo 4528: 4327: 4248:Jigme Lingpa 4168:Śāntarakṣita 4043: 4033: 4028: 4024: 4018: 4013: 3999: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3941: 3937: 3935: 3902:Jingak Order 3899: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3851: 3849: 3844: 3822: 3820: 3798: 3788: 3782: 3780: 3760:Central Asia 3756:Pala Dynasty 3745: 3739: 3721:Portrait of 3696: 3688: 3668: 3656:Yuan dynasty 3636: 3620: 3619: 3610: 3595:Tang dynasty 3580: 3542: 3536: 3526: 3495: 3491:Jingak Order 3463:Japanese Zen 3456: 3445: 3403: 3350: 3338: 3333:Cakrasaṃvara 3327: 3326:tantras are 3305: 3299: 3287: 3281: 3274: 3264: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3238: 3233: 3225: 3212: 3206: 3203: 3183: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3147: 3145: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3102:Bodhisattvas 3097: 3083: 3077: 3075: 3018: 3009: 2987:" denoted a 2982: 2976: 2954: 2946: 2940: 2901: 2885:Vikramashila 2878: 2873: 2865: 2863: 2858: 2848: 2844: 2837: 2831: 2807: 2803: 2793: 2778: 2737: 2719: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2676: 2668: 2660: 2656: 2650: 2632: 2620: 2616: 2614: 2606:Buddha field 2597: 2594:Iṣṭa-devatā, 2593: 2589: 2583: 2534: 2527: 2521: 2513:prostrations 2506: 2498: 2495: 2477: 2457: 2450: 2440: 2438: 2405: 2399: 2354: 2347: 2343: 2337: 2310: 2308: 2294: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2270: 2263: 2259: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2234: 2224: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2191: 2186: 2176: 2142: 2131: 2126: 2120: 2085: 2081:Bodhisattvas 2070: 2068: 2031: 2028:Paramitayana 2027: 2023: 2013: 2010:Paramitayana 2009: 2007: 2002: 1999:Paramitayana 1998: 1994: 1986: 1982: 1966: 1964: 1955: 1935: 1911:Likewise in 1910: 1889: 1871: 1852: 1846: 1844: 1837: 1830: 1828: 1823: 1815: 1809: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1786: 1771: 1761: 1755: 1747: 1740: 1719: 1684: 1667: 1661: 1645: 1636: 1628: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1602: 1578: 1574: 1568: 1560:Kriya tantra 1554: 1547: 1532: 1484: 1478: 1475: 1460: 1450: 1444: 1442: 1427: 1421: 1414: 1408: 1400:Vajrasekhara 1399: 1394: 1388: 1375: 1374:such as the 1369: 1358: 1332: 1327: 1320: 1314: 1308: 1292: 1278: 1200: 1196: 1185: 1174: 1172: 1160:Gorakshanath 1147: 1143: 1137: 1135: 1112: 1099: 1093: 1077:theosophical 1062: 1042: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 986: 981: 972: 967: 954:gsang sngags 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 911: 908: 880: 875:Pāramitāyāna 873: 867: 861: 849: 847: 839:bodhisattvas 814: 791: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 706: 705: 704: 412: 411: 372: 371: 352: 350: 317: 315: 308: 307: 178: 177: 90:Ari-Acharya 85: 62: 16340:New Zealand 16277:Saint Lucia 16227:El Salvador 16132:Switzerland 16067:Netherlands 15839:Philippines 15767:South Korea 15762:North Korea 15652:Afghanistan 15599:South Sudan 15489:Ivory Coast 15273:Deification 15220:Objectivism 15195:Agnosticism 15148:Persecution 15138:Video games 15103:Populations 15014:Proselytism 14982:Monasticism 14973:Clericalism 14963:Agriculture 14954:and society 14919:Soteriology 14879:Comparative 14849:Transtheism 14834:Panentheism 14618:Monasticism 14411:Gallo-Roman 14313:Micronesian 14279:Manichaeism 14227:Hermeticism 14195:Continental 14190:Anglo-Saxon 14070:Paleolithic 14065:Prehistoric 14015:Scientology 13878:Italo-Roman 13733:Radha Soami 13713:New Thought 13553:Espiritismo 13494:Waaqeffanna 13434:Fon and Ewe 13372:Sub-Saharan 13255:Satsana Phi 13041:Ghost Dance 12982:Californian 12950:Anishinaabe 12876:Karo Pemena 12855:Indonesian 12529:Lingayatism 12477:Mahanubhava 12447:Vaishnavism 12378:Jeungsanism 12301:Folk Taoism 12284:Xiantiandao 12138:Zoroastrian 11797:Charismatic 11792:Pentecostal 11755:Anglicanism 11706:Waldensians 11641:Catholicism 11247:Dharma talk 11076:Asalha Puja 10872:Eschatology 10675:Switzerland 10655:New Zealand 10583:Middle East 10492:Philippines 10412:Afghanistan 10217:Bodhidharma 10202:Buddhaghosa 10122:Householder 10032:Monasticism 9985:Bodhisattva 9840:Prostration 9793:Mindfulness 9721:Anapanasati 9704:Kammaṭṭhāna 9501:Korean Seon 9441:Asura realm 9436:Human realm 9376:Ten Fetters 9331:Parinirvana 9233:Uppalavanna 9198:Mahākaccana 9183:Mahākassapa 9115:Kṣitigarbha 9110:Ākāśagarbha 9007:Suddhodāna 8952:Four sights 8879:Foundations 8569:. Manohar. 7835:Works cited 7532:Tai Tu 2008 7495:Tai Tu 2008 7109:Baruah 2000 6941:Wayman 2008 6929:Garson 2004 6893:Wayman 1977 6821:Garson 2004 6797:Powers 2007 6785:Cozort 2005 6761:Powers 2007 6749:Garson 2004 6684:Wayman 2008 6672:Wayman 1977 6558:Wayman 2008 6405:Wayman 2008 6330:Wayman 1977 6294:Wayman 2008 6113:, p. . 6077:, p. . 6075:Tajima 1992 6051:Wayman 2008 5948:Dowman 1985 5885:, p. . 5871:Orzech 2006 5576:as well as 5555:Terminology 5405:En no Gyōja 5373:mahasiddhas 5347: 1916 5329:Philippines 5230:vajracharya 5149:Amur Oblast 5123:, northern 5094:Kublai Khan 4622:Mindrolling 4419:Bodhisattva 4221:Sukhasiddhi 4211:Abhayakirti 4048:Thầy Temple 4027:(顯密圓通成佛心要集 3996:Từ Đạo Hạnh 3926:Thầy Temple 3918:Từ Đạo Hạnh 3895:Taego Order 3891:Jogye Order 3885:During the 3868:Seon school 3824:Lotus Sutra 3607:Amoghavajra 3538:Heart Sutra 3436:(mostly in 3329:Guhyasamāja 3316:Old Tantras 3259:In Chinese 3168:Tibetan art 2997:obfuscation 2989:thunderbolt 2971:Itsukushima 2845:vidyavrata, 2774:Mount Takao 2463:Alex Wayman 2424:yogas like 2410:meditations 2376:Mani stones 2256:Vajrayogini 2213:sexual yoga 2202:buddhajñana 2172:Vajravārāhī 2145:Vajracharya 2123:empowerment 2055:bodhisattva 2036:Bodhisattva 1971:Śrāvakayāna 1956:Auspicious 1878:Vimalamitra 1874:Buddhaguhya 1859:defilements 1722:Alex Wayman 1652:Parnasabari 1579:Guhyasiddhi 1509:, known as 1485:rājādhirāja 1416:Guhyasamāja 1354:Heart Sutra 1328:Dasabhumika 1119:mahasiddhas 1048:Shingon-shū 989:(唐密 - 漢密, " 946:Guhyamantra 934:dorje tekpa 905:Terminology 858:Śrāvakayāna 781:, parts of 665:Vajracharya 261:Bodhisattva 147:Inner Asian 122:East Asian 16499:Categories 16330:Micronesia 16207:Costa Rica 16102:San Marino 16062:Montenegro 16042:Luxembourg 15899:Uzbekistan 15874:Tajikistan 15779:Kyrgyzstan 15752:Kazakhstan 15702:East Timor 15672:Bangladesh 15662:Azerbaijan 15579:Seychelles 15544:Mozambique 15529:Mauritania 15514:Madagascar 15404:Cape Verde 15186:irreligion 15181:Secularism 15083:Minorities 15051:Toleration 15046:Syncretism 15031:Fanaticism 15021:Disability 15009:Missionary 14999:Conversion 14987:Ordination 14909:Psychology 14904:Philosophy 14844:Polytheism 14824:Monotheism 14819:Henotheism 14660:Orthopraxy 14650:Ordination 14613:Meditation 14608:Indigenous 14573:Entheogens 14558:Conversion 14384:Pueblo III 14301:Babylonian 14291:Melanesian 14217:Gnosticism 14102:Lithuanian 13995:Fourth Way 13849:Circassian 13827:Dievturība 13750:Tensegrity 13683:Falun Gong 13328:Sanamahism 13308:Donyi-Polo 12898:Polynesian 12844:Kaharingan 12769:Burkhanism 12708:Ravidassia 12686:Śvetāmbara 12472:Pushtimarg 12452:Krishnaism 12388:Vietnamese 12373:Cheondoism 12306:Yao Taoism 12242:East Asian 12008:Isma'ilism 11964:Maturidism 11743:Mennonites 11738:Hutterites 11723:Anabaptism 11616:Humanistic 11364:Psychology 11344:Gnosticism 11332:Comparison 11327:Influences 11309:Comparison 11192:Bhavacakra 11150:Kushinagar 11125:Pilgrimage 11071:Māgha Pūjā 11026:Bodhi Tree 10842:Buddhology 10832:Abhidharma 10824:Philosophy 10757:Menander I 10625:Costa Rica 10576:Uzbekistan 10417:Bangladesh 10371:Dhammapada 10355:Pali Canon 10317:Ajahn Chah 10297:Dalai Lama 10197:Kumārajīva 10192:Vasubandhu 10167:The Buddha 10075:Zen master 10010:Sakadagami 9990:Buddhahood 9921:Pratimokṣa 9736:Shikantaza 9692:Meditation 9667:Deity yoga 9538:Madhyamaka 9431:Deva realm 9326:Mindstream 9276:Bodhicitta 9188:Aṅgulimāla 9055:Devadatta 9031:Yaśodharā 8934:The Buddha 8924:Middle Way 8374:Mahasutras 8270:Vajranatha 8224:2022-12-20 8138:Tsongkhapa 7793:2022-10-06 7764:2022-10-06 7737:Akira 1993 7676:. pp45–52. 7559:White 2000 7520:Thich 2007 7463:Thich 2007 7432:2017-09-01 7370:2016-08-18 7313:(7): 818. 7267:(9): 675. 7220:2021-05-14 7130:Sharf 2002 7097:Conze 1978 7033:2010-02-02 6993:Green 2015 6306:Beyer 1973 6186:Huber 2008 5847:Payne 2006 5757:March 2024 5717:References 5500:Abhidhamma 5425:Edo period 5110:modern era 5028:post-Gupta 4918:Mani stone 4723:Dalai Lama 4563:Buddhahood 4551:Dream yoga 4541:Deity yoga 4517:Meditation 4505:Bodhicitta 4243:Longchenpa 4173:Kamalaśīla 4014:Hoa Nghiêm 3992:Vinitaruci 3984:Lý dynasty 3916:Statue of 3870:, and the 3807:language. 3703:Bai people 3694:elements. 3603:Vajrabodhi 3544:Pali Canon 3368:Traditions 3261:Mantrayana 3194:See also: 3137:Adi-Buddha 3094:deity yoga 2993:adamantine 2943:analogical 2839:karmamudra 2834:ritual sex 2826:Cham dance 2804:ganachakra 2722:dream yoga 2610:Tsongkhapa 2590:devatayoga 2586:deity yoga 2545:Deity yoga 2539:Deity yoga 2460:Indologist 2434:Buddhahood 2418:deity yoga 2406:paramitas, 2402:bodhicitta 2394:See also: 2338:A tantric 2317:Prātimokṣa 2266:) states: 2264:viii:29–30 2226:bodhicitta 2183:sacraments 2166:statue in 2111:Kalachakra 2032:Mantrayana 2024:Mantrayana 2003:Mantrayana 1991:Buddhahood 1969:, next to 1932:Tsongkhapa 1921:Longchenpa 1894:Vajrabodhi 1867:Buddhahood 1733:Madhyamaka 1676:Indrabhuti 1614:Vidyapitha 1610:Vidyapitha 1575:Vidyapitha 1467:messianism 1342: 4th 1322:Gandavyuha 1256:Buddha in 1168:Hatha Yoga 740:Tantrayāna 732:Mantranāya 728:Mantrayāna 497:Ganachakra 472:Death yoga 465:Dream yoga 451:Inner heat 436:Deity yoga 339:Yogatantra 332:Charyayoga 268:Kalachakra 256:Buddhahood 231:Mahasiddha 82:Traditions 16505:Vajrayana 16448:Venezuela 16393:Argentina 16310:Australia 16262:Nicaragua 16237:Guatemala 16037:Lithuania 15859:Sri Lanka 15854:Singapore 15834:Palestine 15722:Indonesia 15712:Hong Kong 15534:Mauritius 15255:Overviews 15210:Criticism 15163:Sectarian 15153:Terrorism 15128:Theocracy 15073:Happiness 15041:Pluralism 15026:Education 14952:Religion 14924:Salvation 14914:Sociology 14859:Religious 14839:Pantheism 14829:Nontheism 14722:Mountains 14700:Sacrifice 14655:Orthodoxy 14645:Mythology 14640:Mysticism 14529:Behaviour 14438:Canaanite 14421:Mithraism 14389:Pueblo IV 14379:Pueblo II 14284:Mazdakism 14259:Hungarian 14232:Mysteries 14141:Dravidian 13923:Hungarian 13839:Caucasian 13810:Godianism 13770:Agni Yoga 13760:Theosophy 13723:Rastafari 13698:Modekngei 13678:Brahmoism 13671:Syncretic 13663:movements 13661:religious 13573:Quimbanda 13521:Candomblé 13514:Diasporic 13293:Bathouism 13283:Benzhuism 13198:Tsimshian 13149:Purépecha 13070:Longhouse 13045:Sun Dance 12977:Blackfoot 12965:Wabunowin 12960:Midewiwin 12881:Malaysian 12871:Kapitayan 12681:Digambara 12666:Ayyavazhi 12631:Vajrayana 12596:Theravada 12509:Ganapatya 12482:Ramanandi 12411:Hoahaoism 12289:Yiguandao 12184:Yarsanism 12179:Shabakism 12166:Yazdânism 12156:Zurvanism 12151:Mazdaznan 12110:Rastafari 12105:Mandaeism 11979:Wahhabism 11959:Ash'arism 11922:Tolstoyan 11912:Spiritual 11902:Mormonism 11873:Judaizers 11846:Quakerism 11824:Methodist 11814:Irvingism 11765:Calvinism 11718:Adventism 11701:Moravians 11538:Abrahamic 11432:Festivals 11412:Buddhists 11374:Theosophy 11177:Symbolism 11167:Hama yumi 11140:Bodh Gaya 10907:Socialism 10882:Evolution 10857:Economics 10695:Venezuela 10610:Australia 10605:Argentina 10529:Sri Lanka 10524:Singapore 10442:Indonesia 10404:Countries 10345:Tripiṭaka 10307:Ajahn Mun 10182:Nagarjuna 10177:Aśvaghoṣa 10060:Anagārika 10055:Śrāmaṇerī 10050:Śrāmaṇera 10045:Bhikkhunī 10005:Sotāpanna 9894:Passaddhi 9835:Offerings 9810:Nekkhamma 9687:Iddhipada 9607:Practices 9577:Theravada 9550:Vajrayana 9543:Yogachara 9513:Pure Land 9426:Six Paths 9413:Cosmology 9193:Anuruddha 9168:Sāriputta 9158:Kaundinya 9150:Disciples 9125:Vajrapāṇi 8977:Footprint 8942:Tathāgata 8784:Vajrayana 8181:0737-769X 8029:. Wiley. 7982:. Wiley. 7616:154554678 7510:, p. 245. 7329:2077-1444 7307:Religions 7261:Religions 7210:162235701 7194:0018-2710 7023:idp.bl.uk 6881:Gray 2007 6869:Gray 2007 6857:Gray 2007 6845:Gray 2007 6809:Gray 2007 6660:Gray 2007 6000:Osto 2009 5835:Gray 2007 5807:Citations 5738:citations 5574:symbolism 5497:Theravada 5388:Yamabushi 5285:Vairocana 5277:Borobudur 5265:Srivijaya 5141:republics 5108:. In the 5039:vamachara 4782:Festivals 4546:Guru yoga 4529:Vajrayana 4498:Pāramitās 4398:Cosmology 4374:Teachings 4299:Taranatha 3976:Srivijaya 3946:Pure Land 3699:Azhaliism 3591:Silk Road 3514:East Asia 3510:Nusantara 3506:Srivijaya 3454:schools. 3382:Mongolian 3339:Kālacakra 3312:Nyingmapa 3184:Vajrāvalī 3110:Vajramala 2961:The vajra 2931:Kathmandu 2781:Mahāmudrā 2715:pranayama 2628:emptiness 2235:mahasukha 2051:Manjushri 2015:paramitas 1987:Vajrayāna 1983:Sutrayana 1979:Sutrayana 1890:Vajravali 1750:emptiness 1672:Vajrapani 1631:Pasupatas 1564:Manjushri 1543:Vaishnava 1511:Yamantaka 1471:astrology 1429:vamachara 1254:Vairocana 1095:khaṭvāṅga 950:sang ngak 930:Vajrayāna 850:Vajrayāna 843:Vajrapani 779:East Asia 707:Vajrayāna 491:Festivals 443:Six yogas 429:Guru yoga 325:Kriyayoga 280:Practices 16474:Category 16438:Suriname 16428:Paraguay 16413:Colombia 16320:Kiribati 16247:Honduras 16217:Dominica 16192:Barbados 16157:Scotland 16117:Slovenia 16112:Slovakia 16087:Portugal 15957:Bulgaria 15879:Thailand 15829:Pakistan 15809:Mongolia 15804:Maldives 15799:Malaysia 15687:Cambodia 15634:Zimbabwe 15609:Tanzania 15459:Ethiopia 15454:Eswatini 15434:Djibouti 15399:Cameroon 15384:Botswana 15328:Timeline 15323:Scholars 15283:Founders 15143:Violence 15098:Politics 14968:Business 14931:Theology 14675:Prophecy 14665:Paganism 14553:Covenant 14520:Apostasy 14455:Scythian 14396:Rapa Nui 14350:Thracian 14345:Illyrian 14335:Albanian 14306:Sumerian 14249:Harappan 14185:Germanic 14180:Georgian 14173:Selk'nam 14158:Etruscan 14146:Egyptian 14124:Druidism 14087:Armenian 14010:Satanism 13990:Eckankar 13913:Estonian 13898:Romanian 13888:Ossetian 13868:Germanic 13817:Armenian 13806:African 13799:paganism 13728:Sant Mat 13718:Rajneesh 13693:Meivazhi 13688:Japanese 13645:Siberian 13578:Santería 13548:Convince 13414:Bushongo 13318:Kiratism 13245:Hmongism 13112:Wocekiye 13097:Jivaroan 13065:Iroquois 13060:Ho-Chunk 13009:Cherokee 12932:American 12903:Hawaiian 12816:Sarnaism 12786:Tungusic 12774:Tengrism 12764:Mongolic 12693:Sarnaism 12624:Nichiren 12601:Mahayana 12588:Buddhism 12566:Sant Mat 12556:Sauraism 12551:Smartism 12546:Shaktism 12539:Balinese 12524:Kaumaram 12519:Kapalika 12514:Kashmiri 12499:Shaivism 12439:Hinduism 12406:Caodaism 12350:Ryukyuan 12345:Tenrikyo 12340:Shugendō 12318:Japanese 12189:Yazidism 12174:Ishikism 12052:Quranism 12025:Khawarij 11974:Salafism 11969:Atharism 11858:Esoteric 11829:Holiness 11819:Lutheran 11780:Reformed 11760:Baptists 11733:Brethren 11697:Hussites 11685:Assyrian 11601:Haymanot 11555:Orthodox 11504:Religion 11450:Category 11379:Violence 11349:Hinduism 11297:Sanskrit 11252:Hinayana 11237:Amitābha 11197:Swastika 11066:Uposatha 11056:Holidays 11041:Calendar 10887:Humanism 10725:Kanishka 10715:Timeline 10539:Thailand 10507:Kalmykia 10502:Buryatia 10487:Pakistan 10472:Mongolia 10467:Maldives 10462:Malaysia 10427:Cambodia 10292:Shamarpa 10287:Nichiren 10237:Xuanzang 10172:Nagasena 10090:Rinpoche 9820:Pāramitā 9662:Devotion 9582:Navayana 9570:Dzogchen 9533:Nichiren 9481:Mahayana 9473:Branches 9351:Saṅkhāra 9100:Mañjuśrī 9057:(cousin) 9049:(cousin) 9017:(mother) 9009:(father) 8997:Miracles 8947:Birthday 8864:Glossary 8837:Buddhism 8675:(2010). 8595:(2002). 8218:Archived 8140:(2005). 7787:Archived 7758:Archived 7687:"密教と修験道" 7423:Archived 7364:Archived 7214:Archived 7054:Archived 7027:Archived 6953:Ray 2001 6833:Ray 2001 6773:Ray 2001 6696:Ray 2001 6395:, ch. 4. 5883:Ray 2000 5659:See also 5652:sādhakas 5644:mantrins 5636:Tāntrika 5632:tāntrika 5609:maṇḍalas 5582:metaphor 5561:Sanskrit 5490:Thailand 5482:Cambodia 5464:, where 5399:Shugendō 5379:Shugendō 5225:Sanskrit 5195:Mahayana 5169:Kalmykia 5153:Buryatia 5137:Mongolia 5102:Mongolia 5060:Dzogchen 4941:Timeline 4809:Dosmoche 4745:Rinpoche 4634:Narthang 4593:Dzogchen 4470:Dzogchen 4323:Bodongpa 4226:Milarepa 4188:Ralpacan 4067:a series 4065:Part of 4031:T1955). 4010:Truc Lam 3960:and the 3942:Mật Tông 3938:Mật giáo 3805:Sanskrit 3776:mandalas 3707:Mahakala 3646:such as 3587:Buddhism 3571:Shanghai 3483:dharanis 3384:regions. 3357:Dunhuang 3320:Kagyudpa 3279:and the 3213:sadhanas 3207:shastras 3098:mandalas 3070:Kangling 3016:རྡོ་རྗེ་ 2979:Sanskrit 2897:Maitripa 2859:yonipuja 2808:abhiseka 2785:Dzogchen 2681:and the 2625:luminous 2529:abhiseka 2524:lineages 2414:Dzogchen 2382:" mantra 2194:non-dual 2162:Tibetan 2134:symbolic 2127:abhiṣeka 2115:Bodhgaya 1975:Mahayana 1835:Asanga's 1737:Yogacara 1726:Mahayana 1714:Pala era 1691:Amitabha 1680:Oddiyana 1639:Kapalika 1623:Kapalika 1571:Bhairava 1507:Bhairava 1480:abhiśeka 1449:and the 1424:Mahayoga 1413:and the 1325:and the 1303:Amitābha 1301:such as 1158:saints ( 999:, Mìzōng 872:(a.k.a. 869:Mahāyāna 863:Hīnayāna 810:mandalas 802:dharanis 787:Mongolia 773:, other 759:practice 752:Buddhist 712:Sanskrit 479:Sex yoga 224:Tantrism 156:Altaic ( 140:Nepalese 131:Japanese 55:a series 53:Part of 16443:Uruguay 16418:Ecuador 16398:Bolivia 16375:Vanuatu 16302:Oceania 16252:Jamaica 16232:Grenada 16187:Bahamas 16147:England 16137:Ukraine 16092:Romania 16052:Moldova 16012:Ireland 16007:Iceland 16002:Hungary 15992:Germany 15982:Finland 15977:Estonia 15972:Denmark 15967:Czechia 15962:Croatia 15947:Belgium 15942:Belarus 15937:Austria 15932:Andorra 15927:Albania 15904:Vietnam 15814:Myanmar 15789:Lebanon 15707:Georgia 15667:Bahrain 15657:Armenia 15619:Tunisia 15589:Somalia 15574:Senegal 15559:Nigeria 15549:Namibia 15539:Morocco 15504:Liberia 15499:Lesotho 15449:Eritrea 15419:Comoros 15394:Burundi 15369:Algeria 15313:Outline 15278:Deities 15205:Atheism 15118:Science 15036:Freedom 14894:History 14861:studies 14814:Dualism 14804:Animism 14769:Worship 14749:Symbols 14690:Liturgy 14603:Goddess 14563:Deities 14544:Laicism 14534:Beliefs 14513:Aspects 14485:Zapotec 14480:Vainakh 14448:Yahwism 14433:Semitic 14362:Iranian 14264:Hurrian 14254:Hittite 14244:Guanche 14237:Orphism 14168:Fuegian 14163:Finnish 14151:Atenism 14097:Latvian 14082:Arabian 14025:Raëlism 14005:Jediism 14000:Goddess 13973:De novo 13861:Druidry 13755:Thelema 13708:New Age 13593:Umbanda 13484:Tumbuka 13469:Odinala 13454:Lugbara 13374:African 13340:African 13288:Bimoism 13278:Burmese 13124:Mapuche 13090:Wyandot 13050:Guarani 13031:Choctaw 13026:Chilote 12945:Alaskan 12940:Abenaki 12891:Tagalog 12864:Kejawèn 12713:Sikhism 12676:Jainism 12636:Tibetan 12619:Amidism 12487:Warkari 12401:Đạo Mẫu 12251:Chinese 12233:Eastern 12210:Roshani 12129:Iranian 12037:Alevism 12030:Ibadism 12003:Zaydism 11680:Ancient 11651:Eastern 11611:Renewal 11596:Karaite 11577:Zionist 11565:Hasidic 11547:Judaism 11529:Western 11427:Temples 11407:Buddhas 11369:Science 11359:Judaism 11354:Jainism 11272:Lineage 11232:Abhijñā 11202:Thangka 11145:Sarnath 11130:Lumbini 11051:Funeral 11046:Cuisine 10922:Culture 10897:Reality 10847:Creator 10837:Atomism 10707:History 10680:Ukraine 10640:Germany 10559:Senegal 10549:Vietnam 10477:Myanmar 10277:Shinran 10267:Karmapa 10242:Shandao 10212:Dignāga 10137:Śrāvaka 10117:Donchee 10112:Kappiya 10070:Sayadaw 10040:Bhikkhu 10015:Anāgāmi 9972:Nirvana 9938:Samadhi 9825:Paritta 9766:Tonglen 9761:Mandala 9716:Smarana 9697:Mantras 9645:Upekkha 9615:Bhavana 9565:Shingon 9518:Tiantai 9371:Tathātā 9361:Śūnyatā 9356:Skandha 9346:Saṃsāra 9341:Rebirth 9316:Kleshas 9306:Indriya 9208:Subhūti 9093:Guanyin 9047:Ānanda 9039:Rāhula 8919:Nirvana 8859:Outline 8280:18 June 7608:2943086 7202:1062679 7145:: p. 85 6726:Collins 6519:p. 144. 5859:Lü 2017 5797:Kangyur 5640:Saivism 5604:mantras 5578:synonym 5444:culture 5365:Nalanda 5257:Sumatra 5106:Siberia 5068:Nyingma 5056:sadhana 5026:of the 4953:Culture 4948:Outline 4936:History 4893:Thangka 4849:Tengyur 4844:Kangyur 4824:Losoong 4819:Sho Dun 4740:Karmapa 4700:Tsurphu 4661:Ramoche 4644:Pabonka 4639:Nechung 4627:Namgyal 4617:Labrang 4605:Jokhang 4588:Drepung 4583:Tradruk 4558:Thukdam 4464:Nyingma 4442:Tibetan 4414:Rebirth 4405:Saṃsāra 4393:Skandha 4334:Gelugpa 4317:Gorampa 4294:Dolpopa 4232:Nyingma 4102:Nyingma 4095:Schools 3880:Dharani 3843:Korean 3829:mantras 3800:siddham 3772:Tantras 3652:Tiantai 3629:Shingon 3621:Zhenyan 3611:Zhenyan 3442:Shingon 3324:Gelugpa 3302:Sakyapa 3271:Shingon 3266:Zhenyan 3218:Chinese 3085:thangka 3027:sadhana 3023:gankyil 2973:, Japan 2949:) from 2927:Mandala 2924:Hevajra 2881:Nalanda 2796:rituals 2734:rebirth 2711:chakras 2707:thig le 2705:, Tib. 2697:, Tib. 2689:, Tib. 2657:candali 2640:rainbow 2602:mandala 2508:ngondro 2467:samadhi 2452:siddhis 2333:Nyingma 2331:of the 2329:Ngagpas 2168:Yab-Yum 1902:Yi Xing 1854:nirvana 1848:samsara 1831:Hevajra 1307:Longer 1294:paritta 1275:mandala 1269:kapalas 1258:Shingon 1231:Tantras 1187:siddhis 1178:-siddhi 1117:called 1101:kartika 1083:History 1043:Zhēnyán 1039:Shingon 977:Chinese 973:Zhēnyán 956:). The 952:, Wyl. 936:, Wyl. 835:Buddhas 798:mantras 756:tantric 750:, is a 716:वज्रयान 628:Yab-Yum 422:Ngöndro 400:Thangka 379:Mandala 250:Pursuit 218:History 166:b, t, k 152:Tibetan 126:Chinese 16510:Tantra 16484:Portal 16423:Guyana 16403:Brazil 16370:Tuvalu 16267:Panama 16257:Mexico 16202:Canada 16197:Belize 16127:Sweden 16107:Serbia 16097:Russia 16082:Poland 16077:Norway 16057:Monaco 16027:Latvia 16022:Kosovo 15997:Greece 15987:France 15919:Europe 15884:Turkey 15869:Taiwan 15774:Kuwait 15747:Jordan 15737:Israel 15697:Cyprus 15682:Brunei 15677:Bhutan 15629:Zambia 15624:Uganda 15564:Rwanda 15519:Malawi 15479:Guinea 15469:Gambia 15374:Angola 15361:Africa 15170:Wealth 15113:Schism 15068:Growth 14992:Priest 14977:Clergy 14796:Theism 14779:Nature 14774:Astral 14717:Groves 14685:Ritual 14670:Prayer 14628:Novice 14578:Ethnic 14503:Topics 14475:Urartu 14470:Tongan 14465:Somali 14460:Slavic 14340:Dacian 14119:Celtic 14114:Basque 14092:Baltic 13943:Udmurt 13908:Uralic 13903:Slavic 13856:Celtic 13844:Abkhaz 13832:Romuva 13822:Baltic 13797:Modern 13640:Papuan 13603:Voodoo 13558:Kumina 13499:Yoruba 13489:Urhobo 13459:Maasai 13444:Lotuko 13392:Baluba 13382:Akamba 13355:Berber 13313:Heraka 13303:Dongba 13181:Pueblo 13176:Pawnee 13166:Navajo 13156:Muisca 13119:Lenape 13107:Lakota 13085:Seneca 13075:Mohawk 12997:Ohlone 12972:Apache 12955:Ojibwe 12930:Native 12796:Manchu 12791:Evenki 12752:Altaic 12743:Ethnic 12718:Khalsa 12671:Kalash 12561:Śrauta 12430:Indian 12360:Korean 12326:Shinto 12296:Taoism 12269:Luoism 12095:Baháʼí 12090:Bábism 12042:Ahmadi 12020:Sufism 12013:Alawis 11663:Church 11591:Reform 11572:Modern 11560:Haredi 11422:Sutras 11417:Suttas 11282:Siddhi 11267:Koliya 11242:Brahmā 11157:Poetry 11103:Mantra 11093:Kasaya 10965:Pagoda 10945:Kyaung 10940:Vihāra 10935:Temple 10877:Ethics 10720:Ashoka 10670:Sweden 10665:Poland 10660:Norway 10650:Mexico 10635:France 10620:Canada 10615:Brazil 10554:Africa 10534:Taiwan 10497:Russia 10422:Bhutan 10382:Vinaya 10262:Naropa 10252:Saraha 10187:Asanga 9943:Prajñā 9852:Refuge 9815:Nianfo 9776:Tertön 9771:Tantra 9756:Ganana 9746:Tukdam 9672:Dhyāna 9640:Mudita 9635:Karuṇā 9528:Risshū 9523:Huayan 9456:Naraka 9396:Anattā 9391:Dukkha 9386:Anicca 9291:Dharma 9243:Channa 9178:Ānanda 9163:Assaji 9130:Skanda 9033:(wife) 9002:Family 8982:Relics 8907:Sangha 8902:Dharma 8897:Buddha 8759: 8740: 8721: 8702: 8683: 8660: 8641: 8622: 8603: 8573: 8554: 8526: 8507: 8479: 8451: 8417: 8380: 8352: 8297: 8253: 8179: 8148: 8122: 8103: 8071: 8052: 8033: 8014: 7986: 7967: 7939: 7920: 7901: 7882: 7859: 7814: 7724: 7708: 7632: 7614: 7606: 7402:p. 441 7394: 7327: 7241: 7208: 7200: 7192: 7080: 6732: 6515: 6495: 6448: 5711:Tukdam 5620:hippie 5615:cakras 5600:Mudrās 5417:Taoism 5413:hijiri 5269:Yijing 5217:Newars 5159:, the 5145:Russia 5121:Bhutan 5087:Mongol 5078:, and 4814:Monlam 4794:Dajyur 4757:Tertön 4656:Ralung 4651:Palcho 4610:Kumbum 4600:Ganden 4493:Lamrim 4424:Dharma 4287:Jonang 4263:Mipham 4216:Niguma 4206:Talika 4127:Jonang 4117:Bodong 4021:Huayan 4006:tulkus 3980:Yijing 3956:, the 3872:Hwaeom 3852:milgyo 3845:milgyo 3833:Tendai 3817:Tendai 3747:Mikkyō 3660:Mongol 3658:, the 3615:mantra 3605:, and 3529:tantra 3502:Bengal 3475:mikkyo 3469:, and 3452:Tendai 3450:) and 3447:mantra 3426:Bhutan 3398:Taiwan 3310:, the 3244:termas 3230:Rōmaji 3222:Pinyin 3220:: 儀軌; 3164:mudras 3159:phurba 3153:damaru 3108:, the 3066:Damaru 3043:wisdom 3039:method 3035:ghanta 2981:term " 2893:Virūpa 2740:) and 2709:) and 2655:(Skt. 2636:mirage 2568:Ajikan 2501:). In 2499:samaya 2344:samaya 2312:samaya 2305:Samaya 2286:Sangha 2273:dharma 2258:. The 2245:says: 2198:advaya 2077:Buddha 2059:prajñā 2053:, the 1981:. The 1958:Tantra 1953:Tangut 1825:known. 1768:Asanga 1587:Shaiva 1539:Shaiva 1457:Yogini 1317:sutras 1224:pisaca 1216:vetala 1212:yogini 1204:dakini 1182:Bengal 1176:Sahaja 1148:ksetra 1024:Mikkyō 1003:Mìjiao 982:Tángmì 944:(Skt. 940:) and 926:Bhutan 924:, and 866:) and 841:(e.g. 806:mudras 746:, and 660:Samaya 618:Phurba 611:Melong 606:Ghanta 601:Damaru 407:Yantra 386:Mantra 303:Tukdam 238:Sahaja 100:Yunnan 44:ghanta 16408:Chile 16365:Tonga 16355:Samoa 16345:Palau 16335:Nauru 16242:Haiti 16162:Wales 16122:Spain 16047:Malta 16017:Italy 15909:Yemen 15864:Syria 15844:Qatar 15819:Nepal 15794:Macau 15757:Korea 15742:Japan 15717:India 15692:China 15604:Sudan 15554:Niger 15509:Libya 15494:Kenya 15474:Ghana 15464:Gabon 15439:Egypt 15379:Benin 15288:Index 15259:lists 15123:State 14941:Women 14809:Deism 14784:Place 14764:Water 14759:Truth 14727:Trees 14583:Faith 14548:Laity 14443:Punic 14401:Roman 14367:Vedic 14325:Olmec 14212:Greek 14205:Norse 14129:Irish 13950:Wicca 13745:Subud 13635:Inuit 13608:Winti 13598:Vodou 13563:Obeah 13543:Comfa 13526:Bantu 13479:Serer 13464:Mbuti 13424:Dogon 13419:Dinka 13402:Kongo 13397:Bantu 13323:Qiang 13213:Yaqui 13144:Olmec 13134:Aztec 13055:Haida 12992:Miwok 12987:Kuksu 12908:Māori 12839:Dayak 12760:Turko 12723:Sects 12659:Other 12614:Thiền 12198:Other 12100:Druze 12078:Other 11954:Sunni 11946:Islam 11728:Amish 11646:Latin 11394:Lists 11262:Kalpa 11257:Iddhi 11120:Music 11115:Mudra 11081:Vassa 11061:Vesak 11031:Budai 10977:Candi 10960:Stupa 10892:Logic 10645:Italy 10544:Tibet 10482:Nepal 10452:Korea 10447:Japan 10437:India 10432:China 10377:Sutra 10332:Texts 10282:Dōgen 10272:Hōnen 10257:Atiśa 10222:Zhiyi 10132:Achar 10100:Tulku 10095:Geshe 10080:Rōshi 10065:Ajahn 10020:Arhat 9980:Bodhi 9950:Vīrya 9867:Sacca 9862:Satya 9857:Sādhu 9845:Music 9788:Merit 9781:Terma 9741:Zazen 9677:Faith 9630:Mettā 9311:Karma 9271:Bardo 9238:Asita 9228:Khema 9218:Upāli 9203:Nanda 9041:(son) 9015:Māyā 8992:Films 8869:Index 7612:S2CID 7604:JSTOR 7426:(PDF) 7419:(PDF) 7206:S2CID 7198:JSTOR 6499:p.215 5780:Notes 5650:, or 5648:yogis 5478:Burma 5273:Atiśa 5261:Islam 5221:Nepal 5133:China 5129:Nepal 5125:India 5098:China 5080:Gelug 5076:Kagyu 5072:Sakya 5064:Terma 5052:tulku 5008:Tibet 4837:Texts 4804:Losar 4762:Tulku 4752:Geshe 4705:Yerpa 4688:Shalu 4678:Sanga 4673:Sakya 4522:Laity 4436:Karma 4305:Sakya 4276:Marpa 4269:Kagyu 4201:Atiśa 4132:Gelug 4122:Kagyu 4112:Sakya 4107:Kadam 3950:Thien 3930:Hanoi 3928:near 3876:mudra 3856:Korea 3837:faith 3795:Kukai 3764:China 3762:(via 3752:India 3742:Japan 3676:Acala 3672:Cundi 3625:Japan 3583:China 3575:China 3498:Palas 3438:Japan 3430:India 3418:Tibet 3239:dohas 3226:Yíguǐ 3174:Texts 3148:vajra 3125:yidam 3092:, in 3079:murti 3019:dorje 3005:Devas 3001:Indra 2984:vajra 2935:Nepal 2920:vajra 2889:Atisa 2855:vulva 2738:phowa 2730:bardo 2703:bindu 2699:rlung 2662:phowa 2652:tummo 2638:or a 2598:yidam 2596:Tib. 2442:bijas 2426:tummo 2279:tapas 2179:taboo 2020:aeons 1913:Tibet 1906:Kūkai 1776:jnana 1742:upaya 1599:pitha 1285:Vedic 1220:preta 1208:yaksi 1152:taboo 1144:pitha 1115:yogis 1018:Japan 1011:Guhya 987:Hanmì 962:Indra 958:vajra 922:Nepal 918:India 771:Nepal 767:Tibet 724:vajra 623:Vajra 393:Mudra 298:Phowa 36:vajra 16433:Peru 16315:Fiji 16212:Cuba 15824:Oman 15784:Laos 15732:Iraq 15727:Iran 15644:Asia 15614:Togo 15524:Mali 15414:Chad 15257:and 15184:and 14754:Text 14734:Soul 14623:Monk 14588:Fire 14269:Inca 14077:Ainu 13961:list 13938:Sámi 13568:Palo 13536:Ketu 13531:Jejé 13449:Lozi 13429:Efik 13407:Zulu 13387:Akan 13240:Ahom 13232:Miao 13230:and 13218:Zuni 13191:Hopi 13139:Maya 13036:Crow 13002:Pomo 12649:list 12606:Chan 12577:list 12534:Nath 12332:list 12068:list 11993:Shia 11935:list 11622:list 11292:Pāḷi 11277:Māra 11187:Flag 10588:Iran 10512:Tuva 10457:Laos 10085:Lama 9933:Śīla 9901:Śīla 9889:Pīti 9879:Sati 9830:Puja 9751:Koan 9657:Dāna 9248:Yasa 9135:Tārā 8757:ISBN 8738:ISBN 8719:ISBN 8700:ISBN 8681:ISBN 8658:ISBN 8639:ISBN 8620:ISBN 8601:ISBN 8571:ISBN 8552:ISBN 8524:ISBN 8505:ISBN 8477:ISBN 8449:ISBN 8415:ISBN 8378:ISBN 8350:ISBN 8295:ISBN 8282:2015 8251:ISBN 8177:ISSN 8146:ISBN 8120:ISBN 8101:ISBN 8069:ISBN 8050:ISBN 8031:ISBN 8012:ISBN 7984:ISBN 7965:ISBN 7937:ISBN 7918:ISBN 7899:ISBN 7880:ISBN 7857:ISBN 7812:ISBN 7722:ISBN 7706:ISBN 7630:ISBN 7392:ISBN 7325:ISSN 7239:ISBN 7190:ISSN 7078:ISBN 6730:ISBN 6513:ISBN 6493:ISBN 6446:ISBN 5740:for 5612:and 5602:and 5584:and 5502:and 5488:and 5486:Laos 5442:and 5392:Nara 5255:and 5253:Java 5163:and 4735:Lama 4683:Sera 4666:Rato 4137:Rimé 3893:and 3787:and 3758:and 3674:and 3650:and 3648:Chan 3565:The 3416:(in 3392:The 3351:The 3336:and 3322:and 3300:the 3234:Giki 3198:and 3062:Chöd 3031:bell 2977:The 2895:and 2883:and 2850:puja 2783:and 2742:Chöd 2695:vayu 2691:rtsa 2687:nadi 2430:goma 2408:and 2340:guru 2319:and 2148:Lama 2065:Goal 2008:The 1995:yana 1973:and 1967:yana 1904:and 1896:and 1884:and 1829:The 1811:kama 1784:Skt: 1735:and 1693:and 1469:and 1162:and 1156:Nath 1071:and 991:Tang 893:and 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