1109:
to earthquakes, windstorms and military training exercises where the ground is disturbed. Historically, an infection is more likely to occur in males than females, although this could be attributed to occupation rather than being sex-specific. Women who are pregnant and immediately postpartum are at a high risk of infection and dissemination. There is also an association between stage of pregnancy and severity of the disease, with third trimester women being more likely to develop dissemination. Presumably this is related to highly elevated hormonal levels, which stimulate growth and maturation of spherules and subsequent release of endospores. Certain ethnic populations are more susceptible to disseminated coccidioidomycosis. The risk of dissemination is 175 times greater in
Filipinos and 10 times greater in African Americans than non-Hispanic whites. Individuals with a weakened immune system are also more susceptible to the disease. In particular, individuals with
1322:
1019:, and northern Mexico. The ecological niches are characterized by hot summers and mild winters with an annual rainfall of 10–50 cm. The species are found in alkaline sandy soil, typically 10–30 cm below the surface. In harmony with the mycelium life cycle, incidence increases with periods of dryness after a rainy season; this phenomenon, termed "grow and blow", refers to growth of the fungus in wet weather, producing spores which are spread by the wind during succeeding dry weather. While the majority of cases are observed in the endemic region, cases reported outside the area are generally visitors, who contact the infection and return to their native areas before becoming symptomatic.
833:
preparedness in the medical field in addition to improving diagnostics for early infections. There are no completely effective preventive measures available for people who live or travel through Valley fever-endemic areas. Recommended preventive measures include avoiding airborne dust or dirt, but this does not guarantee protection against infection. People in certain occupations may be advised to wear face masks. The use of air filtration indoors is also helpful, in addition to keeping skin injuries clean and covered to avoid skin infection.
520:
1310:
1263:
794:
531:
52:
396:
676:
1138:. Posadas established an infectious character of the disease after being able to transfer it in laboratory conditions to lab animals. In the U.S., Dr. E. Rixford, a physician from a San Francisco hospital, and T. C. Gilchrist, a pathologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, became early pioneers of clinical studies of the infection. They decided that the causative organism was a
1047:, which in 2007 had an estimated population of 3,880,181 for an incidence of approximately 1 in 1,125. In contrast, though southern New Mexico is considered an endemic region, there were 35 cases in the entire state in 2008 and 23 in 2007, in a region that had an estimated 2008 population of 1,984,356, for an incidence of approximately 1 in 56,695.
635:) which are light in weight and carried by air currents. This happens when the soil is disturbed, often by clearing trees, construction or farming. As the population grows, so do all these activities, causing a potential cascade effect. The more land that is cleared and the more arid the soil, the riper the environment for
1348:" the entire lab is exposed to coccidioidomycosis through inhalation of bone dust. Erroneously, the team is forced to quarantine in the lab on Christmas Eve to prevent the disease from spreading to the public (in real life, the disease is not contagious). The lab is later exposed to it again in the Season 2 episode "
1108:
There are several populations that have a higher risk for contracting coccidioidomycosis and developing the advanced disseminated version of the disease. Populations with exposure to the airborne arthroconidia working in agriculture and construction have a higher risk. Outbreaks have also been linked
1099:
issued an order in May 2013 requiring relocation of vulnerable populations in those prisons. The incidence rate has been increasing, with rates as high as 7% during 2006–2010. The cost of care and treatment is $ 23 million in
California prisons. A lawsuit was filed against the state in 2014 on behalf
1050:
Infection rates vary greatly by county, and although population density is important, so are other factors that have not been proven yet. Greater construction activity may disturb spores in the soil. In addition, the effect of altitude on fungi growth and morphology has not been studied, and altitude
500:
A particularly severe case of meningitis caused by valley fever in 2012 initially received several incorrect diagnoses such as sinus infections and cluster headaches. The patient became unable to work during diagnosis and original search for treatments. Eventually the right treatment was found—albeit
1293:
Other species in which Valley fever has been found include livestock such as cattle and horses; llamas; marine mammals, including sea otters; zoo animals such as monkeys and apes, kangaroos, tigers, etc.; and wildlife native to the geographic area where the fungus is found, such as cougars, skunks,
857:
to diagnose the Valley fever, which however is known for producing a fair quantity of false positives. Recommended prevention measures can include type-of-exposure-based respirator protection for persons engaged in agriculture, construction and others working outdoors in endemic areas. Dust control
852:
Raising both surveillance and awareness of the disease while medical researchers are developing a human vaccine can positively contribute towards prevention efforts. Research demonstrates that patients from endemic areas who are aware of the disease are most likely to request diagnostic testing for
1182:
was considered by the United States during the 1950s and 1960s as a potential biological weapon. The strain selected for investigation was designated with the military symbol OC, and initial expectations were for its deployment as a human incapacitant. Medical research suggested that OC might have
1175:
was identified as the culprit of respiratory disorders previously called San
Joaquin Valley fever, desert fever, and Valley fever, and a serum precipitin test was developed by Charles E. Smith that was able to detect an acute form of the infection. In retrospect, Smith played a major role in both
2656:
Galgiani, John N.; Ampel, Neil M.; Blair, Janis E.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Geertsma, Francesca; Hoover, Susan E.; Johnson, Royce H.; Kusne, Shimon; Lisse, Jeffrey; MacDonald, Joel D.; Meyerson, Shari L.; Raksin, Patricia B.; Siever, John; Stevens, David A.; Sunenshine, Rebecca; Theodore, Nicholas
1039:
is most prevalent in
Arizona, although it can be found in a wider region spanning from Utah, New Mexico, Texas, and Nevada. An estimated 150,000 infections occur annually, with 25,000 new infections occurring every year. The incidence of coccidioidomycosis in the United States in 2011 (42.6 per
866:
Significant disease develops in fewer than 5% of those infected and typically occurs in those with a weakened immune system. Mild asymptomatic cases often do not require any treatment. Those with severe symptoms may benefit from antifungal therapy, which requires 3–6 months or more of treatment
832:
Preventing coccidioidomycosis is challenging because it is difficult to avoid breathing in the fungus should it be present; however, the public health effect of the disease is essential to understand in areas where the fungus is endemic. Enhancing surveillance of coccidioidomycosis is key to
407:
An estimated 60% of people infected with the fungi responsible for coccidioidomycosis have minimal to no symptoms, while 40% will have a range of possible clinical symptoms. Of those who do develop symptoms, the primary infection is most often respiratory, with symptoms resembling
1054:
In
California from 2000 to 2007, there were 16,970 reported cases (5.9 per 100,000 people) and 752 deaths of the 8,657 people hospitalized. The highest incidence was in the San Joaquin Valley with 76% of the 16,970 cases (12,855) occurring in the area. Following the
325:, are swept into the air by disruption of the soil, such as during construction, farming, low-wind or singular dust events, or an earthquake. Windstorms may also cause epidemics far from endemic areas. In December 1977, a windstorm in an endemic area around
612:, are swept into the air by disruption of the soil, such as during construction, farming, low-wind or singular dust events, or an earthquake. Windstorms may also cause epidemics far from endemic areas. In December 1977, a windstorm in an endemic area around
359:
infection, coccidioidomycosis begins with Valley fever, which is its initial acute form. Valley fever may progress to the chronic form and then to disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Therefore, coccidioidomycosis may be divided into the following types:
848:
indicated that a potential vaccine could improve health as well as reducing total health care expenditures among infants, teens, and immigrant adults, and more modestly improve health but increase total health care expenditures in older age groups.
1231:
in 2014, 3,000 in 2021); experts said that cases could rise across the
American west as the climate makes the landscape drier and hotter. The Coccidioides flourishes due to the oscillation between extreme dryness and extreme wetness. The
1254:, but efforts to develop such a vaccine are underway. As of 2021 Anivive Lifesciences and a team at the University of Arizona Medical School was developing a vaccine for use in dogs, which could eventually lead to a vaccine in humans.
453:, soft tissues, joints, and bone). Chronic infection is responsible for most of the morbidity and mortality. Chronic fibrocavitary disease is manifested by cough (sometimes productive of mucus), fevers, night sweats and weight loss.
2835:
1270:
In dogs, the most common symptom of coccidioidomycosis is a chronic cough, which can be dry or moist. Other symptoms include fever (in approximately 50% of cases), weight loss, anorexia, lethargy, and depression. The disease can
448:
A minority (3–5%) of infected individuals do not recover from the initial acute infection and develop a chronic infection. This can take the form of chronic lung infection or widespread disseminated infection (affecting the
3850:
416:
that resolve over a matter of a few weeks. In endemic regions, coccidioidomycosis is responsible for 20% of cases of community-acquired pneumonia. Notable coccidioidomycosis signs and symptoms include a profound
4144:
4129:
3284:
1117:
function. Individuals with pre-existing conditions such as diabetes are also at a higher risk. Age also affects the severity of the disease, with more than one-third of deaths being in the 65-84 age group.
687:
Coccidioidomycosis diagnosis relies on a combination of an infected person's signs and symptoms, findings on radiographic imaging, and laboratory results. The disease is commonly misdiagnosed as bacterial
897:
amphotericin B therapy is used if infection persists after fluconazole treatment. Itraconazole is used for cases that involve treatment of infected person's bones and joints. The antifungal medications
4259:
651:
within the spherule. Rupture of spherules release these endospores, which in turn repeat the cycle and spread the infection to adjacent tissues within the body of the infected individual.
3848:
Graupmann-Kuzma, Angela; Valentine, Beth A.; Shubitz, Lisa F.; Dial, Sharon M.; Watrous, Barbara; Tornquist, Susan J. (September 1, 2008). "Coccidioidomycosis in Dogs and Cats: A Review".
2515:
Das R.; McNary J.; Fitzsimmons K.; et al. (May 2012). "Occupational coccidioidomycosis in
California: outbreak investigation, respirator recommendations, and surveillance findings".
2205:
Hector, Richard F.; Rutherford, George W.; Tsang, Clarisse A.; Erhart, Laura M.; McCotter, Orion; Anderson, Shoana M.; Komatsu, Kenneth; Tabnak, Farzaneh; Vugia, Duc J. (April 1, 2011).
1356:
441:. Fatigue can persist for many months after initial infection. The classic triad of coccidioidomycosis known as "desert rheumatism" includes the combination of fever, joint pains, and
655:
can form in lungs surrounding these spherules. When they rupture, they release their contents into bronchi, forming thin-walled cavities. These cavities can cause symptoms including
1176:
medical research and raising awareness about coccidioidomycosis, especially when he became dean of the School of Public Health at the
University of California at Berkeley in 1951.
1321:
1309:
4252:
881:
are used in progressive or disseminated disease, or in immunocompromised individuals. Amphotericin B was originally the only available treatment, but alternatives, including
481:, and possible disseminated form, where the infection spreads throughout the body. The disseminated form of coccidioidomycosis can devastate the body, causing skin ulcers,
3527:
4245:
3292:
1279:(infection of the bone), which leads to lameness. Dissemination can cause other symptoms, depending on which organs are infected. If the fungus infects the heart or
1135:
914:, and other respiratory diseases, it is important for public health professionals to be aware of the rise of coccidioidomycosis and the specifics of diagnosis.
2432:
1159:
Dr. William Ophüls, a professor at
Stanford University Hospital (San Francisco), discovered that the causative agent of the disease that was at first called
336:
in the endemic areas of the United States. Infections usually occur due to inhalation of the arthroconidial spores after soil disruption. The disease is not
3211:
1040:
100,000) was almost ten times higher than the incidence reported in 1998 (5.3 per 100,000). In area where it is most prevalent, the infection rate is 2-4%.
3788:
858:
measures such as planting grass and wetting the soil, and also limiting exposure to dust storms are advisable for residential areas in endemic regions.
5932:
3626:
3134:
Pappagianis, Demosthenes; Coccidioidomycosis
Serology Laboratory (September 2007). "Coccidioidomycosis in California State Correctional Institutions".
2558:
1191:
was never weaponized to the public's knowledge, and most of the military research in the mid-1960s was concentrated on developing a human vaccine.
867:
depending on the response to the treatment. There is a lack of prospective studies that examine optimal antifungal therapy for coccidioidomycosis.
3357:
Rixford E., Gilchrist T. C. Two cases of protozoan (coccidioidal) infection of the skin and other organs. Johns Hopkins Hosp Rep 1896; 10:209-268.
231:. It is commonly known as cocci, Valley fever, as well as California fever, desert rheumatism, or San Joaquin Valley fever. Coccidioidomycosis is
2086:
Galgiani J. N. Coccidioidomycosis. In: Cecil, Russell L., Lee Goldman, and D. A. Ausiello. Cecil Medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2007.
1620:
Malo J, Luraschi-Monjagatta C, Wolk DM, Thompson R, Hage CA, Knox KS (February 2014). "Update on the diagnosis of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis".
979:
The cost of the nephrotoxic AmB deoxycholate, in 2015, for a patient of 70 kilograms (150 lb) at 1 mg/kg/day dosage, was approximately
631:
in both horizontal and vertical directions. Over a prolonged dry period, cells within hyphae degenerate to form alternating barrel-shaped cells (
940:. Other formulations have been developed such as lipid-soluble formulations to mitigate side-effects such as direct proximal and distal tubular
1062:
There was an outbreak in the summer of 2001 in Colorado, away from where the disease was considered endemic. A group of archeologists visited
4752:
3186:
2709:
889:, became available for milder disease. Fluconazole is the preferred medication for coccidioidal meningitis, due to its penetration into CSF.
3083:
1196:
1534:"Recent advances in our understanding of the environmental, epidemiological, immunological, and clinical dimensions of coccidioidomycosis"
497:
in the endemic areas of the United States. Infections usually occur due to inhalation of the arthroconidial spores after soil disruption.
347:
in 2014, 3,000 in 2021); experts said that cases could rise across the American west as the climate makes the landscape drier and hotter.
1200:
841:
3491:
1804:
Schneider E, Hajjeh RA, Spiegel RA, et al. (1997). "A coccidioidomycosis outbreak following the Northridge, Calif, earthquake".
2838:: ResearchGate; Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 35(9):1829-33 · October 1991 (printed from PubMed)- Retrieved January 17, 2017
2979:
6119:
5803:
1901:
3534:
5059:
1233:
72:
840:. Since many U.S. states do not require reporting of coccidioidomycosis, the actual numbers may be higher. The United States'
2030:
1947:
1669:
1488:
1439:
1381:
1236:
said the 9,280 new cases of Valley fever with onset dates in 2023 was the highest number the department has ever documented.
701:
2710:"Opportunistic Fungal Infections, Part 3: Cryptococcosis, Histoplasmosis, Coccidioidomycosis, and Emerging Mould Infections"
2147:
1100:
of 58 inmates stating that the Avenal and Pleasant valley state prisons did not take necessary steps to prevent infections.
6510:
6034:
5774:
5770:
844:
called the disease a "silent epidemic" and acknowledged that there is no proven anticoccidioidal vaccine available. A 2001
722:(PCR). It can also be detected in culture by morphological identification or by using molecular probes that hybridize with
377:
365:
3893:
Greene, Russell T.; Troy, Gregory C. (March 1, 1995). "Coccidioidomycosis in 48 Cats: A Retrospective Study (1984–1993)".
2096:
Kolivras K., Comrie A. (2003). "Modeling valley fever (coccidioidomycosis) incidence on the basis of climate conditions".
1504:
1069:
California state prisons, beginning in 1919, have been particularly affected by coccidioidomycosis. In 2005 and 2006, the
647:
develop. This division of cells is made possible by the optimal temperature inside the body. Septations develop and form
3313:
Posadas A. Un nuevo caso de micosis fungoidea con posrospemias. Annales Cir. Med. Argent. (1892), Volume 15, p. 585-597.
2659:"2016 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Coccidioidomycosis"
501:
with severe side effects—requiring four pills a day and medication administered directly into the brain every 16 weeks.
4841:
906:
have also been used to treat coccidioidomycosis. Because the symptoms of coccidioidomycosis are similar to the common
343:
It was reported in 2022 that valley fever had been increasing in California's Central Valley for years (1,000 cases in
2799:
5984:
5340:
4742:
3815:
2811:
202:
2439:
1043:
Incidence varies widely across the west and southwest. In Arizona, for instance, in 2007, there were 3,450 cases in
6019:
5798:
5793:
5500:
4851:
3026:
1290:
In cats, symptoms may include skin lesions, fever, and loss of appetite, with skin lesions being the most common.
692:. The fungal infection can be demonstrated by microscopic detection of diagnostic cells in body fluids, exudates,
6505:
6124:
5765:
5712:
5490:
1163:
infection and later coccidioidomycosis was a fungal pathogen, and coccidioidomycosis was also distinguished from
918:
dogs often get coccidioidomycosis; their treatment regimen involves 6–12 months of ketoconazole taken with food.
373:
1352:" from contaminated graveyard soil but only receives a series of injections rather than be forced to quarantine.
1066:, and eight members of the crew, along with two National Park Service workers were diagnosed with Valley fever.
1059:, there was a sudden increase of cases in the areas affected by the quake, at a pace of over 10 times baseline.
5495:
4810:
4436:
1345:
812:
rarely demonstrate nodules or cavities in the lungs, but these images commonly demonstrate lung opacification,
797:
5839:
5003:
4694:
4531:
6387:
5706:
5170:
4925:
4616:
4546:
4213:
3285:"Just One Breath: More People Dying from Valley Fever – Especially Those With Chronic Disease, Study Shows"
3109:"Coccidioidomycosis in Workers at an Archeologic Site ---Dinosaur National Monument, Utah, June--July 2001"
2470:
1434:
1349:
1224:
1070:
928:
689:
494:
333:
17:
2566:
2278:
740:
An indirect demonstration of fungal infection can be achieved also by serologic analysis detecting fungal
6500:
6459:
4920:
4451:
4406:
845:
772:
768:
5565:
5507:
5273:
4993:
3936:
2823:
1063:
1056:
6295:
5195:
3001:"Number of Reported Cases of Selected Notifiable Diseases by Category for each County, Arizona, 2007"
1370:
968:, all shown to exhibit a decrease in nephrotoxicity. The latter was not as effective in one study as
932:(AmB: used since the 1950s as a primary agent) is known to be associated with increased drug-induced
837:
719:
4237:
4227:
6515:
6302:
5864:
5544:
5038:
4684:
4621:
4516:
4159:
1920:
1532:
Nguyen C, Barker BM, Hoover S, Nix DE, Ampel NM, Frelinger JA, Orbach MJ, Galgiani JN (July 2013).
1051:
can range from sea level to 10,000 feet or higher across California, Arizona, Utah and New Mexico.
1044:
945:
756:
3435:"Epidemiology of Acute Coccidioidomycosis with Erythema Nodosum ('San Joaquin' or 'Valley Fever')"
2717:
6383:
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6182:
5979:
5671:
5593:
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4717:
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1095:
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to the western hemisphere between 40°N and 40°S, including certain parts of the United States in
6411:
6342:
6081:
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5999:
5989:
5974:
5880:
5845:
5817:
5782:
5754:
5572:
5278:
5190:
4506:
1418:
1212:
992:
667:. The fungus can also, rarely, enter the body through a break in the skin and cause infection.
663:, and persistent cough. In individuals with a weakened immune system, the infection can spread
558:
514:
473:
Serious complications may occur in patients who have weakened immune systems, including severe
271:
232:
227:
4232:
4188:
3133:
1476:
6154:
5902:
5558:
5333:
5180:
5107:
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616:
led to several hundred cases, including deaths, in non-endemic areas hundreds of miles away.
329:
led to several hundred cases, including deaths, in non-endemic areas hundreds of miles away.
102:
3627:"Intensifying atmospheric rivers are leading to a surge in Valley fever cases in California"
3481:
Ciottone, Gregory R. Disaster Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier, 2006, pp. 726-128.
6328:
6318:
6132:
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3502:
3265:
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2105:
1755:
1411:
1374:
1272:
1246:
776:
539:
510:
221:
2596:
Acute Communicable Disease Control Annual Morbidity Reports, Los Angeles County, 2002-2010
2588:
2176:
755:
produced against the fungus. The available tests include the tube-precipitin (TP) assays,
8:
6440:
6168:
6160:
5994:
5586:
5248:
5185:
5160:
5134:
4988:
4966:
4561:
4521:
4441:
4431:
4148:
3706:"The Quest for a Vaccine Against Coccidioidomycosis: A Neglected Disease of the Americas"
3419:
3108:
3053:
2850:"Amphotericin B deoxycholate versus liposomal amphotericin B: effects on kidney function"
1078:
875:
821:
764:
3147:
3000:
2983:
2876:
2849:
2109:
1902:"'It took everything': the disease that can be contracted by breathing California's air"
1759:
62:
changes in a case of coccidioidomycosis of the lung showing a large fibrocaseous nodule.
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6334:
6150:
6146:
6063:
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6014:
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3459:
3434:
3167:
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2903:
2634:
2540:
2492:
2465:
2368:
2331:
2241:
2206:
2129:
2001:
1872:
1843:
1778:
1743:
1560:
1533:
1086:
1032:
894:
680:
640:
384:
337:
5701:
5318:
2765:
2740:
1716:
1689:
461:
may occur months to years after initial infection. Severe lung disease may develop in
6479:
6464:
5615:
5551:
5480:
5361:
5155:
4861:
4737:
4732:
4611:
4585:
4511:
4501:
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4314:
4098:
4086:
4048:
3918:
3910:
3875:
3867:
3823:
3745:
3727:
3686:
3607:
3464:
3384:
3367:
Hirschmann, Jan (May 1, 2007). "The Early History of Coccidioidomycosis: 1892–1945".
3340:
3246:
3159:
3065:
2935:
2881:
2770:
2752:
2690:
2638:
2621:
Welsh O.; Vera-Cabrera L.; Rendon A. (November–December 2012). "Coccidioidomycosis".
2532:
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2414:
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1993:
1943:
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1721:
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613:
418:
326:
67:
4153:
4060:
3560:
3171:
2544:
2133:
2005:
1659:
619:
Rain starts the cycle of initial growth of the fungus in the soil. In soil (and in
6417:
6373:
6313:
6232:
6049:
5969:
5958:
5730:
5666:
5366:
5326:
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2790:: American Family Physician (2008 Sep 15;78(6):743-750)- Retrieved January 16, 2017
2760:
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1985:
1867:
1813:
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1711:
1701:
1633:
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1555:
1545:
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The first case of what was later named coccidioidomycosis was described in 1892 in
983:
63.80, compared to $ 1318.80 for 5 mg/kg/day of the less toxic liposomal AmB.
813:
809:
749:
442:
136:
4199:
3558:
1479:. In Spec, Andrej; Escota, Gerome V.; Chrisler, Courtney; Davies, Bethany (eds.).
836:
From 1998–2011, there were 111,117 U.S. cases of coccidioidomycosis logged in the
6274:
5629:
5522:
5517:
5458:
5421:
5238:
5165:
4836:
4551:
4396:
4334:
4164:
3323:
Hirschmann, Jan V. (2007). "The Early History of Coccidioidomycosis: 1892–1945".
2528:
2409:
2392:
2020:
1706:
1445:
1429:
1386:
824:
scans of the chest are more sensitive than chest X-rays to detect these changes.
817:
589:
302:
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5926:
5915:
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5453:
5371:
5353:
5298:
5288:
5205:
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4575:
3672:
3242:
1164:
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is endemic to southern and central California with the highest presence in the
937:
933:
878:
573:
477:
with respiratory failure and bronchopleural fistulas requiring resection, lung
286:
114:
59:
4202:
4082:
2787:
2117:
1744:"No Consistent Link Between Dust Storms and Valley Fever (Coccidioidomycosis)"
1262:
1220:
despite their morphologic similarities and can also cause coccidioidomycosis.
853:
coccidioidomycosis. Presently, Meridian Bioscience manufactures the so-called
793:
6494:
6474:
6435:
6368:
6281:
6204:
6109:
6093:
6042:
5908:
5875:
5870:
5651:
5485:
5463:
5441:
5283:
5258:
5213:
5175:
5043:
4910:
4770:
4722:
4654:
4626:
3914:
3871:
3827:
3731:
2756:
2359:
2232:
1863:
1449:
1390:
1284:
1276:
1168:
976:(rat and mouse) morbidity rate versus zero for the AmB colloidal dispersion.
644:
632:
609:
593:
530:
519:
486:
454:
322:
306:
4138:
3155:
3051:
2304:
1360:, a 2022 Australian feature film, contains references to coccidioidomycosis.
6264:
6225:
6174:
6114:
5685:
5679:
5635:
5579:
5512:
5475:
5470:
5437:
5416:
5228:
4800:
4780:
4595:
4590:
4580:
4421:
4090:
4052:
4044:
3879:
3749:
3690:
3611:
3468:
3388:
3344:
3250:
3163:
3069:
2939:
2885:
2774:
2694:
2642:
2536:
2501:
2483:
2418:
2377:
2351:
2250:
2125:
2073:
1997:
1989:
1787:
1725:
1641:
1569:
1404:
1204:
1127:
1090:
941:
903:
899:
886:
882:
118:
91:
4228:
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention page on coccidioidomycosis
3937:"Valley Fever Center for Excellence: Valley Fever in Other Animal Species"
3922:
3595:
3450:
2223:
2207:"The Public Health Impact of Coccidioidomycosis in Arizona and California"
1825:
1187:
started to be classified by the authorities as a threat to public health.
6249:
6103:
5964:
5920:
5831:
5621:
5263:
5088:
4790:
4456:
4183:
3998:
2675:
2658:
1881:
1768:
1550:
1424:
1280:
1228:
890:
871:
787:
783:
737:
cannot be distinguished on cytology or by symptoms, but only by DNA PCR.
561:
344:
274:
122:
31:
3975:
3951:
3024:
New Mexico Intercensal Population Estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau
2920:
2685:
1910:
Article gives judgement of medical director and earth system scientist.
51:
6469:
6452:
6244:
6138:
6004:
5741:
5721:
5660:
5407:
5380:
5223:
5064:
4941:
4659:
4631:
4401:
3763:
3722:
3603:
3030:
1008:
1000:
708:
704:. These stains can demonstrate spherules and surrounding inflammation.
660:
652:
620:
581:
490:
458:
438:
409:
395:
294:
248:
240:
109:
4121:
3559:
Fisher, M. C.; Koenig, G. L.; White, T. J. & Taylor, J. W (2002).
2466:"Enhanced surveillance of coccidioidomycosis, Arizona, USA, 2007–2008"
1089:
had the highest incidence in 2005, of at least 3,000 per 100,000. The
6259:
5394:
5268:
5218:
4982:
4569:
4541:
4446:
4281:
4267:
4194:
3115:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). November 16, 2001
1244:
As of 2023, there is no vaccine available to prevent infection with
915:
911:
907:
648:
547:
485:, bone lesions, swollen joints with severe pain, heart inflammation,
478:
474:
413:
3863:
3587:
3565:
sp. nov., previously recognized as the non-California population of
3406:
infection (coccidioidomycosis). ii. The primary type of infection".
3212:"CDC Says Calif. Inmates Should Be Tested for Valley Fever Immunity"
580:
in certain parts of the southwestern United States, most notably in
293:
in certain parts of the southwestern United States, most notably in
6446:
6009:
5389:
5293:
4915:
4895:
4831:
4785:
4727:
4664:
4606:
4426:
4375:
4304:
4208:
4028:
3847:
3380:
3336:
2897:
2895:
2463:
2064:
2047:
1973:
1937:
1921:"Check for Complications | Valley Fever Center for Excellence"
1619:
1295:
1145:
1140:
1110:
1074:
752:
664:
656:
569:
565:
543:
493:, which can lead to death. Coccidioidomycosis is a common cause of
450:
426:
282:
278:
3113:
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 50(45), p. 1005-1008
3052:
Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (February 13, 2009).
2393:"A vaccine against coccidioidomycosis is justified and attainable"
2279:"Increase in Reported Coccidioidomycosis—United States, 1998–2011"
5825:
5349:
5092:
4946:
4856:
4775:
4762:
4712:
4641:
4365:
4360:
4355:
2390:
2211:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
2019:
Johnstone, Ronald B. (2017). "25. Mycoses and Algal infections".
1660:
Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007).
1223:
It was reported in 2022 that valley fever had been increasing in
996:
973:
741:
585:
482:
434:
298:
236:
216:
2892:
2620:
2330:
Barnato, A. E.; Sanders, G. D.; Owens, D. K. (January 1, 2001).
5446:
5385:
4704:
4649:
4416:
4411:
4385:
4294:
4133:
3187:"Some Prison Inmates to Be Moved Out of Valley Fever Hot Spots"
1114:
1082:
1004:
697:
693:
675:
639:. These spores can be easily inhaled unknowingly. On reaching
364:
Acute coccidioidomycosis, sometimes described in literature as
244:
163:
5948:
5527:
5376:
4370:
2514:
2464:
Tsang C.A.; Anderson S.M.; Imholte S.B.; et al. (2010).
1842:
Pappagianis, Demosthenes; Einstein, Hans (December 1, 1978).
1012:
760:
628:
605:
588:. It is also commonly found in northern Mexico, and parts of
422:
318:
301:. It is also commonly found in northern Mexico, and parts of
252:
5398:
4951:
4470:
4289:
3499:
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 42 - Public Health
3088:
2655:
2204:
1938:
James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006).
1016:
980:
601:
577:
430:
387:. In some cases the infection may recur or become chronic.
340:. In some cases the infection may recur or become chronic.
314:
290:
256:
184:
175:
169:
160:
1452:
which uses the fungus and illness as a central plot point.
142:
3439:
American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health
3184:
2847:
745:
726:
715:
462:
190:
154:
3789:"Study Shows Vaccine Protects Dogs Against Valley Fever"
2565:. California Department of Public Health. Archived from
2048:"Coccidioidomycosis in persons infected with HIV type 1"
1505:"ICD-11 - ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics"
838:
National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS)
5348:
4069:
Stockamp NW, Thompson GR (2016). "Coccidioidomycosis".
3816:"A Vaccine Against Valley Fever Finally Works—for Dogs"
3054:"Increase in Coccidioidomycosis: California, 2000-2007"
1327:
Mature spherule with endospores of Coccidioides immitis
643:
they enlarge in size to become spherules, and internal
2095:
1972:
Twarog, Meryl; Thompson, George (September 23, 2015).
1803:
1393:, uses the fungus and illness as a central plot point.
600:
is dormant during long dry spells, then develops as a
313:
is dormant during long dry spells, then develops as a
2391:
Cole G.T.; Xue J.M.; Okeke C.N.; at al. (June 2004).
1690:"Coccidioidomycosis—A Fungal Disease of the Americas"
1687:
1531:
771:
and is used as a confirmatory test, whereas ELISA is
203:
193:
187:
181:
151:
148:
145:
139:
4111:
2739:
Rubensohn, Mark; Stack, Suzanne (February 1, 2003).
1315:
Spherule and endospore forms of Coccidioides immitis
166:
157:
3851:
Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association
2980:"U.S. Census Bureau, State & County QuickFacts"
2329:
2200:
2198:
1940:
Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology
1841:
178:
172:
4033:Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
3322:
2517:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
1978:Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
4268:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology
1373:", a 17-year-old patient who has been exposed to
1275:throughout the dog's body, most commonly causing
786:, an increased level of protein, and lymphocytic
604:with long filaments that break off into airborne
317:with long filaments that break off into airborne
6492:
4068:
3501:. Office of the Federal Register. Archived from
2195:
842:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
2332:"Cost-effectiveness of a potential vaccine for
964:(Generic; Amphotericin B Cholesteryl Sul), and
4026:
3402:Dickson, EC; Gifford, MA (November 1, 1938). "
3401:
3229:Shehab, Ziad M. (2010). "Coccidioidomycosis".
2738:
2707:
1971:
5334:
4753:Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta
4253:
3027:"New Mexico Intercensal Population Estimates"
2563:Health Information: Diseases & Conditions
1683:
1681:
1183:had some lethal effects on the populace, and
4407:Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma)
2995:
2993:
2708:Barron MA, Madinger NE (November 18, 2008).
2311:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2285:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2283:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
1527:
1525:
1216:was identified as genetically distinct from
1201:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's
1197:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
782:If the meninges are affected, CSF will show
4071:Infectious Disease Clinics of North America
3650:
3185:Rachel Cook; Rebecca Plevin (May 7, 2013).
1895:
1893:
1891:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1481:Comprehensive Review of Infectious Diseases
1470:
1468:
1466:
5341:
5327:
4260:
4246:
3892:
3366:
3263:
3136:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
2039:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1678:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1103:
457:, including involvement of the spine, and
50:
5566:Trichophyton interdigitale/mentagrophytes
4233:Medline Plus Entry for coccidioidomycosis
3739:
3721:
3680:
3624:
3561:"Molecular and phenotypic description of
3458:
2990:
2929:
2919:
2875:
2865:
2764:
2684:
2674:
2491:
2408:
2367:
2240:
2222:
2063:
2018:
1871:
1777:
1767:
1715:
1705:
1559:
1549:
1522:
1136:Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín"
235:in certain parts of the United States in
3973:
3949:
3703:
3644:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2012:
1899:
1888:
1463:
1377:exhibits symptoms of coccidioidomycosis.
1261:
792:
674:
529:
518:
394:
332:Coccidioidomycosis is a common cause of
6120:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
5804:Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis
3895:Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
3813:
3533:. CDC. December 4, 2012. Archived from
3360:
3178:
3006:. Arizona Department of Health Services
2854:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2098:International Journal of Biometeorology
2045:
2025:(2nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 450.
1956:
1931:
1648:
1622:Annals of the American Thoracic Society
1576:
800:stain of a coccidioidomycosis spherule.
790:. Rarely, CSF eosinophilia is present.
14:
6493:
5060:Disseminated intravascular coagulation
3228:
2952:
2802:: Medscape- Retrieved January 16, 2017
2171:
2169:
1844:"Tempest From Tehachapi Takes Toll or
1741:
1234:California Department of Public Health
5322:
4241:
3764:"Valley Fever | Anivive Lifesciences"
3625:Teirstein, Zoya (February 12, 2024).
3432:
3264:Hospenthal, Duane (January 4, 2019).
3058:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
2901:
2836:AmB colloidal versus AmB deoxycholate
2609:
2267:. Valley Fever Center for Excellence.
1497:
1474:
1332:
702:Grocott's methenamine silver staining
700:tissue by methods of Papanicolaou or
608:when it rains. The spores, known as
390:
321:when it rains. The spores, known as
6035:Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica
5775:Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis
5771:Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis
4029:"Coccidioidomycosis: Recent Updates"
3950:Yaitanes, Greg (December 13, 2005),
3814:McKenna, Maryn (November 11, 2021).
3704:Kirkland, Theo (December 16, 2016).
3420:10.1001/archinte.1938.00180160132011
2814:: WebMD - Retrieved January 16, 2017
1974:"Coccidioidomycosis: Recent Updates"
1837:
1835:
1799:
1797:
1737:
1735:
1688:Hector R, Laniado-Laborin R (2005).
1301:
378:primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis
366:primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis
3999:"'Everything in Between' Storyline"
3661:Korean Journal of Internal Medicine
2826:: WebMD -Retrieved January 16, 2017
2800:amphotericin B phospholipid complex
2559:"Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever)"
2166:
966:amphotericin B colloidal dispersion
954:amphotericin B phospholipid complex
24:
4885:
4842:Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
4020:
3974:Lautanen, Scott (March 28, 2007),
3907:10.1111/j.1939-1676.1995.tb03277.x
2904:"Coccidioidomycosis: epidemiology"
2848:Juan Pablo Botero Aguirre (2015).
2635:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2012.01.003
2022:Weedon's Skin Pathology Essentials
1900:Anguiano, Dani (August 29, 2022).
491:inflammation of the brain's lining
25:
6527:
4743:Transient acantholytic dermatosis
4107:
3651:Yoon HJ, Clemons KV (July 2013).
1832:
1794:
1732:
627:exist in filament form. It forms
350:
6020:Congenital cutaneous candidiasis
5799:Primary pulmonary histoplasmosis
5794:Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis
5501:Proximal subungual onychomycosis
4852:Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis
3282:
2589:"Coccidioidomycosis: Prevention"
2305:"Valley Fever: Awareness is Key"
1818:10.1001/jama.1997.03540350054033
1320:
1308:
1257:
1022:
468:
135:
6125:Primary cutaneous aspergillosis
5766:Disseminated coccidioidomycosis
5491:White superficial onychomycosis
4862:Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides
3991:
3967:
3943:
3929:
3886:
3841:
3807:
3781:
3756:
3697:
3618:
3552:
3528:"Select Agents and Toxins List"
3520:
3484:
3475:
3426:
3395:
3351:
3316:
3307:
3276:
3257:
3222:
3204:
3127:
3101:
3076:
3045:
3018:
2972:
2946:
2841:
2829:
2817:
2805:
2793:
2781:
2732:
2701:
2649:
2581:
2551:
2508:
2457:
2425:
2384:
2323:
2297:
2271:
2257:
2140:
2089:
2080:
1913:
986:
374:Disseminated coccidioidomycosis
5496:Distal subungual onychomycosis
5103:Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus
4811:Subcorneal pustular dermatosis
4437:Infantile digital fibromatosis
4027:Twarog M, Thompson GR (2015).
3953:The Man in the Fallout Shelter
3492:"HHS select agents and toxins"
2867:10.1002/14651858.CD010481.pub2
2433:"Valley Fever Vaccine Project"
1634:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201308-286FR
1483:. Elsevier. pp. 418–419.
1346:The Man in the Fallout Shelter
763:. TP antibody is not found in
262:
13:
1:
5840:Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
4695:Epidermolysis bullosa simplex
4532:Langerhans cell histiocytosis
3408:Archives of Internal Medicine
2741:"Coccidioidomycosis in a dog"
2181:Fungal diseases: valley fever
1456:
1266:A dog with coccidioidomycosis
827:
784:abnormally low glucose levels
6388:Encephalitozoon intestinalis
5881:South American blastomycosis
5876:North American blastomycosis
5481:Tinea pedis (athlete's foot)
5171:Systemic lupus erythematosus
4926:Systemic lupus erythematosus
4617:Systemic lupus erythematosus
3977:The Priest in the Churchyard
3369:Clinical Infectious Diseases
3325:Clinical Infectious Diseases
3084:"Coccidioidmycosis Outbreak"
2663:Clinical Infectious Diseases
2529:10.1097/JOM.0b013e3182480556
2471:Emerging Infectious Diseases
2410:10.1080/13693780410001687349
2340:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1707:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020002
1435:List of cutaneous conditions
1350:The Priest in the Churchyard
1225:Central Valley of California
1071:Pleasant Valley State Prison
970:amphotericin B desoxycholate
950:amphotericin B lipid complex
929:amphotericin B desoxycholate
861:
690:community-acquired pneumonia
683:caused by coccidioidomycosis
670:
576:organism. It resides in the
495:community-acquired pneumonia
334:community-acquired pneumonia
289:organism. It resides in the
7:
6511:Neglected American diseases
6460:Granuloma gluteale infantum
5486:Tinea unguium/onychomycosis
4452:Lymphangioma circumscriptum
2788:Drug-Induced Nephrotoxicity
2745:Canadian Veterinary Journal
2154:. Mayo Clinic. May 27, 2015
1852:Western Journal of Medicine
1477:"28. The dimorphic mycoses"
1397:
1338:In the Season 1 episode of
1239:
1085:on the western side of the
921:
846:cost-effectiveness analysis
820:associated with the lungs.
568:in the soil and produces a
421:, loss of smell and taste,
281:in the soil and produces a
10:
6532:
5508:Tinea corporis gladiatorum
5274:Mucous membrane pemphigoid
3673:10.3904/kjim.2013.28.4.403
3243:10.1016/j.yapd.2010.08.008
1742:Comrie, Andrew C. (2021).
1227:for years (1,000 cases in
1134:, a medical intern at the
1121:
1064:Dinosaur National Monument
1057:1994 Northridge earthquake
818:enlargement of lymph nodes
804:
757:complement fixation assays
508:
370:Chronic coccidioidomycosis
29:
6428:
6401:
6367:
6312:
6296:Syncephalastrum racemosum
6258:
6243:
6203:
6092:
5947:
5856:
5740:
5729:
5720:
5700:
5650:
5607:
5536:
5430:
5415:
5406:
5360:
5237:
5204:
5148:
5133:
5124:
5081:
5052:
5031:
5022:
4975:
4934:
4903:
4892:
4874:
4819:
4761:
4703:
4640:
4560:
4489:
4478:
4469:
4384:
4348:
4280:
4273:
4174:
4115:
4083:10.1016/j.idc.2015.10.008
3091:Landslide Hazards Program
2118:10.1007/s00484-002-0155-x
1662:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set
1113:and diseases that impair
720:polymerase chain reaction
657:characteristic chest pain
108:
98:
86:
78:
66:
58:
49:
44:
6303:Apophysomyces variabilis
5865:Blastomyces dermatitidis
5580:Trichophyton schoenleini
5545:Epidermophyton floccosum
5039:Thrombocytopenic purpura
4685:Dermatitis herpetiformis
4670:Acute contact dermatitis
4622:Pityriasis rubra pilaris
4547:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
4517:Lichen simplex chronicus
4397:Epidermal inclusion cyst
3939:. University of Arizona.
3793:UArizona Health Sciences
2902:Brown, Jennifer (2013).
1848:Conveyed Aloft and Afar"
952:such as Abelcet (brand)
946:liposomal amphotericin B
504:
451:tissues lining the brain
30:Not to be confused with
6384:Enterocytozoon bieneusi
6347:Conidiobolus incongruus
6289:Lichtheimia corymbifera
6214:Cryptococcus neoformans
6183:Pseudallescheria boydii
5672:Malassezia folliculitis
5594:Trichophyton verrucosum
5304:Squamous-cell carcinoma
5299:Systemic histoplasmosis
4690:Porphyria cutanea tarda
4320:Squamous-cell carcinoma
3433:Smith, CE (June 1940).
3156:10.1196/annals.1406.011
1104:Population risk factors
1096:Plata v. Schwarzenegger
564:fungus that grows as a
550:(on right) life stages.
538:species share the same
277:fungus that grows as a
259:, and northern Mexico.
6506:Animal fungal diseases
6412:Rhinosporidium seeberi
6343:Conidiobolus coronatus
6082:Pneumocystis pneumonia
6071:Pneumocystis jirovecii
6000:Candidal onychomycosis
5990:Antibiotic candidiasis
5846:Paracoccidioidomycosis
5818:African histoplasmosis
5783:Histoplasma capsulatum
5755:Coccidioides posadasii
5573:Trichophyton tonsurans
5279:Cicatricial pemphigoid
5196:Acne keloidalis nuchae
5191:Folliculitis decalvans
4045:10.1055/s-0035-1562900
3563:Coccidioides posadasii
3231:Advances in Pediatrics
2714:Infections in Medicine
2657:(September 15, 2016).
2623:Clinics in Dermatology
2484:10.3201/eid1611.100475
2352:10.3201/eid0705.010005
1990:10.1055/s-0035-1562900
1475:Proia, Laurie (2020).
1419:Coccidioides posadasii
1267:
1252:Coccidioides posadasii
1213:Coccidioides posadasii
1027:In the United States,
991:Coccidioidomycosis is
801:
767:(CSF). TP antibody is
684:
551:
527:
515:Coccidioides posadasii
404:
383:Valley fever is not a
228:Coccidioides posadasii
6155:Phialophora verrucosa
5985:Chronic mucocutaneous
5903:Talaromyces marneffei
5559:Microsporum audouinii
5181:Loose anagen syndrome
5108:Necrobiosis lipoidica
5044:Actinic/solar purpura
4718:Insect bite reactions
4507:Seborrheic dermatitis
4330:Merkel-cell carcinoma
4310:Molluscum contagiosum
3451:10.2105/AJPH.30.6.600
3216:California HealthLine
2986:on February 26, 2016.
2224:10.3390/ijerph8041150
1942:. Saunders Elsevier.
1754:(12): e2021GH000504.
1369:Season 3 Episode 4, "
1357:Everything in Between
1265:
796:
678:
533:
522:
399:A skin lesion due to
398:
103:Antifungal medication
6329:Basidiobolus ranarum
6319:Entomophthoramycosis
6133:Exophiala jeanselmei
6030:Systemic candidiasis
6025:Perianal candidiasis
5889:Sporothrix schenckii
5812:Histoplasma duboisii
5751:Coccidioides immitis
5004:Annulare centrifugum
4527:Glucagonoma syndrome
4325:Basal-cell carcinoma
4300:Seborrheic keratosis
3567:Coccidioides immitis
3540:on February 28, 2013
3266:"Coccidioidomycosis"
3097:on February 2, 2014.
3033:on February 22, 2012
2955:"Coccidioidomycosis"
2824:Amphotec Intravenous
2812:AmBisome Intravenous
2334:Coccidioides immitis
2183:. CDC. July 20, 2015
1769:10.1029/2021gh000504
1664:. St. Louis: Mosby.
1551:10.1128/CMR.00005-13
1412:Coccidioides immitis
1375:Coccidioides immitis
1247:Coccidioides immitis
1218:Coccidioides immitis
1193:Coccidioides immitis
1189:Coccidioides immitis
1185:Coccidioides immitis
1180:Coccidioides immitis
1173:Coccidioides immitis
1150:Coccidioides immitis
962:Amphotec Intravenous
958:AmBisome Intravenous
718:can be amplified by
542:, switching between
511:Coccidioides immitis
419:feeling of tiredness
222:Coccidioides immitis
6441:Fungal folliculitis
6169:Geotrichum candidum
6161:Chromoblastomycosis
6005:Candidal paronychia
5995:Candidal intertrigo
5587:Trichophyton rubrum
5249:Aphthous stomatitis
5186:Lichen planopilaris
5161:Androgenic alopecia
4967:Fixed drug eruption
4542:Pemphigus foliaceus
4442:Granular cell tumor
3508:on October 20, 2013
3289:Reporting on Health
3148:2007NYASA1111..103P
2953:Hospenthal, Duane.
2921:10.2147/CLEP.S34434
2445:on February 1, 2014
2110:2003IJBm...47...87K
1760:2021GHeal...5..504C
1079:Avenal State Prison
870:On the whole, oral
822:Computed tomography
765:cerebrospinal fluid
761:enzyme immunoassays
465:-infected persons.
6501:Biological weapons
6353:Conidiobolomycosis
6335:Basidiobolomycosis
6151:Fonsecaea compacta
6147:Fonsecaea pedrosoi
6015:Diaper candidiasis
5761:Coccidioidomycosis
5269:Pemphigus vulgaris
5098:Granuloma annulare
4962:Carcinoid syndrome
4847:Tuberous sclerosis
4806:Coccidioidomycosis
4680:Bullous pemphigoid
4675:Pemphigus vulgaris
4607:Secondary syphilis
4497:Contact dermatitis
4175:External resources
3795:. October 25, 2021
3723:10.3390/jof2040034
3653:"Vaccines against
2676:10.1093/cid/ciw360
1538:Clin Microbiol Rev
1444:, a 1999 novel by
1385:, a 1999 novel by
1333:In popular culture
1268:
1087:San Joaquin Valley
1033:San Joaquin Valley
802:
775:and thus used for
685:
681:pulmonary fibrosis
552:
540:asexual life cycle
528:
405:
391:Signs and symptoms
385:contagious disease
215:), is a mammalian
131:Coccidioidomycosis
73:Infectious disease
45:Coccidioidomycosis
6488:
6487:
6480:Phaeohyphomycosis
6465:Hyalohyphomycosis
6397:
6396:
6363:
6362:
6199:
6198:
5943:
5942:
5696:
5695:
5661:Malassezia furfur
5646:
5645:
5616:Hortaea werneckii
5603:
5602:
5552:Microsporum canis
5316:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5156:Telogen effluvium
5120:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5018:
5017:
4870:
4869:
4738:Lichen spinulosus
4733:Keratosis pilaris
4612:Mycosis fungoides
4512:Stasis dermatitis
4502:Atopic dermatitis
4465:
4464:
4340:Trichoepithelioma
4315:Actinic keratosis
4223:
4222:
2720:on March 14, 2010
2032:978-0-7020-6830-0
1949:978-0-7216-2921-6
1671:978-1-4160-2999-1
1490:978-0-323-56866-1
1371:Lines in the Sand
1302:Additional images
1132:Alejandro Posadas
814:pleural effusions
665:through the blood
661:coughing up blood
614:Arvin, California
376:, which includes
327:Arvin, California
128:
127:
60:Histopathological
39:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
6523:
6418:Rhinosporidiosis
6374:Microsporidiosis
6314:Entomophthorales
6256:
6255:
6233:Trichosporonosis
5959:Candida albicans
5933:Adiaspiromycosis
5738:
5737:
5727:
5726:
5718:
5717:
5667:Tinea versicolor
5428:
5427:
5413:
5412:
5404:
5403:
5350:Fungal infection
5343:
5336:
5329:
5320:
5319:
5254:Oral candidiasis
5131:
5130:
5029:
5028:
4957:Erythema nodosum
4901:
4900:
4890:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4827:Tinea versicolor
4665:Bullous impetigo
4602:Pityriasis rosea
4537:Lichen sclerosus
4522:Darier's disease
4487:
4486:
4476:
4475:
4432:Kaposi's sarcoma
4278:
4277:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4239:
4238:
4113:
4112:
4102:
4064:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4009:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3743:
3725:
3710:Journal of Fungi
3701:
3695:
3694:
3684:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3573:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3539:
3532:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3507:
3496:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3462:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3331:(9): 1202–1207.
3320:
3314:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3295:on July 12, 2015
3291:. Archived from
3280:
3274:
3273:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3218:. July 28, 2014.
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3093:. Archived from
3080:
3074:
3073:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3029:. Archived from
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3005:
2997:
2988:
2987:
2982:. Archived from
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2933:
2923:
2899:
2890:
2889:
2879:
2869:
2860:(11): CD010481.
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2768:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2716:. Archived from
2705:
2699:
2698:
2688:
2678:
2669:(6): e112–e146.
2653:
2647:
2646:
2618:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2593:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2495:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2444:
2438:. Archived from
2437:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2397:Medical Mycology
2388:
2382:
2381:
2371:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2244:
2226:
2217:(4): 1150–1173.
2202:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2067:
2046:Ampel N (2005).
2043:
2037:
2036:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1969:
1954:
1953:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1925:vfce.arizona.edu
1917:
1911:
1909:
1897:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1781:
1771:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1709:
1685:
1676:
1675:
1657:
1646:
1645:
1617:
1574:
1573:
1563:
1553:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1472:
1324:
1312:
972:which had a 50%
944:. These include
895:intraventricular
443:erythema nodosum
211:
207:
200:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
54:
42:
41:
27:Fungal infection
21:
6531:
6530:
6526:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6516:Fungal diseases
6491:
6490:
6489:
6484:
6424:
6393:
6371:
6359:
6316:
6308:
6275:Rhizopus oryzae
6262:
6247:
6239:
6195:
6088:
5939:
5852:
5733:
5710:
5705:
5692:
5642:
5630:Piedraia hortae
5599:
5532:
5523:Tinea incognito
5518:Tinea imbricata
5422:Dermatophytosis
5419:
5393:
5384:
5375:
5369:
5365:
5356:
5347:
5317:
5308:
5240:
5233:
5200:
5166:Alopecia areata
5144:
5126:
5112:
5069:
5048:
5024:
5014:
4971:
4930:
4916:Viral exanthems
4894:
4878:
4876:
4866:
4837:Pityriasis alba
4815:
4757:
4699:
4636:
4556:
4552:Zinc deficiency
4482:
4480:
4461:
4389:
4380:
4344:
4335:Nevus sebaceous
4269:
4266:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4170:
4169:
4124:
4110:
4023:
4021:Further reading
4018:
4017:
4007:
4005:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3983:
3981:
3972:
3968:
3959:
3957:
3948:
3944:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3891:
3887:
3864:10.5326/0440226
3846:
3842:
3832:
3830:
3812:
3808:
3798:
3796:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3772:
3770:
3768:www.anivive.com
3762:
3761:
3757:
3702:
3698:
3649:
3645:
3635:
3633:
3623:
3619:
3588:10.2307/3761847
3571:
3557:
3553:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3431:
3427:
3400:
3396:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3298:
3296:
3281:
3277:
3262:
3258:
3227:
3223:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3195:
3193:
3183:
3179:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3050:
3046:
3036:
3034:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2991:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2951:
2947:
2900:
2893:
2846:
2842:
2834:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2810:
2806:
2798:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2721:
2706:
2702:
2654:
2650:
2619:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2569:on July 8, 2013
2557:
2556:
2552:
2513:
2509:
2478:(11): 1738–44.
2462:
2458:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2389:
2385:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2203:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2052:Clin Infect Dis
2044:
2040:
2033:
2017:
2013:
1970:
1957:
1950:
1936:
1932:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1898:
1889:
1840:
1833:
1802:
1795:
1740:
1733:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1658:
1649:
1618:
1577:
1530:
1523:
1513:
1511:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1473:
1464:
1459:
1446:Douglas Preston
1430:Medical geology
1400:
1387:Douglas Preston
1335:
1328:
1325:
1316:
1313:
1304:
1283:, it can cause
1260:
1242:
1124:
1106:
1045:Maricopa County
1025:
989:
938:kidney function
924:
864:
830:
807:
777:initial testing
673:
517:
509:Main articles:
507:
471:
393:
353:
265:
209:
205:
138:
134:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6529:
6519:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6456:
6455:
6443:
6438:
6432:
6430:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6422:
6421:
6420:
6407:
6405:
6403:Mesomycetozoea
6399:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6379:
6377:
6365:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6324:
6322:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6306:
6299:
6292:
6285:
6278:
6270:
6268:
6253:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6236:
6235:
6230:
6222:
6220:Cryptococcosis
6209:
6207:
6201:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6189:Allescheriasis
6179:
6178:
6177:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6129:
6128:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6099:
6097:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6077:Pneumocystosis
6067:
6060:
6053:
6046:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5954:
5952:
5945:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5927:Emmonsia parva
5923:
5918:
5916:Scedosporiosis
5913:
5912:
5911:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5895:Sporotrichosis
5885:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5860:
5858:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5848:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5789:Histoplasmosis
5779:
5778:
5777:
5768:
5763:
5746:
5744:
5735:
5724:
5715:
5698:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5669:
5656:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5590:
5583:
5576:
5569:
5562:
5555:
5548:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5464:Dermatophytids
5461:
5454:Tinea corporis
5451:
5450:
5449:
5434:
5432:
5425:
5410:
5401:
5372:dermatomycosis
5358:
5357:
5354:mesomycetozoea
5346:
5345:
5338:
5331:
5323:
5314:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5289:Coxsackievirus
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5245:
5243:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5210:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5035:
5033:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5006:
5001:
4999:Gyratum repens
4996:
4991:
4985:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4921:Toxic erythema
4918:
4913:
4911:Drug eruptions
4907:
4905:
4898:
4887:
4880:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4767:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4748:Lichen nitidus
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4709:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4650:Herpes simplex
4646:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4484:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4393:
4391:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4286:
4284:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4205:
4191:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4156:
4141:
4125:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:Classification
4109:
4108:External links
4106:
4105:
4104:
4077:(1): 229–246.
4066:
4039:(5): 746–755.
4022:
4019:
4016:
4015:
3990:
3966:
3942:
3928:
3885:
3858:(5): 226–235.
3840:
3806:
3780:
3755:
3696:
3643:
3617:
3551:
3519:
3483:
3474:
3425:
3394:
3381:10.1086/513202
3375:(9): 1202–07.
3359:
3350:
3337:10.1086/513202
3315:
3306:
3283:Cook, Rachel.
3275:
3256:
3237:(1): 269–286.
3221:
3203:
3177:
3126:
3100:
3075:
3064:(5): 105–109.
3044:
3017:
2989:
2971:
2945:
2908:Clin Epidemiol
2891:
2840:
2828:
2816:
2804:
2792:
2780:
2751:(2): 159–160.
2731:
2700:
2648:
2629:(6): 573–591.
2608:
2580:
2550:
2523:(5): 564–571.
2507:
2456:
2424:
2403:(3): 189–216.
2383:
2346:(5): 797–806.
2322:
2296:
2270:
2265:"Risk factors"
2256:
2194:
2165:
2139:
2088:
2079:
2065:10.1086/444502
2038:
2031:
2011:
1984:(5): 746–755.
1955:
1948:
1930:
1912:
1887:
1858:(6): 527–530.
1831:
1793:
1731:
1677:
1670:
1647:
1575:
1521:
1496:
1489:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1378:
1361:
1353:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1259:
1256:
1241:
1238:
1195:is not on the
1165:Histoplasmosis
1123:
1120:
1105:
1102:
1024:
1021:
988:
985:
934:nephrotoxicity
923:
920:
879:amphotericin B
863:
860:
829:
826:
806:
803:
707:With specific
672:
669:
546:(on left) and
523:Life cycle of
506:
503:
489:problems, and
470:
467:
392:
389:
381:
380:
371:
368:
352:
351:Classification
349:
264:
261:
217:fungal disease
208:-ee-oy-doh-my-
126:
125:
115:Amphotericin B
112:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
88:
84:
83:
82:Acute, chronic
80:
76:
75:
70:
64:
63:
56:
55:
47:
46:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6528:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6496:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6475:Keratomycosis
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6449:
6448:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6436:Alternariosis
6434:
6433:
6431:
6427:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6414:
6413:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6404:
6400:
6390:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6370:
6369:Microsporidia
6366:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6330:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6315:
6311:
6305:
6304:
6300:
6298:
6297:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6282:Mucor indicus
6279:
6277:
6276:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6261:
6257:
6254:
6251:
6246:
6242:
6234:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6215:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6206:
6205:Basidiomycota
6202:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6157:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6110:Aspergillosis
6108:
6107:
6106:
6105:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6091:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6073:
6072:
6068:
6066:
6065:
6064:C. tropicalis
6061:
6059:
6058:
6057:C. lusitaniae
6054:
6052:
6051:
6047:
6045:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5960:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5946:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5928:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5910:
5909:Talaromycosis
5907:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5893:
5892:
5891:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5871:Blastomycosis
5869:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5828:
5827:
5826:Lacazia loboi
5823:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5713:opportunistic
5708:
5703:
5699:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5653:
5652:Basidiomycota
5649:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5596:
5595:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5554:
5553:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5535:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5452:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5442:tinea capitis
5439:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5426:
5423:
5418:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5396:
5391:
5387:
5382:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5344:
5339:
5337:
5332:
5330:
5325:
5324:
5321:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5259:Lichen planus
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5236:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5214:Onychomycosis
5212:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5176:Tinea capitis
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5125:Miscellaneous
5123:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5027:
5023:Nonblanchable
5021:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4891:
4888:
4884:
4881:
4873:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4820:Hypopigmented
4818:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4771:Acne vulgaris
4769:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4723:Lichen planus
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4655:Herpes zoster
4653:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4627:Parapsoriasis
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4263:
4258:
4256:
4251:
4249:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4215:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4118:
4114:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3979:
3978:
3970:
3955:
3954:
3946:
3938:
3932:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3889:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3844:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3700:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3656:
3647:
3632:
3628:
3621:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3555:
3536:
3529:
3523:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3487:
3478:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3445:(6): 600–11.
3444:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3414:(5): 853–71.
3413:
3409:
3405:
3398:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3354:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3310:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3142:(1): 103–11.
3141:
3137:
3130:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2896:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2832:
2825:
2820:
2813:
2808:
2801:
2796:
2789:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2597:
2590:
2584:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2460:
2441:
2434:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2335:
2326:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2266:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2199:
2187:September 30,
2182:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2158:September 30,
2153:
2149:
2148:"Mayo Clinic"
2143:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2104:(2): 87–101.
2103:
2099:
2092:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2058:(8): 1174–8.
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1838:
1836:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1812:(11): 904–8.
1811:
1807:
1800:
1798:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1736:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1682:
1673:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1628:(2): 243–53.
1627:
1623:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1544:(3): 505–25.
1543:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1526:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1492:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1451:
1450:Lincoln Child
1447:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1392:
1391:Lincoln Child
1388:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1323:
1318:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1285:heart failure
1282:
1278:
1277:osteomyelitis
1274:
1264:
1258:Other animals
1255:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1205:select agents
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1169:Blastomycosis
1166:
1162:
1157:
1156:, not mild).
1155:
1151:
1148:and named it
1147:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:appointed in
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1023:North America
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
984:
982:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
930:
926:Conventional
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
877:
873:
868:
859:
856:
850:
847:
843:
839:
834:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
799:
795:
791:
789:
785:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
751:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
728:
725:
721:
717:
714:
710:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
682:
677:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
633:arthroconidia
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
610:arthroconidia
607:
603:
599:
595:
594:South America
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
560:
556:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
526:
521:
516:
512:
502:
498:
496:
492:
488:
487:urinary tract
484:
480:
476:
469:Complications
466:
464:
460:
456:
455:Osteomyelitis
452:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
411:
402:
397:
388:
386:
379:
375:
372:
369:
367:
363:
362:
361:
358:
348:
346:
341:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
323:arthroconidia
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:South America
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
273:
269:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:
224:
223:
218:
214:
213:
198:
132:
124:
120:
116:
113:
111:
107:
104:
101:
97:
94:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
6445:
6410:
6382:
6341:
6327:
6301:
6294:
6287:
6280:
6273:
6265:Mucormycosis
6226:Trichosporon
6224:
6212:
6181:
6175:Geotrichosis
6167:
6145:
6131:
6115:Aspergilloma
6102:
6069:
6062:
6055:
6048:
6041:
5980:Vulvovaginal
5957:
5925:
5901:
5887:
5863:
5838:
5824:
5810:
5781:
5760:
5749:
5734:(yeast+mold)
5702:Subcutaneous
5686:White piedra
5680:Trichosporon
5678:
5659:
5636:Black piedra
5628:
5614:
5592:
5585:
5578:
5571:
5564:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5513:Tinea faciei
5476:Tinea manuum
5471:Tinea cruris
5438:Tinea barbae
5417:Dermatophyte
5229:Ingrown nail
4805:
4801:Dermatophyte
4796:Gonococcemia
4781:Folliculitis
4422:Neurofibroma
4390:subcutaneous
4207:
4193:
4182:
4158:
4143:
4128:
4074:
4070:
4036:
4032:
4008:September 1,
4006:. Retrieved
4002:
3993:
3984:December 16,
3982:, retrieved
3976:
3969:
3960:December 16,
3958:, retrieved
3952:
3945:
3931:
3901:(2): 86–91.
3898:
3894:
3888:
3855:
3849:
3843:
3831:. Retrieved
3819:
3809:
3797:. Retrieved
3792:
3783:
3771:. Retrieved
3767:
3758:
3713:
3709:
3699:
3667:(4): 403–7.
3664:
3660:
3655:Coccidioides
3654:
3646:
3636:February 14,
3634:. Retrieved
3630:
3620:
3596:10044/1/4213
3582:(1): 73–84.
3579:
3575:
3566:
3562:
3554:
3542:. Retrieved
3535:the original
3522:
3510:. Retrieved
3503:the original
3498:
3486:
3477:
3442:
3438:
3428:
3411:
3407:
3404:Coccidioides
3403:
3397:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3353:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3309:
3297:. Retrieved
3293:the original
3288:
3278:
3269:
3259:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3215:
3206:
3194:. Retrieved
3190:
3180:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3117:. Retrieved
3112:
3103:
3095:the original
3087:
3078:
3061:
3057:
3047:
3035:. Retrieved
3031:the original
3020:
3008:. Retrieved
2984:the original
2974:
2962:. Retrieved
2958:
2948:
2911:
2907:
2857:
2853:
2843:
2831:
2819:
2807:
2795:
2783:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2722:. Retrieved
2718:the original
2713:
2703:
2686:10150/621661
2666:
2662:
2651:
2626:
2622:
2599:. Retrieved
2595:
2583:
2571:. Retrieved
2567:the original
2562:
2553:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2475:
2469:
2459:
2447:. Retrieved
2440:the original
2427:
2400:
2396:
2386:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2325:
2313:. Retrieved
2309:CDC Features
2308:
2299:
2287:. Retrieved
2282:
2273:
2259:
2214:
2210:
2185:. Retrieved
2180:
2156:. Retrieved
2152:Valley Fever
2151:
2142:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2082:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2021:
2014:
1981:
1977:
1939:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1906:The Guardian
1905:
1855:
1851:
1846:Coccidioides
1845:
1809:
1805:
1751:
1747:
1697:
1693:
1661:
1625:
1621:
1541:
1537:
1512:. Retrieved
1508:
1499:
1480:
1440:
1417:
1410:
1405:Coccidioides
1403:
1380:
1364:
1355:
1339:
1292:
1289:
1269:
1251:
1245:
1243:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1207:and toxins.
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1161:Coccidioides
1160:
1158:
1153:
1152:(resembling
1149:
1139:
1128:Buenos Aires
1125:
1107:
1094:
1068:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1037:C. posadassi
1036:
1028:
1026:
990:
987:Epidemiology
978:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
942:cytotoxicity
927:
925:
904:voriconazole
900:posaconazole
887:ketoconazole
883:itraconazole
869:
865:
854:
851:
835:
831:
810:Chest X-rays
808:
781:
739:
735:C. posadasii
734:
730:
723:
712:
706:
686:
637:Coccidioides
636:
625:Coccidioides
624:
618:
597:
572:form in the
554:
553:
536:Coccidioides
535:
525:Coccidioides
524:
499:
472:
447:
406:
401:Coccidioides
400:
382:
357:Coccidioides
356:
354:
342:
331:
310:
285:form in the
267:
266:
226:
220:
130:
129:
119:itraconazole
92:Coccidioides
90:
36:
18:Valley fever
6250:Zygomycosis
6104:Aspergillus
6050:C. glabrata
5965:Candidiasis
5921:Emmonsiosis
5832:Lobomycosis
5622:Tinea nigra
5537:By organism
5431:By location
5362:Superficial
5284:Herpesvirus
5264:Leukoplakia
5089:Scleroderma
4976:Specialized
4904:Generalized
4879:involvement
4791:Candidiasis
4483:involvement
4457:Myxoid cyst
4305:Acrochordon
4184:MedlinePlus
3833:February 1,
3799:February 1,
3773:February 1,
3299:October 20,
3191:Voice of OC
3037:February 7,
2964:October 18,
1509:icd.who.int
1441:Thunderhead
1425:Zygomycosis
1382:Thunderhead
1287:and death.
1281:pericardium
1273:disseminate
1229:Kern county
1171:. Further,
891:Intrathecal
876:intravenous
872:fluconazole
788:pleocytosis
562:saprophytic
435:muscle pain
345:Kern county
275:saprophytic
263:Description
123:fluconazole
32:Coccidiosis
6495:Categories
6470:Otomycosis
6453:Fusariosis
6245:Zygomycota
6139:Eumycetoma
5975:Esophageal
5742:Onygenales
5722:Ascomycota
5408:Ascomycota
5224:Paronychia
5065:Vasculitis
4989:Multiforme
4987:Erythema (
4942:Cellulitis
4893:Blanchable
4642:Blistering
4632:Ichthyosis
4490:Eczematous
4402:Hemangioma
2914:: 185–97.
1457:References
1029:C. immitis
1009:New Mexico
1001:California
936:impairing
828:Prevention
731:C. immitis
724:C. immitis
713:C. immitis
709:nucleotide
679:A case of
649:endospores
645:septations
621:agar media
598:C. immitis
582:California
555:C. immitis
459:meningitis
439:joint pain
410:bronchitis
338:contagious
311:C. immitis
295:California
268:C. immitis
249:New Mexico
241:California
219:caused by
110:Medication
6429:Ungrouped
6260:Mucorales
5731:Dimorphic
5395:endothrix
5367:cutaneous
5219:Psoriasis
5127:disorders
5082:Indurated
4983:Urticaria
4935:Localized
4877:epidermal
4660:Varicella
4570:Psoriasis
4481:epidermal
4447:Leiomyoma
4349:Pigmented
4282:Epidermal
4195:eMedicine
4103:(Review).
4099:265802757
4065:(Review).
3915:1939-1676
3872:0587-2871
3828:1059-1028
3732:2309-608X
3716:(4): 34.
3576:Mycologia
2757:0008-5286
2360:1080-6040
2233:1661-7827
1864:0093-0415
1748:Geohealth
1700:(1): e2.
1296:javelinas
1210:In 2002,
1146:protozoan
916:Greyhound
912:pneumonia
862:Treatment
773:sensitive
711:primers,
671:Diagnosis
559:dimorphic
548:parasitic
483:abscesses
475:pneumonia
427:headaches
425:, cough,
414:pneumonia
403:infection
272:dimorphic
99:Treatment
68:Specialty
6447:Fusarium
6043:C. auris
6010:Candidid
5707:systemic
5459:Ringworm
5390:exothrix
5294:Syphilis
5241:membrane
4896:Erythema
4832:Vitiligo
4786:Impetigo
4763:Pustular
4728:Miliaria
4576:Corporis
4427:Xanthoma
4376:Melanoma
4356:Freckles
4209:Orphanet
4091:26739609
4061:36888911
4053:26398540
3880:18762558
3750:29376949
3691:23864796
3612:21156479
3544:July 11,
3512:July 11,
3469:18015234
3389:17407039
3345:17407039
3270:Medscape
3251:21056742
3172:29147634
3164:17332089
3119:July 10,
3070:19214158
3010:July 10,
2959:Medscape
2940:23843703
2886:26595825
2877:10542271
2775:12650050
2724:July 15,
2695:27470238
2643:23068145
2601:July 12,
2573:July 11,
2545:21931825
2537:22504958
2502:21029532
2449:July 11,
2419:15283234
2378:11747691
2251:21695034
2134:23498844
2126:12647095
2074:16163637
2006:36888911
1998:26398540
1788:34877441
1726:15696207
1694:PLOS Med
1642:24575994
1570:23824371
1514:June 26,
1398:See also
1344:called "
1240:Research
1203:list of
1154:Coccidia
1141:Coccidia
1091:receiver
1075:Coalinga
956:also as
922:Toxicity
855:EIA test
769:specific
753:antibody
744:or host
570:spherule
566:mycelium
544:saprobic
283:spherule
279:mycelium
5093:morphea
5053:Papular
5032:Macular
5025:Purpura
5009:Ab igne
4994:Migrans
4947:Abscess
4875:Without
4857:Leprosy
4776:Rosacea
4713:Scabies
4705:Papular
4574:Tinea (
4562:Scaling
4366:Melasma
4361:Lentigo
4274:Growths
4203:ped/423
4200:med/103
4165:D003047
3980:, Bones
3956:, Bones
3923:7760314
3741:5715932
3682:3712146
3604:3761847
3460:1530901
3144:Bibcode
2931:3702223
2493:3294516
2369:2631863
2315:July 6,
2289:July 6,
2242:3118883
2106:Bibcode
1873:1238466
1826:9062329
1779:8628988
1756:Bibcode
1561:3719491
1122:History
997:Arizona
993:endemic
805:Imaging
742:antigen
653:Nodules
641:alveoli
590:Central
586:Arizona
479:nodules
303:Central
299:Arizona
237:Arizona
233:endemic
5447:Kerion
5386:Piedra
5239:Mucous
5135:Ulcers
4596:Faciei
4591:Manuum
4581:Cruris
4471:Rashes
4417:Lipoma
4412:Keloid
4386:Dermal
4295:Callus
4214:228123
4189:001322
4097:
4089:
4059:
4051:
3921:
3913:
3878:
3870:
3826:
3748:
3738:
3730:
3689:
3679:
3610:
3602:
3467:
3457:
3387:
3343:
3249:
3196:May 9,
3170:
3162:
3068:
2938:
2928:
2884:
2874:
2773:
2766:340059
2763:
2755:
2693:
2641:
2543:
2535:
2500:
2490:
2417:
2376:
2366:
2358:
2249:
2239:
2231:
2132:
2124:
2072:
2029:
2004:
1996:
1946:
1882:735056
1880:
1870:
1862:
1824:
1786:
1776:
1724:
1717:545195
1714:
1668:
1640:
1568:
1558:
1487:
1144:-type
1115:T-cell
1083:Avenal
1005:Nevada
974:murine
759:, and
698:biopsy
694:sputum
629:hyphae
606:spores
437:, and
355:After
319:spores
245:Nevada
87:Causes
6096:-like
5951:-like
5949:Yeast
5857:Other
5608:Other
5528:Favus
5377:Tinea
4586:Pedis
4371:Nevus
4095:S2CID
4057:S2CID
3820:Wired
3631:Grist
3600:JSTOR
3572:(PDF)
3538:(PDF)
3531:(PDF)
3506:(PDF)
3495:(PDF)
3168:S2CID
3004:(PDF)
2592:(PDF)
2541:S2CID
2443:(PDF)
2436:(PDF)
2177:"CDC"
2130:S2CID
2002:S2CID
1366:House
1341:Bones
1199:' or
1081:near
1073:near
1013:Texas
960:, or
816:, or
557:is a
534:Both
505:Cause
423:fever
270:is a
253:Texas
79:Types
6094:Mold
5970:Oral
5711:and
5399:hair
5397:) =
5381:skin
5352:and
5206:Nail
5149:Hair
4952:Boil
4479:With
4290:Wart
4160:MeSH
4149:9-CM
4087:PMID
4049:PMID
4010:2022
4003:IMDB
3986:2022
3962:2022
3919:PMID
3911:ISSN
3876:PMID
3868:ISSN
3835:2023
3824:ISSN
3801:2023
3775:2023
3746:PMID
3728:ISSN
3687:PMID
3638:2024
3608:PMID
3546:2013
3514:2013
3465:PMID
3385:PMID
3341:PMID
3301:2015
3247:PMID
3198:2013
3160:PMID
3140:1111
3121:2013
3089:USGS
3066:PMID
3039:2016
3012:2013
2966:2015
2936:PMID
2882:PMID
2858:2015
2771:PMID
2753:ISSN
2726:2009
2691:PMID
2639:PMID
2603:2013
2575:2013
2533:PMID
2498:PMID
2451:2013
2415:PMID
2374:PMID
2356:ISSN
2317:2013
2291:2013
2247:PMID
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