1273:
2016:
2794:
2614:
2211:
2688:
2666:
2433:
2233:
2813:
2758:
2456:
2641:
2713:
2378:
2368:
1706:
44:
2733:
524:
2164:, a goddess of female chastity, Venus, myrtle and anything male were not only excluded, but unmentionable. The rites allowed women to drink the strongest, sacrificial wine, otherwise reserved for the Roman gods and Roman men; the women euphemistically referred to it as "honey". Under these special circumstances, they could get virtuously, religiously drunk on strong wine, safe from male intrusion and Venus' temptations. Outside of this context, ordinary wine (that is, Venus' wine) tinctured with myrtle oil was thought particularly suitable for women.
1680:
2776:
717:
1891:
992:
1010:
425:
6080:
1489:
1449:, appropriate to Venus' character and disposition. Vitruvius recommends the widest possible spacing between the temple columns, producing a light and airy space, and he offers Venus's temple in Caesar's forum as an example of how not to do it; the densely spaced, thickset columns darken the interior, hide the temple doors and crowd the walkways, so that matrons who wish to honour the goddess must enter her temple in single file, rather than arm-in arm.
3293:, 3.59 - 3.60; "The first Venus is the daughter of the Sky and the Day; I have seen her temple at Elis. The second was engendered from the sea‑foam, and as we are told became the mother by Mercury of the second Cupid. The third is the daughter of Jupiter and Dione, who wedded Vulcan, but who is said to have been the mother of Anteros by Mars. The fourth was conceived of Syria and Cyprus and is called Astarte; it is recorded that she married Adonis."
492:, are active and fiery. Venus absorbs and tempers the male essence, uniting the opposites of male and female in mutual affection. She is essentially assimilative and benign, and embraces several otherwise quite disparate functions. She can give military victory, sexual success, good fortune and prosperity. In one context, she is a goddess of prostitutes; in another, she turns the hearts of men and women from sexual vice to virtue.
1355:. The temple, cult and goddess probably retained much of the original's character and rites. Likewise, a shrine to Venus Verticordia ("Venus the changer of hearts"), established in 114 BC but with links to an ancient cult of Venus-Fortuna, was "bound to the peculiar milieu of the Aventine and the Circus Maximus" – a strongly plebeian context for Venus's cult, in contrast to her aristocratic cultivation as a
5583:
507:– but Venus and Juno are also likely "bookends" for the ceremony; Venus prepares the bride for "conubial bliss" and expectations of fertility within lawful marriage. Some Roman sources say that girls who come of age offer their toys to Venus; it is unclear where the offering is made, and others say this gift is to the Lares. In dice-games played with
2793:
709:("Venus the bald one"), a legendary form of Venus, attested only by post-Classical Roman writings which offer several traditions to explain this appearance and epithet. In one, it commemorates the virtuous offer by Roman matrons of their own hair to make bowstrings during a siege of Rome. In another, king
440:
Venus has been described as perhaps "the most original creation of the Roman pantheon", and "an ill-defined and assimilative" native goddess, combined "with a strange and exotic
Aphrodite". Her cults may represent the religiously legitimate charm and seduction of the divine by mortals, in contrast to
848:
to legitimise his victories over his domestic and foreign opponents during Rome's late
Republican civil and foreign wars; Rives finds it very unlikely that Sulla would have imposed this humiliating connection on unwilling or conquered domestic territories once allied to Samnium, such as Pompei. The
3132:
Immediately after these remarks, Vitruvius prescribes the best positioning for temples to Venus' two divine consorts, Vulcan and Mars. Vulcan's should be outside the city, to reduce the dangers of fire, which is his element; Mars' too should be outside the city, so that "no armed frays may disturb
1588:
known to please the gods and benefit the State. During her rites, her image was taken from her temple to the men's baths, where it was undressed and washed in warm water by her female attendants, then garlanded with myrtle. Women and men asked Venus
Verticordia's help in affairs of the heart, sex,
1340:, ancestor of the Romans, so as far as the Romans were concerned, this was the homecoming of an ancestral goddess to her people. Soon after, Rome's defeat of Carthage confirmed Venus's goodwill to Rome, her links to its mythical Trojan past, and her support of its political and military hegemony.
819:
but now lost. Most copies of its Venus image would have been supported by dolphins, and worn diadems and carved veils, inferring her birth from sea-foam, and a consequent identity as Queen of the Sea, and patron of sailors and navigation. Roman copies would have embellished baths and gymnasiums.
1609:" wine, for everyday human use. Jupiter was patron of the strongest, purest, sacrificial grade wine, and controlled the weather on which the autumn grape-harvest would depend. At this festival, men and women alike drank the new vintage of ordinary, non-sacral wine (pressed at the previous year's
1633:. Kitchen gardens and market-gardens, and presumably vineyards were dedicated to her. Roman opinions differed on whose festival it was. Varro insists that the day was sacred to Jupiter, whose control of the weather governed the ripening of the grapes; but the sacrificial victim, a female lamb (
496:'s theology identifies Venus with water as an aspect of the female principle. To generate life, the watery matrix of the womb requires the virile warmth of fire. To sustain life, water and fire must be balanced; excess of either one, or their mutual antagonism, is unproductive or destructive.
2126:), which was cultivated for its white, sweetly scented flowers, aromatic, evergreen leaves and its various medical-magical properties. Venus' statues, and her worshipers, wore myrtle crowns at her festivals. Before its adoption into Venus' cults, myrtle was used in the purification rites of
1664:
and Rome's senior magistrate; the festival is thought to mark the unprecedented promotion of a personal, family cult to one of the Roman state. Caesar's heir, Augustus, made much of these personal and family associations with Venus as an
Imperial deity. The festival's rites are not known.
1984:("Venus and Cupid") is evidence of his cult, shared with Venus at her Temple just outside the Colline Gate and elsewhere. He would also have featured in many private household cults. In private and public areas alike, statues of Venus and Mars attended by Cupid, or Venus, Cupid and minor
1951:, forget her husband. When Aeneas rejects her love, and covertly leaves Carthage to fulfill his destiny as ancestor of the Roman people, Dido is said to invoke Anteros as "contrary to Cupid". She falls into hatred and despair, curses Rome, and when Aeneas leaves, commits suicide.
3250:
explicitly denies that the festival belongs to Venus; that implies he was aware of opposite scholarly and / or commonplace opinion. Lipka (2009) offers this apparent contradiction as an example of two Roman cults that offer "complementary functional foci".
538:
that referred to her different cult aspects, roles, and her functional similarities to other deities. Her "original powers seem to have been extended largely by the fondness of the Romans for folk-etymology, and by the prevalence of the religious idea
1613:) in honour of Venus, whose powers had provided humankind with this gift. Upper-class women gathered at Venus's Capitoline temple, where a libation of the previous year's vintage, sacred to Jupiter, was poured into a nearby ditch. Common girls (
1204:, and festivals on August 12 and October 9. A sacrifice was annually dedicated to her on the latter date. In neo-classical art, her epithet as Victrix is often used in the sense of 'Venus Victorious over men's hearts' or in the context of the
1445:, and built "near to the gate" of the city, where it would be less likely to contaminate "the matrons and youth with the influence of lust". He finds the Corinthian style, slender, elegant, enriched with ornamental leaves and surmounted by
2202:, wore a myrtle crown, perhaps to purify themselves and their armies of blood-guilt. The ovation ceremony was assimilated to Venus Victrix ("Victorious Venus"), who was held to have granted and purified its relatively "easy" victory.
1617:) and prostitutes gathered at Venus' temple just outside the Colline gate, where they offered her myrtle, mint, and rushes concealed in rose-bunches and asked her for "beauty and popular favour", and to be made "charming and witty".
1492:
Fresco with a seated Venus, restored as a personification of Rome in the so-called "Dea
Barberini" ("Barberini goddess"); Roman artwork, dated first half of the 4th century AD, from a room near the Baptistery of San Giovanni in
2152:. As goddess of love and sex, Venus played an essential role at Roman prenuptial rites and wedding nights, so myrtle and roses were used in bridal bouquets. Marriage itself was not a seduction but a lawful condition, under
3711:
Whoever threw "Venus" had the right to appoint a "King of the Feast"; the "Venus" throw was also known as the "Basilicus" (from the Greek "king"). See article by James Yates, M.A., F.R.S., and primary sources on entry
2248:. Many female nudes from this period of sculpture whose subjects are unknown are in modern art history conventionally called "Venus", even if they originally may have portrayed a mortal woman rather than operated as a
3066:, Venus was the divine mother of the Trojan prince Aeneas, and thus a divine ancestor of the Roman people as a whole. The Punic Wars saw many similar introductions of foreign cult, including the Phrygian cult to
1605:, king of the gods. It offered opportunity to supplicants to ask Venus' intercession with Jupiter, who was thought to be susceptible to her charms, and amenable to the effects of her wine. Venus was patron of "
3260:
Sulla may have set some form of precedent, but there is no evidence that he built her a Temple. Caesar's associations with Venus as both a personal and state goddess may also have been propagated in the Roman
2732:
2990:"At the midway between Ostia and Antium lies Lavinium that has a sanctuary of Aphrodite common to all Latin nations, but which is under the care of the Ardeans, who have entrusted the task to intendants".
2812:
967:(possibly meaning "pleasurable" or "passionate"). Further titles or variants acquired by Venus through the same process, or through orthographic variance, include Libentia, Lubentina, and Lubentini.
1314:), patron goddess of Carthage's Sicilian allies, could be persuaded to change her allegiance. Rome laid siege to Eryx and promised its goddess a magnificent temple as reward for her defection. They
752:. In some traditions, Titus Tatius was responsible for the introduction of lawful marriage to Rome, and Venus-Cloacina promoted, protected and purified sexual intercourse between married couples.
2687:
2613:
1887:) and elsewhere in Greece, acquiring wings, bow and arrows, and divine parents in the love-goddess Aphrodite and the war-god Ares. He had temples of his own, and shared others with Aphrodite.
2015:
499:
Prospective brides offered Venus a gift "before the wedding"; the nature of the gift, and its timing, are unknown. The wedding ceremony itself, and the state of lawful marriage, belonged to
1555:(Virile or strong Good Fortune)), whose cult was probably by far the older of the two. Venus Verticordia was invented in 220 BC, in response to advice from a Sibylline oracle during Rome's
1272:
3105:"At the battle of Pharsalus, Caesar also vowed a temple, in best republican fashion, to Venus Victrix, almost as if he were summoning Pompey's protectress to his side in the manner of an
3946:
Pliny the Elder, remarking Venus as a goddess of union and reconciliation, identifies the shrine with a legendary episode in Rome's earliest history, in which the Romans, led by
1988:
were sometimes donated by wealthy sponsors, to serve both religious and artistic purposes. Cupid's roles in literary myth are usually limited to actions on behalf of Venus; in
748:, originally a stream, later covered over to function as Rome's main sewer. The rites conducted at the shrine were probably meant to purify the culvert's polluted waters and
575:(Venus' daughters) were said to bathe; but he also connects it to the Greek word for "dart", "needle", "arrow", whence "love's arrows" and love's bitter "cares and pangs".
1584:
was given her own temple. She was meant to persuade Romans of both sexes and every class, whether married or unmarried, to cherish the traditional sexual proprieties and
1980:
In Roman cult inscriptions and theology, "Amor" is rare, and "Cupido" relatively common. No Roman temples seem dedicated to Cupid alone but the joint dedication formula
937:, and thus a god of Springtime. No such Triad seems to have existed prior to Baalbek's 15 BC colonisation by Augustus' veterans. It may be a modern scholarly artifice.
2712:
5600:
5370:
Fortuna. Recherches sur le culte de la
Fortuna à Rome et dans le monde romain des origines à la mort de César. II. Les Transformations de Fortuna sous le République.
5138:
2179:, probably by others before him, and certainly into the early modern era. Although Venus played a central role in several wine festivals, the Roman god of wine was
1428:, would have underlined the point, with the image of avenging Mars "almost certainly" accompanied by that of his divine consort Venus, and possibly a statue of the
840:, goddess of both good and bad fortune and personification of luck, whose iconography includes the rudder of a ship, found in some Pompeian examples of the regal
3001:
Sp. Turrianus
Proculus Gellianus ... pater patratus ... Lavinium sacrorum principiorum p(opuli) R(omani) Quirt(ium) nominisque Latini qui apud Laurentis coluntur
6480:
2757:
2665:
1250:, and was supposedly funded by fines imposed on Roman women for sexual misdemeanours. Its rites and character were probably influenced by or based on Greek
2160:. Venus was also a patron of the ordinary, everyday wine drunk by most Roman men and women; the seductive powers of wine were well known. In the rites to
3891:
484:
presents Venus as the yielding, watery female principle, essential to the generation and balance of life. Her male counterparts in the Roman pantheon,
3270:
Sometimes interpreted as Eros-Cupid, as a symbol of the sexual union between the goddess and
Anchises, but perhaps alluding also to the scene in the
1052:("Indulgent Venus"), Venus' first attested Roman epithet. It was used in the dedication of her first Roman temple, on August 19 in 295 BC during the
3115:, "apparently in fulfillment of the vow". The goddess helped provide a divine aura for her descendant, preparing the way for Caesar's own cult as a
2640:
1771:
by Venus in her heavenly form, the morning star, shining brightly before him in the daylight sky; much later, she lifts Caesar's soul to heaven. In
1629:
festival of wine, vegetable growth and fertility. This was almost certainly Venus' oldest festival and was associated with her earliest known form,
2429:
came to refer to any artistic depiction in post-classical art of a nude woman, even when there was no indication that the subject was the goddess.
713:' wife and other Roman women lost their hair during an epidemic; in hope of its restoration, unafflicted women sacrificed their own hair to Venus.
695:
on 5 October 134. This form of the goddess, and the taurobolium, are associated with the "Syrian
Goddess", understood as a late equivalent to
1965:
for the personification of "kindly" love. Where Cupid (lust) can be imperious, cruel, prone to mischief or even war-like, Amor softly persuades.
2210:
603:
showing the birth of
Aphrodite from sea-foam, fully adult and supported by a more-than-lifesized scallop shell. The Italian Renaissance painter
6485:
1835:
Cupid (lust or desire) and Amor (affectionate love) are taken to be different names for the same Roman love-god, the son of Venus, fathered by
5424:
2167:
Venus' long association with wine reflects the inevitable connections between wine, intoxication and sex, expressed in the proverbial phrase
1843:
or Mars. Childlike or boyish winged figures who accompany Venus, whether singly, in pairs or more, have been variously identified as Amores,
1239:
1118:
above). Pompeii's Temple of Venus was built sometime in the 1st century BC, before Sulla's colonisation. This local form of Venus had Roman,
1057:
2083:("Venus the Fisher-woman") are almost exclusive to Pompeii. Both forms of Venus are represented within Pompeian homes of the well-off, with
464:
Venus seems to have had no origin myth until her association with Greek Aphrodite. Venus-Aphrodite emerged, already in adult form, from the
3302:
Venus as a guide and protector of Aeneas and his descendants is a frequent motif in the Aeneid. See discussion throughout Williams (2003).
3111:. Three years after Pompey's defeat at the battle of Actium, Caesar dedicated his new Roman Forum, complete with a temple to his ancestor
1192:
vied with his patron Sulla and with Caesar for public recognition as her protégé. In 55 BC he dedicated a temple to her at the top of his
4871:
Grossi, Olindo. "The Forum of Julius Caesar and the Temple of Venus Genetrix." Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 13 (1936): 215–2.
1879:
stone as late as the 2nd century AD. From at least the 5th century BC he also had the form of an adolescent or pre-adolescent male, at
641:). Her worshippers cross-dressed - men wore women's clothes, and women wore men's. Macrobius says that Aristophanes called this figure
6229:
3133:
the peace of the citizens, and that this divinity may, moreover, be ready to preserve them from their enemies and the perils of war."
1563:
was taken to signify divine displeasure at sexual offenses among Romans of every category and class, including several men and three
1074:, Venus as a universal, natural creative force that informs the physical world. She is addressed as "Alma Venus" ("Mother Venus") by
5614:
5641:
2325:
2360:, composed in 1361–62. It is notable as the first collection devoted exclusively to biographies of women in Western literature.
1606:
875:("Venus the Mother"), as a goddess of motherhood and domesticity, with a festival on September 26, a personal ancestress of the
811:(Venus of the Sea"), because she smooths the waves for mariners. She is probably based on the influential image of Aphrodite by
770:
5285:. I Tatti Renaissance Library. Vol. 1. Translated by Virginia Brown. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. xi.
3235:
1420:, adopted both claims as evidence of his inherent fitness for office, and divine approval of his rule. Augustus' new temple to
1180:("Venus the Victorious"), a Romanised aspect of the armed Aphrodite that Greeks had inherited from the East, where the goddess
445:
of divine forces through magic. The ambivalence of her persuasive functions has been perceived in the relationship of the root
2175:(loosely translated as "without food and wine, Venus freezes). It was used in various forms, notably by the Roman playwright,
2107:
2002:, the plot and its resolution are driven by Cupid's love for Psyche ("soul"), his filial disobedience, and his mother's envy.
5477:
5420:
5388:
5340:
4410:
4363:
3737:
3488:
2767:
2315:
1593:, Venus's acceptance of the epithet and its attendant responsibilities represented a change of heart in the goddess herself.
1429:
1231:
3973:
2425:, a degree of erotic beauty in her presentation was justified, which appealed to many artists and their patrons. Over time,
1781:
Venus came to Rome because she "preferred to be worshipped in the city of her own offspring". In Virgil's poetic account of
917:, though inconsistently and often on very slender grounds. She has been historically identified as one third of a so-called
5610:
4964:, edited by Anthony Grafton, Glenn W. Most, and Salvatore Settis (Harvard University Press, 2010), pp. 244–246; cf Cicero,
3366:
Ovid describes the rites observed in the early Imperial era, when the temple environs were part of the Gardens of Sallust.
3024:
Schilling (1954) suggests that Venus began as an abstraction of personal qualities, later assuming Aphrodite's attributes.
2775:
683:(Celestial or Heavenly Venus), used from the 2nd century AD for Venus as an aspect of a syncretised supreme goddess.
3062:, setting off a train of events that led to war between the Greeks and Trojans, and eventually to Troy's destruction. In
2432:
2295:
1498:
442:
3716:, pp. 1095‑1096 of William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D.: A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875.
6573:
6497:
5257:
5236:
2170:
2095:
tend to be more playful, usually found in less formal and less public "non-reception" areas: here, she usually holds a
1044:. Some sources associate her with the myrtle-tree. Christian writers described her as a goddess of sloth and laziness.
2371:
Medieval representation of Venus, sitting on a rainbow, with her devotees who offer their hearts to her, 15th century.
6603:
5569:
5453:
5290:
4886:
4443:
3513:
3446:
4713:
1573:(sexually pure) in Rome by a committee of Roman matrons. At first, this statue was probably housed in the temple of
6548:
2236:
Statue of nude Venus of the Capitoline type, Roman, 2nd century AD, from Campo Iemini, housed in the British Museum
2232:
830:
in Lavinium. Inscriptions found at Lavinium attest the presence of federal cults, without giving precise details.
6291:
2551:
2472:
2437:
1737:, the god of war. At other times, or in parallel myths and theologies, Venus was understood to be the consort of
5055:
O'Hara, James J. (1990). "The significance of Vergil's Acidalia Mater, and Venus Erycina in Catullus and Ovid".
4978:
O'Hara, James J. (1990). "The significance of Vergil's Acidalia Mater, and Venus Erycina in Catullus and Ovid".
3753:
O'Hara, James J. (1990). "The significance of Vergil's Acidalia Mater, and Venus Erycina in Catullus and Ovid".
782:
611:. Other versions of Venus' birth show her standing on land or shoreline, wringing the sea-water from her hair.
6613:
6538:
5536:
5521:
972:
945:("Venus with the beautiful buttocks"), a statue, and possibly a statue type, after a lost Greek original. From
3033:
Her Sicillian form probably combined elements of Aphrodite and a more warlike Carthaginian-Phoenician Astarte
2267:
1243:
1087:
979:, who also became synonymous with death; a temple was dedicated to Venus Libitina in Libitina's grove on the
3096:
Plutarch's original Greek translates this adopted surname, Felix, as Epaphroditus (Aphrodite's beloved); see
1660:. Caesar dedicated the temple during his extraordinarily lavish quadruple triumph. At the same time, he was
1580:, perhaps as divine reinforcement against the perceived moral and religious failings of its cult. In 114 BC
6583:
6568:
6543:
5634:
5587:
4688:
4660:
4157:"Jupiter, Venus and Mercury of Heliopolis (Baalbek). The images of the 'triad' and its alleged syncretisms"
3120:
2719:
2542:
1868:
1710:
338:
5494:
5428:
Lloyd-Morgan, G. (1986). "Roman Venus: public worship and private rites." In M. Henig and A. King (eds.),
3727:
3529:
3311:
Cicero presents Anteros as a "third Cupid", fathered by Mars and birthed by a "third Venus", the huntress
1973:
outlook, sees Cupid as a deity of greed and blind passion, morally inferior to Amor. The Roman playwright
1767:, refugee from Troy's destruction and eventual ancestor of the Roman people. Virgil's Aeneas is guided to
797:, may have preserved some Erycine features of her cult. It was considered suitable for "common girls" and
567:
speculates this "rare" and "strangely recondite epithet" as reference to a mooted "Fountain of Acidalia" (
441:
the formal, contractual relations between most members of Rome's official pantheon and the state, and the
3079:
The aristocratic ideology of an increasingly Hellenised Venus is "summarized by the famous invocation to
2598:. Although the name of the actual deity is not known, the knowing contrast between the obese and fertile
2455:
2309:
429:
6608:
6558:
6528:
6162:
6136:
5542:
Wagenvoort, Hendrik, "The Origins of the goddess Venus" (first published as "De deae Veneris origine",
4387:
2489:
2320:
888:
871:
679:
503:– whose mythology allows her only a single marriage, and no divorce from her habitually errant spouse,
5605:
2377:
1381:("Lucky") as a surname, acknowledging his debt to heaven-sent good fortune and his particular debt to
703:, the latter being another supposedly Trojan "Mother of the Romans", as well as "Mother of the Gods".
6578:
6553:
6533:
6296:
6131:
4308:"Exploring the sanctuary of Venus and its sacred grove: politics, cult and identity in Roman Pompeii"
2620:
1343:
The Capitoline cult to Venus seems to have been reserved to higher status Romans. A separate cult to
1114:("Venus the Fisher-woman") a goddess of the sea, and trade. For Sulla's claims of Venus' favour, see
1060:. It was sited somewhere near the Aventine Hill and Circus Maximus, and played a central role in the
240:
6593:
6563:
6411:
6390:
6380:
5787:
5650:
5332:
5312:
4039:
3959:
3415:
3277:
2895:
1936:
1860:
1806:
1645:
1457:
1347:
as a fertility deity, was established in 181 BC, in a traditionally plebeian district just outside
1297:
1277:
884:
855:
618:
564:
370:
272:
1397:, and celebrating his triumph of 54 BC with coins that showed her crowned with triumphal laurels.
6395:
5627:
5448:. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. (pp. 92, 165–167, 408–409, 411)
5322:
5308:
4528:
4062:
Stone Sculptures, The Greek, Roman and Etruscan Collections of the Harvard University Art Museums
4035:
3897:
3411:
2846:
2741:, one of the long-time mistresses of King Charles II of England, as Venus with her son as Cupid (
864:
2091:, draped with a mantle, standing rigidly upright with her right arm across her chest. Images of
511:, a popular pastime among Romans of all classes, the luckiest, best possible roll was known as "
6588:
6223:
4197:
The Aphrodite of Knidos and Her Successors: A Historical Review of the Female Nude in Greek Art
2567:
2381:
Venus, setting fire to the castle where the Rose is imprisoned, in the medieval French romance
1474:
of the entire Roman state, its people and fortunes. It was the largest temple in Ancient Rome.
1336:("Venus the Mother"), Roman tradition made Venus the mother and protector of the Trojan prince
1214:
1185:
934:
2367:
1705:
6442:
6339:
5995:
5914:
5662:
4721:
4698:
4670:
3901:
3479:
de Simone, Carlo (2017). "Messapic". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.).
2421:
was her natural state, it was socially acceptable to depict her unclothed. As the goddess of
1439:
1332:. Shorn of her more overtly Carthaginian characteristics, this "foreign Venus" became Rome's
1145:
330:
236:
1470:, underlining the Imperial unity of Rome and its provinces, and making Venus the protective
43:
6437:
6321:
6275:
6065:
5909:
5682:
2348:
2300:
1516:
1137:
998:
359:
279:
1935:(reciprocal love) for him. Some sources suggest Anteros as avenger of "slighted love". In
929:). The "Syrian Mercury" is sometimes thought as another sun-god, or a syncretised form of
670:, "to pull up one's clothes" to reveal her male genitalia. The gesture traditionally held
8:
6475:
6281:
6167:
6141:
6000:
5849:
5839:
5802:
5595:
4579:
Orlin, Eric M. (2002). "Foreign cults in republican Rome: Rethinking the pomerial rule".
2836:
2724:
2587:
2512:
2414:
2281:
2245:
1836:
1790:
1742:
1729:
of her counterpart, Aphrodite, but with significant exceptions. In some Latin mythology,
1602:
1412:
as a personal, divine ancestress – apparently a long-standing family tradition among the
1193:
816:
523:
504:
302:
294:
3914:
2819:
6598:
6354:
5980:
5944:
5904:
5879:
5782:
5762:
5702:
5619:
5278:
5194:
5072:
5037:
4995:
4770:
4596:
4381:
4337:
4329:
4281:
4178:
4137:
3918:
3808:
3770:
3047:
2357:
2139:
1840:
1738:
1725:, the literary concept of Venus is mantled in whole-cloth borrowings from the literary
1205:
1033:
918:
898:
763:
608:
485:
477:
143:
2240:
Roman and Hellenistic art produced many variations on the goddess, often based on the
1513:, "to open", with reference to the springtime blossoming of trees and flowers. In the
28:
Goddess of love, beauty, desire, sex, fertility, prosperity, prostitution, and victory
6492:
6452:
6106:
6060:
5934:
5874:
5747:
5727:
5722:
5707:
5565:
5532:
5517:
5473:
5449:
5416:
5384:
5336:
5327:
5286:
5253:
5232:
5198:
4449:
4439:
4416:
4406:
4369:
4359:
4341:
4096:
Liou-Gilles, B. (1996). "Naissance de la ligue latine. Mythe et culte de fondation".
3733:
3509:
3484:
3442:
3312:
3051:
2851:
2704:
2442:
1864:
1715:
1656:, who claimed her personal favour as his divine patron, and ancestral goddess of the
1567:. The statue of Venus Verticordia was dedicated by a young woman, chosen as the most
1548:
1522:
1438:
recommends that any new temple to Venus be sited according to rules laid down by the
1394:
1219:
1156:
1053:
604:
350:
991:
6385:
6116:
6035:
5975:
5834:
5812:
5797:
5355:
5186:
5064:
5029:
4987:
4815:
4762:
4588:
4319:
4168:
4129:
3979:
3800:
3762:
3178:
3063:
2804:
2382:
2330:
2305:
2276:
2153:
2043:
Images of Venus have been found in domestic murals, mosaics and household shrines (
1989:
1957:'s Fasti, Book 4, invokes Venus not by name but as "Mother of the Twin Loves", the
1786:
1734:
1679:
1661:
1462:
1289:
1149:
1096:
was Pompeii's protective goddess, antedating Sulla's imposition of a colonia named
1015:
1009:
946:
941:
599:(Venus "rising from the sea"), based on a once-famous painting by the Greek artist
595:
500:
489:
290:
209:
139:
65:
48:
3234:
For associations of kind between Roman deities and their sacrificial victims, see
3225:
Vegetable-growers may have been involved in the dedications as a corporate guild.
591:
had no evident connection to Venus. It was almost certainly not a cultic epithet.
6507:
6502:
6421:
6416:
6269:
6237:
6121:
5654:
5465:
5444:
5376:
5265:
5214:
For the total exclusion of myrtle (and therefore Venus) at Bona Dea's rites, see
5156:
4693:
4665:
4303:
3930:
3436:
3173:
2785:
2595:
2583:
2535:
2504:
2422:
2290:
2024:
1726:
1722:
1649:
1621:
1552:
1525:
during the early centuries AD, Venus became identified with the Germanic goddess
1502:
1483:
1319:
1301:
1281:
1201:
1141:
1102:
1098:
1061:
1048:
786:
725:
298:
268:
252:
110:
81:
2981:
Ashby (1929) finds the existence of a temple to Venus Calva "very doubtful"; see
2602:
and the classical conception of Venus has raised resistance to the terminology.
1597:
1106:
after his family and Venus, following his siege and capture of Pompeii from the
959:"), probably arising through the semantic similarity and cultural links between
844:. A form of Venus usually identified as Venus Felix was adopted by the dictator
836:("Lucky Venus"), probably a traditional epithet, combining aspects of Venus and
716:
630:
6359:
6248:
6111:
5829:
4467:
4057:
3376:
2925:
2919:
2901:
2886:
2679:
2576:
1994:
1966:
1899:
1690:
1564:
1385:, for his extraordinarily fortunate political and military career. His protégé
1371:
1367:
1197:
1041:
980:
660:
654:
114:
5190:
5177:
Versnel, H.S. (April 1992). "The Festival for Bona Dea and the Thesmophoria".
4887:"The Sidus Iulium, the divinity of men, and the Golden Age in Virgil's Aeneid"
4324:
4307:
3344:, 7. 59: 16. 203. See also Catullus C. 3. 1, 13. 2: Horace, 1. 19. 1 :4. 1. 5.
3280:
holds Cupid disguised as Ascanius in her lap as she falls in love with Aeneas.
1890:
6522:
6286:
6210:
6126:
6055:
6025:
6005:
5854:
5777:
5767:
5668:
4735:
4420:
4214:
3192:
2942:
2800:
2260:
2199:
2131:
2115:
1760:
1653:
1401:
1370:, some leading Romans laid personal claims to Venus' favour. The general and
1326:
1305:
1247:
1037:
880:
790:
774:
759:
749:
745:
710:
264:
35:
5360:
5347:
4453:
4373:
3216:
Romans considered personal ethics or mentality to be functions of the heart.
1943:, Cupid is a deceptive agent of Venus, impersonating Aeneas' son and making
1130:
is also a regal form of "Nature Mother" and a guarantor of success in love.
587:
is likely a literary conceit, formed by Virgil from earlier usages in which
6349:
6344:
6306:
6203:
5752:
5692:
5229:
The Mirror of the Gods, How Renaissance Artists Rediscovered the Pagan Gods
4928:
4839:
4791:
3955:
3432:
3360:
3202:
2951:
2913:
2867:
2856:
2841:
2675:
2594:
sculptures of rounded female forms have been conventionally referred to as
2527:
2157:
2087:
more commonly found in formal reception spaces, typically depicted in full
1777:
1657:
1413:
1352:
1255:
1036:(or Murcus, or Murtia). Murcia was associated with Rome's Mons Murcia (the
876:
508:
424:
5757:
5493:, (English translation), University of Chicago Press, 1991. pp. 146.
5484:
La Religion Romaine de Vénus depuis les origines jusqu'au temps d'Auguste.
4901:
4819:
3562:
La religion romaine de Venus depuis les origines jusqu'au temps d' Auguste
2352:, a collection of biographies of historical and mythological women by the
2138:. Likewise, Roman folk-etymology transformed the ancient, obscure goddess
1254:'s cults, which were already diffused in various forms throughout Italian
740:("Venus the Purifier"); a fusion of Venus with the Etruscan water goddess
305:
as the embodiment of love and sexuality. As such, she is usually depicted
6101:
5432:(pp. 179–188). Oxford: Oxford Committee for Archaeology Monograph 8.
4753:
Carter, Jesse Benedict (1900). "The cognomina of the goddess 'Fortuna'".
3067:
2823:
2738:
2599:
2410:
2249:
2188:
2149:
2135:
2096:
1884:
1798:
1698:
1685:
1585:
1467:
1174:, sexuality expressed within socially permitted bounds, hence marriage.
721:
688:
637:, bearded, with male genitalia but in female attire and figure (see also
512:
428:
A 2nd- or 3rd-century bronze figurine of Venus, in the collection of the
6079:
4333:
4199:, University of Michigan Press, 2007, pp 100–102, ISBN 978-0-472-03277-8
4182:
3042:
Venus' links with Troy can be traced to the epic, mythic history of the
1488:
729:
6311:
6218:
5985:
5970:
5960:
5889:
5869:
5514:
From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion
4600:
4141:
3958:
and carrying branches of myrtle, met there to make peace following the
3812:
3686:
From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and category in Roman religion
3043:
2749:
2465:
2460:
2241:
2065:
1755:
1556:
1421:
812:
798:
671:
643:
638:
260:
248:
5076:
5041:
4999:
4774:
4173:
4156:
3774:
6457:
6045:
5939:
5268:, Natural History, Ch 23, line 152–58; and Book 15, Ch.38, line 125}}
4755:
Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
4684:
4656:
3084:
2591:
2406:
2053:
2048:
1923:
1802:
1674:
1569:
1560:
1543:
1435:
1389:
competed for Venus' support, dedicating (in 55 BC) a large temple to
1360:
1251:
1170:
1161:
1079:
1075:
1064:. It was supposedly funded by fines imposed on women found guilty of
914:
910:
860:
626:
286:
282:
244:
185:
106:
52:
5169:
Versnel, H.S. (1994). "Transition and reversal in myth and ritual".
4592:
4358:. John Joseph Dobbins, Pedar William Foss. London: Routledge. 2007.
4133:
3804:
6364:
6301:
6242:
6146:
5965:
5919:
5894:
5824:
5732:
5717:
5712:
5687:
5462:. London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul. (pp. 319–322)
5215:
5205:
5068:
5033:
4991:
4766:
4629:
4548:
Lipka gives a foundation date of 181 BC for Venus' Colline temple.
3869:
Experiencing Rome: Culture, Identity, and Power in the Roman Empire
3766:
3662:
3389:
3107:
2946:
2907:
2402:
2353:
2221:
2216:
2184:
2161:
2127:
2062:
1999:
1970:
1948:
1919:
1915:
1894:
Fragmentary base for an altar of Venus and Mars, showing cupids or
1876:
1872:
1867:
as a generative power with neither mother nor father. Eros was the
1782:
1750:
1442:
1417:
1356:
1348:
1315:
1293:
1107:
1065:
1032:("Venus of the Myrtle"), merging Venus with the little-known deity
1019:
976:
956:
826:
honoured by all the Latins with a federal cult at the temple named
794:
741:
692:
481:
465:
161:
5102:
Leonard A. Curchin, Leonard A., "Personal Wealth in Roman Spain,"
4872:
4257:"The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome", v. 1, p. 167
2134:; later, Cloacina's association with Venus' sacred plant made her
1318:
her image, brought it to Rome and installed it in a temple on the
6020:
6010:
5929:
5899:
5884:
5844:
5742:
5606:
Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (ca 2400 images of Venus)
3947:
2938:
2561:
2225:
2195:
2180:
2176:
2099:, and sits amidst landscape scenery, accompanied by at least one
2088:
2036:
2028:
2020:
1974:
1826:
1794:
1575:
1453:
1425:
1264:
930:
906:
902:
850:
837:
767:
696:
648:
600:
535:
528:
398:
56:
3481:
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
659:. Several examples of Greek and Roman sculpture show her in the
6447:
6189:
6183:
6096:
6030:
6015:
5990:
5772:
5697:
5582:
5381:
Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages
4943:
4806:
de Cazanove, Olivier (1988). "Jupiter, Liber et le vin latin".
4405:. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
3951:
3657:
3272:
3059:
2657:
2632:
2418:
2145:
2119:
2032:
1940:
1911:
1903:
1895:
1856:
1848:
1810:
1768:
1764:
1746:
1694:
1626:
1532:
1527:
1446:
1386:
1337:
1209:
1189:
1184:"remained a goddess of war, and Venus could bring victory to a
1181:
1119:
778:
700:
634:
572:
555:
550:
473:
458:
256:
195:
165:
157:
129:
91:
3012:
Eden (1963) states that Varro rationalises the connections as
2019:
A medallion painting from the House of Marcus Fabius Rufus in
879:
and, more broadly, the divine ancestress of the Roman people.
651:
wrote of worshipping "nurturing Venus" whether female or male
527:
Venus and Mars, with Cupid attending, in a wall painting from
457:'love drink' or 'addicting'), in the sense of "a charm, magic
218:
55:. From a garden wall at the Casa della Venere in conchiglia,
6316:
6040:
5864:
5819:
5807:
5792:
5737:
4854:
4209:
3438:
A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology and Folk Culture
3392:" means "The Good Goddess". She was also a "Women's goddess".
3247:
3116:
2861:
2386:
2100:
2058:
1844:
1830:
1730:
1374:
1078:
in the introductory lines of his vivid, poetic exposition of
845:
493:
153:
70:
5335:, Cambridge, Mass., and London, England, 2007. (hardcover).
3867:
Dominic Montserrat, "Reading Gender in the Roman World," in
3732:. The Catholic University of America Press. pp. 52 ff.
3014:"lubendo libido, libidinosus ac Venus Libentina et Libitina"
2110:
are for the most part the same as Aphrodite's. They include
534:
Like other major Roman deities, Venus was given a number of
301:, Venus became one of the most widely referenced deities of
255:, she was the ancestor of the Roman people through her son,
6197:
6050:
5489:
Schilling, R., in Bonnefoy, Y., and Doniger, W. (Editors),
4834:
4492:
3993:
3355:
3197:
3055:
2111:
1954:
1944:
1880:
1852:
1822:
1772:
1644:(September 26) was held under state auspices from 46 BC at
1590:
1086:. She seems to have been a favourite of Lucretius' patron,
926:
922:
576:
306:
224:
5601:
The Roman goddess Venus – highlights at The British Museum
5348:"Venus in Pompeian Domestic Space: Decoration and Context"
1304:
suggested that Carthage might be defeated if the Venus of
5859:
5250:
Bona Dea : The sources and a description of the cult
2027:
and depicting the Greco-Roman goddess Venus-Aphrodite in
1759:, embellished an existing connection between Venus, whom
1637:), may be evidence that it once belonged to Venus alone.
5649:
4544:
4542:
3791:
Marcovich, Miroslav (1996). "From Ishtar to Aphrodite".
3462:
3460:
3458:
3142:
The widely spaced, open style preferred by Vitruvius is
1961:. "Amor" is the Latin name preferred by Roman poets and
921:, and thus a wife to presumed sun-god "Syrian Jupiter" (
785:
by the elite and respectable matrons at a temple on the
543:
which sanctioned any identifications made in this way."
5118:
5091:
Divine Qualities: Cult and Community in Republican Rome
4705:
3975:
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
3839:
Venerem igitur almum adorans, sive femina sive mas est,
3702:, Cambridge University Press, 2010, pp. 66–67, 231-266.
3420:
Religions of Rome: Volume 2, a Sourcebook, illustrated,
1977:, however, has Venus, Cupid and Amor working together.
1022:, with enthroned Venus Felix holding Victory on reverse
691:(a form of bull sacrifice), performed at her shrine in
362:
267:
claimed her as his ancestor. Venus was central to many
4476:
Realencyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft
3854:
Penner, Todd C., Stichele, Caroline Van der, editors,
3729:
Forgotten Paths: Etymology and the allegorical mindset
3621:
2142:
into "Venus of the Myrtles, whom we now call Murcia".
1763:
had adopted as his protectress, and the Trojan prince
4539:
4474:(1972) 1983:80, noting C. Koch on "Venus Victrix" in
3455:
1805:
and the Egyptians, assisted by bizarre and unhelpful
1509:) which Roman etymologists understood to derive from
744:, who had an ancient shrine above the outfall of the
227:
221:
5317:
Religions of Rome: Volume 1, a History, illustrated,
4266:
Elisabeth Asmis, "Lucretius' Venus and Stoic Zeus",
4120:
Rives, James (1994). "Venus Genetrix outside Rome".
4013:
Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome
2937:
Eden (1963) discusses possible associations between
2385:. In this story Venus is portrayed as the mother of
1689:
holding an infant, probably Aeneas, as Anchises and
1400:
Pompey's erstwhile friend, ally, and later opponent
415:
389:('to adore, revere, honor, venerate, worship'), and
343:
278:
The Romans adapted the myths and iconography of her
215:
5611:'Venus Chiding Cupid for Learning to Cast Accounts'
4403:
The fires of Vesuvius : Pompeii lost and found
1160:("Venus the Changer of Hearts"), celebrated at the
1136:("Heavenly Venus"), used as the title of a book by
212:
5404:Hammond, N.G.L. and Scullard, H.H. (eds.) (1970).
4616:Typology and Structure of Roman Historical Reliefs
4030:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4022:
3700:The Roman Wedding: Ritual and Meaning in Antiquity
720:Imperial image of Venus suggesting influence from
5439:. London: A. Zwemmer Ltd. (pp. 272–263, 424)
4436:Cities of Vesuvius : Pompeii and Herculaneum
3609:R., Schilling (1962). "La relation Venus venia".
2799:Iris presenting the wounded Venus to Mars by Sir
2396:
1246:. It was dedicated in 295 BC, at a site near the
889:an iconological type of statue of Aphrodite/Venus
6520:
5562:Astarte und Venus. Eine foto-lyrische Annäherung
5408:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (p. 113)
5372:Rome: Ecole Française de Rome, pp. 378–395.
3786:
3784:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3483:. Vol. 3. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1843.
3159:The origin is unknown, but it might derive from
3070:, who also had mythical links to Troy. See also
2822:, "Venus and Cupid on a Dolphin", 19th century,
2586:, since the discovery in 1908 of the so-called "
1741:or as mother of the "second cupid", fathered by
1601:(April 23), a wine festival shared by Venus and
1164:for her ability to transform untethered desire (
239:whose functions encompass love, beauty, desire,
16:Ancient Roman goddess of love, sex and fertility
5502:. London: Thames and Hudson. (pp. 97, 107)
4034:
4019:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3163:, an Etruscan form of Greek Aphrodite's name.
1914:, Eros shared cult with a twin, named Anteros.
5500:Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic
5445:A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome
5115:Kaufmann-Heinimann, in Rüpke (ed), pp. 197–98.
3856:Mapping Gender in Ancient Religious Discourses
3602:
3146:. The densely pillared style he criticises is
2156:'s authority; so myrtle was excluded from the
1404:went still further. He claimed the favours of
1110:. Venus also had a distinctive, local form as
353:
5635:
5437:Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Rome Volume 1
5015:
5013:
5011:
5009:
4618:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 8–9.
4574:
4572:
4556:
4554:
4523:
4521:
4519:
3781:
3546:
3422:Cambridge University Press, 1998, 2.1a, p. 27
2955:, which the Romans considered an aphrodisiac.
2010:
5546:, Series IV, 17, 1964, pp. 47 – 77) in
5509:. Munich: Hirmer Verlag. (pp. 213–228).
5139:"Transition and reversal in myth and ritual"
4115:
4113:
4111:
3890:Platner, Samuel Ball; Ashby, Thomas (1929).
3889:
3670:
3590:Eden, P.T. (1963). "Venus and the Cabbage".
3503:
3441:. London: Hurst & Company. p. 251.
3177:
1424:, divine father of Rome's legendary founder
807:(Venus of the "fair voyage"), also known as
5557:. Oxford; Clarendon Press. (pp. 80–90)
5171:Inconsistencies in Greek and Roman Religion
5143:Inconsistencies in Greek and Roman Religion
4805:
4095:
3978:. London: John Murray – via Perseus,
3585:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
2168:
1789:, the future emperor is allied with Venus,
1668:
1514:
1324:
1309:
1296:, Rome suffered a disastrous defeat at the
1225:
865:a specific sculpture at the Vatican Museums
687:is the earliest known Roman recipient of a
421:('to strive for, wish for, desire, love').
408:
402:
324:
318:
5642:
5628:
5548:Pietas: selected studies in Roman religion
5430:Pagan Gods and Shrines of the Roman Empire
5054:
5020:Wlosok, Antonie (1975). "Amor and Cupid".
5006:
4977:
4569:
4551:
4516:
4251:
4046:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press.
3893:A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome
3752:
3187:Nine books of memborable deeds and sayings
3183:Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium libri IX
1855:. The most ancient of these is Eros, whom
1416:. When Caesar was assassinated, his heir,
42:
5359:
5277:
5271:
4323:
4172:
4108:
4044:Religions of Rome: A history, illustrated
3790:
3725:
3559:
3534:(photograph). Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon
3504:Mallory, J.P.; Adams, D.Q., eds. (1997).
3478:
2336:
1721:As with most major gods and goddesses in
5093:, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 177.
4884:
3858:, p. 22, 2007, Brill, isbn 90-04-15447-7
3568:
2454:
2431:
2376:
2366:
2231:
2209:
2014:
1931:(love) for his wife; in return, she has
1889:
1704:
1678:
1487:
1271:
1001:on reverse, from February or March 44 BC
715:
522:
423:
5375:
5247:
5176:
5168:
5136:
4613:
4581:Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome
4302:
4098:Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire
3683:
3627:
3466:
2130:, the Etruscan-Roman goddess of Rome's
1898:playing with the war-god's weapons and
1531:, giving rise to the loan translation "
413:('to hunt') through to common PIE root
6521:
5057:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
5022:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
5019:
4980:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
4752:
4587:. University of Michigan Press: 1–18.
4282:"Myths of Pompeii: reality and legacy"
4015:. Oxford University Press. p. 25.
4010:
3755:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
1393:as part of his lavishly appointed new
1288:In 217 BC, in the early stages of the
472:) produced by the severed genitals of
51:, alluding to the birth-myth of Greek
5623:
5397:Eden, P.T., "Venus and the Cabbage",
5352:Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal
5345:
5124:
4894:Leeds International Classical Studies
4683:
4655:
4578:
4560:
4527:
4509:Orlin, Eric (2007), in Rüpke, J, ed.
4433:
4400:
4154:
4119:
3508:. Taylor & Francis. p. 158.
3506:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
3431:
2924:
2918:
2906:
2900:
2057:, places an image of Venus among the
1939:' 4th century commentary on Virgil's
1551:("Venus the Changer of Hearts"), and
1122:and local Pompeiian influences. Like
901:"), a Romano-Syrian form of Venus at
5204:
4628:
4312:Papers of the British School at Rome
4279:
3900:. p. 551 – via Penelope,
3589:
3564:. Paris, FR: Editions E. de Boccard.
2560:Venus of Cherchell, Gsell museum in
2039:; it is dated to the 1st century BC.
1505:. Her sacred month was April (Latin
1242:in the heat of a battle against the
1230:The first known temple to Venus was
1218:, a half-nude reclining portrait of
887:in 46 BC. This name has attached to
3962:. Also cited in Wagenvoort, p. 180.
1927:8. 1, features a dinner-guest with
971:links Venus to a patron-goddess of
13:
6078:
5173:. Vol. 2. Brill. p. 262;
5145:. Vol. 2. Brill. p. 262.
4942:
3656:
3639:Linked through an adjectival form
3608:
3119:and the formal institution of the
2401:Venus became a popular subject of
2171:sine Cerere et Baccho friget Venus
2148:was thought a particularly potent
997:Julius Caesar, with Venus holding
925:) and mother of "Syrian Mercury" (
14:
6625:
5575:
5319:Cambridge University Press, 1998.
4853:
4808:Revue de l'histoire des religions
4711:
4563:Roman Gods: A conceptual approach
4208:
3971:
1625:(August 19), originally a rustic
5581:
5482:Schilling, R. (1982) (2nd ed.).
5241:
5221:
5162:
5149:
5130:
5109:
5096:
5083:
5048:
4925:
4833:
4788:
4491:
3992:
3382:
3369:
3354:
3347:
3326:
3196:
2811:
2792:
2774:
2756:
2731:
2711:
2686:
2664:
2639:
2612:
2205:
1547:(April 1) was held in honour of
1008:
990:
617:("Bearded Venus"), mentioned in
443:unofficial, illicit manipulation
208:
5413:Sexual Morality in Ancient Rome
5406:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
5401:, 91, (1963), pp. 448–459.
5302:
4971:
4954:
4936:
4918:
4878:
4873:https://doi.org/10.2307/4238590
4865:
4847:
4826:
4799:
4781:
4746:
4728:
4677:
4649:
4646:Orlin, in Rüpke (ed), pp. 67–69
4640:
4622:
4607:
4503:
4485:
4460:
4427:
4394:
4348:
4296:
4273:
4260:
4222:
4202:
4189:
4148:
4088:
4079:
4067:
4050:
4004:
3986:
3965:
3940:
3923:
3908:
3883:
3874:
3871:(Routledge, 2000), pp. 172–173.
3861:
3848:
3832:
3819:
3746:
3719:
3705:
3692:
3650:
3633:
3305:
3296:
3283:
3264:
3254:
3241:
3228:
3219:
3210:
3166:
3153:
3136:
3126:
3099:
3090:
3073:
3036:
3027:
3018:
3006:
2993:
2984:
2975:
2958:
2931:
2341:
2114:, which were offered in Venus'
1697:look on (Roman-era relief from
1503:festivals of the Roman calendar
1499:official (state-sponsored) cult
1258:. Its dedication date connects
863:. The same epithet is used for
633:describes a statue of Venus in
5613:by Sir Joshua Reynolds at the
5596:Britannica Online Encyclopedia
5491:Roman and European Mythologies
5486:Paris: Editions E. de Boccard.
5415:. Cambridge University Press.
5346:Brain, Carla (23 March 2017).
5231:, Oxford UP, 2005, pp. 218_219
4513:, Blackwell publishing, p. 62.
4075:Frutinal templum Veneris Fruti
4060:, citing Vermuele and Brauer,
3793:Journal of Aesthetic Education
3522:
3497:
3472:
3425:
3405:
2880:
2397:Art in the classical tradition
2005:
1875:, where he was embodied as an
1749:, in compliment to his patron
983:, "hardly later than 300 BC".
789:. A later temple, outside the
1:
5529:The Cults of the Roman Empire
5470:A Companion to Roman Religion
5248:Brouwer, Henrik H.J. (1997).
4511:A Companion to Roman Religion
4286:Baltic Journal of Art History
4195:Havelock, Christine Mitchell,
4155:Kropp, Andreas J. M. (2010).
4073:Paulus-Festus s. v. p. 80 L:
3399:
3050:, in which the Trojan prince
2742:
2697:
2650:
2625:
2517:
2494:
2479:
2445:
2187:and the early Roman wine-god
1816:
1652:, in fulfillment of a vow by
1058:Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges
5159:, Natural History, 15,119–21
4697:. 1.5 – via Penelope,
4669:. 7.1 – via Penelope,
4056:Christie's online catalogue
4011:McGinn, Thomas A.J. (1998).
2720:Mars Being Disarmed by Venus
1992:, one of the stories within
1589:betrothal and marriage. For
1477:
1408:in his military success and
905:, variously identified with
329:('love, charm') stem from a
312:
275:under numerous cult titles.
7:
5560:Gerd Scherm, Brigitte Tast
5460:Room's Classical Dictionary
5411:Langlands, Rebecca (2006).
5252:. E.J. Brill. p. 337.
3375:Murcia had a shrine at the
3315:(more usually described as
2830:
2764:Tannhäuser in the Venusberg
1430:deceased and deified Caesar
1040:), and had a shrine in the
856:Venus Felix et Roma Aeterna
518:
430:Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon
407:('favour, permission') and
10:
6630:
6137:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
6076:
4714:"Temple of Venus and Rome"
3726:del Bello, Davide (2007).
2964:For further exposition of
2847:Planets in astrology#Venus
2605:
2011:Signs, context and symbols
1820:
1672:
1481:
1322:, as one of Rome's twelve
1200:. She had a shrine on the
583:only in the latter sense.
449:with its Latin derivative
435:
416:
377:('attractive, charming'),
344:
6574:Sexuality in ancient Rome
6468:
6430:
6404:
6373:
6332:
6260:
6176:
6155:
6132:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
6089:
5953:
5678:
5661:
5512:Staples, Ariadne (1998).
5472:, Wiley-Blackwell, 2007.
5191:10.1017/S0017383500023974
4966:On the nature of the Gods
4787:Langlands, p. 59, citing
4438:. London: Phoenix Press.
4325:10.1017/S0068246200000817
4270:, 110, (1982), p. 458 ff.
3972:Smith, William. "Venus".
3684:Staples, Ariadne (1998).
3321:On the nature of the Gods
3291:On the nature of the Gods
2818:Anonymous (France) after
2079:("Venus of Pompeii") and
2075:The Venus types known as
2023:, Italy, executed in the
1733:was the son of Venus and
1466:(Eternal Rome) on Rome's
621:' commentary on Virgil's
191:
181:
176:
149:
135:
125:
120:
102:
87:
76:
64:
49:Venus rising from the sea
41:
33:
26:
21:
6604:Deities of wine and beer
6391:Rape of the Sabine Women
5333:Harvard University Press
3960:rape of the Sabine women
3841:as quoted by Macrobius,
3364:. 4:869–70, cf. I35–I38.
2873:
2413:period in Europe. As a "
2194:Roman generals given an
2183:, identified with Greek
2061:(household gods) of the
1797:. Octavian's opponents,
1669:Mythology and literature
1298:battle of Lake Trasimene
1278:Temple of Venus Genetrix
1226:Cult history and temples
1082:physics and philosophy,
1038:Aventine's lesser height
973:funerals and undertakers
963:(as "a free woman") and
885:Temple of Venus Genetrix
337:('desire'), itself from
6549:Love and lust goddesses
6396:Battle of Lacus Curtius
5527:Turcan, Robert (2001).
5498:Scullard, H.H. (1981).
5442:Richardson, L. (1992).
5361:10.16995/TRAC2016_51_66
5331:, The Belknap Press of
4962:The Classical Tradition
4885:Williams, M.F. (2003).
4614:Torelli, Mario (1992).
4561:Lipka, Michael (2009).
4434:Grant, Michael (2005).
3898:Oxford University Press
2803:, 1820 – Ante Library,
2461:Venus, Mars, and Vulcan
2346:Venus is remembered in
2118:rites, and above all,
1366:Towards the end of the
1128:Venus Physica Pompeiana
1094:Venus Physica Pompeiana
363:
354:
6083:
5651:Ancient Roman religion
5615:Lady Lever Art Gallery
5553:Weinstock, S. (1971).
5368:Champeaux, J. (1987).
5137:Versnel, H.S. (1994).
4720:– via Penelope,
4386:: CS1 maint: others (
3560:Schilling, R. (1954).
3064:Rome's foundation myth
2890:
2468:
2452:
2389:
2372:
2337:Post-classical culture
2237:
2229:
2169:
2040:
1998:, by the Roman author
1907:
1785:'s victory at the sea-
1718:
1702:
1515:
1494:
1452:In 135 AD the Emperor
1349:Rome's sacred boundary
1325:
1310:
1285:
935:"dying and rising" god
732:
666:, from the Greek verb
531:
432:
409:
403:
385:('of Venus, erotic'),
333:form reconstructed as
325:
319:
156:(in later tradition);
6614:Legendary progenitors
6539:Deities in the Aeneid
6082:
5516:. London: Routledge.
4960:See entry "Cupid" in
4820:10.3406/rhr.1988.1888
4094:CIL X 797; cited in
3054:chose Aphrodite over
2926:[ˈvɛ(ː)nɛris]
2458:
2435:
2380:
2370:
2235:
2213:
2191:(Father of Freedom).
2018:
1893:
1708:
1682:
1673:Further information:
1491:
1275:
1146:Christian Griepenkerl
719:
607:used the type in his
526:
427:
303:Greco-Roman mythology
271:, and was revered in
6276:Interpretatio graeca
5590:at Wikimedia Commons
5507:Die Götter der Römer
4535:. The Belknap Press.
4401:Beard, Mary (2008).
4356:The world of Pompeii
4232:, IV. 16; Arnobius,
4042:; North, J. (1998).
3929:Eden (1963), citing
3353:Eden (1963), citing
2908:[ˈu̯ɛnɛɾɪs̠]
2349:De Mulieribus Claris
1902:. From the reign of
1517:interpretatio romana
1144:, and a painting by
1138:Basilius von Ramdohr
655:sive femina sive mas
323:and the common noun
6584:Planetary goddesses
6569:Nudity in mythology
6544:Fertility goddesses
6476:Classical mythology
6297:Theology of victory
6142:Kings of Alba Longa
5383:. Leiden · Boston.
5279:Boccaccio, Giovanni
5210:Quaestiones Romanae
5155:Eden (1963) citing
5106:32.2 (1983), p. 230
4718:Encyclopedia Romana
4280:Lill, Anne (2011).
3880:Turcan, pp. 141–43.
3643:: William W. Skeat
3121:Roman Imperial cult
2920:[ˈvɛ(ː)nus]
2837:History of nude art
2725:Jacques-Louis David
2647:Venus with a Mirror
2588:Venus of Willendorf
2513:Venus with a Mirror
2316:Venus, Pan and Eros
2246:Aphrodite of Cnidus
2198:, a lesser form of
1813:, lose the battle.
1559:, when a series of
895:Venus Heliopolitana
815:, once housed in a
339:Proto-Indo-European
295:classical tradition
269:religious festivals
263:and fled to Italy.
259:, who survived the
192:Albanian equivalent
6084:
5505:Simon, E. (1990).
3919:Walters Art Museum
3698:Hersch, Karen K.,
3048:Judgement of Paris
2902:[ˈu̯ɛnʊs̠]
2553:The Birth of Venus
2544:The Birth of Venus
2474:The Birth of Venus
2469:
2453:
2438:The Birth of Venus
2417:" figure for whom
2390:
2373:
2358:Giovanni Boccaccio
2255:Examples include:
2238:
2230:
2041:
1908:
1851:or forms of Greek
1809:such as "barking"
1719:
1711:The Birth of Venus
1703:
1683:A Venus-Aphrodite
1497:Venus was offered
1495:
1286:
1206:Judgement of Paris
919:Heliopolitan Triad
899:Heliopolis Syriaca
853:built a temple to
733:
674:or magical power.
609:The Birth of Venus
532:
433:
381:('charm, grace'),
317:The Latin theonym
251:, and victory. In
6609:Alcohol goddesses
6559:Fortune goddesses
6529:Venus (mythology)
6516:
6515:
6493:Etruscan religion
6107:Romulus and Remus
6090:Legendary figures
6074:
6073:
5723:Castor and Pollux
5586:Media related to
5478:978-1-4051-2943-5
5458:Room, A. (1983).
5435:Nash, E. (1962).
5421:978-0-521-85943-1
5390:978-90-04-16797-1
5341:978-0-674-02613-1
5328:The Roman Triumph
5181:. Second Series.
5179:Greece & Rome
4533:The Roman Triumph
4412:978-0-674-02976-7
4365:978-0-415-17324-7
4234:Adversus Nationes
4174:10.4000/syria.681
3739:978-0-8132-1484-9
3490:978-3-11-054243-1
2941:or the "Venus of
2705:Peter Paul Rubens
2443:Sandro Botticelli
2394:
2393:
1859:categorises as a
1716:Alexandre Cabanel
1582:Venus Verticordia
1549:Venus Verticordia
1523:Germanic pantheon
1220:Pauline Bonaparte
1157:Venus Verticordia
1054:Third Samnite War
817:temple by the sea
783:in Romanised form
647:. The Latin poet
605:Sandro Botticelli
280:Greek counterpart
201:
200:
6621:
6579:Venusian deities
6554:Mother goddesses
6534:Beauty goddesses
6386:Founding of Rome
6156:Legendary beings
6117:Tullus Hostilius
5954:Abstract deities
5813:Lares Familiares
5676:
5675:
5644:
5637:
5630:
5621:
5620:
5585:
5394:
5377:de Vaan, Michiel
5365:
5363:
5297:
5296:
5275:
5269:
5263:
5245:
5239:
5225:
5219:
5213:
5202:
5174:
5166:
5160:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5134:
5128:
5127:, pp. 51–56
5122:
5116:
5113:
5107:
5100:
5094:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5017:
5004:
5003:
4975:
4969:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4906:
4900:. Archived from
4891:
4882:
4876:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4740:Etymology Online
4732:
4726:
4725:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4653:
4647:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4576:
4567:
4566:
4558:
4549:
4546:
4537:
4536:
4525:
4514:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4489:
4483:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4385:
4377:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4327:
4304:Carroll, Maureen
4300:
4294:
4293:
4277:
4271:
4264:
4258:
4255:
4249:
4244:, 1, 33, 5 – cf
4226:
4220:
4219:
4206:
4200:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4176:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4117:
4106:
4105:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4032:
4017:
4016:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3980:Tufts University
3969:
3963:
3944:
3938:
3927:
3921:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3872:
3865:
3859:
3852:
3846:
3836:
3830:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3788:
3779:
3778:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3723:
3717:
3709:
3703:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3681:
3668:
3667:
3654:
3648:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3587:
3566:
3565:
3557:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3531:Vénus – figurine
3526:
3520:
3519:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3453:
3452:
3429:
3423:
3409:
3393:
3386:
3380:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3351:
3345:
3330:
3324:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3294:
3287:
3281:
3268:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3245:
3239:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3190:
3179:Valerius Maximus
3170:
3164:
3157:
3151:
3140:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3088:
3077:
3071:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2973:
2962:
2956:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2922:
2917:
2910:
2904:
2899:
2884:
2820:François Boucher
2815:
2805:Chatsworth House
2796:
2778:
2760:
2747:
2744:
2735:
2715:
2702:
2699:
2690:
2668:
2655:
2652:
2643:
2630:
2627:
2621:Venus Anadyomene
2616:
2582:In the field of
2522:
2519:
2499:
2496:
2484:
2481:
2450:
2447:
2383:Roman de la Rose
2363:
2362:
2331:Venus Kallipygos
2306:Venus Anadyomene
2282:Venus de' Medici
2277:Capitoline Venus
2252:of the goddess.
2228:, 1st century AD
2174:
2093:Venus Pescatrice
2081:Venus Pescatrice
1990:Cupid and Psyche
1910:At Elis, and in
1863:, emerging from
1861:primordial deity
1807:Egyptian deities
1787:battle of Actium
1662:pontifex maximus
1615:vulgares puellae
1520:
1330:
1313:
1302:Sibylline oracle
1290:Second Punic War
1240:Q. Fabius Gurges
1150:Aphrodite Urania
1112:Venus Pescatrice
1012:
994:
942:Venus Kallipygos
781:, and worshiped
596:Venus Anadyomene
453:('poison'; from
419:
418:
412:
406:
366:
357:
347:
346:
328:
322:
291:Latin literature
234:
233:
230:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
182:Greek equivalent
46:
19:
18:
6629:
6628:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6619:
6618:
6594:Roman goddesses
6564:Peace goddesses
6519:
6518:
6517:
6512:
6508:Myth and ritual
6503:Greek mythology
6464:
6426:
6422:Pignora imperii
6417:Parabiago Plate
6400:
6369:
6328:
6262:
6256:
6238:Sibylline Books
6172:
6151:
6122:Servius Tullius
6085:
6070:
5949:
5665:
5657:
5648:
5578:
5391:
5354:(2016): 51–66.
5305:
5300:
5293:
5276:
5272:
5266:Pliny the Elder
5260:
5246:
5242:
5227:Bull, Malcolm,
5226:
5222:
5167:
5163:
5157:Pliny the Elder
5154:
5150:
5135:
5131:
5123:
5119:
5114:
5110:
5101:
5097:
5088:
5084:
5053:
5049:
5018:
5007:
4976:
4972:
4959:
4955:
4941:
4937:
4923:
4919:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4889:
4883:
4879:
4870:
4866:
4852:
4848:
4832:Staples citing
4831:
4827:
4804:
4800:
4786:
4782:
4751:
4747:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4710:
4706:
4694:De architectura
4682:
4678:
4666:De architectura
4654:
4650:
4645:
4641:
4627:
4623:
4612:
4608:
4593:10.2307/4238789
4577:
4570:
4559:
4552:
4547:
4540:
4526:
4517:
4508:
4504:
4497:Ab Urbe Condita
4490:
4486:
4465:
4461:
4446:
4432:
4428:
4413:
4399:
4395:
4379:
4378:
4366:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4301:
4297:
4278:
4274:
4265:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4242:Ab Urbe Condita
4230:De civitate Dei
4227:
4223:
4207:
4203:
4194:
4190:
4153:
4149:
4134:10.2307/1192570
4118:
4109:
4093:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4072:
4068:
4055:
4051:
4033:
4020:
4009:
4005:
3998:Ab Urbe Condita
3991:
3987:
3970:
3966:
3945:
3941:
3935:Natural History
3931:Pliny the Elder
3928:
3924:
3913:
3909:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3866:
3862:
3853:
3849:
3837:
3833:
3824:
3820:
3805:10.2307/3333191
3789:
3782:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3724:
3720:
3710:
3706:
3697:
3693:
3682:
3671:
3655:
3651:
3638:
3634:
3626:
3622:
3607:
3603:
3588:
3569:
3558:
3547:
3537:
3535:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3516:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3477:
3473:
3465:
3456:
3449:
3430:
3426:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3387:
3383:
3374:
3370:
3352:
3348:
3331:
3327:
3319:). See Cicero,
3310:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3288:
3284:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3255:
3246:
3242:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3189:]. 8.15.12;
3174:Sibylline Books
3171:
3167:
3158:
3154:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3127:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3078:
3074:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3011:
3007:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2963:
2959:
2936:
2932:
2912:
2911:
2896:Classical Latin
2894:
2893:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2852:Hottentot Venus
2833:
2826:
2816:
2807:
2797:
2788:
2786:Boris Kustodiev
2779:
2770:
2761:
2752:
2745:
2736:
2727:
2723:(1822–1825) by
2716:
2707:
2700:
2694:Venus and Cupid
2691:
2682:
2669:
2660:
2653:
2644:
2635:
2628:
2617:
2608:
2596:Venus figurines
2584:prehistoric art
2520:
2505:Venus of Urbino
2497:
2482:
2448:
2399:
2344:
2339:
2291:Esquiline Venus
2214:Venus riding a
2208:
2085:Venus Pompeiana
2077:Venus Pompeiana
2013:
2008:
1982:Venus Cupidoque
1833:
1821:Main articles:
1819:
1727:Greek mythology
1723:Roman mythology
1677:
1671:
1650:Forum of Caesar
1631:Venus Obsequens
1622:Vinalia Rustica
1611:vinalia rustica
1553:Fortuna Virilis
1486:
1484:Roman festivals
1480:
1363:"all-goddess".
1320:Capitoline Hill
1282:Forum of Caesar
1276:Remains of the
1260:Venus Obsequens
1236:Venus Obsequens
1228:
1202:Capitoline Hill
1142:Pompeo Marchesi
1084:De Rerum Natura
1062:Vinalia Rustica
1049:Venus Obsequens
1027:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1013:
1004:
1003:
1002:
995:
953:Venus Libertina
795:sacred boundary
787:Capitoline Hill
699:, or the Roman
685:Venus Caelestis
521:
438:
393:('adoration').
349:('desire'; cf.
315:
293:. In the later
253:Roman mythology
211:
207:
113:
111:Vinalia Rustica
109:
60:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6627:
6617:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6489:
6488:
6478:
6472:
6470:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6462:
6461:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6440:
6434:
6432:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6408:
6406:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6377:
6375:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6362:
6360:Pythagoreanism
6357:
6355:Peripateticism
6352:
6347:
6342:
6336:
6334:
6330:
6329:
6327:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6272:
6266:
6264:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6254:
6253:
6252:
6249:The Golden Ass
6240:
6235:
6234:
6233:
6221:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6207:
6195:
6194:
6193:
6180:
6178:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6170:
6168:Barnacle goose
6165:
6159:
6157:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6112:Numa Pompilius
6109:
6104:
6099:
6093:
6091:
6087:
6086:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5957:
5955:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5816:
5815:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5679:
5673:
5659:
5658:
5647:
5646:
5639:
5632:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5592:
5591:
5577:
5576:External links
5574:
5573:
5572:
5558:
5551:
5550:, Brill, 1980.
5540:
5525:
5510:
5503:
5496:
5487:
5480:
5463:
5456:
5440:
5433:
5426:
5409:
5402:
5395:
5389:
5373:
5366:
5343:
5320:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5291:
5270:
5259:978-9004086067
5258:
5240:
5237:978-0195219234
5220:
5161:
5148:
5129:
5117:
5108:
5095:
5082:
5069:10.2307/311293
5047:
5034:10.2307/311134
5005:
4992:10.2307/311293
4970:
4953:
4935:
4924:Orlin, citing
4917:
4877:
4864:
4846:
4825:
4814:(3): 245–265.
4798:
4780:
4767:10.2307/282639
4745:
4727:
4712:Grout, James.
4704:
4676:
4648:
4639:
4621:
4606:
4568:
4550:
4538:
4515:
4502:
4484:
4468:Walter Burkert
4459:
4444:
4426:
4411:
4393:
4364:
4347:
4295:
4272:
4259:
4250:
4221:
4201:
4188:
4147:
4128:(4): 294–306.
4107:
4087:
4078:
4066:
4049:
4018:
4003:
3985:
3964:
3939:
3922:
3907:
3882:
3873:
3860:
3847:
3831:
3818:
3780:
3767:10.2307/311293
3745:
3738:
3718:
3704:
3691:
3669:
3649:
3647:. s.v. "venom"
3632:
3630:, p. 660.
3620:
3601:
3567:
3545:
3521:
3514:
3496:
3489:
3471:
3469:, p. 663.
3454:
3447:
3424:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3381:
3377:Circus Maximus
3368:
3346:
3325:
3304:
3295:
3282:
3263:
3253:
3240:
3227:
3218:
3209:
3165:
3152:
3135:
3125:
3113:Venus Genetrix
3098:
3089:
3072:
3035:
3026:
3017:
3005:
2992:
2983:
2974:
2970:nomen est omen
2957:
2930:
2891:Venus, Veneris
2878:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2817:
2810:
2808:
2798:
2791:
2789:
2780:
2773:
2771:
2762:
2755:
2753:
2737:
2730:
2728:
2717:
2710:
2708:
2692:
2685:
2683:
2680:Hallwyl Museum
2670:
2663:
2661:
2645:
2638:
2636:
2618:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2580:
2579:
2577:Antonio Canova
2564:
2558:
2549:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2509:
2501:
2490:Sleeping Venus
2486:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2374:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2326:Venus of Capua
2323:
2321:Venus Genetrix
2318:
2313:
2303:
2301:Venus of Arles
2298:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2224:, fresco from
2207:
2204:
2136:Venus Cloacina
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
1995:The Golden Ass
1967:Cato the Elder
1818:
1815:
1670:
1667:
1642:Venus Genetrix
1640:A festival of
1598:Vinalia urbana
1565:Vestal Virgins
1507:Mensis Aprilis
1479:
1476:
1410:Venus Genetrix
1368:Roman Republic
1334:Venus Genetrix
1227:
1224:
1198:Campus Martius
1188:or a Caesar".
1140:, a relief by
1042:Circus Maximus
1014:
1007:
1006:
1005:
996:
989:
988:
987:
986:
985:
981:Esquiline Hill
969:Venus Libitina
877:Julian lineage
872:Venus Genetrix
738:Venus Cloacina
728:, or from the
585:Venus Acidalia
561:mater acidalia
559:(1.715–22, as
547:Venus Acidalia
520:
517:
468:(Greek αφρός,
437:
434:
314:
311:
273:Roman religion
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
174:
173:
151:
147:
146:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
118:
117:
115:Vinalia Urbana
104:
100:
99:
89:
85:
84:
78:
74:
73:
68:
62:
61:
59:. Before AD 79
47:
39:
38:
31:
30:
27:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6626:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6589:Dii Consentes
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6467:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6429:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6403:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6372:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6331:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6282:Imperial cult
6280:
6278:
6277:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6263:and practices
6259:
6251:
6250:
6246:
6245:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6232:
6231:
6227:
6226:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6213:
6212:
6211:Metamorphoses
6208:
6206:
6205:
6201:
6200:
6199:
6196:
6192:
6191:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6175:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6154:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6127:Ancus Marcius
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6088:
6081:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6056:Tranquillitas
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5952:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
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5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
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5823:
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5811:
5810:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
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5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5677:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5669:Dii Consentes
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5645:
5640:
5638:
5633:
5631:
5626:
5625:
5622:
5616:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5589:
5584:
5580:
5579:
5571:
5570:3-88842-603-0
5567:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5552:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5538:
5534:
5531:. Blackwell.
5530:
5526:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5461:
5457:
5455:
5454:0-8018-4300-6
5451:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5407:
5403:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5371:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5315:, North, J.,
5314:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5294:
5292:0-674-01130-9
5288:
5284:
5280:
5274:
5267:
5261:
5255:
5251:
5244:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5224:
5217:
5211:
5207:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5172:
5165:
5158:
5152:
5144:
5140:
5133:
5126:
5121:
5112:
5105:
5099:
5092:
5089:Clark, Anna,
5086:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5051:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5016:
5014:
5012:
5010:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4974:
4967:
4963:
4957:
4949:
4945:
4939:
4931:
4930:
4921:
4907:on 2014-06-11
4903:
4899:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4868:
4860:
4859:Lingua Latina
4856:
4850:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4829:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4802:
4794:
4793:
4784:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4749:
4741:
4737:
4731:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4708:
4700:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4686:
4680:
4672:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4643:
4635:
4634:Life of Sulla
4631:
4625:
4617:
4610:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4575:
4573:
4564:
4557:
4555:
4545:
4543:
4534:
4530:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4512:
4506:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4463:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4445:1-898800-45-6
4441:
4437:
4430:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4408:
4404:
4397:
4389:
4383:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4263:
4254:
4248:= "slothful".
4247:
4243:
4239:
4236:, IV. 9. 16;
4235:
4231:
4225:
4217:
4216:
4215:Lingua Latina
4211:
4205:
4198:
4192:
4184:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4151:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4103:
4099:
4091:
4085:Strabo V 3, 5
4082:
4076:
4070:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4014:
4007:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3968:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3886:
3877:
3870:
3864:
3857:
3851:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3828:
3822:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3787:
3785:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3741:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3695:
3687:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3629:
3624:
3616:
3612:
3605:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3563:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3533:
3532:
3525:
3517:
3515:1-884964-98-2
3511:
3507:
3500:
3492:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3450:
3448:1-85065-570-7
3444:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3433:Elsie, Robert
3428:
3421:
3418:, North, J.,
3417:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3391:
3385:
3378:
3372:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3299:
3292:
3286:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3267:
3257:
3249:
3244:
3237:
3231:
3222:
3213:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3193:Cumaean Sibyl
3188:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3162:
3156:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3129:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3102:
3093:
3086:
3082:
3081:Venus Physica
3076:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3030:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3002:
2996:
2987:
2978:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2801:George Hayter
2795:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2782:Russian Venus
2777:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2754:
2751:
2740:
2734:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2714:
2709:
2706:
2695:
2689:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2662:
2659:
2648:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2574:
2573:Venus Italica
2570:
2569:
2568:Venus Victrix
2565:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:Venus de Milo
2258:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2234:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2212:
2206:Classical art
2203:
2201:
2200:Roman triumph
2197:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2116:Porta Collina
2113:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1959:gemini amores
1956:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1761:Julius Caesar
1758:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1681:
1676:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1654:Julius Caesar
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1460:to Venus and
1459:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1406:Venus Victrix
1403:
1402:Julius Caesar
1398:
1396:
1392:
1391:Venus Victrix
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:Venus Erycina
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1327:dii consentes
1321:
1317:
1312:
1311:Venus Erycina
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1248:Aventine Hill
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1215:Venus Victrix
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:Venus Victrix
1175:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1124:Venus Physica
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:Venus Physica
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1000:
993:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
948:
944:
943:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
890:
886:
882:
881:Julius Caesar
878:
874:
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
857:
852:
847:
843:
842:Venus Physica
839:
835:
831:
829:
825:
821:
818:
814:
810:
806:
805:Venus Euploia
802:
800:
796:
792:
791:Porta Collina
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
769:
765:
761:
757:
756:Venus Erycina
753:
751:
747:
746:Cloaca Maxima
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
718:
714:
712:
711:Ancus Marcius
708:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:
675:
673:
669:
665:
662:
658:
656:
650:
646:
645:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
615:Venus Barbata
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
569:fons acidalia
566:
562:
558:
557:
552:
548:
544:
542:
537:
530:
525:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
431:
426:
422:
420:
411:
405:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
365:
361:
356:
352:
348:
340:
336:
332:
327:
321:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
281:
276:
274:
270:
266:
265:Julius Caesar
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
237:Roman goddess
232:
205:
197:
194:
190:
187:
184:
180:
175:
171:
167:
163:
160:(fathered by
159:
155:
152:
148:
145:
141:
138:
134:
131:
128:
124:
119:
116:
112:
108:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
82:common myrtle
79:
75:
72:
69:
67:
63:
58:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
36:Dii Consentes
32:
25:
20:
6412:Gubernaculum
6381:Golden Bough
6350:Neoplatonism
6345:Epicureanism
6274:
6247:
6228:
6209:
6202:
6188:
5924:
5693:Anna Perenna
5667:
5561:
5555:Divus Julius
5554:
5547:
5543:
5528:
5513:
5506:
5499:
5490:
5483:
5469:
5459:
5443:
5436:
5429:
5412:
5405:
5398:
5380:
5369:
5351:
5326:
5316:
5303:Bibliography
5283:Famous Women
5282:
5273:
5249:
5243:
5228:
5223:
5209:
5182:
5178:
5170:
5164:
5151:
5142:
5132:
5125:Brain (2017)
5120:
5111:
5103:
5098:
5090:
5085:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5025:
5021:
4983:
4979:
4973:
4968:, 3.59-3.60.
4965:
4961:
4956:
4950:. 8.696–700.
4947:
4938:
4927:
4920:
4909:. Retrieved
4902:the original
4897:
4893:
4880:
4867:
4858:
4849:
4838:
4828:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4795:. 4. 155–62.
4790:
4783:
4758:
4754:
4748:
4739:
4730:
4717:
4707:
4692:
4679:
4664:
4651:
4642:
4633:
4624:
4615:
4609:
4584:
4580:
4562:
4532:
4510:
4505:
4496:
4487:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4462:
4435:
4429:
4402:
4396:
4355:
4350:
4315:
4311:
4298:
4289:
4285:
4275:
4267:
4262:
4253:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4224:
4213:
4204:
4196:
4191:
4164:
4160:
4150:
4125:
4121:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4081:
4074:
4069:
4061:
4052:
4043:
4012:
4006:
3997:
3988:
3974:
3967:
3956:Titus Tatius
3942:
3937:, 15.119–21.
3934:
3925:
3910:
3892:
3885:
3876:
3868:
3863:
3855:
3850:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3827:ad Aeneiadem
3826:
3821:
3799:(2): 43–59.
3796:
3792:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3728:
3721:
3713:
3707:
3699:
3694:
3688:. Routledge.
3685:
3661:
3652:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3628:de Vaan 2008
3623:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3595:
3591:
3561:
3536:. Retrieved
3530:
3524:
3505:
3499:
3480:
3474:
3467:de Vaan 2008
3437:
3427:
3419:
3407:
3384:
3371:
3359:
3349:
3341:
3340:, 3. 15. 1:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3320:
3316:
3307:
3298:
3290:
3285:
3271:
3266:
3256:
3243:
3230:
3221:
3212:
3201:
3186:
3182:
3168:
3160:
3155:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3128:
3112:
3106:
3101:
3092:
3080:
3075:
3038:
3029:
3020:
3013:
3008:
3000:
2995:
2986:
2977:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2950:
2933:
2914:Modern Latin
2882:
2868:Venus symbol
2857:Sailor Venus
2842:Love goddess
2781:
2768:John Collier
2763:
2718:
2696:, painting (
2693:
2676:Frans Floris
2671:
2646:
2619:
2600:cult figures
2581:
2572:
2566:
2555:(Bouguereau)
2552:
2543:
2534:
2528:Rokeby Venus
2526:
2511:
2503:
2488:
2476:(Botticelli)
2473:
2459:
2436:
2426:
2400:
2347:
2345:
2342:Medieval art
2268:Venus Pudica
2259:
2254:
2239:
2215:
2193:
2166:
2158:bridal crown
2144:
2123:
2105:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2052:
2044:
2042:
2025:Second Style
1993:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1909:
1869:patron deity
1834:
1776:
1754:
1720:
1709:
1684:
1641:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1596:
1595:
1581:
1574:
1568:
1542:
1541:
1537:dies Veneris
1536:
1526:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1471:
1463:Roma Aeterna
1461:
1456:inaugurated
1451:
1434:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1365:
1353:Colline Gate
1344:
1342:
1333:
1323:
1287:
1263:
1259:
1256:Magna Graeca
1235:
1229:
1213:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1154:
1134:Venus Urania
1133:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1083:
1071:
1070:
1047:
1046:
1030:Venus Murcia
1029:
1028:
968:
964:
960:
955:("Venus the
952:
951:
940:
939:
894:
893:
883:dedicated a
870:
869:
854:
841:
833:
832:
827:
824:Venus Frutis
823:
822:
809:Venus Pontia
808:
804:
803:
764:Punic statue
755:
754:
750:noxious airs
737:
736:
734:
730:cult of Isis
706:
705:
684:
677:
676:
667:
663:
652:
642:
622:
614:
613:
594:
593:
588:
584:
580:
571:) where the
568:
560:
554:
546:
545:
540:
533:
509:knucklebones
498:
469:
463:
454:
450:
446:
439:
414:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
342:
334:
331:Proto-Italic
316:
277:
261:fall of Troy
203:
202:
169:
96:dies Veneris
95:
6486:Persecution
6438:Gallo-Roman
6230:Res divinae
6102:Rhea Silvia
5588:Venus (dea)
5466:Rüpke, Jörg
5323:Beard, Mary
5063:: 335–338.
5028:: 165–179.
4986:: 335–338.
4843:. 4.863–72.
4529:Beard, Mary
4472:Homo Necans
4228:Augustine,
4167:: 229–264.
4064:, pp. 50-51
3915:Description
3538:19 February
3323:, 3.59-3.60
3206:. 4.155–62.
3172:Either the
3148:pycnostylos
3068:Magna Mater
2746: 1665
2739:Nell Gwynne
2701: 1650
2654: 1555
2629: 1525
2531:(1647–1651)
2521: 1555
2498: 1501
2483: 1485
2449: 1485
2411:Renaissance
2409:during the
2296:Venus Felix
2250:cult statue
2189:Liber Pater
2150:aphrodisiac
2097:fishing rod
2006:Iconography
1969:, having a
1947:, queen of
1906:(98–117 AD)
1885:Peloponnese
1699:Aphrodisias
1658:Julian clan
1501:in certain
1468:Velian Hill
1383:Venus Felix
1351:, near the
1116:Venus Felix
897:("Venus of
834:Venus Felix
799:prostitutes
793:and Rome's
762:Venus"), a
707:Venus Calva
701:Magna Mater
689:taurobolium
401:with Latin
371:Derivatives
367:'desire').
177:Equivalents
6523:Categories
6431:Variations
6333:Philosophy
6312:Capitolium
6219:Propertius
5986:Averruncus
5971:Aeternitas
5961:Abundantia
5890:Proserpina
5544:Mnemnosyne
5537:0631200460
5522:0415132339
5468:(Editor),
4911:2014-03-23
4722:U. Chicago
4699:U. Chicago
4671:U. Chicago
4318:: 63–351.
3950:, and the
3896:. London:
3843:Saturnalia
3829:, ii. 632.
3761:: 335–42.
3641:*venes-no-
3400:References
3261:provinces.
3046:, and the
3044:Trojan War
2966:nomen-omen
2945:" and the
2824:lithograph
2784:(1926) by
2766:(1901) by
2750:Peter Lely
2703:–1700) by
2466:Tintoretto
2354:Florentine
2242:Praxitlean
2132:main sewer
2066:Trimalchio
1817:The Cupids
1756:gens Julia
1714:(1863) by
1686:velificans
1646:her Temple
1557:Punic Wars
1482:See also:
1443:haruspices
1422:Mars Ultor
1269:festival.
1018:, wife of
957:Freedwoman
949:, Sicily.
813:Praxiteles
672:apotropaic
668:anasyromai
664:anasyrmene
644:Aphroditos
639:Aphroditus
631:Saturnalia
541:nomen-omen
249:prosperity
34:Member of
6599:Aphrodite
6458:Mithraism
6443:Mysteries
6292:Palladium
6270:Festivals
6046:Securitas
5996:Concordia
5940:Vertumnus
5758:Dīs Pater
5655:mythology
5313:Price, S.
5309:Beard, M.
5199:162683316
5185:(1): 44.
5175:see also
4685:Vitruvius
4657:Vitruvius
4421:225874239
4382:cite book
4342:154443189
4240:in Livy,
4040:Price, S.
4036:Beard, M.
3954:, led by
3902:U.Chicago
3825:Servius,
3598:: 448–59.
3416:Price, S.
3412:Beard, M.
3085:Lucretius
2952:E. sativa
2592:Neolithic
2546:(Cabanel)
2423:sexuality
2415:classical
2407:sculpture
2222:elephants
2054:Satyricon
2051:, in his
2049:Petronius
1924:Symposion
1803:Cleopatra
1675:Aphrodite
1561:prodigies
1544:Veneralia
1478:Festivals
1436:Vitruvius
1361:Epicurian
1252:Aphrodite
1171:pudicitia
1162:Veneralia
1080:Epicurean
1076:Lucretius
965:lubentina
961:libertina
915:Atargatis
911:Dea Syria
861:Via Sacra
726:Palestine
680:Caelestis
627:Macrobius
455:*wenes-no
391:venerātiō
360:Old Indic
345:*wenh₁-os
313:Etymology
287:Roman art
283:Aphrodite
245:fertility
186:Aphrodite
121:Genealogy
107:Veneralia
103:Festivals
53:Aphrodite
6498:Glossary
6469:See also
6365:Stoicism
6340:Cynicism
6302:Pomerium
6261:Concepts
6243:Apuleius
6163:She-wolf
6147:Hersilia
6066:Victoria
5966:Aequitas
5920:Summanus
5910:Silvanus
5895:Quirinus
5825:Libertas
5788:Hercules
5733:Cloacina
5718:Carmenta
5713:Bona Dea
5688:Angerona
5683:Agenoria
5564:(1996),
5379:(2008).
5281:(2003).
5218:article.
5216:Bona Dea
5206:Plutarch
5104:Historia
4932:. 4.876.
4689:"Book 3"
4661:"Book 1"
4630:Plutarch
4565:. Brill.
4531:(2007).
4499:. 23.31.
4482:A860-64.
4454:61680895
4374:74522705
4334:41725289
4306:(2010).
4246:murcidus
4218:. 6, 47.
4183:41681338
4104:(1): 85.
4000:. 23.31.
3663:Theogony
3435:(2001).
3390:Bona Dea
3342:Heroides
3336:, 4, 1:
3289:Cicero,
3144:eustylos
3108:evocatio
3087:' poem."
2949:species
2947:brassica
2864:(planet)
2831:See also
2590:" small
2403:painting
2264:(130 BC)
2217:quadriga
2185:Dionysus
2162:Bona Dea
2128:Cloacina
2070:lararium
2063:freedman
2000:Apuleius
1963:literati
1949:Carthage
1920:Socratic
1916:Xenophon
1883:(on the
1877:aniconic
1873:Thespiae
1783:Octavian
1753:and the
1751:Augustus
1586:morality
1493:Laterano
1472:genetrix
1458:a temple
1440:Etruscan
1418:Augustus
1377:adopted
1372:dictator
1316:captured
1294:Carthage
1244:Samnites
1108:Samnites
1103:Cornelia
1101:Veneria
1066:adultery
1020:Commodus
1016:Crispina
999:Victoria
977:Libitina
947:Syracuse
849:emperor
828:Frutinal
771:captured
742:Cloacina
693:Pozzuoli
661:attitude
589:acidalia
581:acidalia
536:epithets
519:Epithets
482:theology
480:. Roman
466:sea foam
397:is also
387:venerāre
383:venerius
379:venustās
375:venustus
373:include
351:Messapic
299:the West
162:Anchises
150:Children
6481:Decline
6405:Objects
6307:Temples
6287:Charity
6021:Laverna
6011:Fortuna
6001:Feronia
5930:Veritas
5900:Salacia
5885:Priapus
5870:Penates
5850:Neptune
5845:Minerva
5840:Mercury
5803:Jupiter
5743:Dea Dia
5708:Bellona
5663:Deities
5264:citing
5203:citing
4861:. 6.16.
4736:"April"
4636:. 19.9.
4601:4238789
4142:1192570
4122:Phoenix
3952:Sabines
3948:Romulus
3813:3333191
3611:Latomus
3236:Victima
3191:or the
2939:Astarte
2606:Gallery
2562:Algeria
2536:Olympia
2356:author
2226:Pompeii
2196:ovation
2181:Bacchus
2177:Terence
2122:(Latin
2106:Venus'
2089:regalia
2045:lararia
2037:scepter
2031:, with
2029:regalia
2021:Pompeii
1975:Plautus
1971:Stoic's
1937:Servius
1933:anteros
1900:chariot
1837:Mercury
1827:Anteros
1795:Minerva
1791:Neptune
1743:Mercury
1648:in the
1607:profane
1603:Jupiter
1578:Virilis
1576:Fortuna
1521:of the
1511:aperire
1454:Hadrian
1447:volutes
1426:Romulus
1395:theatre
1280:in the
1267:rustica
1265:Vinalia
1262:to the
1196:in the
1194:theater
1166:libido)
1148:. (cf.
1099:Colonia
1088:Memmius
931:Bacchus
907:Ashtart
903:Baalbek
859:on the
851:Hadrian
838:Fortuna
768:Astarte
760:Erycine
697:Astarte
649:Laevius
619:Servius
601:Apelles
565:Servius
529:Pompeii
505:Jupiter
459:philtre
451:venenum
447:*wenos-
436:Origins
417:*wenh₁-
399:cognate
335:*wenos-
235:) is a
136:Consort
126:Parents
77:Symbols
57:Pompeii
6448:Cybele
6374:Events
6322:Celtic
6190:Aeneid
6184:Virgil
6097:Aeneas
6031:Pietas
6016:Fontus
5991:Caelus
5981:Annona
5976:Africa
5945:Vulcan
5905:Saturn
5880:Pomona
5783:Genius
5773:Faunus
5763:Egeria
5703:Aurora
5698:Apollo
5568:
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5399:Hermes
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5077:311293
5075:
5042:311134
5040:
5000:311293
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4944:Vergil
4926:Ovid.
4789:Ovid.
4775:282639
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4599:
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4238:Murcus
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3658:Hesiod
3617:: 3–7.
3592:Hermes
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3332:Ovid,
3317:virgin
3273:Aeneid
3195:, per
3176:, per
3060:Athena
2658:Titian
2633:Titian
2571:, and
2557:(1879)
2548:(1863)
2539:(1863)
2508:(1538)
2451:–1486.
2419:nudity
2308:(also
2146:Myrtle
2140:Murcia
2124:myrtus
2120:myrtle
2033:diadem
1986:erotes
1941:Aeneas
1912:Athens
1904:Trajan
1896:erotes
1857:Hesiod
1849:Erotes
1845:Cupids
1841:Vulcan
1829:, and
1811:Anubis
1799:Antony
1769:Latium
1765:Aeneas
1747:Virgil
1739:Vulcan
1695:Selene
1570:pudica
1535:" for
1533:Friday
1528:Frijjo
1387:Pompey
1338:Aeneas
1300:. The
1284:, Rome
1210:Canova
1208:(e.g.
1190:Pompey
1182:Ishtar
1034:Murcia
779:Sicily
678:Venus
635:Cyprus
623:Aeneid
573:Graces
556:Aeneid
551:Virgil
486:Vulcan
478:Uranus
474:Caelus
470:aphros
341:(PIE)
257:Aeneas
196:Prende
170:Aeneid
166:Virgil
158:Aeneas
144:Vulcan
130:Caelus
92:Friday
80:Rose,
66:Planet
6317:Cella
6224:Varro
6204:Fasti
6177:Texts
6061:Terra
6041:Salus
6006:Fides
5935:Vesta
5925:Venus
5875:Pluto
5865:Orcus
5820:Liber
5808:Lares
5793:Janus
5778:Flora
5768:Fauna
5748:Diana
5738:Cupid
5728:Ceres
5212:. 20.
5195:S2CID
5073:JSTOR
5038:JSTOR
4996:JSTOR
4929:Fasti
4905:(PDF)
4890:(PDF)
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4840:Fasti
4792:Fasti
4771:JSTOR
4597:JSTOR
4470:, in
4466:Thus
4338:S2CID
4330:JSTOR
4210:Varro
4179:JSTOR
4161:Syria
4138:JSTOR
4058:essay
3917:from
3809:JSTOR
3771:JSTOR
3714:Talus
3361:Fasti
3334:Fasti
3313:Diana
3276:when
3248:Varro
3203:Fasti
3185:[
3117:divus
3052:Paris
2972:) see
2887:Latin
2874:Notes
2862:Venus
2748:) by
2672:Venus
2656:) by
2631:) by
2464:, by
2441:, by
2427:venus
2387:Cupid
2244:type
2112:roses
2108:signs
2101:cupid
2059:Lares
1865:Chaos
1831:Cupid
1778:Fasti
1731:Cupid
1627:Latin
1414:Julii
1379:Felix
1375:Sulla
1357:Stoic
1292:with
1232:vowed
1186:Sulla
1168:into
1120:Oscan
933:as a
846:Sulla
777:, in
773:from
722:Syria
579:uses
549:, in
513:Venus
494:Varro
410:vēnor
404:venia
395:Venus
364:vánas
355:Venas
326:venus
320:Venus
204:Venus
154:Cupid
71:Venus
22:Venus
6453:Isis
6198:Ovid
6051:Spes
6036:Roma
5835:Mars
5830:Luna
5798:Juno
5753:Dies
5653:and
5566:ISBN
5533:ISBN
5518:ISBN
5474:ISBN
5450:ISBN
5417:ISBN
5385:ISBN
5337:ISBN
5287:ISBN
5254:ISBN
5233:ISBN
4835:Ovid
4493:Livy
4450:OCLC
4440:ISBN
4417:OCLC
4407:ISBN
4388:link
4370:OCLC
4360:ISBN
3994:Livy
3734:ISBN
3645:ibid
3540:2021
3510:ISBN
3485:ISBN
3443:ISBN
3356:Ovid
3278:Dido
3198:Ovid
3161:Apru
3058:and
3056:Hera
2968:(or
2943:Eryx
2405:and
2310:here
2154:Juno
2035:and
1955:Ovid
1945:Dido
1929:eros
1881:Elis
1853:Eros
1823:Eros
1793:and
1773:Ovid
1735:Mars
1691:Luna
1635:agna
1591:Ovid
1359:and
1306:Eryx
927:Adon
923:Baal
913:and
775:Eryx
577:Ovid
501:Juno
490:Mars
488:and
307:nude
289:and
285:for
142:and
140:Mars
6026:Pax
5915:Sol
5860:Ops
5855:Nox
5356:doi
5187:doi
5065:doi
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