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1807:(MCU). This is a bridge that interconnects calls from several sources (in a similar way to the audio conference call). All parties call the MCU, or the MCU can also call the parties which are going to participate, in sequence. There are MCU bridges for IP and ISDN-based videoconferencing. There are MCUs which are pure software and others that are a combination of hardware and software. An MCU is characterized according to the number of simultaneous calls it can handle, its ability to conduct transposing of data rates and protocols, and features such as Continuous Presence, in which multiple parties can be seen on-screen at once. MCUs can be stand-alone hardware devices, or they can be embedded into dedicated videoconferencing units.
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the soundbar-shaped unit, rather only camera, microphone, and speakers. These systems are usually still classified as huddle room systems, but, like webcams, rely on a USB connection to an external device, usually a PC, to process the video codec responsibilities. Despite its name, video conferencing systems for Huddle Rooms prevent participants from huddling close together to be seen in the camera. All-in-one systems for these types of rooms range from wide angles such as 110° Horizontal field of view (FOV) to as much as 360° FOV that allow a full view of the room.
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1095:: Not all systems can readily interconnect; for example, ISDN and IP systems require a gateway. Popular software solutions cannot easily connect to hardware systems. Some systems use different standards, features, and qualities which can require additional configuration when connecting to dissimilar systems. Free software systems circumvent this limitation by making it relatively easy for a single user to communicate over multiple incompatible platforms.
1611:(IP) video transmissions over the public Internet without quality-of-service enhanced lines. This standard has enabled wide scale deployment of high definition desktop videoconferencing and made possible new architectures, which reduces latency between the transmitting sources and receivers, resulting in more fluid communication without pauses. In addition, an attractive factor for IP videoconferencing is that it is easier to set up for use along with
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1038:, perceived attention and intent, and other aspects of group communication. While traditional telephone conversations give no eye contact cues, many videoconferencing systems are arguably worse in that they provide an incorrect impression that the remote interlocutor is avoiding eye contact. Some telepresence systems have cameras located in the screens that reduce the amount of
377:
2534:. The United States and several other countries compensate companies to provide video relay services (VRS). Telecommunication equipment can be used to talk to others via a sign language interpreter, who uses a conventional telephone at the same time to communicate with the deaf person's party. Video equipment is also used to do on-site sign language translation via
2065:(ODAR), has made extensive use of videoconferencing to conduct hearings at remote locations. In Fiscal Year (FY) 2009, the U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) conducted 86,320 videoconferenced hearings, a 55% increase over FY 2008. In August 2010, the SSA opened its fifth and largest videoconferencing-only National Hearing Center (NHC), in
3507:. The movie was released shortly before AT&T began its efforts to commercialize its Picturephone Mod II service in several cities and depicts a video call to Earth using an advanced AT&T videophone—which it predicts will cost $ 1.70 for a two-minute call in 2001 (a fraction of the company's real rates on Earth in 1968). Film director
3420:) is a robotically controlled and motorized videoconferencing display to help give a better sense of remote physical presence for communication and collaboration in an office, home, school, etc. when one cannot be there in person. The robotic avatar device can move about and look around at the command of the remote person it represents.
401:(Diversified Information and Assistance Network) grew to use a variety of videoconferencing platforms to create a multi-state cooperative public service and distance education network consisting of several hundred schools, libraries, science museums, zoos and parks, and many other community-oriented organizations.
1089:: Most users are not technically experienced and want a simple interface. In hardware systems, an unplugged cord or an unresponsive remote control is seen as a failure, contributing to a perceived unreliability. Successful systems are backed by support teams who can provide fast assistance when required.
3556:, where the story's protagonist, Sam Bell, also calls home as well to communicate with loved ones. Bell, the lone occupant of a mining station on the far side of the Earth's moon, finally succeeds in making his video call after an extended work period, but becomes traumatized when viewing his daughter.
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By the early 2010s videotelephony and videophones had become commonplace and unremarkable in various forms of media, in part due to their real and ubiquitous presence in common electronic devices and laptop computers. Additionally, TV programming increasingly used videophones to interview subjects of
1917:
High speed
Internet connectivity has become more widely available and affordable, as has good-quality video capture and display hardware. Consequently, personal videoconferencing systems based on webcams, personal computer systems, software compression, and the Internet have become progressively more
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or other bottleneck. The advantages of this technique are that the video and audio will generally be of higher quality because they do not have to be relayed through a central point. Also, users can make ad hoc multipoint calls without any concern for the availability or control of an MCU. This added
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video camera. These cameras can be controlled at a distance to pan left and right, tilt up and down, and zoom. They became known as PTZ cameras. The console contains all electrical interfaces, the control computer, and the software or hardware-based codec. Omnidirectional microphones are connected to
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located in the system are sufficient, in lieu of table or ceiling microphones in closer proximity to the in-room participants. Quality of service is comparable to standard videoconferencing systems, varying from moderate to high. Some manufacturers' huddle room systems do not include the codec within
796:
were the earliest form of videotelephony, dating back to initial tests in 1927 by AT&T. During the late 1930s, the post offices of several
European governments established public videophone services for person-to-person communications using dual cable circuit telephone transmission technology. In
595:
systems now allow people in previously unreachable locations, such as workers on an offshore oil rig, the ability to view and discuss issues with colleagues thousands of miles away. Traditional videoconferencing system manufacturers have begun providing mobile applications as well, such as those that
2405:
Press videoconferencing permits international press conferences via videoconferencing over the
Internet. Journalists can participate on an international press conference from any location, without leaving their offices or countries. They need only be seated by a computer connected to the Internet in
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standard, which specified technical requirements for narrow-band visual telephone systems and terminal equipment, typically for videoconferencing and videophone services. It applied mostly to dedicated circuit-based switched network (point-to-point) connections of moderate or high bandwidth, such as
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to enable access to the local camera and microphone and establish a connection to the meeting. But WebRTC does not require any special software, instead a WebRTC-compliant internet browser itself provides the facilities for 1-to-1 and 1-to-many videoconferencing calls. Several enhancements to WebRTC
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are add-ons (hardware boards or software codec) to normal PCs and laptops, transforming them into videoconferencing devices. A range of different cameras and microphones can be used with the codec, which contains the necessary codec and transmission interfaces. Most of the desktops systems work with
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transmission modes due to the need to convey the very large amounts of data generated by their cameras and microphones. These systems are often intended for use in conference mode, that is by many people in several different locations, all of whom can be viewed by every participant at each location.
188:
The concept of videotelephony was first conceived in the late 1870s, both in the United States and in Europe, although the basic sciences to permit its very earliest trials would take nearly a half century to be discovered. The prerequisite knowledge arose from intensive research and experimentation
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Videoconferencing is also currently being introduced on online networking websites, in order to help businesses form profitable relationships quickly and efficiently without leaving their place of work. This has been leveraged by banks to connect busy banking professionals with customers in various
1766:
Videoconferencing User
Interfaces (VUI) can be either graphical or voice-responsive. Many in the industry have encountered both types of interface, and normally a graphical interface is encountered on a computer. User interfaces for conferencing have a number of different uses; they can be used for
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Videophones have historically employed a variety of transmission and reception bandwidths, which can be understood as data transmission speeds. The lower the transmission/reception bandwidth, the lower the data transfer rate, resulting in a progressively limited and poorer image quality (i.e. lower
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saw its earliest use with AT&T's
Picturephone service in the early 1970s. Transmissions were analog over short distances, but converted to digital forms for longer calls, again using telephone transmission technology. Popular corporate video-conferencing systems in the present day have migrated
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website, November 1, 2014; also published in print as "Forever 2001: Why
Stanley Kubrick's Sci-Fi Masterpience Is More Popular Now Than In 1968", November 1, 2014, p. E1, E10. Retrieved November 2, 2014 from TheStar.com. Quote: "Public esteem and critical estimation of 2001 has grown steadily ever
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whose staff speaks
Spanish only, therefore the interpreter has to use ASL, spoken Spanish, and spoken English to facilitate the call for the deaf person), are also available, albeit less frequently. Such activities involve considerable mental processing efforts on the part of the translator, since
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introduced the Online Media
Briefing Center, a password-protected site available only to professional journalists. The site enables the IMF to present press briefings globally and facilitates direct questions to briefers from the press. The site has been copied by other international organizations
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Although videoconferencing has frequently proven its value, research has shown that some non-managerial employees prefer not to use it due to several factors, including anxiety. Some such anxieties can often be avoided if managers use the technology as part of the normal course of business. Remote
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networks can work as videophones using their internal cameras and are able to make video calls wirelessly to other UMTS users anywhere. As of the second quarter of 2007, there are over 131 million UMTS users (and hence potential videophone users), on 134 networks in 59 countries. Mobile phones can
642:
came to prominence, referring to the taxing nature of spending long periods of time on videocalls. This fatigue refers to the psychological and physiological effects participants involved in videoconferencing. One experimental study from 2021 revealed a link between camera use in videoconferencing
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Videoconferencing provides students with the chance to learn by participating in two-way communication forums. Because it is live, videotelephony allows teachers to access remote or otherwise isolated learners. Students from diverse communities and backgrounds can come together to learn about one
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The MC controls the conferencing while it is active on the signaling plane, which is simply where the system manages conferencing creation, endpoint signaling and in-conferencing controls. This component negotiates parameters with every endpoint in the network and controls conferencing resources.
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A second psychological problem with videoconferencing is being on camera, with the video stream possibly even being recorded. The burden of presenting an acceptable on-screen appearance is not present in audio-only communication. Early studies by
Alphonse Chapanis found that the addition of video
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said in 2001 that he used videoconferencing "three or four times a year", because digital scheduling was difficult and "if the overhead is super high, then you might as well just have a face-to-face meeting". Some observers argue that three outstanding issues have prevented videoconferencing from
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A more recent technology encompassing these functions is TV cams. TV cams enable people to make video calls using video calling services, like Skype on their TV, without using a PC connection. TV cams are specially designed video cameras that feed images in real time to another TV camera or other
3309:(a centralized distribution and call management system) or by a similar non-centralized multipoint capability embedded in each videoconferencing unit. Again, technology improvements have circumvented traditional definitions by allowing multiple-party videoconferencing via web-based applications.
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technology) is being used in industries such as manufacturing, energy, healthcare, insurance, government, and public safety. Live, visual interaction removes traditional restrictions of distance and time, often in locations previously unreachable, such as a manufacturing plant floor thousands of
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selectively chooses a feed to display at each endpoint, with the goal of showing the person who is currently speaking. This is done by choosing the feed (other than the viewer) which has the loudest audio input (perhaps with some filtering to avoid switching for very short-lived volume spikes).
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in cities around the world. Clients can book rooms and turn up for the meeting, with all technical aspects being prearranged and support being readily available if needed. The issue of eye contact may be solved with advancing technology, including smartphones which have the screen and camera in
1963:
to the elderly, disabled, and to those in remote locations, where the ease and convenience of quickly obtaining diagnostic and consultative medical services are readily apparent. In one single instance quoted in 2006: "A nurse-led clinic at Letham has received positive feedback on a trial of a
998:
have envisioned a future where telephone conversations will take place as actual face-to-face encounters with video as well as audio. Sometimes it is simply not possible or practical to have face-to-face meetings with two or more people. Sometimes a telephone conversation or conference call is
396:
While videoconferencing technology was initially used primarily within internal corporate communication networks, one of the first community service uses of the technology started in 1992 through a unique partnership with
PictureTel and IBM, which at the time were promoting a jointly developed
2031:
In the United States, videoconferencing has allowed testimony to be used for an individual who is unable or prefers not to attend the physical legal settings or would be subjected to severe psychological stress in doing so, however, there is a controversy on the use of testimony by foreign or
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Researchers also find that attendees of business and medical videoconferences must work harder to interpret information delivered during a conference than they would if they attended face-to-face. They recommend that those coordinating videoconferences make adjustments to their conferencing
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systems can involve specially built teleconference rooms to allow expansive views with very high levels of audio and video fidelity, to permit an 'immersive' videoconference. When the proper type and capacity transmission lines are provided between facilities, the quality of service reaches
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can provide enriched learning opportunities to students, especially those who are geographically isolated or economically disadvantaged. Small schools can use these technologies to pool resources and provide courses, such as in foreign languages, which could not otherwise be offered.
346:, are not as widely used today as videoconferencing but were still an important area of research. The first dedicated systems started to appear as ISDN networks were expanding throughout the world. One of the first commercial videoconferencing systems sold to companies came from
1521:
Currently, adequate video for some purposes becomes possible at data rates lower than the ITU-T broadband definition, with rates of 768 kbit/s and 384 kbit/s used for some videoconferencing applications, and rates as low as 100 kbit/s used for videophones using
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Huddle room or all-in-one systems —low to midrange cost, newer endpoint category based on standard videoconferencing systems, but defined by the camera, microphone(s), speakers, and codec contained in a single piece of hardware. Typically used in small to medium spaces where
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are usually provided as two separate lines (for uplink/downlink) because each has limited upload speeds and cannot upload and download simultaneously at full speed. As Internet speeds increase, higher quality and high-definition videoconferencing will become more readily
1708:, which mixes call setup and video compression. Videophones that work on regular phone lines typically use H.324, but the bandwidth is limited by the modem to around 33 kbit/s, limiting the video quality and frame rate. A slightly modified version of H.324 called
392:
Very expensive videoconferencing systems continued to rapidly evolve throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Proprietary equipment, software, and network requirements gave way to standards-based technologies that were available for anyone to purchase at a reasonable cost.
1968:
to be assessed by medics without traveling to a doctor's office or medical clinic." A further improvement in telemedical services has been the development of new technology incorporated into special videophones to permit remote diagnostic services, such as
6008:... innovations like iPads and Skyping have finally caught up with Kubrick's view of future living. Lockwood marvels at how he's now able to Skype his wife and daughter, just as he does his movie parents in the space-to-Earth communication scene in 2001."
1822:
While the MC controls resources and signaling negotiations, the MP operates on the media plane and receives media from each endpoint. The MP generates output streams from each endpoint and redirects the information to other endpoints in the conference.
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platform. While additional software is required to patch together multiple video feeds for conference calls or convert between dissimilar video standards, SIP calls between two identical handsets within the same PBX were relatively straightforward.
583:
introduced its first high definition videoconferencing system to the market in 2006. As of the 2010s, high-definition resolution for videoconferencing became a popular feature, with most major suppliers in the videoconferencing market offering it.
1047:, formerly Bell Communications Research, owns a patent for eye-to-eye videoconferencing using rear projection screens with the video camera behind it, evolved from a 1960s U.S. military system that provided videoconferencing services between the
97:
The concept of videotelephony was conceived in the late 19th century, and versions were available to the public starting in the 1930s. Early demonstrations were installed at booths in post offices and shown at various world expositions. In 1970,
240:. This occurred in part, at least with AT&T, to serve as an adjunct supplementing the use of the telephone. A number of organizations believed that videotelephony would be superior to plain voice communications. Attempts at using normal
1850:. Cloud-based systems can handle either 2D or 3D video broadcasting. Cloud-based systems can also implement mobile calls, VOIP, and other forms of video calling. They can also come with a video recording function to archive past meetings.
1789:(RTCP). The RTP and UDP normally carry information such the payload type which is the type of codec, frame rate, video size, and many others. RTCP on the other hand acts as a quality control Protocol for detecting errors during streaming.
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professionals can discuss cases across large distances. Rural areas can use this technology for diagnostic purposes, thus saving lives and making more efficient use of health care money. For example, a rural medical center in
2522:
2323:, videoconferencing has become useful as a method by which creative talent in many different locations can collaborate closely on the complex details of film production. For example, for the 2013 award-winning animated film
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protocol also supports videophone calls natively, using the protocol's own capabilities to transport alternate media streams. A few hobbyists obtained the Nortel 1535 Color SIP Videophone cheaply in 2010 as surplus after
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that uses the knowledge of audio output to monitor audio input and filter from it noises that echo back after some time delay. If unattended, these echoes can be re-amplified several times, leading to problems including:
6982:, January 10, 2012 (online), January 11, 2012 (in print, New York Edition, pg. A1). Retrieved online January 11, 2012. Synopsis: a look at the pros and cons of videotelephony used for private, individual, music lessons.
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technology with video calling capabilities have given deaf and speech-impaired users a greater ability to communicate with the same ease as others. Some wireless operators have even started free sign language gateways.
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can be used in conjunction with desktop videoconferencing to enable low-cost face-to-face business meetings without leaving the desk, especially for businesses with widespread offices. The technology is also used for
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1641:(UCIF), a non-profit alliance between communications vendors, launched in May 2010. The organization's vision is to maximize the interoperability of UC based on existing standards. Founding members of UCIF include
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Conference Control performs resource allocation, management, and routing. This layer along with the User Interface creates meetings (scheduled or unscheduled) or adds and removes participants from a conference.
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for unequaled video quality and ease of use with video relay services. Favorable reviews quickly led to its popular usage at educational facilities for the deaf, and from there to the greater deaf community.
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corporate offices. Telepresence conference rooms use state-of-the-art room designs, video cameras, displays, sound systems and processors, coupled with high-to-very-high capacity bandwidth transmissions.
2000:, also available through the use of public access videoconferencing rooms. A higher level of videoconferencing that employs advanced telecommunication technologies and high-resolution displays is called
4635:
Chapanis, A; Ochsman, R; Parrish, R (1977). "Studies in interactive communication II: The effects of four communication modes on the linguistic performance of teams during cooperative problem solving".
2294:. One research report based on a sampling of 1,800 corporate employees showed that, as of June 2010, 54% of the respondents with access to videoconferencing used it "all of the time" or "frequently".
827:
systems are a newer, more advanced subset of videoconferencing systems, meant to allow higher degrees of video and audio fidelity. Such high-end systems are typically deployed in corporate settings.
654:
launched two new versions of its Portal video-calling devices, the Portal Go and Portal Plus. The new video calling devices include the first portable variety of the hardware and number of updates.
2054:, videoconferencing systems are used for initial court appearances. The systems link jails with courtrooms, reducing the expenses and security risks of transporting prisoners to the courtroom.
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858:
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in verb form differ from videoconferencing in that they expect to serve individuals, not groups. However that distinction has become increasingly blurred with technology improvements such as
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2277:
on hand-held mobile devices have also extended video-conferencing capabilities to locations previously unreachable, such as a remote community, long-term care facility, or a patient's home.
1113:
These are some of the reasons many organizations only use the systems internally, where there is less risk of loss of customers. An alternative for those lacking dedicated facilities is the
1502:, because it usually has a high rate of data transmission. In general, any connection of 256 kbit/s (0.256 Mbit/s) or greater is more concisely considered broadband Internet. The
7159:, a movie reel news clip on the assembly and demonstration of a prototype British General Post Office 'Viewphone' at Taplow, Buckinghamshire; (February 1, 1970; video, 1:16 seconds length)
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are available. However, video interpreting cannot be used for situations in which all parties are speaking via telephone alone. VRS and VRI interpretation requires all parties to have the
1956:, which is intended to support communication between a caller using sign language and another party using spoken language, videoconferencing can be used directly between two deaf signers.
2590:, who can also translate as well across principal languages (such as a multilingual interpreter interpreting a call from a deaf person using ASL to reserve a hotel room at a hotel in the
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using specially equipped trucks, and much later via special satellite videophones in a briefcase. This technique was very expensive, though, and was not adopted for applications such as
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1693:(SMTP). H.323 is still used, but more commonly for business videoconferencing, while SIP is more commonly used in personal consumer videophones. A number of call-setup methods based on
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specifically for the deaf community. It was designed to output its video to the user's television in order to lower the cost of acquisition and to offer remote control and a powerful
5990:
1763:
The components within a videoconferencing system can be divided up into several different layers: User Interface, Conference Control, Control or Signaling Plane, and Media Plane.
6958:, January 22, 2012. A version of this article appeared in print on January 23, 2012, on page B1 of the New York edition with the headline: "Conferences Via the Net Called Risky".
4538:, January 22, 2012. A version of this article appeared in print on January 23, 2012, on page B1 of the New York edition with the headline: "Conferences Via the Net Called Risky".
229:. An example of that was the German Reich Postzentralamt (post office) videotelephone network serving Berlin and several German cities via coaxial cables between 1936 and 1940.
524:
video standards, and online telecommunication programs that promoted low cost, albeit lower quality, videoconferencing to virtually every location with an Internet connection.
497:
conducted a two-year development campaign from 1997 to 1999 that resulted in the release of the VP-210 Visual Phone, the first mobile colour videophone that also doubled as a
6764:, April 19, 2010. Article discusses the increased use of videoconferencing due to the eruption of an Icelandic volcano which severely curtailed air travel for several months.
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can be accessed using a URL sent by the meeting organizer, and various degrees of security can be attached to the virtual room. Often the user must download and install a
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simply displays all participants at the same time, usually with the exception that the viewer either does not see their own feed, or sees their own feed in miniature.
1332:: a data processing unit that ties together the other components, does the compressing and decompressing, and initiates and maintains the data linkage via the network.
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networks—lowest direct cost, assuming the users already possess computers at their respective locations. Quality of service can range from low to very high, including
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587:
Technological developments by videoconferencing developers in the 2010s have extended the capabilities of videoconferencing systems beyond the boardroom for use with
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Typical uses of the various technologies described above include calling one-to-one or conferencing one-to-many or many-to-many for personal, business, educational,
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Individual videoconferencing are usually portable devices, meant for single users, and have fixed cameras, microphones, and loudspeakers integrated into the console.
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5358:
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Vertegaal, "Explaining Effects of Eye Gaze on Mediated Group Conversations: Amount or Synchronization?" ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 2002.
3373:, a common French translation that has also crept into limited English usage, as well as over twenty less common names and expressions. Latin-based translations of
2530:
Using such video equipment in the present day, the deaf, hard-of-hearing, and speech-impaired can communicate between themselves and with hearing individuals using
907:
video available on the latest model webcams. A related and similar device is a TV camera which is usually small, sits on top of a TV, and can connect to it via its
365:
of typical digital videotelephone systems from 15 to 30 frames per second, and reduced the cost from $ 100,000 to $ 12,000. The company also secured a patent for a
232:
The development of videotelephony as a subscription service started in the latter half of the 1920s in the United Kingdom and the United States, spurred notably by
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5511:
1068:(time lag) larger than about 150–300 ms becomes noticeable and is soon observed as unnatural and distracting. Therefore, next to a stable large bandwidth, a small
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and TV programs that are set in the future, videophones were used as a primary method of communication. One of the first movies where a videophone was used was
1078:: In some countries, it is difficult or expensive to get a high-quality connection that is fast enough for good-quality videoconferencing. Technologies such as
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3784:"German Postoffice To Use Television–Telephone For Its Communication System", (Associated Press) The Evening Independent, St. Petersburg, Fl, September 1, 1934
2017:
programs. Thus an activity that was disappointing as a separate service has found a niche as a minor feature in software products intended for other purposes.
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2073:. This continues the SSA's effort to use video hearings as a means to clear its substantial hearing backlog. Since 2007, the SSA has also established NHCs in
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videophone and videoconferencing systems, either stand-alone or built-in, that serve as complements to personal computers, connected to other participants by
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2492:
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With the development of lower-cost endpoints, the integration of video cameras into personal computers and mobile devices, and software applications such as
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5487:
1774:
Control (Signaling) Plane contains the stacks that signal different endpoints to create a call and/or a conference. Signals can be, but are not limited to,
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systems require specially designed rooms which can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars to fit out their rooms with codecs, integration equipment (such as
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6936:
2460:—two deaf users were able to communicate freely with each other between the fair and another city. Various universities and other organizations, including
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Videoconferencing can enable individuals in distant locations to participate in meetings on short notice, with time and money savings. Technology such as
1825:
Some systems are capable of multipoint conferencing with no MCU, stand-alone, embedded or otherwise. These use a standards-based H.323 technique known as
1042:
observed by the users. This issue is also being addressed through research that generates a synthetic image with eye contact using stereo reconstruction.
448:
275:
channels routinely use this type of videotelephony when reporting from distant locations. The news media were to become regular users of mobile links to
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service, available in select cities. However, the system was a commercial failure, chiefly due to consumer apathy, high subscription costs, and lack of
4292:
Shockley, Kristen M.; Gabriel, Allison S.; Robertson, Daron; Rosen, Christopher C.; Chawla, Nitya; Ganster, Mahira L.; Ezerins, Maira E. (2021-08-01).
3305:) allows two or more locations to communicate via live, simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions. This is often accomplished by the use of a
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convenience and quality comes at the expense of some increased network bandwidth, because every station must transmit to every other station directly.
342:
networks. During this time, there was also research into other forms of digital video and audio communication. Many of these technologies, such as the
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2033:
1842:
Cloud-based videoconferencing can be used without the hardware generally required by other videoconferencing systems, and can be designed for use by
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The Media Plane controls the audio and video mixing and streaming. This layer manages Real-Time Transport Protocols, User Datagram Packets (UDP) and
599:
The highest ever video call (other than those from aircraft and spacecraft) took place on May 19, 2013, when British adventurer Daniel Hughes used a
3476:
The transmission of speech is an old story; the transmission of images by means of sensitive mirrors connected by wires is a thing but of yesterday.
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Mulbach, Lothar; Bocker, Martin; Prussog, Angela (1995). "Telepresence in Videocommunications: A Study on Stereoscopy and Individual Eye Contact".
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scheduling, setup, and making a video call. Through the user interface, the administrator is able to control the other three layers of the system.
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and Zoom, videoconferencing has changed from just a business-to-business offering to include business-to-consumer (and consumer-to-consumer) use.
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interest and to present live coverage by news correspondents, via the Internet or by satellite links. In the mass market media, the popular U.S.
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that combine the use of video, audio and on-screen drawing capabilities broadcasting in real time over secure networks, independent of location.
6562:, University of Gothenburg: Department of Applied Information Technology, pp. 6–18, October 5, 2012. Web. January 23, 2013 (PDF).
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individuals have a particular role in the development of affordable high-quality videotelephony as a means of communicating with each other in
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digital phone protocol or a fractionated high bandwidth T1 lines. Modern products based on H.320 standard usually support also H.323 standard.
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1109:), high fidelity sound systems, and furniture. Monthly charges may also be required for bridging services and high-capacity broadband service.
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Albritton, Jordan; Ortiz, Alexa; Wines, Roberta; Booth, Graham; DiBello, Michael; Brown, Stephen; Gartlehner, Gerald; Crotty, Karen (2022).
5199:
5091:
3366:
3204:, resulting in a variety of names and terms being used worldwide, and even within the same region or country. Videophones are also known as
8448:
8420:
8415:
7440:
6135:
4549:
5987:
5887:
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resolution and/or frame rate). Data transfer rates and live video image quality are related but are also subject to other factors such as
122:
in the late 1990s allowed digital videophones to provide high-quality low-cost color service between users almost any place in the world.
5235:
5217:
4887:
3284:
are popular, relatively low-cost devices that can provide live video and audio streams via personal computers, and can be used with many
2139:
Through videoconferencing, students can visit other parts of the world, including museums and other cultural and educational sites. Such
1981:
monitoring. Such units are capable of relaying both regular audio-video plus medical data over either standard (POTS) telephone or newer
6670:
5788:
5566:
5119:
2622:
and audio feeds, so that the interpreter can see the deaf or mute party, and converse with the hearing party, and vice versa. Much like
2136:
will continue to be present. Such students are able to explore, communicate, analyze, and share information and ideas with one another.
1231:(coder/decoder). Compression rates of up to 1:500 can be achieved. The resulting digital stream of 1s and 0s is subdivided into labeled
6868:
5530:
4100:
833:
systems are another recent development, combining the use of video, audio, and on-screen drawing capabilities using newest generation
933:
line service for higher image resolutions and sound quality. Quality of service for standalone videophones can vary from low to high;
6742:
4480:
Solomon Negash, Michael E. Whitman. Editors: Solomon Negash, Michael E. Whitman, Amy B. Woszczynski, Ken Hoganson, Herbert Mattord.
4122:
3428:
1223:
The core technology used in a videotelephony system is digital compression of audio and video streams in real time. The hardware or
417:
streams to be transmitted over the Internet, which was previously difficult due to the impractically high bandwidth requirements of
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5926:
5373:
4956:
3859:
2526:
A deaf or hard-of-hearing person uses a Video Relay Service at his workplace to communicate with a hearing person in London (2007).
2140:
1685:, which is often easier to set up in home networking environments. It is a text-based protocol, incorporating many elements of the
1355:
Large group videoconferencing are built-in, large, expensive devices used for large rooms such as conference rooms and auditoriums.
638:
reported a 600 percent increase in national call volumes. Videoconferencing became so widespread during the pandemic that the term
6677:
4054:
6986:
4452:
3970:
3656:
1938:
connection, along with software-based videophone apps to make calls to any video-capable Internet user, whether mobile or fixed.
1507:
1051:
and various other government and military facilities. This technique eliminates the need for special cameras or image processing.
955:
or other bridging services to allow multiple parties on videoconference calls. Quality of service can vary from moderate to high.
6085:
1358:
Small group videoconferencing are either non-portable or portable, smaller, less expensive devices used for small meeting rooms.
8442:
6855:
5765:
5748:
Ferran, Carlos and Watts, Stephanie. "Videoconferencing in the field: A heuristic processing model", Management Science 54, no.
4413:"Getting into flow during virtual meetings: How virtual meetings can benefit employee functioning in the work- and home domain"
4333:"Getting into flow during virtual meetings: How virtual meetings can benefit employee functioning in the work- and home domain"
4175:"Getting into flow during virtual meetings: How virtual meetings can benefit employee functioning in the work- and home domain"
3272:
for point-to-point calls between two units. Both videophone calls and videoconferencing are also now commonly referred to as a
7114:
Jaur, Francis. "Usage Domestiques du Visiophone", Technologies de l'Information et Société, 2, 1990, pp. 89–102. (French)
5867:
4795:
8437:
8427:
8407:
8209:
7125:, Berlin: Hausmitteilungen Aus Forshunsg Und Betrieb Der Fernseh Aktiengellschaft, July 1939, pp. 138–143. (PDF, German)
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to write the songs, which required two-hour-long transcontinental videoconferences nearly every weekday for about 14 months.
2273:, etc., can be used in conjunction with videoconferencing equipment to transmit data about a patient. Recent developments in
1578:
732:
5027:
4929:
4724:
4511:
students had the option to install a webcam on their end (a basic webcam costs about $ 40.00) to view the class in session."
4484:
3819:
321:
5621:
704:
7574:
6738:, November 10, 2009 on line, and November 11, 2009, in print, p. B3. Discusses the acquisition of LifeSize Communications.
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Intel Corporation have used videoconferencing to reduce both costs and environmental impacts of its business operations.
2009:
Today the principles, if not the precise mechanisms, of a videophone are employed by many users worldwide in the form of
1064:: The information transport of digital signals in many steps need time. In a telecommunicated conversation, an increased
7006:
6901:
5508:
5107:"Motion Media Unveils Two New Healthcare Videophones—CareStation 156s and CareStation 126s", Business Wire, May 3, 2004.
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4038:
8764:
8204:
7091:
6004:
since, even as the title date has come and gone with very few of its far-out advancements having been realized—although
4966:
4769:
4603:, ACM CHI 1993. More recently gaze correction systems using only a single camera have been shown, such as. Microsoft's
4148:
1477:-type videophone meant for home offices and small businesses, with a lens cover which can be rotated upward for privacy
17:
5173:
4020:
2160:
researchers collaborating with colleagues at other institutions on a regular basis without loss of time due to travel;
1803:
Simultaneous videoconferencing among three or more remote points is possible in a hardware-based system by means of a
711:
8298:
7304:
6915:
6881:
6716:
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6532:
6488:
6418:
6394:
5311:
5268:
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incorporated videotelephony into her TV program on a regular basis from May 21, 2009, with an initial episode called
2691:
2516:
2495:(formerly Sorenson Vision Inc.), a video compression software coding company, developed its VP-100 model stand-alone
1829:, where each station in a multipoint call exchanges video and audio directly with the other stations with no central
1590:
1515:
1179:
1069:
873:
790:
Videotelephony can be categorized by its functionality and intended purpose, and also by its method of transmission.
751:
6888:
6503:
Schnaars, Steve; Wymbs, Cliff (2004). "On The Persistence Of Lackluster Demand—The History Of The Video Telephone".
5967:
4865:
4574:
3793:
Peters, C. Brooks, "Talks On 'See-Phone': Television Applied to German Telephones Enables Speakers to See Each Other
3535:
movie scene a central character, Dr. Heywood Floyd, calls home to contact his family, a social feature noted in the
298:—with only a few hundred Picturephones in the world, users had extremely few contacts they could actually call, and
8759:
8083:
7631:
7433:
7284:
5161:
5098:, Aberdeen Press & Journal (UK), published in Europe Intelligence Wire, 13 November 2006, retrieved 2009-04-14;
4930:"PDS and Vidtel Enable Affordable, Cloud-Based, Interoperable Video Conferencing for Southeast Michigan Businesses"
2471:
The use of sign language via videotelephony was hampered for many years due to the difficulty of its use over slow
7019:
6156:
5464:
2549:
Sign language interpretation services via VRS or by VRI are useful in the present day where one of the parties is
2491:
Significant improvements in video call quality of service for the deaf occurred in the United States in 2003 when
1208:
system and camera used for videoconferencing, with two displays for simultaneous broadcast from separate locations
978:
experts have shown that poorly configured or inadequately supervised videoconferencing systems can permit an easy
8784:
8541:
8194:
5590:
5484:
2669:
2368:
workers can also adopt certain behaviors and best practices to stay connected with their co-workers and company.
2109:
1232:
1157:
685:
718:
8189:
7309:
6261:
2673:
2058:
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have all required components packaged into a single piece of equipment, usually a console with a high quality
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8214:
6785:
5547:
3066:
2512:
2457:
2391:
2334:
1690:
604:
476:
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1024:
becoming a widely adopted form of communication, despite the ubiquity of videoconferencing-capable systems.
837:
broadcasting over secure networks, enabling multi-party conferencing in real time, independent of location.
8577:
8489:
8250:
8147:
7690:
7485:
7457:
4908:
3723:
3498:
3433:
1988:
1843:
1258:
700:
6729:
5772:(then about to be released) Bell Laboratories, pp. 134–153 & 160–187, Volume 47, No. 5, May/June 1969.
4671:
1422:
Often, if no remote parties are currently speaking, the feed with the last speaker remains on the screen.
8774:
8690:
8479:
7986:
7426:
7299:
6942:
3343:
2472:
2410:
1779:
1686:
1682:
1607:(SVC) is a compression standard that enables videoconferencing systems to achieve highly error resilient
1566:
918:
644:
310:
248:, first researched in the 1950s, failed mostly due to the poor picture quality and the lack of efficient
107:
31:
6560:
Like a window in your living room: Video-mediated communication for extended families separated by space
6302:
5813:
4808:
The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) as a Transport for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
4123:"StarLeaf | StarLeaf Reveals Scale of Uptake in Video Conferencing Services During Coronavirus Pandemic"
3559:
Other earlier examples of videophones in popular culture included a videophone that was featured in the
3008:
2996:
2023:
A study conducted by Pew Research in 2010, revealed that 7% of Americans have made a mobile video call.
1782:(SIP) Protocols. These signals control incoming and outgoing connections as well as session parameters.
1593:(PSTN) or videoconferencing over integrated services digital networks. While still prevalent in Europe,
1569:-only device. Such devices need to route calls through a Video Communication Server to be able to reach
1492:. Some early videophones employed very low data transmission rates with a resulting poor video quality.
1456:
Echo cancellation is a processor-intensive task that usually works over a narrow range of sound delays.
102:
launched the first commercial personal videotelephone system. In addition to videophones, there existed
8338:
8260:
8199:
7906:
6835:
6811:
5942:
5579:, Mobile video system visually connects global plant floor engineers, Control Engineering, May 28, 2009
5028:""Cloud-Based Interoperability Platform for Video Conferencing" in Patent Application Approval Process"
4254:
3111:
3098:
3039:
3026:
1430:
1072:
is another major technical requirement for the communication channel for interactive videoconferencing.
6559:
5465:
Adena Health System Uses Lifesize High Definition Video to Bring Remote Specialists to Infant Patients
4216:"Videoconference fatigue? Exploring changes in fatigue after videoconference meetings during COVID-19"
2627:
2587:
647:" highlighted a study linking negative attitudes with the use of "self-view" when videoconferencing.
8794:
8587:
8110:
8071:
7916:
7816:
7745:
7678:
7505:
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3257:
2535:
2508:
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administrators on tight schedules collaborating on budget preparation from different parts of campus;
1482:
1197:
218:
162:
6274:
4855:, International Multimedia Telecommunications Consortium (IMTC), April 1, 2001 to November 16, 2004.
3497:
Other notable examples of videophones in popular culture include an iconic scene from the 1968 film
8647:
8469:
7711:
7646:
7599:
7559:
7399:
7274:
7129:
6632:
6628:
6612:
6028:, IDG News Service, February 16, 2010. Retrieved via Computerworld.com's website, February 18, 2010
4604:
3577:(1944), as well as a device with the same functionality has been used by the comic strip character
2020:
According to Juniper Research, smartphone videophone users will reach 29 million by 2015 globally.
2013:
videocalls using personal computers, with inexpensive webcams, microphones, and free video calling
1126:, and computers with built-in audio and webcams removes the need for expensive dedicated hardware.
1003:
exchanges are adequate. However, videoconferencing adds another option and can be considered when:
6962:
2414:
since its inception. More than 4,000 journalists worldwide are currently registered with the IMF.
643:
and a prediction of fatigue occurrence an individual. Furthermore, a 2022 article in the journal "
8749:
8600:
8308:
8293:
8137:
8088:
8011:
7911:
7589:
7475:
7470:
7269:
7182:
5342:
5088:
3888:
3686:
3306:
2662:
2634:. Some advanced equipment enables interpreters to control the video camera remotely, in order to
2507:
Coupled with similar high-quality videophones introduced by other electronics manufacturers, the
2387:
2381:
1804:
1798:
1409:
Videoconferencing systems use several methods to determine which video feed or feeds to display.
1150:
1106:
952:
678:
622:
resulted in a significant increase in the use of videoconferencing. Berstein Research found that
351:
7156:
6371:, Real time updates and news about WebRTC technology and browser-based audio and videotelephony.
5196:
4557:
2561:. In such cases the interpretation flow is normally within the same principal language, such as
8572:
8567:
8562:
8230:
8016:
7831:
7776:
7771:
7584:
7549:
6386:
5285:
3490:
3470:. The first example was probably the cartoon "Edison's Telephonoscope" by George du Maurier in
2623:
2574:
2390:
was developed in October 2007 by the PanAfrican Press Association (APPA), a Paris France-based
2346:
1534:
1044:
626:
added more subscribers during the first two months of 2020 alone than in the entire year 2019.
175:
167:
7067:, Bad Wiessee, Germany, September 23–27, 1968, Information Gatekeepers Inc., pp. 269–282.
7060:, Bad Wiessee, Germany, September 23–27, 1968, Information Gatekeepers Inc., pp. 289–298.
5214:
4884:
3578:
8632:
8132:
7936:
7901:
7821:
7801:
7723:
7611:
7532:
6820:, October 1, 2009 online, and October 2, 2009, in print, p. B7. Discusses the acquisition of
6777:, September 15, 1993. Discusses the deployment of videoconferencing rooms in several hundred
6755:
6546:
6038:
5814:"Bandwidth Requirements for Video Transmission of American Sign Language and Finger Spelling"
5785:
5232:
5158:
Virtual Confrontation: Is Videoconference Testimony by an Unavailable Witness Constitutional?
4482:
Handbook of Distance Learning for Real-Time and Asynchronous Information Technology Education
3910:
3666:
2570:
2566:
1934:
also use broadband wireless Internet, whether through the cell phone network or over a local
1065:
904:
556:
437:
422:
314:
305:
213:
Simple analog videophone communication could be established as early as the invention of the
190:
71:
7465:
6703:
5527:
4214:
Bennett, Andrew A.; Campion, Emily D.; Keeler, Kathleen R.; Keener, Sheila K. (2021-03-01).
3583:, who often used his "2-way wrist TV" to communicate with police headquarters. (1964–1977).
1442:
The remote party hearing their own voice coming back at them (usually significantly delayed)
725:
8779:
8046:
8006:
7976:
7733:
7668:
7490:
7137:
6910:, September 25, 2011, pg. ST1. Also published September 23, 2011 online at www.nytimes.com.
6123:
5830:
5684:"Awards Spotlight: 'Frozen' Director Chris Buck on Crafting Well-Rounded Female Characters"
4294:"The fatiguing effects of camera use in virtual meetings: A within-person field experiment"
3728:
3633:
3119:
2578:
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2483:
and the advent of lower-cost high-speed ISDN data and IP (Internet) services in the 1990s.
2309:
2274:
2051:
1786:
853:
are popular, relatively low-cost devices that can provide live video and audio streams via
830:
592:
460:
290:
Decades of research and development culminated in the 1970 commercial launch of AT&T's
7063:
Fischer, K.; Ebel, H.; "Problems Of How To Position Users In Front Of The Videophone" in:
6798:
3474:
1878. In «In the year 2889», published 1889, the French author Jules Verne predicts that «
3220:, which was the world's first commercial videophone produced in volume. The compound name
2577:(ASL) also to spoken English (since BSL and ASL are completely distinct from each other),
1058:
actually impaired communication, possibly because of the consciousness of being on camera.
509:
capable of displaying 65,000 colors, and was able to process two video frames per second.
171:
Videotelephony predicted to be in use by 2000, as envisioned in 1910 (artist's conception)
86:
and computers are capable of video calling, reducing the demand for separate videophones.
8:
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8056:
7996:
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7500:
7371:
7294:
7118:
7104:
7011:
5412:"Video Teleconferencing for Disease Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment: A Rapid Review"
5116:
3327:
2479:. Those factors largely disappeared with the introduction of more efficient and powerful
2431:
2330:
2182:
researchers answering questions about grant proposals from agencies or review committees;
1953:
245:
6620:
5834:
5117:
Smartphone Video Call Users to reach 29 million by 2015 Globally, finds Juniper Research
3855:
2246:
used videoconferencing to successfully cut the number of transfers of sick infants to a
1877:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
74:. Today, videotelephony is widespread. There are many terms to refer to videotelephony.
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8283:
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7971:
7946:
7881:
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7175:
7130:"The Next Best Thing To Being There"—Ein Überblick Zu 25 Jahren Videokonferenzforschung
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strove for scientific accuracy, relying on interviews with scientists and engineers at
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1941:
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is another alternative mode, focused on the flexibility of small group conversations.
94:, whose goal is to create the illusion that remote participants are in the same room.
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6163:, (TV Documentary) first released on 13 January 2001 (UK), presented and narrated by
5904:
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A portable videophone is also featured prominently in the 2009 science fiction movie
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70 miles (110 km) away. This had previously cost nearly $ 10,000 per transfer.
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desktop based videoconferencing product known as the PCS/1. Over the next 15 years,
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6807:, May 11, 2009 online, and in print on May 12, 2009, p. B6 of the New York edition.
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Computer vision approaches to achieving eye contact appeared in the 1990s, such as
4424:
4411:
Rivkin, Wladislaw; Moser, Karin S.; Diestel, Stefan; Alshaikh, Isaac (2024-04-01).
4385:
4344:
4331:
Rivkin, Wladislaw; Moser, Karin S.; Diestel, Stefan; Alshaikh, Isaac (2024-04-01).
4305:
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4227:
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4173:
Rivkin, Wladislaw; Moser, Karin S.; Diestel, Stefan; Alshaikh, Isaac (2024-04-01).
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2061:(SSA), which oversees the world's largest administrative judicial system under its
1997:
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Videotelephony became even more widespread through the deployment of video-enabled
347:
299:
233:
119:
8510:
4453:"Facebook announces new Portal video-calling devices, Portal for Business service"
3264:
that can allow for multiple parties on a call. In general everyday usage the term
1716:
is also used by some cellphones that allow video calls, typically for use only in
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Indonesian and U.S. students participate in an educational videoconference (2010)
1918:
affordable by the general public. The availability of freeware (often as part of
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1217:
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134:
6041:, Peoria, Arizona: Peoria Times, February 19, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2010;
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7020:
Effects of Internet-Based Multiple-Site Conferences on Greenhouse Gas Emissions
6446:
5260:
4649:
3707:
3599:, as part of a marketing agreement with the Internet telecommunication company
3297:
is generally higher cost than a videophone and deploys greater capabilities. A
3132:
3131:
Reusable: can be plugged directly into other websites or as a WordPress plugin
2500:
2258:
2040:
1974:
1745:
1344:
877:
838:
547:, an advanced form of videoconferencing, has helped reduce the need to travel.
512:
Videotelephony was popularized in the 2000s via free Internet services such as
464:
295:
7056:
Ebel, H. "Subjective Assessment of Picture Interference in the Videophone" in
6105:
5295:
4623:
4429:
4412:
4389:
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4191:
4174:
1504:
International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector
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Pure web based means, it is using standardized web technologies only such as
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2320:
2302:
2032:
unavailable witnesses via video transmission, regarding the violation of the
1949:
1907:
1446:
1388:
1336:
There are basically three kinds of videoconferencing and videophone systems:
1303:, CD/DVD player, cassette player, or any other source of PreAmp audio outlet.
1010:
Non-verbal (visual) information is an important component of the conversation
834:
612:
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for still photos. The camera phone was the same size as similar contemporary
452:
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244:
networks to transmit slow-scan video, such as the first systems developed by
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7088:
6480:
Understanding Telecommunications And Lightwave Systems: An Entry-Level Guide
5842:
4766:
4373:
482:
8181:
8021:
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7896:
7861:
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7695:
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7537:
7222:
7153:, 1970 video courtesy of AT&T Archives and History Center, Warren, N.J.
6296:
5999:
5865:
Moving Picture Transmission at Low Bitrates for Sign Language Communication
5443:
5000:
4905:"2010 Bargain of the Year: Nortel 1535 Color SIP Videophone – Nerd Vittles"
4017:
3718:
3616:
3588:
3574:
3560:
3417:
3331:
3314:
2584:
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2519:
in 2002, VRS services for the deaf underwent rapid growth in that country.
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2090:
2002:
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The parties of the conversation cannot physically come to the same location
958:
917:—low to midrange cost. The earliest standalone models operated over either
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639:
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63:
44:
6856:
In-Person Visits Fade as Jails Set Up Video Units for Inmates and Families
6462:
5850:
2151:
faculty members keeping in touch with classes while attending conferences;
8552:
8381:
8031:
7941:
7926:
7886:
7846:
7705:
7330:
6249:
Dick Tracy and American Culture: Morality and Mythology, Text and Context
6172:
5962:
5712:
Wolfe, Mark. "Broadband videoconferencing as knowledge management tool",
5303:
4571:
3681:
3676:
3651:
3565:
3051:
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2600:
2480:
2291:
2238:
2214:
2191:
2074:
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1978:
1970:
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essentially the same place. In developed countries, the near-ubiquity of
1048:
1035:
1031:
938:
627:
506:
468:
343:
83:
6836:
Jerky Pictures and Sound Are History. Videoconferencing Is All Grown Up.
6153:
1212:
864:
Each of the systems has its own advantages and disadvantages, including
8625:
8386:
8093:
7791:
7700:
7656:
7626:
7604:
7232:
6991:
6168:
4309:
4270:
4231:
3697:
3570:
3486:
3318:
is a high-end videoconferencing system and service usually employed by
3171:
3144:
3062:
2802:
2676: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2496:
2449:
2317:
2254:
2173:
faculty members participating in thesis defenses at other institutions;
2147:
Some benefits that videoconferencing can provide to education include:
2078:
2014:
1633:
standard point-to-point videotelephony over regular (POTS) phone lines.
1626:
1620:
1300:
1287:
1164: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1119:
1020:
914:
892:
692: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
600:
472:
385:
362:
222:
214:
202:
150:
146:
5548:"Developing a Sustainable IT Capability: Lessons From Intel's Journey"
4932:. Information Technology Newsweekly. December 27, 2011. Archived from
2444:
to help sign language users communicate with each other occurred when
1250:
The other components required for a videoconferencing system include:
845:
compatible computing devices like smartphones, tablets and computers.
490:
VP-210 Visual Phone was the first commercial mobile videophone (1999).
8637:
8620:
8371:
7836:
7651:
7418:
7345:
7253:
7198:
6235:
6056:
5427:
3712:
3512:
2948:
2635:
2604:
2361:
2262:
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2082:
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1982:
1965:
1903:
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1434:
456:
276:
241:
237:
194:
79:
39:
6829:
Open source tool detects videoconferencing equipment vulnerabilities
6769:
More Than Just a Phone Call; Video Conferencing And Photocopies, Too
5253:
The Handbook of Technology and Second Language Teaching and Learning
5089:
Videophone Scheme Could Provide 'Virtual Care' for Elderly Residents
3694:—a large U.S. business and social services videoconferencing network
2651:
2638:
in and out or to point the camera toward the party that is signing.
2626:, video interpreting can be used for situations in which no on-site
2422:
2163:
schools with multiple campuses collaborating and sharing professors;
1139:
911:
port, similar to how a webcam attaches to a computer via a USB port.
782:
667:
8697:
8366:
8356:
8273:
8098:
7921:
7212:
6945:, June 16, 2002. Discusses social issues related to videotelephony.
6821:
6631:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
5563:
Mobile video system visually connects global plant floor engineers"
5157:
4055:
Man makes the highest Skype video call ever on top of Mount Everest
2797:
2756:
2611:, different from the aural version of the same principal language.
2353:
2270:
2247:
2094:
2086:
2070:
1847:
1658:
1654:
1324:
1224:
1039:
995:
651:
635:
575:, able to provide video at 30 frames per second with a 1280 by 720
560:
532:
444:
381:
4822:
SIP: Understanding the Session Initiation Protocol, Second Edition
4374:"The constant mirror: Self-view and attitudes to virtual meetings"
3938:, Science & Society Picture Library, retrieved August 9, 2013.
2641:
1681:
implementation was an exception), but newer videophones often use
1352:. There are several types of dedicated videoconferencing devices:
505:, but sported a large camera lens and a 5 cm (2 inch) colour
376:
106:
which exchanged still images between units every few seconds over
8605:
8361:
8346:
7564:
6264:, Skype Journal online, May 27, 2009. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
5327:
4845:
3319:
2445:
2185:
alternative enrollment structures to purely in-person attendance;
2098:
1709:
1650:
631:
580:
564:
494:
487:
99:
6299:
which showed that a phone could video-call as desktop computer.
6284:, CNNMoney.com online, May 21, 2009. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
4996:"Facebook CIO Supports Video Calls to Preserve Employee Culture"
4904:
3547:, discussing what type of present he should bring home for her.
3519:
of Bell Labs, discussing videophone research in the documentary
1922:) has made software based videoconferencing accessible to many.
1348:
the console, as well as a TV monitor with loudspeakers and/or a
8675:
8610:
8391:
8351:
7673:
6778:
5909:
4954:
3531:... of Mr. Kubrick and the people who reported to him". In one
3482:
3446:
literature, names commonly associated with videophones include
3347:
3339:
3280:
3115:
2898:
2608:
2394:, to allow African journalists to participate in international
2010:
1945:
1899:
1817:
Multipoint Processors (MP), sometimes referred to as the mixer.
1741:
1623:
environment for live meetings, collaboration and presentations.
1557:
1527:
1378:
1274:
1000:
849:
772:
572:
543:. In the upper echelons of government, business, and commerce,
536:
6039:
New Video Conferencing System Streamlines Firefighter Training
5030:. Politics & Government Week. May 23, 2013. Archived from
4069:
First Skype Call Atop Mt. Everest Raises Thousands for Charity
2538:(VRI). The relatively low cost and widespread availability of
2209:
Videoconferencing is a highly useful technology for real time
1673:
Videoconferencing in the late 20th century was limited to the
1581:(ITU) has three umbrellas of standards for videoconferencing:
986:
and criminals into company premises and corporate boardrooms.
357:
In 1984, Concept Communication in the United States created a
309:
Multiple user videoconferencing first being demonstrated with
8595:
8376:
8313:
7621:
5763:
A collection of several articles on the AT&T Picturephone
4556:(Interview). Interviewed by Michael J. Miller. Archived from
4291:
4079:
3999:
3661:
3600:
3247:
3058:
3005:
2993:
2943:
2619:
2226:
1992:
A Tandberg T3 high-resolution telepresence room in use (2008)
1935:
1894:
1846:, or larger international or multinational corporations like
1775:
1724:
1705:
1698:
1674:
1630:
1601:
1586:
1570:
1371:
1228:
865:
769:
521:
517:
513:
449:
first public videoconference between North America and Africa
434:
430:
426:
366:
226:
198:
111:
67:
7167:
7132:(An Overview of 25 years of videoconferencing research) in:
7081:
Two-Way Television and a Pictorial Account of its Background
6106:"George du Maurier et le soi-disant téléphonoscope d'Edison"
3856:"Mr. Tobin has been awarded 15 patents in the past 40 years"
3806:
Robert Stults, Media Space, Xerox PARC, Palo Alto, CA, 1986.
3084:
1619:. These combined technologies enable users to have a richer
1510:
has defined broadband as a transmission capacity at 1.5 to 2
404:
8728:
8718:
8318:
6547:
Amazing New Picturephone: A Step Closer to In-Person Visits
5550:, MIS Quarterly Executive, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 61–74, 2012.
5528:
How We Work: Communication Trends of Business Professionals
3733:
3672:
List of video telecommunication services and product brands
3192:
List of video telecommunication services and product brands
3167:
2779:
App must be installed, does not require a Facebook account
2550:
2286:
2243:
2157:
guest lecturers brought in classes from other institutions;
1930:
1910:
1736:
1729:
1717:
1713:
1594:
1546:
1518:(United States) definition of broadband is 25 Mbit/s.
1474:
1240:
1079:
926:
922:
908:
900:
813:
798:
776:
421:. The DCT algorithm was the basis for the first practical
339:
302:
with other videophone systems would not exist for decades.
260:
130:
6671:
Taking the Wraps off Videoconferencing in the US Classroom
5874:, Martlesham, England: British Telecom Laboratories, 1995.
5857:
5622:"Frozen composers Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez"
5501:
4410:
4330:
4213:
4172:
4064:, Neowin.net website, June 25, 2013; which in turn cites:
3760:
McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology
447:
was developed at Cornell by Tim Dorcey et al. In 1995 the
153:
organizations have used videotelephony for broadcasting.
90:
implies group communication. Videoconferencing is used in
7361:
7065:
4th International Symposium on Human Factors in Telephony
7058:
4th International Symposium on Human Factors in Telephony
6864:
website, August 7, 2012, pg. A15 of the New York Edition.
6525:
Videoconferencing Demystified: Making Video Services Work
5653:"Disney's Frozen Wins Academy Award for Animated Feature"
5540:
4152:
3954:
3881:"Entrepreneur of the Year Reveals Secrets to His Success"
3175:
2221:, consulting, prevention, treatment, and transmission of
1597:
was never widely adopted in the United States and Canada.
1320:
608:
479:
simultaneously across five continents in near-real-time.
369:
for full-motion videoconferencing, first demonstrated at
268:
264:
115:
6877:, July 18, 2011, pg.B3. Published online: July 17, 2011.
6063:
5474:(media release), Lifesize.com website, December 8, 2008.
5409:
4096:"With COVID-19 Spreading, Video Conferencing is Booming"
3960:
3200:
never became as standardized as its earlier counterpart
2426:
Video Interpreter sign used at VRS/VRI service locations
7070:
Hall, A.D. "Experiments with Picturephone Service" in:
5980:
5101:
4514:
4255:"Understanding "Zoom fatigue": A mixed-method approach"
3523:, stated that in the mid-to late-1960s videophones "...
3128:
Recording max 3 minutes, does not work on old browsers
3079:
2539:
361:
for standard personal computers that doubled the video
272:
6691:
Videoconferencing: From Stage Fright to Stage Presence
4634:
2852:
2188:
student interviews with employers in other cities, and
1959:
Videophones are increasingly used in the provision of
1925:
The widest deployment of videotelephony now occurs in
6678:
Hewlett-Packard Sells Its Video Conferencing Business
6262:
Why Oprah's Skype Day Was Ineffective: Tone And Skype
5537:, Plantronics Inc., 2010. Retrieved October 13, 2010.
3350:, are being created or evolving on an ongoing basis.
3224:
slowly entered into general use after 1950, although
2179:
faculty committee auditioning scholarship candidates;
1629:: videoconferencing is generally compatibilized with
6432:
6326:"Beyoncé and Lady Gaga unite for 'Video Phone' clip"
3185:
3152:
Mixed. Proprietary server and client is open source
2975:
App must be installed, requires a Microsoft account
2829:
App must be installed, requires an Apple ID account
2464:
facility, have also conducted extensive research on
615:, at 8,848 metres (29,029 ft) above sea level.
338:
transmission networks became possible, such as with
8540:
6212:
Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey: New Essays
6044:
5546:E. Curry, B. Guyon, C. Sheridan, and B. Donnellan,
5136:"7% Of All Americans Have Made A Mobile Video Call"
4866:
News & Analysis: Understanding The 3G-324M Spec
4601:
Teleconferencing Eye Contact Using a Virtual Camera
4541:
4476:
4474:
4253:Nesher Shoshan, Hadar; Wehrt, Wilken (2021-11-01).
4252:
2440:One of the first demonstrations of the ability for
1996:Videotelephony has also been deployed in corporate
929:lines, while newer models have largely migrated to
6214:. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
5933:, Merriam-Webster Online. Retrieved April 13, 2009
3912:Intelligent Multimedia Data Hiding: New Directions
1573:systems, a process known as "interworking" (2009).
1115:rental of videoconferencing-equipped meeting rooms
78:are standalone devices for video calling (compare
7163:Whirlpool Forums: Movies that feature videophones
6615:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
6095:", "InfoWeek", 2013-11-01. Accessed Dec. 8, 2013.
5657:24700: News from California Institute of the Arts
5518:." September 30, 2010. Retrieved October 5, 2010.
4819:
4036:VCLink for Mobile Devices—AVer Video Conferencing
3946:
3944:
3606:Additionally, videophones have been featured in:
3539:. Floyd talks with and views his daughter from a
2925:App must be installed, requires a Google account
2154:faculty members attending conferences 'virtually'
883:
775:1535 IP model broadband videophone (2008), using
630:had a 20 percent increase in usage, according to
30:"Videophone" redirects here. For other uses, see
8741:
6935:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
6799:A Meeting in New York? Can't We Videoconference?
6717:Logitech Buying a Maker Of Videoconference Tools
5977:, PC Magazine website. Retrieved August 19, 2010
5897:
5780:
5778:
4725:"F.C.C. Sharply Revises Definition of Broadband"
4471:
2047:witnesses have testified via videoconferencing.
1016:The expense or time of travel is a consideration
6571:, Focal Press, CMP Books, San Francisco, 2005,
6378:An International History of the Formative Years
6136:Director Fritz Lang on the Making of Metropolis
5110:
4796:Collaboration Vendors Join for Interoperability
4703:. Indianapolis, Ind.: Cisco Press. p. 10.
4018:Polycom High-Definition (HD) Video Conferencing
3850:
3848:
3771:
3769:
2642:Comparison of Sign Language communication tools
2475:, coupled with the high cost of better quality
2308:Videoconferencing on hand-held mobile devices (
2225:. With videoconferencing, patients may contact
1313:associated with the display device or telephone
6743:The Videoconference as a Bicoastal Pas de Deux
6704:As Travel Costs Rise, More Meetings Go Virtual
6209:
5799:, 19 August 1989, Vol.123, Iss.No.1678, pp.31.
5731:"How to stay connected while working remotely"
3941:
2166:schools from two separate nations engaging in
888:From the least to the most expensive systems:
805:are usually used on a person-to-person basis.
425:that was useful for online videoconferencing,
380:Global Schoolhouse students communicating via
217:. Such an antecedent usually consisted of two
8526:
7434:
7183:
7140:, April 2002, pp. 551–570 (PDF, German).
6950:Cameras May Open Up the Board Room to Hackers
6502:
5882:
5880:
5775:
5591:"Snowed Under: Chris Buck talks about Frozen"
5052:
4993:
4785:Unified Communications Interoperability Forum
4522:Cameras May Open Up the Board Room to Hackers
1639:Unified Communications Interoperability Forum
961:—highest capabilities and highest cost. Full
189:in several telecommunication fields, notably
6869:Transparent Government, Via Webcams in India
6756:Stranded Travelers Turn to Videoconferencing
6358:Santanu Brahma & Axlator Communications
5888:For the Deaf, Communication Without the Wait
5251:Dooly, Melinda (2017). "Telecollaboration".
4692:
4690:
4688:
3845:
3797:...", The New York Times, September 18, 1938
3766:
3288:for both video calls and videoconferencing.
2486:
2341:-based husband-and-wife songwriting team of
2237:or routine situations; physicians and other
2063:Office of Disability Adjudication and Review
1810:The MCU consists of two logical components:
861:for both video calls and videoconferencing.
797:the present day, standalone videophones and
8449:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
7050:
6505:Technological Forecasting and Social Change
6407:Daly, Edward A. & Hansell, Kathleen J.
5988:The Lasting Appeal of 2001: A Space Odyssey
5807:
5805:
5786:Telephones Come To Terms With Sign Language
5521:
5084:
5082:
4564:
3995:"High definition videoconferencing is here"
2034:Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment
1744:'s bankruptcy and deployed the sets on the
8533:
8519:
8485:
7441:
7427:
7190:
7176:
6918:. Archived from the original on 2002-06-16
5877:
3909:Huang, Hsiang-Cheh; Fang, Wai-Chi (2007).
3762:(5 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 2004.
3527:captured the imagination of the public and
1537:format can deliver high-quality video at 2
1404:
596:allow for live and still image streaming.
388:between 0.9 and 3 frames per second (1993)
325:An AT&T Picturephone Model 2 from 1969
6999:
6974:With Enough Bandwidth, Many Join The Band
6812:Cisco Buys Norwegian Firm for $ 3 Billion
6651:Learn how and when to remove this message
6483:, John Wiley and Sons, IEEE Press, 2002,
6175:(video sequence from 0:23:00 to 0:24:20).
4700:Voice and video conferencing fundamentals
4696:
4685:
4550:"Michael J. Miller and Bill Gates: Uncut"
4428:
4348:
4190:
4149:"The reason Zoom calls drain your energy"
3908:
3228:likely entered the lexicon earlier after
3216:) and often by an early trademarked name
2692:Learn how and when to remove this message
1459:
1216:A videoconference meeting facilitated by
1180:Learn how and when to remove this message
752:Learn how and when to remove this message
405:Transition to internet and mobile devices
7157:British Pathé news clip: Videophone 1970
7134:Medien & Kommunikations-wissenschaft
7111:, April 1932, Vol. 11, pp. 118–142.
6902:When Your Therapist Is Only a Click Away
6786:Videoconferencing's virtual leap forward
6565:Wilcox, James R. & Gibson, David K.
6019:Vidyo Packages Conferencing For Campuses
5905:"videomail-client source code on GitHub"
5811:
5802:
5755:
5509:Executives Demand Communications Arsenal
5283:
5191:
5189:
5079:
4955:Ralph Stair and George Reynolds (2013).
4885:Videoconferencing on the High End: H.320
4875:, EETimes.com website. January 21, 2003.
4093:
3936:Kyocera visual phone VP-210, Japan, 1999
3427:
2521:
2421:
2108:
1987:
1893:
1814:A single multipoint controller (MC), and
1704:Another protocol used by videophones is
1556:
1463:
1211:
1196:
781:
763:
481:
375:
320:
304:
174:
166:
38:
6882:The Business Case for Videoconferencing
6568:Video Communications: The Whole Picture
6238:, SBCC Film Reviews, November 20, 2009.
6052:"Video Chat Growing by Light-Year Leaps
5055:"Better Videoconferencing In The Cloud"
3929:
3817:Media Space: 20+ Years of Mediated Life
3657:Comparison of web conferencing software
1449:, which makes the voice channel useless
1383:use a web browser instead of dedicated
1319:: analog or digital telephone network,
1235:, which are then transmitted through a
1192:
559:videoconferencing systems, produced by
125:Applications of videotelephony include
14:
8742:
7448:
7087:, 1930, Vol. 8, pp. 399–404, and
7033:, 2011, doi:10.1016/j.tele.2011.11.006
6831:, Help Net Security, 17 February 2012.
6730:Logitech Breaks Into Videoconferencing
5650:
5340:
5146:from the original on 25 December 2013.
5067:from the original on February 24, 2014
5008:from the original on February 13, 2014
3968:Camera phones: A look back and forward
3573:used a videophone to communicate with
3340:inmates incarcerated in penitentiaries
2456:) was introduced to the public at the
2198:
1929:. Nearly all mobile phones supporting
1758:
1227:that performs compression is called a
271:) video links, one in each direction.
8514:
7422:
7171:
7007:Can Videoconferencing Replace Travel?
6318:
5619:
5613:
5284:Guth, Sarah; Helm, Francesca (2010).
5255:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 169–183.
5250:
5195:U.S. Social Security Administration.
5186:
4948:
4664:
4547:
4491:, Idea Group Inc (IGI), 2008, p. 17,
4146:
3992:
3751:
3620:which depicted a Picturephone (1995).
2618:interpreters work remotely with live
2026:
1792:
1579:International Telecommunication Union
1034:plays a large role in conversational
925:telephone networks or more expensive
550:
8495:
7117:Schunack, Von Johannes; Maly, Rolf.
6880:Davis, Andrew W.; Weinstein, Ira M.
6595:
6287:
6184:
5659:. California Institute of the Arts.
5632:from the original on January 4, 2014
5620:Truax, Jackson (November 27, 2013).
5588:
5582:
4838:
4371:
3902:
3357:that have been used in English are:
2674:adding citations to reliable sources
2645:
2128:(in foreign language education) and
1857:
1787:Real-Time Transport Control Protocol
1425:
1400:are provided by independent vendors.
1162:adding citations to reliable sources
1133:
970:
690:adding citations to reliable sources
661:
455:with a techno-rave and cyberdeli in
451:took place, linking a technofair in
82:). In the present day, devices like
7105:Picture Transmission and Television
6429:, CIPD HD9697.T452D35 651.7'3-dc21.
6383:Institution of Electrical Engineers
5682:Kit, Zorianna (November 26, 2013).
5681:
5663:from the original on March 11, 2014
5651:Ziemba, Christine (March 3, 2014).
5507:By Alison Diane, InformationWeek. "
4810:, IETF, The Internet Society (2005)
4572:The Problem With Video Conferencing
3873:
3432:Dr. Heywood Floyd in the 1968 film
3342:, and videoconferencing to resolve
3160:
2581:(DGS) to spoken German, and so on.
2509:availability of high-speed Internet
2124:another through practices known as
2059:U.S. Social Security Administration
1541:Mbit/s, which is at the low end of
657:
24:
7074:, 1964, Vol. 42, pp. 114–120.
7038:The Next Best Thing to Being There
6591:
6527:, McGraw-Hill Professional, 2002,
5936:
5917:
5601:from the original on 26 March 2014
5053:Nitin Pradhan (January 23, 2014).
4994:Stacy Collett (January 30, 2014).
4749:SVC vs. H.264/AVC Error Resilience
3951:First mobile videophone introduced
3627:pop single and music video called
3423:
3268:is now frequently used instead of
1591:public switched telephone networks
1093:Perceived lack of interoperability
25:
8811:
7144:
6941:, Department of Social Sciences,
6889:Skype Puts Video Calls on Your TV
6884:, Wainhouse Research, March 2005.
6673:, Wainhouse Research, April 2009.
6555:, June 1968, pp. 46–47.
6086:Attack of the Telepresence Robots
4975:from the original on May 11, 2016
4961:. Cengage Learning. p. 288.
4958:Principles of Information Systems
4094:Beauford, Moshe (March 5, 2020).
3338:purposes. personal videocalls to
3186:Descriptive names and terminology
2517:Federal Communications Commission
1526:compression protocols. The newer
1516:Federal Communications Commission
8494:
8484:
8475:
8474:
8463:
8084:Free-space optical communication
7403:
7393:
6600:
6275:Oprah's Skypefest Draws Backlash
6267:
6254:
6241:
6228:
6203:
6178:
6147:
6128:
6122:Verne, Jules. «In the year 2889»
6116:
6098:
5761:Bell Laboratories RECORD (1969)
5162:University of Chicago Law Review
4372:Kuhn, Kristine M. (2022-03-01).
4007:from the original on 2010-05-13.
3885:RTIR (Radio TV Interview Report)
2650:
2417:
1862:
1837:
1138:
1076:Bandwidth and quality of service
666:
208:
8542:Computer-mediated communication
7151:Debut of the First Picturephone
6916:"Videophones: The Real Problem"
6352:
6138:, May 15, 2010, retrieved from
6078:
6075:, November 24, 1966, No. 440/3.
6031:
6011:
5955:
5740:
5723:
5714:Journal of Knowledge Management
5706:
5675:
5644:
5553:
5477:
5458:
5403:
5385:
5367:
5349:
5334:
5320:
5277:
5244:
5226:
5208:
5167:
5150:
5128:
5046:
5020:
4987:
4922:
4911:from the original on 2017-06-08
4897:
4878:
4858:
4813:
4800:
4789:
4778:
4760:
4742:
4731:from the original on 2015-09-06
4717:
4628:
4617:
4593:
4584:
4445:
4404:
4365:
4324:
4285:
4246:
4207:
4166:
4140:
4115:
4087:
4047:
4029:
4011:
3986:
3887:. April 1, 2011. Archived from
3862:from the original on 2011-05-30
2661:needs additional citations for
2039:In a military investigation in
1149:needs additional citations for
677:needs additional citations for
6413:, Artech House, Boston, 1999,
6315:. Retrieved on March 20, 2007.
5589:Hogg, Trevor (26 March 2014).
4417:Journal of Vocational Behavior
4337:Journal of Vocational Behavior
4179:Journal of Vocational Behavior
4147:Jiang, Manyu (22 April 2020).
3809:
3800:
3787:
3778:
2513:sponsored video relay services
2406:order to ask their questions.
951:—midrange cost, usually using
884:By cost and quality of service
812:almost exclusively to digital
110:. The development of advanced
13:
1:
7197:
6987:Dude, Where's My Video Phone?
6517:10.1016/S0040-1625(02)00410-9
5952:, Online Etymology Dictionary
5341:Caines, Autums (2016-09-06).
4298:Journal of Applied Psychology
4220:Journal of Applied Psychology
3775:Mulbach et al, 1995. pg. 291.
2573:(BSL) to spoken English, and
2392:non-governmental organization
2335:Walt Disney Animation Studios
1728:through the medium-bandwidth
1691:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
1668:
1589:is known as the standard for
1129:
1099:Expense of commercial systems
1007:A live conversation is needed
872:, degrees of sophistication,
535:, plus videoconferencing and
27:Real-time video communication
8578:Virtual learning environment
8470:Telecommunication portal
8251:Telecommunications equipment
7400:Telecommunication portal
6334:. 2009-10-16. Archived from
6210:Kolker, Robert, ed. (2006).
6187:The Making of Kubrick's 2001
3736:(Virtual Researcher on Call)
3438:calls his daughter on Earth.
3044:Requires a web browser with
2595:sign languages are distinct
2462:British Telecom's Martlesham
2253:Special peripherals such as
2104:
1964:video-link which allowed 60
1898:A mobile video call between
1552:
1387:software. Solutions such as
857:, and can be used with many
835:hand-held electronic devices
645:Computers in Human Behaviour
108:conventional telephone lines
7:
8691:Voice chat in online gaming
7987:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
6943:Nottingham Trent University
6663:
6381:in IEE Publication Series,
5416:Annals of Internal Medicine
5197:New National Hearing Centre
4378:Computers in Human Behavior
3957:.com website, May 18, 1999.
3645:
3377:in other languages include
2411:International Monetary Fund
2280:
1780:Session Initiation Protocol
1687:Hypertext Transfer Protocol
1490:data compression techniques
1452:Howling created by feedback
989:
919:plain old telephone service
876:capacity requirements, and
607:to make a videocall to the
311:Stanford Research Institute
32:Videophone (disambiguation)
10:
8816:
8790:Telecommunication services
7691:Telecommunications history
7031:Telematics and Informatics
6848:
6447:10.1518/001872095779064582
6154:2001: The Making of a Myth
6060:, March 31, 2010, p. L01d.
5498:, March–April 2009, p. 22.
5261:10.1002/9781118914069.ch12
4820:Johnston, Alan B. (2004).
4650:10.1177/001872087701900201
4548:Gates, Bill (2001-09-04).
3569:, in which the female spy
3521:2001: The Making of a Myth
3515:in the United States. Dr.
3344:airline engineering issues
3189:
2588:sign language interpreters
2458:1964 New York World's Fair
2429:
2379:
2372:procedures and equipment.
2202:
2116:
2036:of the U.S. Constitution.
1796:
1751:
1677:protocol (notably Cisco's
1480:
1431:Acoustic echo cancellation
477:Beethoven's Ninth Symphony
384:, shown here with a video
329:
263:used two radio-frequency (
179:Videotelephone booth, 1922
160:
156:
29:
8765:Film and video technology
8711:
8646:
8588:Asynchronous conferencing
8586:
8548:
8458:
8400:
8337:
8299:Public Switched Telephone
8259:
8223:
8180:
8121:
8111:telecommunication circuit
8072:Fiber-optic communication
8055:
7817:Francis Blake (telephone)
7764:
7612:Optical telecommunication
7456:
7390:
7354:
7323:
7275:Communications satellites
7262:
7241:
7205:
7119:Die Fernseh-Sprechtechnik
6995:website, October 15, 2007
6955:The New York Times online
6236:Moon (Duncan Jones, 2009)
6110:Histoire de la television
5968:Definition: Video Calling
5812:Sperling, George (1980).
5496:Just for Canadian Doctors
5296:10.3726/978-3-0351-0013-6
5220:February 9, 2011, at the
4697:Firestone, Scott (2007).
4430:10.1016/j.jvb.2024.103984
4390:10.1016/j.chb.2021.107110
4350:10.1016/j.jvb.2024.103984
4192:10.1016/j.jvb.2024.103984
3715:—the ancestral technology
2614:With video interpreting,
2569:(LSE) to spoken Spanish,
2536:Video Remote Interpreting
2487:21st-century improvements
2473:analog copper phone lines
2436:Video Remote Interpreting
1871:This article needs to be
1853:
1483:Broadband Internet access
1055:Appearance consciousness:
949:Videoconferencing systems
520:, web plugins supporting
287:, and business meetings.
219:closed-circuit television
183:
163:History of videotelephony
8648:Synchronous conferencing
8210:Orbital angular-momentum
7647:Satellite communications
7486:Communications satellite
7085:Bell Laboratories Record
7072:Bell Laboratories RECORD
7051:Historical and technical
6972:Saint Louis, Catherine.
5233:SSA Overview Performance
4894:Retrieved on 2009-06-18.
4772:January 4, 2010, at the
4754:August 10, 2009, at the
4577:January 4, 2006, at the
3915:. Springer. p. 41.
3745:
3724:U.S.–Soviet Space Bridge
3597:Where the Skype Are You?
3332:tele-medical, diagnostic
3328:deaf Video Relay Service
2565:(LSF) to spoken French,
2375:
2168:cross-cultural exchanges
1827:decentralized multipoint
1701:also now provide video.
1107:Multipoint Control Units
966:state-of-the-art levels.
953:multipoint control units
589:hand-held mobile devices
563:, were displayed at the
433:in 1988, and subsequent
255:During the first crewed
8760:Computing input devices
8601:Electronic mailing list
8089:Molecular communication
7912:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
7741:Undersea telegraph line
7476:Cable protection system
7270:Cable protection system
6389:(Great Britain), 1998,
6144:website, April 8, 2012.
6069:"A Viewphone Service",
5843:10.1126/science.7433998
5183:, Lifesize.com website.
5174:Case Study: Hall County
5164:, 2007, Vol. 74, No. 4.
3687:Press videoconferencing
3367:AT&T's Picturephone
3307:multipoint control unit
2515:authorized by the U.S.
2501:video compression codec
2477:ISDN (data) phone lines
2388:press videoconferencing
2382:Press videoconferencing
1805:Multipoint Control Unit
1799:Multipoint Control Unit
1549:broadband performance.
1506:(ITU-T) recommendation
1405:Videoconferencing modes
999:adequate. Other times,
555:In May 2005, the first
545:telepresence technology
352:initial public offering
315:NLS computer technology
8785:Science fiction themes
8573:Social network service
8568:Collaborative software
8563:Communication software
8231:Communication protocol
8017:Charles Sumner Tainter
7832:Walter Houser Brattain
7777:Edwin Howard Armstrong
7585:Information revolution
7123:Fernseh A.G.: 10 Jahre
7018:Coroama, V.C., et al.
7000:Environmental benefits
5886:Fitzgerald, Thomas J.
5343:"Digital Pedagogy Lab"
5328:"Virtually Connecting"
4610:June 22, 2006, at the
3439:
3348:maintenance facilities
3294:videoconference system
2875:App must be installed
2624:telephone interpreting
2575:American Sign Language
2559:speech-impaired (mute)
2527:
2427:
2347:Kristen Anderson-Lopez
2217:applications, such as
2114:
1993:
1914:
1574:
1478:
1460:Bandwidth requirements
1433:(AEC) is a processing
1419:Voice-Activated Switch
1239:of some kind (usually
1220:
1209:
1045:Telcordia Technologies
787:
779:
650:On 21 September 2021,
491:
438:video coding standards
429:, standardised by the
389:
326:
318:
221:systems connected via
180:
172:
48:
8633:Bulletin board system
8205:Polarization-division
7937:Narinder Singh Kapany
7902:Erna Schneider Hoover
7822:Jagadish Chandra Bose
7802:Alexander Graham Bell
7533:online video platform
7410:Telephones portal
6728:Miller, Claire Cain.
6715:Miller, Claire Cain.
6361:Audio Video Telephony
6185:Agel, Jerome (1970).
5924:Videophone definition
5287:Telecollaboration 2.0
4890:May 16, 2009, at the
4673:Understanding Latency
3858:. WilliamJTobin.com.
3667:Information appliance
3545:orbit above the Earth
3500:2001: A Space Odyssey
3435:2001: A Space Odyssey
3431:
3133:ninja-forms-videomail
2822:Apple hardware only (
2571:British Sign Language
2567:Spanish Sign Language
2525:
2468:via video telephony.
2425:
2398:on developmental and
2112:
1991:
1942:Deaf, hard-of-hearing
1897:
1752:Further information:
1605:Scalable Video Coding
1560:
1467:
1215:
1200:
1087:Complexity of systems
1070:total round-trip time
785:
767:
485:
423:video coding standard
379:
324:
308:
191:electrical telegraphy
178:
170:
118:, and high-bandwidth
72:two-way communication
42:
8755:Assistive technology
8047:Vladimir K. Zworykin
8007:Almon Brown Strowger
7977:Charles Grafton Page
7632:Prepaid mobile phone
7560:Electrical telegraph
7372:Telephone newspapers
7138:Hans-Bredow-Institut
7089:viewable online here
6854:Adeshina, Emmanuel.
6725:, November 11, 2009.
6621:improve this article
6545:Stevenson Bacon, W.
6295:"The Farnsworth" in
6125:, Project Gutenberg.
6037:Jackman, Elizabeth.
5894:, December 18, 2003.
5483:Van't Haaff, Corey.
4507:. Note costing: "...
3729:Visual communication
3232:was coined in 1935.
2670:improve this article
2579:German Sign Language
2563:French Sign Language
2452:(trademarked as the
2316:In the increasingly
2310:mobile collaboration
2275:mobile collaboration
2052:Hall County, Georgia
1193:Components and types
1158:improve this article
994:For over a century,
959:Telepresence systems
921:(POTS) lines on the
831:Mobile collaboration
686:improve this article
605:BGAN satellite modem
593:Mobile collaboration
463:opening ceremony in
461:1998 Winter Olympics
246:AT&T Corporation
238:AT&T's Bell Labs
8666:Internet Relay Chat
7997:Johann Philipp Reis
7756:Wireless revolution
7718:The Telephone Cases
7575:Hydraulic telegraph
7295:Mobile phone signal
7109:Bell Labs Quarterly
7046:, October 13, 2009.
7012:Scientific American
6969:, November 7, 2008.
6784:Shannon, Victoria.
6676:Kopytoff, Verne G.
6669:Greenberg, Alan D.
6633:footnote references
6273:Julianne Pepitone,
5835:1980Sci...210..797S
5737:, December 3, 2014.
5374:LifeSize Case Study
5356:LifeSize Case Study
5156:Tokson, Matthew J.
5142:. 14 October 2010.
5140:theappwhisperer.com
4846:IMTC Press Coverage
4727:. 29 January 2015.
4570:Van Meggelen, Jim.
4459:. 21 September 2021
4067:Larson, Stephanie.
3315:telepresence system
3303:videoteleconference
3258:increased bandwidth
2719:Works on desktops?
2632:necessary equipment
2493:Sorenson Media Inc.
2432:Video Relay Service
2199:Medicine and health
2141:virtual field trips
1954:Video Relay Service
1759:Conferencing layers
1565:is an example of a
1496:Broadband bandwidth
1413:Continuous Presence
611:from the summit of
354:in November, 1984.
8775:Health informatics
8195:Frequency-division
8172:Telephone exchange
8042:Charles Wheatstone
7972:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
7947:Innocenzo Manzetti
7882:Reginald Fessenden
7617:Optical telegraphy
7450:Telecommunications
7285:Free-space optical
7094:2020-02-05 at the
7043:The Globe and Mail
7025:2013-06-03 at the
6979:The New York Times
6948:Perlroth, Nicole.
6907:The New York Times
6894:The New York Times
6874:The New York Times
6861:The New York Times
6841:The New York Times
6817:The New York Times
6804:The New York Times
6794:, August 29, 2007.
6791:The New York Times
6774:The New York Times
6767:Ramirez, Anthony.
6761:The New York Times
6748:The New York Times
6735:The New York Times
6722:The New York Times
6709:The New York Times
6699:, August 27, 1998.
6696:The New York Times
6683:The New York Times
6367:2021-01-19 at the
6308:2007-08-28 at the
6280:2017-03-31 at the
6251:, McFarland, 2003.
6247:Garyn G. Roberts,
6159:2017-02-10 at the
6134:French, Lawrence.
6091:2017-06-30 at the
6024:2014-07-04 at the
5993:2017-06-28 at the
5973:2012-10-12 at the
5948:2017-02-03 at the
5929:2017-02-04 at the
5892:The New York Times
5870:2017-07-02 at the
5791:2016-05-06 at the
5768:2012-06-23 at the
5729:Freeman, Michael,
5688:Studio System News
5569:on August 20, 2011
5533:2010-12-23 at the
5514:2010-11-20 at the
5490:2012-03-24 at the
5485:Virtually On-sight
5470:2017-07-07 at the
5397:2017-07-18 at the
5379:2012-07-23 at the
5361:2012-07-22 at the
5238:2017-05-06 at the
5202:2016-04-16 at the
5179:2012-07-22 at the
5122:2014-06-26 at the
5094:2013-05-11 at the
4871:2013-05-11 at the
4851:2017-03-31 at the
4679:2013-05-14 at the
4534:The New York Times
4527:2017-08-27 at the
4520:Perlroth, Nicole.
4487:2016-05-08 at the
4310:10.1037/apl0000948
4271:10.1111/apps.12360
4259:Applied Psychology
4232:10.1037/apl0000906
4074:2016-03-28 at the
4060:2017-05-19 at the
4041:2017-03-13 at the
4023:2016-04-16 at the
3973:2014-07-04 at the
3966:Yegulalp, Serdar.
3826:, Springer, 2009,
3822:2016-05-05 at the
3758:"Videotelephony".
3440:
3414:telepresence robot
3260:and sophisticated
3138:2018-01-19 at the
3011:2019-01-08 at the
2999:2019-01-08 at the
2752:Facebook Messenger
2728:Required hardware
2592:Dominican Republic
2528:
2442:telecommunications
2428:
2267:medical ultrasound
2119:Distance education
2115:
2027:Government and law
1994:
1915:
1793:Multipoint control
1697:protocols such as
1617:data collaboration
1575:
1479:
1385:native application
1221:
1210:
855:personal computers
788:
780:
577:display resolution
551:Additional history
541:Internet telephony
492:
419:uncompressed video
390:
371:AT&T Bell Labs
327:
319:
285:distance education
181:
173:
139:distance education
49:
18:Video-conferencing
8737:
8736:
8681:Videoconferencing
8661:Instant messaging
8656:Data conferencing
8558:Online discussion
8508:
8507:
8246:Store and forward
8241:Data transmission
8155:Network switching
8106:Transmission line
7952:Guglielmo Marconi
7917:Internet pioneers
7782:Mohamed M. Atalla
7751:Whistled language
7416:
7415:
7249:Answering machine
7128:Schulte, Olaf A.
7036:Pachner, Joanna.
7015:, March 18, 2009.
6985:Steinberg, Neil.
6741:Millman, Howard.
6661:
6660:
6653:
6585:978-1-57820-316-1
6541:978-0-07-140085-5
6523:Shepard, Steven.
6497:978-0-471-15032-9
6477:Nellist, John G.
6427:978-1-58053-023-1
6403:978-0-85296-914-4
6234:Marshall, Colin.
6221:978-0-19-517453-3
6196:978-0-451-07139-2
6084:Lehrbaum, Rick. "
6017:Lawson, Stephen.
5829:(4471): 797–799.
5694:on March 24, 2014
5215:ODAE Pubs: 70-067
4831:978-1-58053-168-9
4710:978-1-58705-268-2
4505:978-1-59904-964-9
3840:978-1-84882-482-9
3815:Harrison, Steve.
3703:Telecollaboration
3614:", an episode of
3301:(also known as a
3266:videoconferencing
3156:
3155:
3122:only for viewing
3074:100% proprietary
2988:100% proprietary
2938:100% proprietary
2888:100% proprietary
2842:100% proprietary
2792:100% proprietary
2702:
2701:
2694:
2597:natural languages
2396:press conferences
2269:imaging devices,
2134:language barriers
2126:telecollaboration
1892:
1891:
1695:instant messaging
1609:Internet Protocol
1535:audio compression
1426:Echo cancellation
1397:browser extension
1345:remote controlled
1341:Dedicated systems
1190:
1189:
1182:
976:Computer security
971:Security concerns
942:microphone arrays
931:Internet Protocol
809:Videoconferencing
786:USB webcam for PC
762:
761:
754:
736:
620:COVID-19 pandemic
411:video compression
336:digital telephony
250:video compression
145:, and overcoming
129:transmission for
88:Videoconferencing
70:for simultaneous
56:videoconferencing
16:(Redirected from
8807:
8795:Teleconferencing
8703:Web conferencing
8638:Online guestbook
8535:
8528:
8521:
8512:
8511:
8498:
8497:
8488:
8487:
8478:
8477:
8468:
8467:
8466:
8339:Notable networks
8329:Wireless network
8269:Cellular network
8261:Types of network
8236:Computer network
8123:Network topology
8037:Thomas A. Watson
7892:Oliver Heaviside
7877:Philo Farnsworth
7852:Daniel Davis Jr.
7827:Charles Bourseul
7787:John Logie Baird
7496:Data compression
7491:Computer network
7443:
7436:
7429:
7420:
7419:
7408:
7407:
7406:
7398:
7397:
7396:
7362:Fax transmission
7310:Submarine cables
7192:
7185:
7178:
7169:
7168:
7102:Ives, Herbert E.
7078:Ives, Herbert E.
6961:ProAV Magazine.
6940:
6934:
6926:
6924:
6923:
6844:, June 16, 2005.
6754:O'Brien, Kevin.
6751:, July 12, 2001.
6712:, July 22, 2008.
6656:
6649:
6645:
6642:
6636:
6604:
6603:
6596:
6558:Valinder, Anne.
6520:
6474:
6410:Visual Telephony
6347:
6346:
6344:
6343:
6322:
6316:
6291:
6285:
6271:
6265:
6258:
6252:
6245:
6239:
6232:
6226:
6225:
6207:
6201:
6200:
6182:
6176:
6151:
6145:
6132:
6126:
6120:
6114:
6113:
6102:
6096:
6082:
6076:
6067:
6061:
6048:
6042:
6035:
6029:
6015:
6009:
6007:
5984:
5978:
5959:
5953:
5943:Video definition
5940:
5934:
5921:
5915:
5914:
5901:
5895:
5884:
5875:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5818:
5809:
5800:
5782:
5773:
5759:
5753:
5751:
5744:
5738:
5727:
5721:
5719:
5710:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5690:. Archived from
5679:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5606:
5586:
5580:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5565:. Archived from
5557:
5551:
5544:
5538:
5525:
5519:
5505:
5499:
5481:
5475:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5428:10.7326/M21-3511
5407:
5401:
5389:
5383:
5371:
5365:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5248:
5242:
5230:
5224:
5212:
5206:
5193:
5184:
5171:
5165:
5154:
5148:
5147:
5132:
5126:
5114:
5108:
5105:
5099:
5086:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5060:Information Week
5050:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5034:on June 11, 2014
5024:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5013:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4936:on June 11, 2014
4926:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4901:
4895:
4882:
4876:
4862:
4856:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4824:. Artech House.
4817:
4811:
4804:
4798:
4793:
4787:
4782:
4776:
4767:SVC White Papers
4764:
4758:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4694:
4683:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4632:
4626:
4621:
4615:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4582:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4545:
4539:
4518:
4512:
4510:
4478:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4432:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4352:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4304:(8): 1137–1155.
4289:
4283:
4282:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4194:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4091:
4085:
4082:, June 24, 2013.
4053:Callaham, John.
4051:
4045:
4033:
4027:
4015:
4009:
4008:
3990:
3984:
3964:
3958:
3948:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3852:
3843:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3776:
3773:
3764:
3763:
3755:
3740:Web conferencing
3638:... Sasha Fierce
3637:
3537:Making of a Myth
3530:
3526:
3397:(Spanish), both
3389:(Italian), both
3353:Other names for
3320:enterprise-level
3286:software clients
3262:software clients
3236:Videophone calls
3214:video telephones
3179:
3164:
2848:Glide (software)
2722:Mobile support?
2716:Pure web based?
2704:
2703:
2697:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2677:
2654:
2646:
2301:locations using
2130:virtual exchange
1998:teleconferencing
1887:
1884:
1878:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1663:Juniper Networks
1613:web conferencing
1540:
1524:H.264/MPEG-4 AVC
1513:
1498:is often called
1470:Deutsche Telekom
1284:computer monitor
1206:Polycom VSX 7000
1185:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1142:
1134:
1124:tablet computers
1101:: Well-designed
984:computer hackers
859:software clients
757:
750:
746:
743:
737:
735:
701:"Videotelephony"
694:
670:
662:
658:Major categories
537:computer webcams
348:PictureTel Corp.
300:interoperability
234:John Logie Baird
120:Internet service
114:, more powerful
62:) is the use of
21:
8815:
8814:
8810:
8809:
8808:
8806:
8805:
8804:
8740:
8739:
8738:
8733:
8707:
8642:
8582:
8544:
8539:
8509:
8504:
8464:
8462:
8454:
8396:
8333:
8255:
8219:
8176:
8125:
8117:
8058:
8051:
7957:Robert Metcalfe
7812:Tim Berners-Lee
7760:
7580:Information Age
7452:
7447:
7417:
7412:
7404:
7402:
7394:
7392:
7386:
7367:Telephone calls
7350:
7319:
7258:
7237:
7228:Satellite phone
7218:Cable telephony
7201:
7196:
7147:
7136:, Baden-Baden:
7096:Wayback Machine
7053:
7027:Wayback Machine
7005:Biello, David.
7002:
6928:
6927:
6921:
6919:
6914:
6897:, July 2, 2010.
6851:
6834:Wayner, Peter.
6810:Vance, Ashlee.
6689:Lawlor, Julia.
6686:, June 1, 2011.
6666:
6657:
6646:
6640:
6637:
6618:
6609:This article's
6605:
6601:
6594:
6592:Further reading
6552:Popular Science
6369:Wayback Machine
6355:
6350:
6341:
6339:
6331:The Independent
6324:
6323:
6319:
6310:Wayback Machine
6292:
6288:
6282:Wayback Machine
6272:
6268:
6259:
6255:
6246:
6242:
6233:
6229:
6222:
6208:
6204:
6197:
6183:
6179:
6161:Wayback Machine
6152:
6148:
6141:Cinefantastique
6133:
6129:
6121:
6117:
6104:
6103:
6099:
6093:Wayback Machine
6083:
6079:
6068:
6064:
6049:
6045:
6036:
6032:
6026:Wayback Machine
6016:
6012:
6005:
5995:Wayback Machine
5986:Howell, Peter.
5985:
5981:
5975:Wayback Machine
5960:
5956:
5950:Wayback Machine
5941:
5937:
5931:Wayback Machine
5922:
5918:
5913:. 23 July 2022.
5903:
5902:
5898:
5885:
5878:
5872:Wayback Machine
5862:
5858:
5816:
5810:
5803:
5793:Wayback Machine
5784:New Scientist.
5783:
5776:
5770:Wayback Machine
5760:
5756:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5728:
5724:
5717:
5711:
5707:
5697:
5695:
5680:
5676:
5666:
5664:
5649:
5645:
5635:
5633:
5618:
5614:
5604:
5602:
5595:Flickering Myth
5587:
5583:
5572:
5570:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5554:
5545:
5541:
5535:Wayback Machine
5526:
5522:
5516:Wayback Machine
5506:
5502:
5492:Wayback Machine
5482:
5478:
5472:Wayback Machine
5463:
5459:
5408:
5404:
5399:Wayback Machine
5392:AVer Case Study
5390:
5386:
5381:Wayback Machine
5372:
5368:
5363:Wayback Machine
5354:
5350:
5339:
5335:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5314:
5282:
5278:
5271:
5249:
5245:
5240:Wayback Machine
5231:
5227:
5222:Wayback Machine
5213:
5209:
5204:Wayback Machine
5194:
5187:
5181:Wayback Machine
5172:
5168:
5155:
5151:
5134:
5133:
5129:
5124:Wayback Machine
5115:
5111:
5106:
5102:
5096:Wayback Machine
5087:
5080:
5070:
5068:
5051:
5047:
5037:
5035:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5011:
5009:
4992:
4988:
4978:
4976:
4969:
4953:
4949:
4939:
4937:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4914:
4912:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4892:Wayback Machine
4883:
4879:
4873:Wayback Machine
4863:
4859:
4853:Wayback Machine
4843:
4839:
4832:
4818:
4814:
4805:
4801:
4794:
4790:
4783:
4779:
4774:Wayback Machine
4765:
4761:
4756:Wayback Machine
4747:
4743:
4734:
4732:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4711:
4695:
4686:
4681:Wayback Machine
4669:
4665:
4633:
4629:
4622:
4618:
4612:Wayback Machine
4598:
4594:
4589:
4585:
4579:Wayback Machine
4569:
4565:
4546:
4542:
4529:Wayback Machine
4519:
4515:
4508:
4489:Wayback Machine
4479:
4472:
4462:
4460:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4409:
4405:
4370:
4366:
4329:
4325:
4290:
4286:
4251:
4247:
4212:
4208:
4171:
4167:
4157:
4155:
4145:
4141:
4132:
4130:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4092:
4088:
4076:Wayback Machine
4062:Wayback Machine
4052:
4048:
4043:Wayback Machine
4034:
4030:
4025:Wayback Machine
4016:
4012:
3991:
3987:
3983:, May 11, 2012.
3975:Wayback Machine
3965:
3961:
3949:
3942:
3934:
3930:
3923:
3907:
3903:
3894:
3892:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3865:
3863:
3854:
3853:
3846:
3824:Wayback Machine
3814:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3767:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3648:
3635:
3631:from her album
3625:Beyoncé Knowles
3528:
3524:
3509:Stanley Kubrick
3505:Space Station V
3480:science fiction
3444:science fiction
3426:
3424:Popular culture
3363:British Telecom
3299:videoconference
3226:video telephone
3210:videotelephones
3194:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3165:
3161:
3140:Wayback Machine
3013:Wayback Machine
3001:Wayback Machine
2894:Google Hangouts
2698:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2667:
2655:
2644:
2599:with their own
2555:hard-of-hearing
2489:
2438:
2430:Main articles:
2420:
2400:good governance
2386:The concept of
2384:
2378:
2283:
2263:videoendoscopes
2259:digital cameras
2207:
2201:
2121:
2107:
2029:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1840:
1801:
1795:
1761:
1756:
1689:(HTTP) and the
1671:
1555:
1538:
1511:
1485:
1462:
1428:
1407:
1367:Desktop systems
1350:video projector
1237:digital network
1218:Google Hangouts
1195:
1186:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1155:
1143:
1132:
1043:
992:
973:
905:high definition
886:
758:
747:
741:
738:
695:
693:
683:
671:
660:
557:high definition
553:
407:
350:, which had an
332:
211:
186:
165:
159:
147:mobility issues
135:speech-impaired
54:(also known as
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8813:
8803:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8750:Videotelephony
8735:
8734:
8732:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8715:
8713:
8709:
8708:
8706:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8694:
8693:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8652:
8650:
8644:
8643:
8641:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8629:
8628:
8623:
8616:Internet forum
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8592:
8590:
8584:
8583:
8581:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8549:
8546:
8545:
8538:
8537:
8530:
8523:
8515:
8506:
8505:
8503:
8502:
8492:
8482:
8472:
8459:
8456:
8455:
8453:
8452:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8424:
8423:
8418:
8410:
8404:
8402:
8398:
8397:
8395:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8343:
8341:
8335:
8334:
8332:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8265:
8263:
8257:
8256:
8254:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8227:
8225:
8221:
8220:
8218:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8190:Space-division
8186:
8184:
8178:
8177:
8175:
8174:
8169:
8168:
8167:
8162:
8152:
8151:
8150:
8140:
8135:
8129:
8127:
8119:
8118:
8116:
8115:
8114:
8113:
8103:
8102:
8101:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8080:
8079:
8069:
8063:
8061:
8053:
8052:
8050:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8027:Camille Tissot
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
8002:Claude Shannon
7999:
7994:
7992:Tivadar Puskás
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7962:Antonio Meucci
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7932:Charles K. Kao
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7907:Harold Hopkins
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7807:Emile Berliner
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7768:
7766:
7762:
7761:
7759:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7746:Videotelephony
7743:
7738:
7737:
7736:
7731:
7721:
7714:
7709:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7682:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7661:
7660:
7659:
7649:
7644:
7642:Radiotelephone
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7608:
7607:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7546:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7528:Internet video
7520:
7519:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7462:
7460:
7454:
7453:
7446:
7445:
7438:
7431:
7423:
7414:
7413:
7391:
7388:
7387:
7385:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7358:
7356:
7352:
7351:
7349:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7336:Misdialed call
7333:
7327:
7325:
7321:
7320:
7318:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7266:
7264:
7260:
7259:
7257:
7256:
7251:
7245:
7243:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7209:
7207:
7203:
7202:
7195:
7194:
7187:
7180:
7172:
7166:
7165:
7160:
7154:
7146:
7145:External links
7143:
7142:
7141:
7126:
7115:
7112:
7099:
7075:
7068:
7061:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7047:
7034:
7016:
7001:
6998:
6997:
6996:
6983:
6970:
6967:ProAV Magazine
6959:
6946:
6911:
6900:Hoffman, Jan.
6898:
6887:Fairlie, Rik.
6885:
6878:
6867:Bajaj, Vikas.
6865:
6850:
6847:
6846:
6845:
6832:
6825:
6808:
6797:Sharkey, Joe.
6795:
6782:
6765:
6752:
6739:
6726:
6713:
6700:
6687:
6674:
6665:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6613:external links
6608:
6606:
6599:
6593:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6563:
6556:
6543:
6521:
6511:(3): 197–216.
6500:
6475:
6441:(2): 290–305.
6430:
6405:
6387:Science Museum
6372:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6348:
6317:
6303:Lisa's Wedding
6301:
6300:
6286:
6266:
6253:
6240:
6227:
6220:
6202:
6195:
6177:
6167:; directed by
6146:
6127:
6115:
6097:
6077:
6062:
6043:
6030:
6010:
5979:
5954:
5935:
5916:
5896:
5876:
5863:Whybray, M.W.
5856:
5801:
5774:
5754:
5739:
5722:
5705:
5674:
5643:
5612:
5581:
5552:
5539:
5520:
5500:
5476:
5457:
5422:(2): 256–266.
5402:
5384:
5366:
5348:
5333:
5319:
5312:
5276:
5269:
5243:
5225:
5207:
5185:
5166:
5149:
5127:
5109:
5100:
5078:
5045:
5019:
4986:
4968:978-1285414775
4967:
4947:
4921:
4896:
4877:
4857:
4837:
4830:
4812:
4799:
4788:
4777:
4759:
4741:
4716:
4709:
4684:
4663:
4644:(2): 101–126.
4627:
4616:
4592:
4583:
4563:
4560:on 2001-11-06.
4540:
4513:
4470:
4444:
4403:
4364:
4323:
4284:
4265:(3): 827–852.
4245:
4226:(3): 330–344.
4206:
4165:
4139:
4114:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4046:
4028:
4010:
3985:
3959:
3940:
3928:
3921:
3901:
3872:
3844:
3808:
3799:
3786:
3777:
3765:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3708:Teleconference
3705:
3700:
3695:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3621:
3612:Lisa's Wedding
3448:telephonoscope
3425:
3422:
3365:equivalent to
3336:rehabilitative
3187:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3105:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3085:Binary Kitchen
3082:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3056:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3033:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3003:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2700:
2699:
2658:
2656:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2488:
2485:
2419:
2416:
2380:Main article:
2377:
2374:
2282:
2279:
2223:medical images
2203:Main article:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2106:
2103:
2041:North Carolina
2028:
2025:
1975:blood pressure
1890:
1889:
1870:
1868:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1839:
1836:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1797:Main article:
1794:
1791:
1760:
1757:
1746:Asterisk (PBX)
1723:There is also
1670:
1667:
1635:
1634:
1624:
1598:
1554:
1551:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1443:
1427:
1424:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1375:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1314:
1304:
1294:
1277:
1204:: A mid-2000s
1194:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1146:
1144:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1111:
1110:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1073:
1062:Signal latency
1059:
1052:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
991:
988:
972:
969:
968:
967:
956:
946:
934:
912:
885:
882:
839:Proximity chat
801:video-enabled
760:
759:
674:
672:
665:
659:
656:
567:trade show in
552:
549:
531:such as 2010s
471:conducted the
406:
403:
334:In the 1980s,
331:
328:
296:network effect
210:
207:
185:
182:
161:Main article:
158:
155:
52:Videotelephony
47:system in 2007
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8812:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8747:
8745:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8724:Microblogging
8722:
8720:
8717:
8716:
8714:
8710:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8692:
8689:
8688:
8687:
8686:Voice over IP
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8671:LAN messenger
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8653:
8651:
8649:
8645:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8618:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8593:
8591:
8589:
8585:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8550:
8547:
8543:
8536:
8531:
8529:
8524:
8522:
8517:
8516:
8513:
8501:
8493:
8491:
8483:
8481:
8473:
8471:
8461:
8460:
8457:
8450:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8413:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8405:
8403:
8399:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8344:
8342:
8340:
8336:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8266:
8264:
8262:
8258:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8228:
8226:
8222:
8216:
8215:Code-division
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8200:Time-division
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8187:
8185:
8183:
8179:
8173:
8170:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8157:
8156:
8153:
8149:
8146:
8145:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8130:
8128:
8126:and switching
8124:
8120:
8112:
8109:
8108:
8107:
8104:
8100:
8097:
8096:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8078:
8077:optical fiber
8075:
8074:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8067:Coaxial cable
8065:
8064:
8062:
8060:
8054:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7982:Radia Perlman
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7872:Lee de Forest
7870:
7868:
7867:Thomas Edison
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7857:Donald Davies
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7842:Claude Chappe
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7769:
7767:
7763:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7726:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7719:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7686:Smoke signals
7684:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7666:
7665:
7664:Semiconductor
7662:
7658:
7655:
7654:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7606:
7603:
7602:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7525:
7524:
7523:Digital media
7521:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7498:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7463:
7461:
7459:
7455:
7451:
7444:
7439:
7437:
7432:
7430:
7425:
7424:
7421:
7411:
7401:
7389:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7353:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7341:Nuisance call
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7322:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7280:Fibre-optical
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7267:
7265:
7261:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7246:
7244:
7240:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7210:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7193:
7188:
7186:
7181:
7179:
7174:
7173:
7170:
7164:
7161:
7158:
7155:
7152:
7149:
7148:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7113:
7110:
7106:
7103:
7100:
7097:
7093:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7079:
7076:
7073:
7069:
7066:
7062:
7059:
7055:
7054:
7045:
7044:
7039:
7035:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7021:
7017:
7014:
7013:
7008:
7004:
7003:
6994:
6993:
6988:
6984:
6981:
6980:
6975:
6971:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6957:
6956:
6951:
6947:
6944:
6938:
6932:
6917:
6913:Miller, Hugh.
6912:
6909:
6908:
6903:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6890:
6886:
6883:
6879:
6876:
6875:
6870:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6857:
6853:
6852:
6843:
6842:
6837:
6833:
6830:
6826:
6823:
6819:
6818:
6813:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6800:
6796:
6793:
6792:
6787:
6783:
6780:
6776:
6775:
6770:
6766:
6763:
6762:
6757:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6744:
6740:
6737:
6736:
6731:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6718:
6714:
6711:
6710:
6705:
6702:Lohr, Steve.
6701:
6698:
6697:
6692:
6688:
6685:
6684:
6679:
6675:
6672:
6668:
6667:
6655:
6652:
6644:
6641:December 2016
6634:
6630:
6629:inappropriate
6626:
6622:
6616:
6614:
6607:
6598:
6597:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6577:1-57820-316-3
6574:
6570:
6569:
6564:
6561:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6548:
6544:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6533:0-07-140085-0
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6501:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6489:0-471-15032-0
6486:
6482:
6481:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6435:Human Factors
6431:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6419:1-58053-023-0
6416:
6412:
6411:
6406:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6395:0-85296-914-7
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6379:
6374:Burns, R.W.,
6373:
6370:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6357:
6356:
6338:on 2009-10-20
6337:
6333:
6332:
6327:
6321:
6314:
6311:
6307:
6304:
6298:
6294:
6293:
6290:
6283:
6279:
6276:
6270:
6263:
6257:
6250:
6244:
6237:
6231:
6223:
6217:
6213:
6206:
6198:
6192:
6188:
6181:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6165:James Cameron
6162:
6158:
6155:
6150:
6143:
6142:
6137:
6131:
6124:
6119:
6111:
6107:
6101:
6094:
6090:
6087:
6081:
6074:
6073:
6072:New Scientist
6066:
6059:
6058:
6053:
6047:
6040:
6034:
6027:
6023:
6020:
6014:
6002:
6001:
5996:
5992:
5989:
5983:
5976:
5972:
5969:
5965:
5964:
5958:
5951:
5947:
5944:
5939:
5932:
5928:
5925:
5920:
5912:
5911:
5906:
5900:
5893:
5889:
5883:
5881:
5873:
5869:
5866:
5860:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5823:
5815:
5808:
5806:
5798:
5797:New Scientist
5794:
5790:
5787:
5781:
5779:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5758:
5747:
5743:
5736:
5735:Highfive Blog
5732:
5726:
5715:
5709:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5678:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5647:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5616:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5585:
5568:
5564:
5556:
5549:
5543:
5536:
5532:
5529:
5524:
5517:
5513:
5510:
5504:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5486:
5480:
5473:
5469:
5466:
5461:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5406:
5400:
5396:
5393:
5388:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5370:
5364:
5360:
5357:
5352:
5344:
5337:
5329:
5323:
5315:
5313:9783035100136
5309:
5305:
5304:11577/2418350
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5280:
5272:
5270:9781118914069
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5247:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5229:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5211:
5205:
5201:
5198:
5192:
5190:
5182:
5178:
5175:
5170:
5163:
5159:
5153:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5131:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5113:
5104:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5085:
5083:
5066:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5049:
5033:
5029:
5023:
5007:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4990:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4951:
4935:
4931:
4925:
4910:
4906:
4900:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4881:
4874:
4870:
4867:
4861:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4841:
4833:
4827:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4803:
4797:
4792:
4786:
4781:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4763:
4757:
4753:
4750:
4745:
4730:
4726:
4720:
4712:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4670:Percy, Alan.
4667:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4638:Human Factors
4631:
4625:
4624:Google Patent
4620:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4587:
4580:
4576:
4573:
4567:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4535:
4530:
4526:
4523:
4517:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4497:1-59904-964-3
4494:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4458:
4454:
4448:
4440:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4407:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4368:
4360:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4327:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4249:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4210:
4202:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4154:
4150:
4143:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4090:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4032:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4014:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3981:
3980:Computerworld
3976:
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3952:
3947:
3945:
3937:
3932:
3924:
3922:9783540711698
3918:
3914:
3913:
3905:
3891:on 2011-07-24
3890:
3886:
3882:
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3857:
3851:
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3837:
3833:
3832:1-84882-482-3
3829:
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3699:
3696:
3693:
3692:Project DIANE
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3640:
3639:
3630:
3629:"Video Phone"
3626:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3593:Oprah Winfrey
3590:
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3576:
3572:
3568:
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3562:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3541:space station
3538:
3534:
3522:
3518:
3517:Larry Rabiner
3514:
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3493:
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3419:
3415:
3410:
3408:
3405:(Dutch), and
3404:
3400:
3399:beeldtelefoon
3396:
3395:videoteléfono
3392:
3388:
3387:videotelefono
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
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3333:
3329:
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3308:
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3296:
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3289:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3246:) as well as
3245:
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3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
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3097:
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3081:
3078:
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3070:
3068:
3064:
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3057:
3055:
3053:
3050:Apple blocks
3049:
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3034:
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3019:
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2763:
2760:
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2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2740:Technologies
2739:
2737:Specialities
2736:
2733:
2731:Installation
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2696:
2693:
2685:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2659:This section
2657:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2616:sign language
2612:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2532:sign language
2524:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2433:
2424:
2418:Sign language
2415:
2412:
2409:In 2004, the
2407:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2339:New York City
2336:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2321:film industry
2319:
2314:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2303:video banking
2298:
2295:
2293:
2288:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2249:
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2240:
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2190:
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2120:
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2100:
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2076:
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2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1950:sign language
1947:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1927:mobile phones
1923:
1921:
1920:chat programs
1912:
1909:
1908:Sony Ericsson
1905:
1901:
1896:
1886:
1883:February 2015
1874:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1838:Cloud storage
1835:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1816:
1813:
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1800:
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1572:
1568:
1564:
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1525:
1519:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1484:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1447:reverberation
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:Adobe Connect
1386:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:Data transfer
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1276:
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1251:
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1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1214:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1184:
1181:
1173:
1170:February 2013
1163:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1147:This section
1145:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1094:
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1088:
1085:
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1077:
1074:
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1067:
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1037:
1033:
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1027:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1002:
997:
987:
985:
981:
977:
964:
960:
957:
954:
950:
947:
943:
940:
935:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
913:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
891:
890:
889:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
866:video quality
862:
860:
856:
852:
851:
846:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
826:
822:
819:
815:
810:
806:
804:
803:mobile phones
800:
795:
791:
784:
778:
774:
771:
766:
756:
753:
745:
734:
731:
727:
724:
720:
717:
713:
710:
706:
703: –
702:
698:
697:Find sources:
691:
687:
681:
680:
675:This section
673:
669:
664:
663:
655:
653:
648:
646:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
616:
614:
613:Mount Everest
610:
606:
602:
597:
594:
590:
585:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
529:mobile phones
525:
523:
519:
515:
510:
508:
504:
503:mobile phones
500:
496:
489:
484:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
453:San Francisco
450:
446:
441:
439:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:digital video
412:
402:
400:
399:Project DIANE
394:
387:
383:
378:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:circuit board
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
323:
316:
312:
307:
303:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:space flights
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
209:Early systems
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
177:
169:
164:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
127:sign language
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
8182:Multiplexing
8057:Transmission
8022:Nikola Tesla
8012:Henry Sutton
7967:Samuel Morse
7897:Robert Hooke
7862:Amos Dolbear
7797:John Bardeen
7716:
7696:Telautograph
7600:Mobile phone
7555:Edholm's law
7538:social media
7471:Broadcasting
7381:
7377:Théâtrophone
7355:Applications
7263:Connectivity
7223:Mobile phone
7133:
7122:
7108:
7084:
7071:
7041:
7030:
7010:
6990:
6977:
6966:
6953:
6920:. Retrieved
6905:
6892:
6872:
6859:
6839:
6815:
6802:
6789:
6772:
6759:
6746:
6733:
6720:
6707:
6694:
6681:
6647:
6638:
6623:by removing
6610:
6567:
6550:
6508:
6504:
6479:
6438:
6434:
6409:
6377:
6376:Television:
6360:
6353:Bibliography
6340:. Retrieved
6336:the original
6329:
6320:
6312:
6297:Warehouse 13
6289:
6269:
6260:Phil Wolff,
6256:
6248:
6243:
6230:
6211:
6205:
6186:
6180:
6149:
6139:
6130:
6118:
6112:(in French).
6109:
6100:
6080:
6070:
6065:
6055:
6051:
6046:
6033:
6013:
6000:Toronto Star
5998:
5982:
5961:
5957:
5938:
5919:
5908:
5899:
5859:
5826:
5820:
5757:
5742:
5734:
5725:
5713:
5708:
5696:. Retrieved
5692:the original
5687:
5677:
5665:. Retrieved
5656:
5646:
5634:. Retrieved
5626:Awards Daily
5625:
5615:
5603:. Retrieved
5594:
5584:
5571:. Retrieved
5567:the original
5555:
5542:
5523:
5503:
5495:
5479:
5460:
5419:
5415:
5405:
5387:
5369:
5351:
5336:
5322:
5286:
5279:
5252:
5246:
5228:
5210:
5169:
5152:
5139:
5130:
5112:
5103:
5071:February 19,
5069:. Retrieved
5058:
5048:
5038:February 19,
5036:. Retrieved
5032:the original
5022:
5012:February 19,
5010:. Retrieved
5001:CIO Magazine
4999:
4989:
4979:February 19,
4977:. Retrieved
4957:
4950:
4940:February 19,
4938:. Retrieved
4934:the original
4924:
4913:. Retrieved
4899:
4880:
4860:
4840:
4821:
4815:
4807:
4802:
4791:
4780:
4762:
4744:
4733:. Retrieved
4719:
4699:
4672:
4666:
4641:
4637:
4630:
4619:
4595:
4586:
4566:
4558:the original
4553:
4543:
4533:
4516:
4463:21 September
4461:. Retrieved
4456:
4447:
4420:
4416:
4406:
4381:
4377:
4367:
4340:
4336:
4326:
4301:
4297:
4287:
4262:
4258:
4248:
4223:
4219:
4209:
4182:
4178:
4168:
4156:. Retrieved
4142:
4131:. Retrieved
4129:. 2020-05-01
4126:
4117:
4105:. Retrieved
4099:
4089:
4049:
4031:
4013:
3998:
3988:
3978:
3962:
3931:
3911:
3904:
3893:. Retrieved
3889:the original
3884:
3875:
3864:. Retrieved
3811:
3802:
3789:
3780:
3759:
3753:
3719:Teletraining
3632:
3617:The Simpsons
3615:
3605:
3596:
3589:TV talk show
3585:
3579:
3575:Adolf Hitler
3564:
3561:Warner Bros.
3558:
3551:
3549:
3536:
3532:
3520:
3499:
3496:
3489:
3487:Fritz Lang's
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3434:
3418:telerobotics
3413:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3325:
3313:
3311:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3218:Picturephone
3217:
3213:
3209:
3206:video phones
3205:
3201:
3197:
3195:
3162:
3125:Web browser
3080:videomail.io
2872:Any mobiles
2734:Limitations
2725:Uses email?
2688:
2679:
2668:Please help
2663:verification
2660:
2628:interpreters
2613:
2601:construction
2585:Multilingual
2583:
2548:
2543:mobile phone
2529:
2506:
2490:
2481:video codecs
2470:
2454:Picturephone
2453:
2439:
2408:
2404:
2385:
2370:
2366:
2351:
2343:Robert Lopez
2324:
2315:
2313:miles away.
2307:
2305:technology.
2299:
2296:
2284:
2257:fitted with
2252:
2211:telemedicine
2208:
2205:Telemedicine
2192:teleseminars
2146:
2138:
2122:
2091:Falls Church
2056:
2049:
2038:
2030:
2022:
2019:
2008:
2003:telepresence
2001:
1995:
1961:telemedicine
1958:
1940:
1924:
1916:
1880:
1872:
1841:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1809:
1802:
1784:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1734:
1722:
1703:
1672:
1636:
1576:
1563:Tandberg E20
1520:
1514:Mbit/s. The
1499:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1468:
1455:
1429:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1377:
1366:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1316:
1311:loudspeakers
1307:Audio output
1306:
1296:
1280:Video output
1279:
1271:video camera
1254:
1249:
1222:
1202:Dual display
1201:
1176:
1167:
1156:Please help
1151:verification
1148:
1112:
1103:telepresence
1098:
1092:
1086:
1075:
1061:
1054:
1029:Eye contact:
1028:
1019:
993:
979:
974:
962:
887:
874:transmission
870:capital cost
863:
848:
847:
843:
829:
825:Telepresence
823:
808:
807:
793:
792:
789:
748:
739:
729:
722:
715:
708:
696:
684:Please help
679:verification
676:
649:
640:Zoom fatigue
617:
598:
586:
554:
526:
511:
499:camera phone
493:
442:
409:Advances in
408:
395:
391:
356:
333:
292:Picturephone
289:
281:telemedicine
254:
252:techniques.
231:
212:
187:
143:telemedicine
124:
112:video codecs
104:image phones
103:
96:
92:telepresence
87:
75:
59:
55:
51:
50:
45:telepresence
36:
8780:Smartphones
8553:Online chat
8382:NPL network
8094:Radio waves
8032:Alfred Vail
7942:Hedy Lamarr
7927:Dawon Kahng
7887:Elisha Gray
7847:Yogen Dalal
7772:Nasir Ahmed
7706:Teleprinter
7570:Heliographs
7382:Video calls
7331:Missed call
7242:Accessories
7040:, Toronto:
6963:Being There
6173:Jamie Doran
6050:USA Today.
5963:PC Magazine
4554:PC Magazine
3993:George Ou.
3682:Mobile VoIP
3677:Media phone
3652:3GP and 3G2
3566:Plane Daffy
3409:(Catalan).
3383:Bildtelefon
3052:Adobe Flash
3046:Adobe Flash
2922:or mobiles
2826:or mobile)
2776:Any mobile
2743:Deaf made?
2292:remote work
2255:microscopes
2239:paramedical
2215:telenursing
2132:, although
2075:Albuquerque
1979:vital signs
1971:blood sugar
1754:Video codec
1712:defined by
1543:cable modem
1393:Cisco WebEx
1301:microphones
1297:Audio input
1255:Video input
1120:smartphones
1049:White House
1036:turn-taking
1032:Eye contact
939:beamforming
915:Videophones
878:cost of use
794:Videophones
634:. UK based
628:GoToMeeting
507:TFT display
469:Seiji Ozawa
344:Media space
84:smartphones
76:Videophones
8744:Categories
8712:Publishing
8626:Imageboard
8428:Antarctica
8387:Toasternet
8309:Television
7792:Paul Baran
7724:Television
7708:(teletype)
7701:Telegraphy
7679:transistor
7657:Phryctoria
7627:Photophone
7605:Smartphone
7595:Mass media
7233:Photophone
6992:Forbes.com
6922:2002-06-16
6827:Wang, Ses
6781:locations.
6342:2010-02-10
6189:. Signet.
6169:Paul Joyce
5636:January 4,
4915:2015-01-19
4864:Orr, Eli.
4806:RFC 4168,
4735:2016-03-23
4605:GazeMaster
4423:: 103984.
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4343:: 103984.
4185:: 103984.
4158:30 October
4133:2020-07-24
4080:Skype blog
3895:2011-05-18
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3698:Smartphone
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3571:Hatta Mari
3491:Metropolis
3478:» In many
3407:videofonĂa
3385:(German),
3381:(French),
3379:vidéophone
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3198:videophone
3190:See also:
3172:JavaScript
3145:JavaScript
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2972:or mobile
2803:Apple Inc.
2746:Licensing
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2337:hired the
2318:globalized
2231:physicians
2117:See also:
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1500:high-speed
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1472:T-View 100
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1021:Bill Gates
893:Web camera
742:April 2024
712:newspapers
601:smartphone
539:which use
473:Ode to Joy
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8372:Internet2
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7837:Vint Cerf
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7543:streaming
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7199:Telephony
6625:excessive
6455:0018-7208
6313:BBC.co.uk
6057:USA Today
5698:March 23,
5667:March 23,
5452:244923066
5436:0003-4819
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4398:0747-5632
4359:0001-8791
4318:1939-1854
4279:0269-994X
4240:1939-1854
4201:0001-8791
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3563:cartoon,
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3468:visiphone
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3403:videofoon
3391:videĂłfono
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3202:telephone
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2356:, Skype,
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2235:emergency
2219:diagnosis
2105:Education
2083:Baltimore
2067:St. Louis
1983:broadband
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1904:Singapore
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1435:algorithm
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996:futurists
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467:, Japan,
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195:telephony
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8698:Web chat
8480:Category
8367:Internet
8357:CYCLADES
8274:Ethernet
8224:Concepts
8148:terminal
8099:wireless
7922:Bob Kahn
7765:Pioneers
7590:Internet
7481:Cable TV
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7092:Archived
7023:Archived
6931:cite web
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6664:Unsorted
6471:31369406
6365:Archived
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5573:May 23,
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2099:Chicago
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1973:level,
1873:updated
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1066:latency
980:virtual
850:Webcams
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632:LogMeIn
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581:Polycom
565:Interop
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488:Kyocera
330:Digital
157:History
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8438:Europe
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8392:Usenet
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