1125:), which have been well-studied and are believed to be important regulators of browning. Irisin is secreted from muscle in response to exercise and has been shown to increase browning by acting on beige preadipocytes. FGF21, a hormone secreted mainly by the liver, has garnered a great deal of interest after being identified as a potent stimulator of glucose uptake and a browning regulator through its effects on PGC-1α. It is increased in BAT during cold exposure and is thought to aid in resistance to diet-induced obesity FGF21 may also be secreted in response to exercise and a low protein diet, although the latter has not been thoroughly investigated. Data from these studies suggest that environmental factors like diet and exercise may be important mediators of browning. In mice, it was found that beiging can occur through the production of
1423:
1177:) is a powerful computational tool that allows for the quantification of RNA expression for all genes within a sample. Incorporating RNA-Seq into browning studies is of great value, as it offers better specificity, sensitivity, and a more comprehensive overview of gene expression than other methods. RNA-Seq has been used in both human and mouse studies in an attempt characterize beige adipocytes according to their gene expression profiles and to identify potential therapeutic molecules that may induce the beige phenotype. One such study used RNA-Seq to compare gene expression profiles of WAT from wild-type
319:
1347:, then uses information on the person's weight, height, age, and sex to calculate an approximate value for the person's body fat percentage. The calculation measures the total volume of water in the body (lean tissue and muscle contain a higher percentage of water than fat), and estimates the percentage of fat based on this information. The result can fluctuate several percentage points depending on what has been eaten and how much water has been drunk before the analysis. This method is quick and readily accessible, but imprecise. Alternative methods are:
121:
652:
68:
514:
1435:
1411:
53:
948:
1216:(also called the famine hypothesis) states that in some populations the body would be more efficient at retaining fat in times of plenty, thereby endowing greater resistance to starvation in times of food scarcity. This hypothesis, originally advanced in the context of glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, has been discredited by physical anthropologists, physiologists, and the
399:
586:, and other obesity-related diseases. Likewise, the accumulation of neck fat (or cervical adipose tissue) has been shown to be associated with mortality. Several studies have suggested that visceral fat can be predicted from simple anthropometric measures, and predicts mortality more accurately than body mass index or waist circumference.
617:
fat versus total fat. High-intensity exercise is one way to effectively reduce total abdominal fat. An energy-restricted diet combined with exercise will reduce total body fat and the ratio of visceral adipose tissue to subcutaneous adipose tissue, suggesting a preferential mobilization for visceral fat over subcutaneous fat.
1157:
were exposed to temperatures of 28 and 6 °C. The most significantly up- and downregulated genes were then identified and used for analysis of differentially expressed pathways. It was discovered that many of the pathways upregulated in WAT after cold exposure are also highly expressed in BAT, such as
389:
layer, providing insulation from heat and cold. Around organs, it provides protective padding. However, its main function is to be a reserve of lipids, which can be oxidised to meet the energy needs of the body and to protect it from excess glucose by storing triglycerides produced by the liver from
616:
leads to visceral fat reduction in those without metabolic-related disorders. Resistance training and caloric restriction also reduce visceral fat, although their effect may not be cumulative. Both exercise and hypocaloric diet cause loss of visceral fat, but exercise has a larger effect on visceral
1101:
Transcriptional regulators, as well as a growing number of other factors, regulate the induction of beige fat. Four regulators of transcription are central to WAT browning and serve as targets for many of the molecules known to influence this process. These include peroxisome proliferator-activated
1097:
Cold is a primary regulator of BAT processes and induces WAT browning. Browning in response to chronic cold exposure has been well documented and is a reversible process. A study in mice demonstrated that cold-induced browning can be completely reversed in 21 days, with measurable decreases in UCP1
784:
There is a constant flux of FFAs entering and leaving adipose tissue. The net direction of this flux is controlled by insulin and leptin—if insulin is elevated, then there is a net inward flux of FFA, and only when insulin is low can FFA leave adipose tissue. Insulin secretion is stimulated by high
706:
which can give rise to fat cells, bone cells as well as other cell types. The fact that MAT increases in the setting of calorie restriction/ anorexia is a feature that distinguishes this depot from other fat depots. Exercise regulates MAT, decreasing MAT quantity and diminishing the size of marrow
1046:
Until recently, brown adipose tissue in humans was thought to be primarily limited to infants, but new evidence has overturned that belief. Metabolically active tissue with temperature responses similar to brown adipose was first reported in the neck and trunk of some human adults in 2007, and the
1156:
is a bioinformatics tool used to quantify expression levels of various genes simultaneously, and has been used extensively in the study of adipose tissue. One such study used microarray analysis in conjunction with
Ingenuity IPA software to look at changes in WAT and BAT gene expression when mice
742:
The specific cause for the accumulation of ectopic fat is unknown. The cause is likely a combination of genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors that are involved in excess energy intake and decreased physical activity. Substantial weight loss can reduce ectopic fat stores in all organs and
685:
The relationship between the subcutaneous adipose layer and total body fat in a person is often modelled by using regression equations. The most popular of these equations was formed by Durnin and
Wormersley, who rigorously tested many types of skinfold, and, as a result, created two formulae to
470:
between the dorsal crests of the scapulae. The layer of brown adipose tissue in this depot is often covered by a "frosting" of white adipose tissue; sometimes these two types of fat (brown and white) are hard to distinguish. The inguinal depots enclose the inguinal group of lymph nodes. Minor
1250:
Leptin, however, plays a different role in diet-induced obesity in rodents and humans. Because adipocytes produce leptin, leptin levels are elevated in the obese. However, hunger remains, and—when leptin levels drop due to weight loss—hunger increases. The drop of leptin is better viewed as a
1197:
regulation of browning and helps elucidate the mechanisms by which protein-DNA interactions stimulate the differentiation of beige adipocytes. Studies observing the chromatin landscapes of beige adipocytes have found that adipogenesis of these cells results from the formation of cell specific
465:
The two superficial depots are the paired inguinal depots, which are found anterior to the upper segment of the hind limbs (underneath the skin) and the subscapular depots, paired medial mixtures of brown adipose tissue adjacent to regions of white adipose tissue, which are found under the
835:
have higher levels of visceral fat in their bodies. This suggests a possible cause-and-effect link between the two, wherein stress promotes the accumulation of visceral fat, which in turn causes hormonal and metabolic changes that contribute to heart disease and other health problems.
1181:
mice and those overexpressing Early B-Cell Factor-2 (EBF2). WAT from the transgenic animals exhibited a brown fat gene program and had decreased WAT specific gene expression compared to the WT mice. Thus, EBF2 has been identified as a potential therapeutic molecule to induce beiging.
390:
sugars, although some evidence suggests that most lipid synthesis from carbohydrates occurs in the adipose tissue itself. Adipose depots in different parts of the body have different biochemical profiles. Under normal conditions, it provides feedback for hunger and diet to the brain.
1198:
chromatin landscapes, which regulate the transcriptional program and, ultimately, control differentiation. Using ChIP-seq in conjunction with other tools, recent studies have identified over 30 transcriptional and epigenetic factors that influence beige adipocyte development.
1270:
gene (one of which was the first ever identified cause of genetic obesity in humans)—two families of
Pakistani origin living in the UK, one family living in Turkey, one in Egypt, and one in Austria—and two other families have been found that carry a mutated
3629:
Hens W, Taeyman J, Cornelis J, Gielen J, Van Gaal L, Vissers D (June 2016). "The Effect of
Lifestyle Interventions on Excess Ectopic Fat Deposition Measured by Noninvasive Techniques in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".
689:
Factors such as sex, age, population size or other variables may make the equations invalid and unusable, and, as of 2012, Durnin and
Wormersley's equations remain only estimates of a person's true level of fatness. New formulae are still being created.
671:, and some evidence even suggests it might be protective. The typically female (or gynecoid) pattern of body fat distribution around the hips, thighs, and buttocks is subcutaneous fat, and therefore poses less of a health risk compared to visceral fat.
1149:
tools to improve study within this field. Studies of WAT browning have greatly benefited from advances in these techniques, as beige fat is rapidly gaining popularity as a therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
3575:
Hens W, Vissers D, Hansen D, Peeters S, Gielen J, Van Gaal L, Taeymans J (November 2017). "The effect of diet or exercise on ectopic adiposity in children and adolescents with obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
1098:
seen within a 24-hour period. A study by
Rosenwald et al. revealed that when the animals are re-exposed to a cold environment, the same adipocytes will adopt a beige phenotype, suggesting that beige adipocytes are retained.
707:
adipocytes. The exercise regulation of marrow fat suggests that it bears some physiologic similarity to other white adipose depots. Moreover, increased MAT in obesity further suggests a similarity to white fat depots.
1090:, like CL316,243, have also been developed and tested in humans. However, the use of such drugs has proven largely unsuccessful due to several challenges, including varying species receptor specificity and poor oral
939:(adipose cytokines), which play a role in obesity-associated complications. Perivascular adipose tissue releases adipokines such as adiponectin that affect the contractile function of the vessels that they surround.
856:. A growing body of evidence also suggests that different fat depots (i.e. abdominal, omental, pericardial) yield adipose-derived stem cells with different characteristics. These depot-dependent features include
1169:
deficiency inhibits the differentiation of beige adipocytes but does not disturb their capacity for browning. These two studies demonstrate the potential for the use of microarray in the study of WAT browning.
843:
from adipose tissue, allowing stimulation of tissue regrowth using a patient's own cells. In addition, adipose-derived stem cells from both human and animals reportedly can be efficiently reprogrammed into
628:
adipose tissue (EAT) is a particular form of visceral fat deposited around the heart and found to be a metabolically active organ that generates various bioactive molecules, which might significantly affect
122:
358:. Apart from adipocytes, which comprise the highest percentage of cells within adipose tissue, other cell types are present, collectively termed stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of cells. SVF includes
735:. This can interfere with cellular functions and hence organ function and is associated with insulin resistance in type-2 diabetes. It is stored in relatively high amounts around the organs of the
2572:
Ohkawara K, Tanaka S, Miyachi M, Ishikawa-Takata K, Tabata I (December 2007). "A dose-response relation between aerobic exercise and visceral fat reduction: systematic review of clinical trials".
686:
calculate the body density of both men and women. These equations present an inverse correlation between skinfolds and body density—as the sum of skinfolds increases, the body density decreases.
1117:
The list of molecules that influence browning has grown in direct proportion to the popularity of this topic and is constantly evolving as more knowledge is acquired. Among these molecules are
31:
2607:
Khalafi M, Malandish A, Rosenkranz SK, Ravasi AA (September 2021). "Effect of resistance training with and without caloric restriction on visceral fat: A systemic review and meta-analysis".
702:(MAT), is a poorly understood adipose depot that resides in the bone and is interspersed with hematopoietic cells as well as bony elements. The adipocytes in this depot are derived from
495:. A panniculus complicates surgery of the morbidly obese individual. It may remain as a literal "apron of skin" if a severely obese person loses large amounts of fat (a common result of
746:
In the latter case, non-invasive weight loss interventions like diet or exercise can decrease ectopic fat (particularly in heart and liver) in overweight or obese children and adults.
3010:
Pezeshkian M, Noori M, Najjarpour-Jabbari H, Abolfathi A, Darabi M, Darabi M, et al. (April 2009). "Fatty acid composition of epicardial and subcutaneous human adipose tissue".
1275:
receptor. Others have been identified as genetically partially deficient in leptin, and, in these individuals, leptin levels on the low end of the normal range can predict obesity.
1165:, and pyruvate metabolism. This suggests that some of the adipocytes switched to a beige phenotype at 6 °C. Mössenböck et al. also used microarray analysis to demonstrate that
2492:
5984:
Clément K, Vaisse C, Lahlou N, Cabrol S, Pelloux V, Cassuto D, et al. (March 1998). "A mutation in the human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction".
872:, as well as sensitivity to hypoxic culture conditions. Oxygen levels seem to play an important role on the metabolism and in general the function of adipose-derived stem cells.
1035:
therapy in the future, encouraging the growth of tissue with this specialized metabolism without inducing it in other organs. A review on the eventual therapeutic targeting of
6156:
Farvid MS, Ng TW, Chan DC, Barrett PH, Watts GF (July 2005). "Association of adiponectin and resistin with adipose tissue compartments, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia".
2190:
Kern PA, Ranganathan S, Li C, Wood L, Ranganathan G (May 2001). "Adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 expression in human obesity and insulin resistance".
1247:. When leptin levels drop, the body interprets this as a loss of energy, and hunger increases. Mice lacking this protein eat until they are four times their normal size.
2651:
1070:
The calorie-burning capacity of brown and beige fat has been extensively studied as research efforts focus on therapies targeted to treat obesity and diabetes. The drug
5609:
Pelleymounter MA, Cullen MJ, Baker MB, Hecht R, Winters D, Boone T, Collins F (July 1995). "Effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob/ob mice".
2319:"Anthropometric Assessment of Neck Adipose Tissue and Airway Volume Using Multidetector Computed Tomography: An Imaging Approach and Association With Overall Mortality"
2417:"Anthropometrically-predicted visceral adipose tissue and mortality among men and women in the third national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES III)"
410:. This causes the mouse to be hungry and eat more, which results in obesity. For comparison, a mouse with a normal amount of adipose tissue is shown on the right.
1422:
5869:"Congenital leptin deficiency due to homozygosity for the Delta133G mutation: report of another case and evaluation of response to four years of leptin therapy"
2652:"A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of exercise training versus hypocaloric diet: distinct effects on body weight and visceral adipose tissue"
154:
3998:"Comparison of human adipose-derived stem cells isolated from subcutaneous, omental, and intrathoracic adipose tissue depots for regenerative applications"
3894:
Atzmon G, Yang XM, Muzumdar R, Ma XH, Gabriely I, Barzilai N (November 2002). "Differential gene expression between visceral and subcutaneous fat depots".
1078:
similarly to UCP1, was used for weight loss in the 1930s. However, it was quickly discontinued when excessive dosing led to adverse side effects including
5908:
Mazen I, El-Gammal M, Abdel-Hamid M, Amr K (August 2009). "A novel homozygous missense mutation of the leptin gene (N103K) in an obese
Egyptian patient".
2516:
1298:
Adipose tissue has a density of ~0.9 g/ml. Thus, a person with more adipose tissue will float more easily than a person of the same weight with more
3275:"Expansion of Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue During Caloric Restriction Is Associated With Increased Circulating Glucocorticoids and Not With Hypoleptinemia"
601:
and the estrogen produced by the ovaries declines, fat migrates from the buttocks, hips and thighs to the waist; later fat is stored in the abdomen.
5652:
Ravussin E, Smith SR (2013). "Chapter 11: Role of the
Adipocyte in Metabolism and Endocrine Function". In Weir GC, Jameson JL, De Groot LJ (eds.).
3189:
Brodie D, Moscrip V, Hutcheon R (March 1998). "Body composition measurement: a review of hydrodensitometry, anthropometry, and impedance methods".
1103:
5824:
Strobel A, Issad T, Camoin L, Ozata M, Strosberg AD (March 1998). "A leptin missense mutation associated with hypogonadism and morbid obesity".
1004:
BAT activation may also occur in response to overfeeding. UCP1 activity is stimulated by long chain fatty acids that are produced subsequent to
6062:
Farooqi IS, Keogh JM, Kamath S, Jones S, Gibson WT, Trussell R, et al. (November 2001). "Partial leptin deficiency and human adiposity".
2063:
479:. Of all the depots in the mouse, the gonadal depots are the largest and the most easily dissected, comprising about 30% of dissectible fat.
3767:
Dhaliwal SS, Welborn TA (May 2009). "Central obesity and multivariable cardiovascular risk as assessed by the
Framingham prediction scores".
1266:) are rare in human obesity. As of July 2010, only 14 individuals from five families have been identified worldwide who carry a mutated
1220:
himself with respect to that context, although according to its developer it remains "as viable as when first advanced" in other contexts.
6410:
4541:
3811:
2500:
2464:
1145:
Due to the complex nature of adipose tissue and a growing list of browning regulatory molecules, great potential exists for the use of
6113:
Farooqi IS, O'Rahilly S (October 2008). "Mutations in ligands and receptors of the leptin-melanocortin pathway that lead to obesity".
4736:"Mitochondrial turnover: a phenotype distinguishing brown adipocytes from interscapular brown adipose tissue and white adipose tissue"
6249:"CCR2 deficiency leads to increased eosinophils, alternative macrophage activation, and type 2 cytokine expression in adipose tissue"
852:. The use of a patient's own cells reduces the chance of tissue rejection and avoids ethical issues associated with the use of human
306:(BAT), which generates body heat. Adipose tissue—more specifically brown adipose tissue—was first identified by the Swiss naturalist
5499:
Speakerman JR (2007). "Genetics of
Obesity: Five Fundamental Problems with the Famine Hypothesis". In Fantuzzi G, Mazzone T (eds.).
1259:. The changes that occur in the hypothalamus to result in leptin resistance in obesity are currently the focus of obesity research.
475:, which surrounds the heart, and the paired popliteal depots, between the major muscles behind the knees, each containing one large
442:, surrounding the kidney, and, when massive, extend into the pelvis. The mesenteric depot forms a glue-like web that supports the
1451:
788:
In humans, lipolysis (hydrolysis of triglycerides into free fatty acids) is controlled through the balanced control of lipolytic
6460:
544:. Fat in the lower body, as in thighs and buttocks, is subcutaneous and is not consistently spaced tissue, whereas fat in the
6356:
6329:
6035:
Pankov YA (June 1999). "Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ regulating growth, puberty, and other physiological functions".
5661:
5593:
5568:
5516:
3057:
2549:
1901:
1324:
in the human body. Different meters use various methods to determine the ratio. They tend to under-read body fat percentage.
6208:"Specific force deficit in skeletal muscles of old rats is partially explained by the existence of denervated muscle fibers"
4785:
Rosenwald M, Perdikari A, Rülicke T, Wolfrum C (June 2013). "Bi-directional interconversion of brite and white adipocytes".
1554:
A program of the United States Olympic Committee (USOC), and the United States Olympians and Paralympians Association (USOP)
454:) and - when massive - extends into the ventral abdomen. Both the mesenteric and omental depots incorporate much
6248:
5036:"EBF2 transcriptionally regulates brown adipogenesis via the histone reader DPF3 and the BAF chromatin remodeling complex"
4456:
Nedergaard J, Bengtsson T, Cannon B (August 2007). "Unexpected evidence for active brown adipose tissue in adult humans".
997:
that results in UCP1 activation. Nearly half of the nerves present in adipose tissue are sensory neurons connected to the
499:). Obesity is treated through exercise, diet, and behavioral therapy. Reconstructive surgery is one aspect of treatment.
5945:"A new missense mutation in the leptin gene causes mild obesity and hypogonadism without affecting T cell responsiveness"
1540:
1031:
have so far been unsuccessful. Techniques to manipulate the differentiation of "brown fat" could become a mechanism for
4540:
van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Vanhommerig JW, Smulders NM, Drossaerts JM, Kemerink GJ, Bouvy ND, et al. (April 2009).
2083:
1410:
1339:(BIA) in order to determine an individual's body fat percentage. To achieve this, the meter passes a small, harmless,
6707:
903:
574:(BVI) are specifically designed to measure abdominal volume and abdominal fat. Excess visceral fat is also linked to
6778:
6403:
6192:
1466:
1360:
1336:
1311:
6755:
3939:"Functional differences in visceral and subcutaneous fat pads originate from differences in the adipose stem cell"
1059:
Browning of WAT, also referred to as "beiging", occurs when adipocytes within WAT depots develop features of BAT.
6724:
5351:"Brown and white adipose tissues: intrinsic differences in gene expression and response to cold exposure in mice"
1651:"Fat Cell Size: Measurement Methods, Pathophysiological Origins, and Relationships With Metabolic Dysregulations"
1434:
989:, where it may effectively act in heat exchange. BAT is robustly activated upon cold exposure by the release of
3143:
Manolopoulos KN, Karpe F, Frayn KN (June 2010). "Gluteofemoral body fat as a determinant of metabolic health".
2524:
674:
Like all other fat organs, subcutaneous fat is an active part of the endocrine system, secreting the hormones
2368:"Anthropometrically predicted visceral adipose tissue and blood-based biomarkers: a cross-sectional analysis"
1126:
845:
149:
243:
Previously treated as being hormonally inert, in recent years adipose tissue has been recognized as a major
1243:
that the genetically obese mouse lacked. Leptin is produced in the white adipose tissue and signals to the
17:
2513:
Researchers think that the lack of estrogen at menopause plays a role in driving our fat northward. See:
1348:
1290:
have also been identified as causing obesity in a larger portion of the population than leptin mutations.
719:
in tissues other than adipose tissue, that are supposed to contain only small amounts of fat, such as the
597:(female sex hormone) causes fat to be stored in the buttocks, thighs, and hips in women. When women reach
6672:
6584:
6396:
2800:"Mobilization of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in response to energy restriction and exercise"
1545:
528:, packed between the organs (stomach, liver, intestines, kidneys, etc.). Visceral fat is different from
4195:
Cannon B, Nedergaard J (January 2004). "Brown adipose tissue: function and physiological significance".
2233:
Marette A (December 2003). "Molecular mechanisms of inflammation in obesity-linked insulin resistance".
271:). In obesity, adipose tissue is implicated in the chronic release of pro-inflammatory markers known as
6821:
5943:
Fischer-Posovszky P, von Schnurbein J, Moepps B, Lahr G, Strauss G, Barth TF, et al. (June 2010).
5726:
Carlsson B, Lindell K, Gabrielsson B, Karlsson C, Bjarnason R, Westphal O, et al. (January 1997).
994:
294:
Adipose tissue is derived from preadipocytes and its formation appears to be controlled in part by the
225:
3834:"Human and mouse adipose-derived cells support feeder-independent induction of pluripotent stem cells"
6826:
5532:
Neel JV (1989). "The study of natural selection in primitive and civilized human populations. 1958".
3803:
1535:
1158:
974:
781:, with obese and lean individuals tending towards the high and low ends of this range, respectively.
590:
524:
Visceral fat or abdominal fat (also known as organ fat or intra-abdominal fat) is located inside the
3526:"Ectopic fat and insulin resistance: pathophysiology and effect of diet and lifestyle interventions"
3425:"Exercise Regulation of Marrow Fat in the Setting of PPARγ Agonist Treatment in Female C57BL/6 Mice"
637:, suggesting a location-specific impact of stored fatty acids on adipocyte function and metabolism.
6763:
6655:
6383:
6377:
3273:
Cawthorn WP, Scheller EL, Parlee SD, Pham HA, Learman BS, Redshaw CM, et al. (February 2016).
2060:
1562:
886:
865:
789:
663:. This subcutaneous fat is not related to many of the classic obesity-related pathologies, such as
575:
137:
6566:
5867:
Gibson WT, Farooqi IS, Moreau M, DePaoli AM, Lawrence E, O'Rahilly S, Trussell RA (October 2004).
5085:"A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis"
3122:
1083:
1067:(UCP1). In doing so, these normally energy-storing adipocytes become energy-releasing adipocytes.
6699:
6664:
5289:
Brestoff JR, Kim BS, Saenz SA, Stine RR, Monticelli LA, Sonnenberg GF, et al. (March 2015).
2941:
De Coster T, Claus P, Kazbanov IV, Haemers P, Willems R, Sipido KR, et al. (February 2018).
1287:
1213:
1063:
take on a multilocular appearance (containing several lipid droplets) and increase expression of
548:
is mostly visceral and semi-fluid. Visceral fat is composed of several adipose depots, including
5240:
Laeger T, Henagan TM, Albarado DC, Redman LM, Bray GA, Noland RC, et al. (September 2014).
3937:
Baglioni S, Cantini G, Poli G, Francalanci M, Squecco R, Di Franco A, et al. (4 May 2012).
2480:
Estrogen causes fat to be stored around the pelvic region, hips, butt and thighs (pelvic region)
6339:
Vernon RG, Flint DJ (2003). "Adipose Tissue / Structure and Function of White Adipose Tissue".
4879:"Prdm16 is required for the maintenance of brown adipocyte identity and function in adult mice"
1228:
1207:
1021:
1013:
828:
816:
583:
496:
284:
161:
5034:
Shapira SN, Lim HW, Rajakumari S, Sakers AP, Ishibashi J, Harms MJ, et al. (April 2017).
4238:
3224:
Devlin MJ, Cloutier AM, Thomas NA, Panus DA, Lotinun S, Pinz I, et al. (September 2010).
2539:
2468:
6312:
Stock MJ, Cinti S (2003). "Adipose Tissue / Structure and Function of Brown Adipose Tissue".
5349:
Rosell M, Kaforou M, Frontini A, Okolo A, Chan YW, Nikolopoulou E, et al. (April 2014).
4499:
Virtanen KA, Lidell ME, Orava J, Heglind M, Westergren R, Niemi T, et al. (April 2009).
2839:
Mazurek T, Zhang L, Zalewski A, Mannion JD, Diehl JT, Arafat H, et al. (November 2003).
2700:
Irving BA, Davis CK, Brock DW, Weltman JY, Swift D, Barrett EJ, et al. (November 2008).
1344:
1256:
1162:
1017:
703:
699:
563:
depots. Visceral fat is often expressed in terms of its area in cm (VFA, visceral fat area).
5767:
Montague CT, Farooqi IS, Whitehead JP, Soos MA, Rau H, Wareham NJ, et al. (June 1997).
3322:
Bredella MA, Fazeli PK, Miller KK, Misra M, Torriani M, Thomas BJ, et al. (June 2009).
6687:
6682:
6537:
6071:
5993:
5780:
5618:
5302:
5096:
4939:
4830:"Turning WAT into BAT: a review on regulators controlling the browning of white adipocytes"
3950:
3845:
2954:
1803:
1036:
1012:, although the exact mechanism has yet to be elucidated. In contrast, UCP1 is inhibited by
998:
982:
962:
956:
811:
profile—being more prone to induce insulin resistance. This explains to a large degree why
609:
570:, or "belly fat", in which the abdomen protrudes excessively. New developments such as the
556:
382:
303:
299:
6373:
5400:"Transcriptional and epigenetic control of brown and beige adipose cell fate and function"
659:
Most of the remaining nonvisceral fat is found just below the skin in a region called the
406:
mouse on the left has large stores of adipose tissue. It is unable to produce the hormone
8:
5291:"Group 2 innate lymphoid cells promote beiging of white adipose tissue and limit obesity"
4590:
Cypess AM, Lehman S, Williams G, Tal I, Rodman D, Goldfine AB, et al. (April 2009).
1960:
1589:
Birbrair A, Zhang T, Wang ZM, Messi ML, Enikolopov GN, Mintz A, Delbono O (August 2013).
1557:
1478:
1356:
1332:
1321:
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1005:
853:
832:
646:
386:
318:
6075:
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5451:
5424:
5399:
5375:
5350:
5323:
5290:
5266:
5241:
5222:
5168:
5142:"Roles of FGFs as Adipokines in Adipose Tissue Development, Remodeling, and Metabolism"
5141:
5117:
5084:
5060:
5035:
5011:
4986:
4962:
4927:
4903:
4878:
4854:
4829:
4810:
4762:
4735:
4711:
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4616:
4591:
4572:
4481:
4433:
4402:
4378:
4353:
4329:
4304:
4280:
4253:
4220:
4174:
4120:
4095:
4071:
4046:
4022:
3997:
3973:
3938:
3919:
3868:
3833:
3832:
Sugii S, Kida Y, Kawamura T, Suzuki J, Vassena R, Yin YQ, et al. (February 2010).
3744:
3717:
3611:
3552:
3525:
3498:
3473:
3449:
3424:
3423:
Styner M, Pagnotti GM, Galior K, Wu X, Thompson WR, Uzer G, et al. (August 2015).
3400:
3375:
3348:
3323:
3299:
3274:
3250:
3225:
3168:
3099:
3074:
2987:
2942:
2918:
2881:
2857:
2840:
2775:
2750:
2726:
2701:
2682:
2632:
2441:
2416:
2392:
2367:
2343:
2318:
2276:
Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, Dietz WH, Vinicor F, Bales VS, Marks JS (January 2003).
2258:
2215:
2126:
2101:
2038:
2013:
1989:
1964:
1942:
1829:
1767:
1740:
1675:
1650:
1615:
1590:
1040:
800:
762:
579:
343:
276:
237:
5769:"Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans"
3226:"Caloric restriction leads to high marrow adiposity and low bone mass in growing mice"
3202:
2702:"Effect of exercise training intensity on abdominal visceral fat and body composition"
1980:
6419:
6352:
6348:
6325:
6321:
6278:
6229:
6173:
6169:
6130:
6087:
6044:
6009:
5966:
5925:
5890:
5841:
5810:
5798:
5749:
5708:
5657:
5634:
5589:
5564:
5541:
5512:
5481:
5429:
5380:
5328:
5271:
5214:
5173:
5122:
5065:
5016:
4967:
4908:
4859:
4802:
4767:
4716:
4667:
4621:
4564:
4522:
4473:
4438:
4383:
4334:
4285:
4212:
4166:
4125:
4076:
4027:
3978:
3911:
3873:
3784:
3749:
3698:
3693:
3676:
3657:
3652:
3603:
3557:
3503:
3474:"Bone marrow fat accumulation accelerated by high fat diet is suppressed by exercise"
3454:
3405:
3353:
3304:
3255:
3206:
3160:
3104:
3053:
3027:
2992:
2923:
2862:
2821:
2780:
2731:
2686:
2674:
2650:
Verheggen RJ, Maessen MF, Green DJ, Hermus AR, Hopman MT, Thijssen DH (August 2016).
2636:
2624:
2589:
2545:
2446:
2397:
2348:
2299:
2250:
2207:
2172:
2131:
2043:
1994:
1934:
1897:
1870:
1833:
1821:
1772:
1721:
1680:
1620:
1071:
970:
861:
820:
571:
537:
517:
508:
190:
73:
6185:
6142:
5853:
5656:. Vol. Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity (6th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences.
5450:
Stine RR, Shapira SN, Lim HW, Ishibashi J, Harms M, Won KJ, Seale P (January 2016).
5226:
5083:
Boström P, Wu J, Jedrychowski MP, Korde A, Ye L, Lo JC, et al. (January 2012).
4224:
3923:
3615:
3376:"Exercise Decreases Marrow Adipose Tissue Through ß-Oxidation in Obese Running Mice"
3172:
2751:"Influence of exercise intensity on abdominal fat and adiponectin in elderly adults"
2262:
2219:
2203:
1946:
799:
role in maintaining triglyceride and free fatty acid levels, as well as determining
491:
person, excess adipose tissue hanging downward from the abdomen is referred to as a
6831:
6548:
6344:
6317:
6268:
6260:
6219:
6165:
6122:
6099:
6079:
6021:
6001:
5956:
5917:
5880:
5833:
5788:
5739:
5698:
5690:
5626:
5504:
5471:
5463:
5419:
5411:
5370:
5362:
5318:
5310:
5261:
5253:
5204:
5163:
5153:
5112:
5104:
5055:
5047:
5006:
4998:
4957:
4947:
4898:
4890:
4877:
Harms MJ, Ishibashi J, Wang W, Lim HW, Goyama S, Sato T, et al. (April 2014).
4849:
4841:
4814:
4794:
4757:
4747:
4706:
4698:
4657:
4611:
4603:
4556:
4539:
4512:
4465:
4428:
4418:
4373:
4365:
4324:
4316:
4275:
4265:
4204:
4156:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4066:
4058:
4017:
4009:
3968:
3958:
3903:
3863:
3853:
3776:
3739:
3729:
3688:
3647:
3639:
3593:
3585:
3547:
3537:
3493:
3485:
3444:
3436:
3395:
3387:
3343:
3335:
3294:
3286:
3245:
3237:
3198:
3152:
3094:
3086:
3019:
2982:
2972:
2962:
2913:
2903:
2893:
2880:
De Coster T, Claus P, Seemann G, Willems R, Sipido KR, Panfilov AV (October 2018).
2852:
2811:
2770:
2762:
2721:
2713:
2666:
2616:
2581:
2436:
2428:
2387:
2379:
2338:
2330:
2289:
2242:
2199:
2162:
2121:
2113:
2033:
2025:
1984:
1976:
1926:
1860:
1811:
1762:
1752:
1711:
1670:
1662:
1610:
1602:
1525:
1340:
736:
634:
613:
529:
525:
435:
415:
371:
331:
221:
217:
87:
4576:
4485:
4178:
3780:
3472:
Styner M, Thompson WR, Galior K, Uzer G, Wu X, Kadari S, et al. (July 2014).
3374:
Styner M, Pagnotti GM, McGrath C, Wu X, Sen B, Uzer G, et al. (August 2017).
2882:"Myocyte remodeling due to fibro-fatty infiltrations influences arrhythmogenicity"
6579:
6247:
Bolus WR, Gutierrez DA, Kennedy AJ, Anderson-Baucum EK, Hasty AH (October 2015).
5508:
5467:
4926:
Wang W, Kissig M, Rajakumari S, Huang L, Lim HW, Won KJ, Seale P (October 2014).
4702:
3963:
2717:
2067:
1299:
1236:
1186:
1091:
869:
840:
812:
754:
724:
567:
541:
455:
347:
335:
288:
280:
142:
6286:
5921:
2334:
2317:
Maresky HS, Sharfman Z, Ziv-Baran T, Gomori JM, Copel L, Tal S (November 2015).
2278:"Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001"
1930:
1849:"Hepatic and whole-body fat synthesis in humans during carbohydrate overfeeding"
985:(UCP1). BAT is primarily located around the neck and large blood vessels of the
815:
is a marker of impaired glucose tolerance and is an independent risk factor for
633:
function. Marked component differences have been observed in comparing EAT with
6510:
6485:
6224:
6212:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
6207:
5694:
5366:
5002:
4932:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4894:
4469:
4369:
4320:
4208:
4143:
Löhn M, Dubrovska G, Lauterbach B, Luft FC, Gollasch M, Sharma AM (July 2002).
3838:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3489:
2967:
1965:"Nutrient preference and diet-induced adiposity in C57BL/6ByJ and 129P3/J mice"
1890:
1232:
1153:
1146:
1134:
1048:
307:
3524:
Snel M, Jonker JT, Schoones J, Lamb H, de Roos A, Pijl H, et al. (2012).
3073:
Porter SA, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U, Vasan RS, O'Donnel CJ, Fox CS (June 2009).
2383:
2167:
2150:
2029:
6815:
6591:
6264:
5158:
4423:
4305:"Mechanism of fatty-acid-dependent UCP1 uncoupling in brown fat mitochondria"
4270:
3807:
3734:
2898:
1865:
1848:
1666:
1493:
1217:
990:
966:
914:
716:
664:
651:
560:
359:
351:
5630:
5209:
5192:
4952:
4752:
3858:
2816:
2799:
354:). Adipose tissue is found in specific locations, which are referred to as
67:
6282:
6233:
6177:
6134:
6091:
6048:
5970:
5929:
5894:
5712:
5485:
5452:"EBF2 promotes the recruitment of beige adipocytes in white adipose tissue"
5433:
5384:
5332:
5275:
5218:
5177:
5126:
5069:
5051:
5020:
4971:
4912:
4863:
4806:
4771:
4720:
4671:
4625:
4568:
4526:
4477:
4442:
4387:
4338:
4289:
4216:
4170:
4129:
4080:
4031:
4013:
3982:
3915:
3877:
3788:
3753:
3702:
3661:
3643:
3607:
3561:
3507:
3458:
3409:
3357:
3308:
3259:
3164:
3108:
3031:
2996:
2977:
2927:
2908:
2866:
2784:
2735:
2678:
2628:
2593:
2585:
2450:
2401:
2352:
2303:
2254:
2246:
2211:
2176:
2135:
2047:
1998:
1938:
1825:
1776:
1725:
1684:
1624:
1283:
1244:
1079:
1028:
978:
824:
766:
513:
378:
339:
295:
206:
6126:
6013:
5845:
5802:
5753:
5638:
5545:
4928:"Ebf2 is a selective marker of brown and beige adipogenic precursor cells"
4607:
4560:
4517:
4500:
4161:
4144:
3542:
3210:
3023:
3009:
2825:
2766:
2749:
Coker RH, Williams RH, Kortebein PM, Sullivan DH, Evans WJ (August 2009).
2294:
2277:
1874:
1606:
1395:
expression. Furthermore, this effect was exaggerated when the mice became
1335:, one relatively inexpensive type of body fat meter uses the principle of
32:
List of Doctor Who universe creatures and aliens (0–9, A–G) § Adipose
30:"Adipose" redirects here. For the fictional creature from Doctor Who, see
6739:
6490:
6433:
5961:
5944:
5942:
5885:
5868:
5679:"Recent advances in understanding leptin signaling and leptin resistance"
4045:
Lempesis IG, van Meijel RL, Manolopoulos KN, Goossens GH (January 2020).
3907:
3681:
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology and Cognate Medical Sciences
3440:
3339:
3290:
3156:
2151:"The perils of portliness: causes and consequences of visceral adiposity"
1716:
1699:
1194:
1064:
1032:
893:
857:
849:
758:
630:
472:
459:
5415:
5314:
5108:
4845:
2102:"Estimating visceral fat area by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance"
1591:"Role of pericytes in skeletal muscle regeneration and fat accumulation"
743:
this is associated with an improvement of the function of those organs.
6768:
6523:
6500:
6475:
5837:
4592:"Identification and importance of brown adipose tissue in adult humans"
4062:
2841:"Human epicardial adipose tissue is a source of inflammatory mediators"
2432:
1757:
1530:
1520:
1509:
1456:
1388:
1384:
1110:, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha
969:
in humans and other mammals. BAT can generate heat by "uncoupling" the
808:
796:
660:
625:
553:
549:
533:
492:
476:
443:
427:
367:
363:
327:
272:
210:
4646:"Brown and beige fat: development, function and therapeutic potential"
4044:
3598:
3589:
3391:
3090:
2670:
2620:
2117:
1517:(also called fatty change, fatty degeneration or adipose degeneration)
1140:
167:
6786:
6712:
6616:
6611:
6601:
6518:
6495:
6480:
6083:
5257:
1649:
Ye RZ, Richard G, Gévry N, Tchernof A, Carpentier AC (January 2022).
1551:
1514:
1498:
1488:
1483:
1475:– an extra thick form of adipose tissue found in some marine mammals.
1189:
is a method used to identify protein binding sites on DNA and assess
1178:
1075:
1009:
965:(BAT) is a specialized form of adipose tissue important for adaptive
936:
924:
909:
880:
876:
598:
268:
244:
194:
6388:
6246:
4798:
4662:
4645:
3241:
2571:
2544:(2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 483.
1816:
1791:
839:
Recent advances in biotechnology have allowed for the harvesting of
385:, which includes the skin, it accumulates in the deepest level, the
6729:
6574:
6438:
2100:
Nagai M, Komiya H, Mori Y, Ohta T, Kasahara Y, Ikeda Y (May 2010).
1392:
1352:
1279:
1111:
932:
898:
774:
732:
679:
605:
594:
414:
Mice have eight major adipose depots, four of which are within the
264:
260:
256:
214:
6005:
5793:
5768:
5725:
3996:
Russo V, Yu C, Belliveau P, Hamilton A, Flynn LE (February 2014).
3052:(3rd ed.). San Francisco, Calif.: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings.
52:
6628:
6623:
6596:
1504:
1472:
1396:
1252:
1190:
1174:
1166:
947:
804:
545:
447:
439:
403:
248:
4784:
3075:"Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue: a protective fat depot?"
2606:
2235:
International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders
1008:
activation. UCP1 is proposed to function as a fatty acid proton
434:
in males; the paired retroperitoneal depots are found along the
6734:
6717:
1461:
1240:
1107:
986:
919:
765:(LPL) and enter the adipocyte, where they are reassembled into
675:
668:
451:
431:
419:
407:
252:
229:
6205:
4354:"The on-off switches of the mitochondrial uncoupling proteins"
3936:
2748:
2316:
2086:. President & Fellows of Harvard College. September 2005.
6796:
6206:
Urbanchek MG, Picken EB, Kalliainen LK, Kuzon WM (May 2001).
5608:
5559:
Shell E (January 1, 2002). "Chapter 4: On the Cutting Edge".
2940:
1380:
1286:(used in brain signaling associated with appetite) and their
1122:
1118:
1047:
presence of brown adipose in human adults was later verified
879:
in both males and females, contributing to the production of
778:
770:
728:
720:
589:
Men are more likely to have fat stored in the abdomen due to
488:
423:
233:
5907:
5766:
5683:
American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism
5355:
American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism
4458:
American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism
3677:"The chemical composition of adipose tissue of man and mice"
2879:
2192:
American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism
1963:, Reed DR, Tordoff MG, Price RA, Beauchamp GK (March 2001).
6791:
6606:
6443:
5239:
4142:
3718:"The role of leptin in the control of insulin-glucose axis"
2838:
2649:
2088:
Visceral fat more of a health concern than subcutaneous fat
1376:
1130:
467:
398:
108:
5866:
5348:
5082:
5033:
4498:
3272:
3072:
5983:
5586:
The Hungry Gene: The Inside Story of the Obesity Industry
5561:
The Hungry Gene: The Inside Story of the Obesity Industry
4925:
4455:
4254:"Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins and energy metabolism"
4145:"Periadventitial fat releases a vascular relaxing factor"
3715:
3628:
3321:
3223:
1959:
1364:
1328:
1302:, since muscular tissue has a density of 1.06 g/ml.
785:
blood sugar, which results from consuming carbohydrates.
99:
93:
57:
38:
6115:
Nature Clinical Practice. Endocrinology & Metabolism
5503:. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press. pp. 221–236.
5449:
4733:
4251:
3995:
3574:
3471:
1255:
signal. However, elevated leptin in obesity is known as
6061:
5823:
4691:
Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity
4589:
4302:
3831:
3373:
2699:
1919:
Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids
4239:"Eavesdropping on Communication Between Fat and Brain"
3523:
3422:
3142:
1648:
1588:
1039:
to treat human obesity was published by Samuelson and
5288:
5242:"FGF21 is an endocrine signal of protein restriction"
4876:
3188:
2275:
2189:
2148:
111:
102:
27:
Loose connective tissue composed mostly by adipocytes
6112:
5949:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
5873:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
5397:
5197:
Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation
4542:"Cold-activated brown adipose tissue in healthy men"
4047:"Oxygenation of adipose tissue: A human perspective"
3893:
3328:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
1846:
1704:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1193:
modifications. This tool has enabled examination of
792:
and a2A-adrenergic receptor-mediated antilipolysis.
105:
96:
6155:
5728:"Obese (ob) gene defects are rare in human obesity"
5501:
Adipose Tissue and Adipokines in Health and Disease
4501:"Functional brown adipose tissue in healthy adults"
4400:
4303:Fedorenko A, Lishko PV, Kirichok Y (October 2012).
3123:"Belly fat in women: Taking – and keeping – it off"
2493:"Waistline Worries: Turning Apples Back Into Pears"
2310:
2099:
2011:
1416:
Diagrammatic sectional view of the skin (magnified)
1141:
Genomics and bioinformatics tools to study browning
90:
5445:
5443:
4984:
4734:Gospodarska E, Nowialis P, Kozak LP (March 2015).
1889:
326:In humans, adipose tissue is located: beneath the
4987:"SnapShot: Brown and Beige Adipose Thermogenesis"
4687:"Brown fat as a therapy for obesity and diabetes"
2541:The Brigham Intensive Review of Internal Medicine
2414:
2365:
2078:
2076:
1575:
446:and the omental depot (which originates near the
6813:
5584:Shell E (January 1, 2002). "Chapter 5: Hunger".
4194:
3716:Amitani M, Asakawa A, Amitani H, Inui A (2013).
2943:"Arrhythmogenicity of fibro-fatty infiltrations"
2366:Brown JC, Harhay MO, Harhay MN (February 2018).
1789:
1741:"The role of adipokines in chronic inflammation"
1548:, the world's largest obesity-prevention network
418:. The paired gonadal depots are attached to the
5440:
5344:
5342:
3766:
3519:
3517:
3324:"Increased bone marrow fat in anorexia nervosa"
3043:
3041:
2415:Brown JC, Harhay MO, Harhay MN (January 2017).
2093:
1251:starvation signal than the rise of leptin as a
875:Adipose tissue is a major peripheral source of
831:(2009) discovered that individuals with higher
739:, but is not to be confused with visceral fat.
322:Distribution of white adipose in the human body
275:, which are responsible for the development of
5398:Inagaki T, Sakai J, Kajimura S (August 2016).
4190:
4188:
4096:"Tissue physiology and pathology of aromatase"
3804:"Fat-Bellied Monkeys Suggest Why Stress Sucks"
2073:
2012:Wirth A, Wabitsch M, Hauner H (October 2014).
1792:"Developmental biology: Neither fat nor flesh"
1501:used as pharmaceutical in traditional medicine
1185:Chromatin immunoprecipitation with sequencing
6404:
5977:
5651:
4639:
4637:
4635:
3889:
3887:
2537:
2061:Fat on the Inside: Looking Thin is Not Enough
1847:Aarsland A, Chinkes D, Wolfe RR (June 1997).
1840:
1054:
6028:
5339:
4252:Busiello RA, Savarese S, Lombardi A (2015).
3514:
3038:
3003:
2934:
2873:
2832:
2797:
1697:
1391:activation, and a propensity towards type 2
777:. Human fat tissue contains from 61% to 94%
6341:Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition
6338:
6314:Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition
5190:
4985:Kissig M, Shapira SN, Seale P (June 2016).
4185:
3047:
2706:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
72:Adipose tissue is one of the main types of
6411:
6397:
6311:
5498:
4821:
4684:
4643:
4632:
4403:"Studying Brown Adipose Tissue in a Human
3884:
2804:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2408:
2359:
1917:Cinti S (July 2005). "The adipose organ".
1853:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1469:– a method to measure body fat percentage.
935:(cell-to-cell signalling proteins) called
66:
51:
6376:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
6272:
6223:
5960:
5884:
5792:
5743:
5702:
5676:
5475:
5423:
5374:
5322:
5265:
5208:
5167:
5157:
5116:
5059:
5010:
4961:
4951:
4902:
4853:
4761:
4751:
4710:
4661:
4615:
4516:
4432:
4422:
4377:
4351:
4328:
4279:
4269:
4160:
4119:
4070:
4021:
3972:
3962:
3867:
3857:
3743:
3733:
3692:
3651:
3622:
3597:
3568:
3551:
3541:
3497:
3448:
3399:
3347:
3298:
3249:
3184:
3182:
3098:
2986:
2976:
2966:
2917:
2907:
2897:
2856:
2815:
2774:
2725:
2440:
2391:
2342:
2293:
2166:
2125:
2037:
2014:"The prevention and treatment of obesity"
1988:
1864:
1815:
1766:
1756:
1715:
1674:
1614:
5193:"Brown adipose tissue and thermogenesis"
5139:
3795:
3012:Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders
2755:Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders
1428:White adipose tissue in paraffin section
946:
650:
512:
397:
317:
3632:Journal of Physical Activity and Health
2514:
2232:
2084:"Abdominal fat and what to do about it"
1738:
1452:Adipose differentiation-related protein
1440:Electronic instrument of body fat meter
931:Adipose tissues also secrete a type of
279:—a constellation of diseases including
14:
6814:
6034:
5404:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
4093:
3814:from the original on December 20, 2013
3674:
3530:International Journal of Endocrinology
3179:
2149:Montague CT, O'Rahilly S (June 2000).
1790:Cannon B, Nedergaard J (August 2008).
1700:"Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ"
1293:
981:through tissue-specific expression of
566:An excess of visceral fat is known as
313:
298:. The two types of adipose tissue are
6418:
6392:
5583:
5558:
5246:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
4827:
3369:
3367:
1916:
1327:In contrast with clinical tools like
604:Visceral fat can be caused by excess
5531:
3801:
3380:Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
3230:Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
2798:Ross R, Rissanen J (November 1994).
1887:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1114:, and Early B-Cell Factor-2 (EBF2).
5540:(5–6): 781–810, discussion 811–23.
4740:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
4596:The New England Journal of Medicine
4549:The New England Journal of Medicine
4505:The New England Journal of Medicine
2538:Singh AK, Loscalzo J, eds. (2014).
1541:Classification of childhood obesity
1375:Within the fat (adipose) tissue of
640:
377:Adipose tissue contains many small
24:
6304:
6158:Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism
5745:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1997.tb00280.x
5677:Morris DL, Rui L (December 2009).
4401:Samuelson I, Vidal-Puig A (2020).
3769:The American Journal of Cardiology
3364:
2858:10.1161/01.CIR.0000099542.57313.C5
2018:Deutsches Ärzteblatt International
1698:Kershaw EE, Flier JS (June 2004).
1383:, there is an increased number of
1343:through the body and measures the
1027:Attempts to simulate this process
25:
6843:
6708:Dense irregular connective tissue
6367:
5910:Molecular Genetics and Metabolism
5654:Endocrinology Adult and Pediatric
4685:Cypess AM, Kahn CR (April 2010).
4644:Harms M, Seale P (October 2013).
4002:Stem Cells Translational Medicine
2421:American Journal of Human Biology
1631:
1370:
1305:
1262:Gene defects in the leptin gene (
1121:and fibroblast growth factor 21 (
904:Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
655:Micro-anatomy of subcutaneous fat
620:
6240:
6199:
6170:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2004.00410.x
6149:
6106:
6055:
5191:Fenzl A, Kiefer FW (July 2014).
3694:10.1113/expphysiol.1962.sp001589
3145:International Journal of Obesity
2574:International Journal of Obesity
2523:. Women's Health. Archived from
1467:Bioelectrical impedance analysis
1433:
1421:
1409:
1361:air displacement plethysmography
1337:bioelectrical impedance analysis
1312:Bioelectrical impedance analysis
1208:Genetics of obesity § Genes
1074:, which also acts as a chemical
1051:in the same anatomical regions.
827:). Studies of female monkeys at
302:(WAT), which stores energy, and
236:, although it also cushions and
228:. Its main role is to store
86:
6725:Dense regular connective tissue
6384:Adipose tissue photomicrographs
5936:
5901:
5860:
5817:
5760:
5719:
5670:
5645:
5602:
5577:
5552:
5525:
5492:
5391:
5282:
5233:
5184:
5133:
5076:
5027:
4978:
4919:
4870:
4828:Lo KA, Sun L (September 2013).
4778:
4727:
4678:
4583:
4533:
4492:
4449:
4394:
4345:
4296:
4245:
4231:
4136:
4087:
4038:
3989:
3930:
3825:
3760:
3709:
3668:
3465:
3416:
3315:
3266:
3217:
3136:
3115:
3066:
2791:
2742:
2693:
2643:
2600:
2565:
2531:
2507:
2485:
2457:
2269:
2226:
2204:10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.5.e745
2183:
2142:
2054:
2005:
502:
6349:10.1016/B0-12-227055-X/00007-9
6322:10.1016/B0-12-227055-X/00008-0
4358:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
4112:10.1016/j.steroids.2011.10.013
3896:Hormone and Metabolic Research
1953:
1910:
1896:. Cambridge University Press.
1881:
1783:
1732:
1691:
1320:is a tool used to measure the
1239:et al. discovered the protein
1218:original proponent of the idea
1127:methionine-enkephalin peptides
846:induced pluripotent stem cells
715:Ectopic fat is the storage of
710:
13:
1:
4352:Azzu V, Brand MD (May 2010).
3781:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.12.048
3203:10.1016/S0899-9007(97)00474-7
2372:European Journal of Nutrition
1981:10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00412-7
1568:
749:
693:
6253:Journal of Leukocyte Biology
5509:10.1007/978-1-59745-370-7_17
5468:10.1016/j.molmet.2015.11.001
4703:10.1097/MED.0b013e328337a81f
3964:10.1371/journal.pone.0036569
3125:. MayoClinic.com. 2013-06-08
2718:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181801d40
2070:, By Fiona Haynes, About.com
1131:type 2 innate lymphoid cells
942:
795:Fat cells have an important
704:mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)
7:
5922:10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.04.002
3048:Hoehn K, Marieb EN (2008).
2335:10.1097/MD.0000000000001991
1931:10.1016/j.plefa.2005.04.010
1546:EPODE International Network
1445:
1201:
698:Marrow fat, also known as
10:
6848:
5695:10.1152/ajpendo.00274.2009
5588:. Atlantic Monthly Press.
5563:. Atlantic Monthly Press.
5367:10.1152/ajpendo.00473.2013
5146:Frontiers in Endocrinology
5003:10.1016/j.cell.2016.06.038
4895:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.03.007
4470:10.1152/ajpendo.00691.2006
4411:Frontiers in Endocrinology
4370:10.1016/j.tibs.2009.11.001
4321:10.1016/j.cell.2012.09.010
4209:10.1152/physrev.00015.2003
3490:10.1016/j.bone.2014.03.044
2968:10.1038/s41598-018-20450-w
1595:Stem Cells and Development
1402:
1309:
1227:, in his residency at the
1205:
1055:Beige fat and WAT browning
954:
757:(FFAs) are liberated from
644:
506:
482:
226:adipose tissue macrophages
36:
29:
6777:
6754:
6698:
6663:
6654:
6647:
6565:
6547:
6536:
6509:
6468:
6459:
6452:
6426:
4094:Stocco C (January 2012).
3722:Frontiers in Neuroscience
3653:10067/1321600151162165141
2384:10.1007/s00394-016-1308-8
2168:10.2337/diabetes.49.6.883
2030:10.3238/arztebl.2014.0705
1969:Physiology & Behavior
1745:ImmunoTargets and Therapy
1536:Classification of obesity
1159:oxidative phosphorylation
975:oxidative phosphorylation
866:differentiation potential
199:stromal vascular fraction
160:
148:
136:
131:
81:
65:
50:
45:
6378:Medical Subject Headings
6265:10.1189/jlb.3HI0115-018R
6225:10.1093/gerona/56.5.B191
6037:Biochemistry. Biokhimiia
5159:10.3389/fendo.2014.00018
4424:10.3389/fendo.2020.00629
4271:10.3389/fphys.2015.00036
3735:10.3389/fnins.2013.00051
3675:Thomas LW (April 1962).
3050:Anatomy & Physiology
2899:10.3389/fphys.2018.01381
2515:Andrews M (2006-12-01).
1563:Social stigma of obesity
1322:body fat to weight ratio
887:Adipose derived hormones
819:(even in the absence of
5631:10.1126/science.7624776
5210:10.1515/hmbci-2014-0022
5140:Ohta H, Itoh N (2014).
5040:Genes & Development
4953:10.1073/pnas.1412685111
4753:10.1074/jbc.M115.637785
4258:Frontiers in Physiology
3859:10.1073/pnas.0910172106
2886:Frontiers in Physiology
1282:of genes involving the
1214:thrifty gene hypothesis
591:sex hormone differences
520:in a man ("beer belly")
393:
197:. It also contains the
5052:10.1101/gad.294405.116
4014:10.5966/sctm.2013-0125
3644:10.1123/jpah.2015-0560
2586:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803683
2465:"Reduce Abdominal Fat"
2247:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802500
1866:10.1093/ajcn/65.6.1774
1739:Mancuso P (May 2016).
1667:10.1210/endrev/bnab018
1399:from a high fat diet.
1387:, greater alternative
1229:Rockefeller University
952:
829:Wake Forest University
817:cardiovascular disease
790:B-adrenergic receptors
656:
521:
497:gastric bypass surgery
411:
350:), and in the breast (
323:
285:cardiovascular disease
247:organ, as it produces
162:Anatomical terminology
6193:registration required
6127:10.1038/ncpendmet0966
4608:10.1056/NEJMoa0810780
4561:10.1056/NEJMoa0808718
4518:10.1056/NEJMoa0808949
4197:Physiological Reviews
4162:10.1096/fj.02-0024com
3802:Park A (2009-08-08).
3024:10.1089/met.2008.0056
2817:10.1093/ajcn/60.5.695
2767:10.1089/met.2008.0060
2295:10.1001/jama.289.1.76
1607:10.1089/scd.2012.0647
1163:fatty acid metabolism
1006:β-adrenergic receptor
950:
848:without the need for
700:marrow adipose tissue
654:
584:inflammatory diseases
516:
401:
321:
205:) of cells including
5962:10.1210/jc.2009-2466
5886:10.1210/jc.2004-0376
5456:Molecular Metabolism
3908:10.1055/s-2002-38250
3441:10.1210/en.2015-1213
3340:10.1210/jc.2008-2532
3291:10.1210/en.2015-1477
3157:10.1038/ijo.2009.286
2241:(Suppl 3): S46–S48.
1717:10.1210/jc.2004-0395
1088:-adrenergic agonists
1065:uncoupling protein 1
983:uncoupling protein 1
963:brown adipose tissue
957:Brown adipose tissue
854:embryonic stem cells
807:fat has a different
608:levels. At least 10
557:white adipose tissue
383:integumentary system
304:brown adipose tissue
300:white adipose tissue
6076:2001Natur.414...34F
5998:1998Natur.392..398C
5785:1997Natur.387..903M
5623:1995Sci...269..540P
5416:10.1038/nrm.2016.62
5315:10.1038/nature14115
5307:2015Natur.519..242B
5109:10.1038/nature10777
5101:2012Natur.481..463B
4944:2014PNAS..11114466W
4938:(40): 14466–14471.
4846:10.1042/BSR20130046
4787:Nature Cell Biology
3955:2012PLoSO...736569B
3850:2010PNAS..107.3558S
3543:10.1155/2012/983814
2959:2018NatSR...8.2050D
1808:2008Natur.454..947C
1558:Obesity and walking
1479:Body fat percentage
1357:underwater weighing
1333:underwater weighing
1294:Physical properties
999:dorsal root ganglia
647:Body fat percentage
612:-hours per week of
471:depots include the
458:as lymph nodes and
426:in females and the
342:), in bone marrow (
334:), around internal
314:Anatomical features
193:composed mostly of
6343:. pp. 23–29.
6316:. pp. 29–34.
5838:10.1038/ng0398-213
5689:(6): E1247–E1259.
4834:Bioscience Reports
4241:. August 31, 2022.
4063:10.1111/apha.13298
3902:(11–12): 622–628.
2947:Scientific Reports
2433:10.1002/ajhb.22898
2066:2016-11-17 at the
1758:10.2147/ITT.S73223
995:sympathetic nerves
953:
858:proliferation rate
801:insulin resistance
763:lipoprotein lipase
657:
580:insulin resistance
522:
412:
346:), intermuscular (
344:yellow bone marrow
324:
277:metabolic syndrome
6822:Connective tissue
6809:
6808:
6805:
6804:
6750:
6749:
6643:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6532:
6531:
6420:Connective tissue
6358:978-0-12-227055-0
6331:978-0-12-227055-0
5992:(6674): 398–401.
5879:(10): 4821–4826.
5779:(6636): 903–908.
5663:978-0-323-22154-2
5617:(5223): 540–543.
5595:978-1-4223-5243-4
5570:978-1-4223-5243-4
5518:978-1-58829-721-1
5301:(7542): 242–246.
5095:(7382): 463–468.
4997:(1): 258–258.e1.
4746:(13): 8243–8255.
4656:(10): 1252–1263.
4602:(15): 1509–1517.
4555:(15): 1500–1508.
4511:(15): 1518–1525.
4051:Acta Physiologica
3775:(10): 1403–1407.
3590:10.1111/obr.12577
3584:(11): 1310–1322.
3392:10.1002/jbmr.3159
3091:10.2337/dc08-2280
3059:978-0-8053-0094-9
2851:(20): 2460–2466.
2712:(11): 1863–1872.
2671:10.1111/obr.12406
2621:10.1111/obr.13275
2580:(12): 1786–1797.
2551:978-0-19-935827-4
2517:"A Matter of Fat"
2118:10.2337/dc09-1099
1903:978-0-521-63577-6
1802:(7207): 947–948.
1655:Endocrine Reviews
1601:(16): 2298–2314.
1349:skin fold methods
1257:leptin resistance
1072:2,4-dinitrophenol
1029:pharmacologically
971:respiratory chain
821:diabetes mellitus
572:Body Volume Index
568:abdominal obesity
538:intramuscular fat
518:Abdominal obesity
509:Abdominal obesity
372:endothelial cells
366:, adipose tissue
220:and a variety of
218:endothelial cells
191:connective tissue
176:
175:
171:
74:connective tissue
60:belly fat (white)
16:(Redirected from
6839:
6827:Endocrine system
6661:
6660:
6652:
6651:
6580:Reticular fibers
6549:Ground substance
6545:
6544:
6466:
6465:
6457:
6456:
6413:
6406:
6399:
6390:
6389:
6362:
6335:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6285:. Archived from
6276:
6244:
6238:
6237:
6227:
6218:(5): B191–B197.
6203:
6197:
6196:
6189:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6110:
6104:
6103:
6084:10.1038/35102112
6059:
6053:
6052:
6032:
6026:
6025:
5981:
5975:
5974:
5964:
5955:(6): 2836–2840.
5940:
5934:
5933:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5888:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5821:
5815:
5814:
5796:
5764:
5758:
5757:
5747:
5732:Obesity Research
5723:
5717:
5716:
5706:
5674:
5668:
5667:
5649:
5643:
5642:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5479:
5447:
5438:
5437:
5427:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5378:
5361:(8): E945–E964.
5346:
5337:
5336:
5326:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5269:
5258:10.1172/JCI74915
5252:(9): 3913–3922.
5237:
5231:
5230:
5212:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5171:
5161:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5120:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5063:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5014:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4965:
4955:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4906:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4857:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4765:
4755:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4714:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4665:
4641:
4630:
4629:
4619:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4546:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4520:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4464:(2): E444–E452.
4453:
4447:
4446:
4436:
4426:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4381:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4332:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4283:
4273:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4192:
4183:
4182:
4164:
4155:(9): 1057–1063.
4140:
4134:
4133:
4123:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4074:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4025:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3976:
3966:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3891:
3882:
3881:
3871:
3861:
3844:(8): 3558–3563.
3829:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3747:
3737:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3696:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3655:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3601:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3555:
3545:
3521:
3512:
3511:
3501:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3452:
3435:(8): 2753–2761.
3420:
3414:
3413:
3403:
3386:(8): 1692–1702.
3371:
3362:
3361:
3351:
3334:(6): 2129–2136.
3319:
3313:
3312:
3302:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3253:
3236:(9): 2078–2088.
3221:
3215:
3214:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3102:
3085:(6): 1068–1075.
3070:
3064:
3063:
3045:
3036:
3035:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2990:
2980:
2970:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2921:
2911:
2901:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2860:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2819:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2778:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2729:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2656:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2499:. Archived from
2497:healthywomen.org
2489:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2467:. Archived from
2461:
2455:
2454:
2444:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2395:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2346:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2297:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2198:(5): E745–E751.
2187:
2181:
2180:
2170:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2129:
2112:(5): 1077–1079.
2097:
2091:
2090:
2080:
2071:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2041:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1992:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1895:
1892:The Fats of Life
1888:Pond CM (1998).
1885:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1859:(6): 1774–1782.
1844:
1838:
1837:
1819:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1770:
1760:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1710:(6): 2548–2556.
1695:
1689:
1688:
1678:
1646:
1629:
1628:
1618:
1586:
1526:Subcutaneous fat
1437:
1425:
1413:
1341:electric current
1231:, together with
1225:Jeffrey Friedman
1173:RNA sequencing (
1061:Beige adipocytes
841:adult stem cells
755:Free fatty acids
737:abdominal cavity
641:Subcutaneous fat
635:subcutaneous fat
614:aerobic exercise
542:skeletal muscles
540:interspersed in
530:subcutaneous fat
526:abdominal cavity
462:, respectively.
416:abdominal cavity
332:subcutaneous fat
168:edit on Wikidata
165:
127:
126:
125:
124:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
70:
55:
43:
42:
21:
6847:
6846:
6842:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6837:
6836:
6812:
6811:
6810:
6801:
6773:
6746:
6694:
6635:
6575:Collagen fibers
6561:
6539:
6528:
6511:Wandering cells
6505:
6448:
6422:
6417:
6370:
6365:
6359:
6332:
6307:
6305:Further reading
6302:
6301:
6292:
6290:
6245:
6241:
6204:
6200:
6190:
6154:
6150:
6121:(10): 569–577.
6111:
6107:
6070:(6859): 34–35.
6060:
6056:
6033:
6029:
5982:
5978:
5941:
5937:
5906:
5902:
5865:
5861:
5826:Nature Genetics
5822:
5818:
5765:
5761:
5724:
5720:
5675:
5671:
5664:
5650:
5646:
5607:
5603:
5596:
5582:
5578:
5571:
5557:
5553:
5530:
5526:
5519:
5497:
5493:
5448:
5441:
5396:
5392:
5347:
5340:
5287:
5283:
5238:
5234:
5189:
5185:
5138:
5134:
5081:
5077:
5032:
5028:
4983:
4979:
4924:
4920:
4883:Cell Metabolism
4875:
4871:
4826:
4822:
4799:10.1038/ncb2740
4783:
4779:
4732:
4728:
4683:
4679:
4663:10.1038/nm.3361
4650:Nature Medicine
4642:
4633:
4588:
4584:
4544:
4538:
4534:
4497:
4493:
4454:
4450:
4399:
4395:
4350:
4346:
4301:
4297:
4250:
4246:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4193:
4186:
4141:
4137:
4092:
4088:
4043:
4039:
3994:
3990:
3935:
3931:
3892:
3885:
3830:
3826:
3817:
3815:
3800:
3796:
3765:
3761:
3714:
3710:
3673:
3669:
3627:
3623:
3578:Obesity Reviews
3573:
3569:
3522:
3515:
3470:
3466:
3421:
3417:
3372:
3365:
3320:
3316:
3271:
3267:
3242:10.1002/jbmr.82
3222:
3218:
3187:
3180:
3141:
3137:
3128:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3046:
3039:
3008:
3004:
2978:1854/LU-8548759
2939:
2935:
2909:1854/LU-8607023
2878:
2874:
2837:
2833:
2796:
2792:
2747:
2743:
2698:
2694:
2659:Obesity Reviews
2654:
2648:
2644:
2609:Obesity Reviews
2605:
2601:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2536:
2532:
2512:
2508:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2474:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2413:
2409:
2364:
2360:
2315:
2311:
2274:
2270:
2231:
2227:
2188:
2184:
2147:
2143:
2098:
2094:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2068:Wayback Machine
2059:
2055:
2024:(42): 705–713.
2010:
2006:
1958:
1954:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1886:
1882:
1845:
1841:
1817:10.1038/454947a
1788:
1784:
1751:(2016): 47–56.
1737:
1733:
1696:
1692:
1647:
1632:
1587:
1576:
1571:
1448:
1441:
1438:
1429:
1426:
1417:
1414:
1405:
1373:
1314:
1308:
1300:muscular tissue
1296:
1237:Douglas Coleman
1210:
1204:
1143:
1133:in response to
1102:receptor gamma
1092:bioavailability
1087:
1057:
959:
945:
870:gene expression
862:immunophenotype
813:central obesity
752:
725:skeletal muscle
713:
696:
649:
643:
623:
576:type 2 diabetes
532:underneath the
511:
505:
485:
456:lymphoid tissue
396:
348:muscular system
316:
289:atherosclerosis
281:type 2 diabetes
232:in the form of
181:(also known as
172:
120:
119:
89:
85:
77:
61:
41:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6845:
6835:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6807:
6806:
6803:
6802:
6800:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6783:
6781:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6771:
6766:
6760:
6758:
6752:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6743:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6715:
6704:
6702:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6692:
6691:
6690:
6685:
6675:
6669:
6667:
6658:
6649:
6645:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6620:
6619:
6614:
6604:
6599:
6592:Elastic fibers
6589:
6588:
6587:
6577:
6571:
6569:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6559:
6553:
6551:
6542:
6538:Extracellular
6534:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6526:
6521:
6515:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6486:Reticular cell
6483:
6478:
6472:
6470:
6463:
6454:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6430:
6428:
6424:
6423:
6416:
6415:
6408:
6401:
6393:
6387:
6386:
6381:
6374:Adipose tissue
6369:
6368:External links
6366:
6364:
6363:
6357:
6336:
6330:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6259:(4): 467–477.
6239:
6198:
6164:(4): 406–413.
6148:
6105:
6054:
6043:(6): 601–609.
6027:
5976:
5935:
5916:(4): 305–308.
5900:
5859:
5832:(3): 213–215.
5816:
5759:
5718:
5669:
5662:
5644:
5601:
5594:
5576:
5569:
5551:
5524:
5517:
5491:
5439:
5410:(8): 480–495.
5390:
5338:
5281:
5232:
5183:
5132:
5075:
5046:(7): 660–673.
5026:
4977:
4918:
4889:(4): 593–604.
4869:
4820:
4793:(6): 659–667.
4777:
4726:
4697:(2): 143–149.
4677:
4631:
4582:
4532:
4491:
4448:
4393:
4364:(5): 298–307.
4344:
4315:(2): 400–413.
4295:
4244:
4230:
4203:(1): 277–359.
4184:
4135:
4106:(1–2): 27–35.
4086:
4037:
4008:(2): 206–217.
3988:
3929:
3883:
3824:
3794:
3759:
3708:
3687:(2): 179–188.
3667:
3638:(6): 671–694.
3621:
3567:
3513:
3464:
3415:
3363:
3314:
3285:(2): 508–521.
3265:
3216:
3197:(3): 296–310.
3178:
3151:(6): 949–959.
3135:
3114:
3065:
3058:
3037:
3018:(2): 125–131.
3002:
2933:
2872:
2831:
2810:(5): 695–703.
2790:
2761:(4): 363–368.
2741:
2692:
2665:(8): 664–690.
2642:
2599:
2564:
2550:
2530:
2527:on 2007-03-15.
2506:
2503:on 2009-06-09.
2484:
2456:
2407:
2378:(1): 191–198.
2358:
2309:
2268:
2225:
2182:
2161:(6): 883–888.
2141:
2092:
2072:
2053:
2004:
1975:(4): 603–613.
1952:
1909:
1902:
1880:
1839:
1782:
1731:
1690:
1630:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1372:
1371:Animal studies
1369:
1318:body fat meter
1307:
1306:Body fat meter
1304:
1295:
1292:
1233:Rudolph Leibel
1206:Main article:
1203:
1200:
1154:DNA microarray
1147:bioinformatics
1142:
1139:
1135:interleukin 33
1085:
1056:
1053:
1049:histologically
991:catecholamines
955:Main article:
951:Brown fat cell
944:
941:
929:
928:
922:
917:
912:
907:
901:
896:
751:
748:
712:
709:
695:
692:
667:, cancer, and
642:
639:
622:
621:Epicardial fat
619:
504:
501:
484:
481:
395:
392:
356:adipose depots
315:
312:
308:Conrad Gessner
179:Adipose tissue
174:
173:
164:
158:
157:
152:
146:
145:
140:
134:
133:
129:
128:
83:
79:
78:
71:
63:
62:
56:
48:
47:
46:Adipose tissue
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6844:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6780:
6776:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6757:
6753:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6727:
6726:
6723:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6710:
6709:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6701:
6697:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6680:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6666:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6653:
6650:
6646:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6593:
6590:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6568:
6564:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6535:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6458:
6455:
6451:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6414:
6409:
6407:
6402:
6400:
6395:
6394:
6391:
6385:
6382:
6379:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6360:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6337:
6333:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6310:
6309:
6289:on 2017-05-09
6288:
6284:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6243:
6235:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6202:
6194:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6152:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6109:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6058:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6031:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6006:10.1038/32911
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5980:
5972:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5939:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5904:
5896:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5863:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5820:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5795:
5794:10.1038/43185
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5763:
5755:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5722:
5714:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5673:
5665:
5659:
5655:
5648:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5605:
5597:
5591:
5587:
5580:
5572:
5566:
5562:
5555:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5534:Human Biology
5528:
5520:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5495:
5487:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5446:
5444:
5435:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5394:
5386:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5345:
5343:
5334:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5285:
5277:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5236:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5187:
5179:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5136:
5128:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5079:
5071:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5030:
5022:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4981:
4973:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4922:
4914:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4873:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4840:(5): 711–19.
4839:
4835:
4831:
4824:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4781:
4773:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4730:
4722:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4681:
4673:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4627:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4586:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4528:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4495:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4452:
4444:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4406:
4397:
4389:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4348:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4299:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4248:
4240:
4234:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4191:
4189:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4149:FASEB Journal
4146:
4139:
4131:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4057:(1): e13298.
4056:
4052:
4048:
4041:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3992:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3949:(5): e36569.
3948:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3888:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3828:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3763:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3671:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3625:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3571:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3518:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3429:Endocrinology
3426:
3419:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3368:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3279:Endocrinology
3276:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3183:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3124:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3079:Diabetes Care
3076:
3069:
3061:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3042:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2615:(9): e13275.
2614:
2610:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2553:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2481:
2471:on 2011-09-28
2470:
2466:
2460:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2427:(1): e22898.
2426:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2329:(45): e1991.
2328:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2106:Diabetes Care
2103:
2096:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1905:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1574:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1494:Lipodystrophy
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1436:
1431:
1424:
1419:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1359:, whole body
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1303:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1284:melanocortins
1281:
1276:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
967:thermogenesis
964:
961:Brown fat or
958:
949:
940:
938:
934:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
891:
890:
888:
884:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
837:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
797:physiological
793:
791:
786:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
767:triglycerides
764:
760:
756:
747:
744:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
717:triglycerides
708:
705:
701:
691:
687:
683:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
665:heart disease
662:
653:
648:
638:
636:
632:
627:
618:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
519:
515:
510:
500:
498:
494:
490:
480:
478:
474:
469:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
409:
405:
400:
391:
388:
384:
380:
379:blood vessels
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:preadipocytes
357:
353:
352:breast tissue
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
320:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
216:
212:
208:
207:preadipocytes
204:
200:
196:
192:
189:) is a loose
188:
184:
180:
169:
163:
159:
156:
153:
151:
147:
144:
141:
139:
135:
130:
123:
116:
84:
82:Pronunciation
80:
75:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
40:
33:
19:
6677:
6557:Tissue fluid
6340:
6313:
6291:. Retrieved
6287:the original
6256:
6252:
6242:
6215:
6211:
6201:
6161:
6157:
6151:
6118:
6114:
6108:
6067:
6063:
6057:
6040:
6036:
6030:
5989:
5985:
5979:
5952:
5948:
5938:
5913:
5909:
5903:
5876:
5872:
5862:
5829:
5825:
5819:
5776:
5772:
5762:
5738:(1): 30–35.
5735:
5731:
5721:
5686:
5682:
5672:
5653:
5647:
5614:
5610:
5604:
5585:
5579:
5560:
5554:
5537:
5533:
5527:
5500:
5494:
5462:(1): 57–65.
5459:
5455:
5407:
5403:
5393:
5358:
5354:
5298:
5294:
5284:
5249:
5245:
5235:
5203:(1): 25–37.
5200:
5196:
5186:
5149:
5145:
5135:
5092:
5088:
5078:
5043:
5039:
5029:
4994:
4990:
4980:
4935:
4931:
4921:
4886:
4882:
4872:
4837:
4833:
4823:
4790:
4786:
4780:
4743:
4739:
4729:
4694:
4690:
4680:
4653:
4649:
4599:
4595:
4585:
4552:
4548:
4535:
4508:
4504:
4494:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4396:
4361:
4357:
4347:
4312:
4308:
4298:
4261:
4257:
4247:
4233:
4200:
4196:
4152:
4148:
4138:
4103:
4099:
4089:
4054:
4050:
4040:
4005:
4001:
3991:
3946:
3942:
3932:
3899:
3895:
3841:
3837:
3827:
3816:. Retrieved
3797:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3725:
3721:
3711:
3684:
3680:
3670:
3635:
3631:
3624:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3533:
3529:
3481:
3477:
3467:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3383:
3379:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3233:
3229:
3219:
3194:
3190:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3127:. Retrieved
3117:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3049:
3015:
3011:
3005:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2889:
2885:
2875:
2848:
2844:
2834:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2758:
2754:
2744:
2709:
2705:
2695:
2662:
2658:
2645:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2555:. Retrieved
2540:
2533:
2525:the original
2521:Yahoo Health
2520:
2509:
2501:the original
2496:
2487:
2479:
2473:. Retrieved
2469:the original
2459:
2424:
2420:
2410:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2288:(1): 76–79.
2285:
2281:
2271:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2087:
2056:
2021:
2017:
2007:
1972:
1968:
1961:Bachmanov AA
1955:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1891:
1883:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1661:(1): 35–60.
1658:
1654:
1598:
1594:
1374:
1326:
1317:
1315:
1297:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1249:
1245:hypothalamus
1222:
1211:
1184:
1172:
1152:
1144:
1116:
1100:
1096:
1080:hyperthermia
1069:
1060:
1058:
1045:
1026:
1003:
979:mitochondria
960:
930:
885:
874:
850:feeder cells
838:
825:hypertension
794:
787:
783:
759:lipoproteins
753:
745:
741:
714:
697:
688:
684:
673:
658:
624:
603:
588:
565:
559:(EWAT), and
523:
503:Visceral fat
486:
464:
438:wall of the
413:
387:subcutaneous
376:
355:
340:visceral fat
325:
296:adipose gene
293:
267:(especially
242:
222:immune cells
202:
198:
186:
182:
178:
177:
18:Visceral fat
6779:Specialized
6769:Mesenchymal
6740:Aponeurosis
6491:Tendon cell
6453:Composition
6434:Soft tissue
2953:(1): 2050.
2845:Circulation
1925:(1): 9–15.
1385:eosinophils
1082:and death.
1033:weight loss
894:Adiponectin
771:esterifying
711:Ectopic fat
473:pericardial
460:milky spots
368:macrophages
364:fibroblasts
211:fibroblasts
132:Identifiers
6816:Categories
6524:Macrophage
6501:Melanocyte
6476:Fibroblast
6427:Physiology
6293:2016-09-08
5152:(18): 18.
4264:(36): 36.
3818:2013-12-19
3599:1942/24948
3536:: 983814.
3129:2013-12-02
2475:2009-04-10
1569:References
1531:Bariatrics
1521:Stem cells
1510:Starvation
1457:Adipocytes
1389:Macrophage
1379:deficient
1363:(ADP) and
1345:resistance
1310:See also:
1195:epigenetic
1187:(ChIP-seq)
1041:Vidal-Puig
937:adipokines
773:them onto
750:Physiology
694:Marrow fat
661:hypodermis
645:See also:
626:Epicardial
554:epididymal
550:mesenteric
507:See also:
493:panniculus
477:lymph node
444:intestines
428:epididymis
273:adipokines
240:the body.
195:adipocytes
185:or simply
37:See also:
6787:Cartilage
6756:Embryonic
6713:Submucosa
6673:Reticular
6602:Fibrillin
6519:Mast cell
6496:Adipocyte
6481:Fibrocyte
5811:205032762
3484:: 39–46.
3191:Nutrition
2687:206228752
2637:234747534
2557:August 3,
1834:205040511
1552:World Fit
1515:Steatosis
1499:Human fat
1489:Lipolysis
1484:Cellulite
1288:receptors
1280:mutations
1223:In 1995,
1076:uncoupler
1043:in 2020.
1037:brown fat
1010:symporter
943:Brown fat
933:cytokines
925:Estradiol
889:include:
881:estradiol
877:aromatase
809:metabolic
805:Abdominal
599:menopause
561:perirenal
381:. In the
310:in 1551.
265:cytokines
245:endocrine
238:insulates
6730:Ligament
6469:Resident
6444:Scarring
6439:Fibrosis
6283:25934927
6234:11320099
6186:46736884
6178:15955127
6143:13946212
6135:18779842
6092:11689931
6049:10395972
5971:20382689
5930:19427251
5895:15472169
5854:36920931
5713:19724019
5486:26844207
5434:27251423
5385:24549398
5333:25533952
5276:25133427
5227:35008082
5219:25390014
5178:24605108
5127:22237023
5070:28428261
5021:27368105
4972:25197048
4913:24703692
4864:23895241
4807:23624403
4772:25645913
4721:20160646
4672:24100998
4626:19357406
4569:19357405
4527:19357407
4478:17473055
4443:33042008
4407:Context"
4405:in vitro
4388:20006514
4339:23063128
4290:25713540
4225:14289041
4217:14715917
4171:12087067
4130:22108547
4100:Steroids
4081:31077538
4032:24361924
3983:22574183
3943:PLOS ONE
3924:33960130
3916:12660871
3878:20133714
3812:Archived
3789:19427436
3754:23579596
3703:13920823
3662:26694194
3616:10876113
3608:28913977
3562:22675355
3508:24709686
3459:26052898
3410:28436105
3358:19318450
3309:26696121
3260:20229598
3173:21052919
3165:20065965
3109:19244087
3032:19422139
2997:29391548
2928:30344493
2892:: 1381.
2867:14581396
2785:19196080
2736:18845966
2679:27213481
2629:33998135
2594:17637702
2451:27427402
2402:27614626
2353:26559286
2323:Medicine
2304:12503980
2263:30693649
2255:14704744
2220:24306481
2212:11287357
2177:10866038
2155:Diabetes
2136:20150289
2064:Archived
2048:25385482
1999:11282146
1947:24434046
1939:15936182
1826:18719573
1777:27529061
1726:15181022
1685:34100954
1625:23517218
1446:See also
1393:cytokine
1353:calipers
1278:Several
1202:Genetics
1112:(PGC-1α)
899:Resistin
775:glycerol
733:pancreas
680:resistin
606:cortisol
595:Estrogen
261:resistin
257:estrogen
251:such as
249:hormones
224:such as
215:vascular
183:body fat
6832:Obesity
6678:Adipose
6629:Elaunin
6624:EMILIN1
6597:Elastin
6274:4763864
6100:4344492
6072:Bibcode
6022:4400661
6014:9537324
5994:Bibcode
5846:9500540
5803:9202122
5781:Bibcode
5754:9061713
5704:2793049
5639:7624776
5619:Bibcode
5611:Science
5546:2699601
5477:4703852
5425:4956538
5376:3989735
5324:4447235
5303:Bibcode
5267:4153701
5169:3932445
5118:3522098
5097:Bibcode
5061:5411707
5012:5478388
4963:4209986
4940:Bibcode
4904:4012340
4855:3764508
4815:2842953
4763:4375480
4712:3593105
4617:2859951
4434:7523498
4417:: 629.
4379:3640847
4330:3782081
4281:4322621
4121:3286233
4072:6916558
4023:3925056
3974:3344924
3951:Bibcode
3869:2840462
3846:Bibcode
3745:3619125
3553:3366269
3499:4041820
3450:4511140
3401:5550355
3349:2690416
3300:4733126
3251:3127399
3211:9583375
3100:2681034
2988:5795000
2955:Bibcode
2919:6182296
2826:7942575
2776:3135883
2727:2730190
2442:5241265
2393:5513780
2344:4912280
2127:2858179
2039:4233761
1990:3341942
1875:9174472
1804:Bibcode
1768:4970637
1676:8755996
1616:3730538
1505:Obesity
1473:Blubber
1403:Gallery
1253:satiety
1191:histone
1175:RNA-Seq
1167:insulin
1104:(PPARγ)
977:within
906:(PAI-1)
631:cardiac
546:abdomen
483:Obesity
448:stomach
440:abdomen
424:ovaries
143:D000273
6764:Mucoid
6735:Tendon
6718:Dermis
6656:Proper
6585:COL3A1
6567:Fibers
6540:matrix
6380:(MeSH)
6355:
6328:
6281:
6271:
6232:
6184:
6176:
6141:
6133:
6098:
6090:
6064:Nature
6047:
6020:
6012:
5986:Nature
5969:
5928:
5893:
5852:
5844:
5809:
5801:
5773:Nature
5752:
5711:
5701:
5660:
5637:
5592:
5567:
5544:
5515:
5484:
5474:
5432:
5422:
5383:
5373:
5331:
5321:
5295:Nature
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