5842:
1535:, the visual system plays an important role in the ability of an individual to control balance and maintain an upright posture. When these three conditions are isolated and balance is tested, it has been found that vision is the most significant contributor to balance, playing a bigger role than either of the two other intrinsic mechanisms. The clarity with which an individual can see his environment, as well as the size of the visual field, the susceptibility of the individual to light and glare, and poor depth perception play important roles in providing a feedback loop to the brain on the body's movement through the environment. Anything that affects any of these variables can have a negative effect on balance and maintaining posture. This effect has been seen in research involving elderly subjects when compared to young controls, in
267:
65:
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1327:, first proposed by Ungerleider and Mishkin in 1982). The dorsal stream, commonly referred to as the "where" stream, is involved in spatial attention (covert and overt), and communicates with regions that control eye movements and hand movements. More recently, this area has been called the "how" stream to emphasize its role in guiding behaviors to spatial locations. The ventral stream, commonly referred to as the "what" stream, is involved in the recognition, identification and categorization of visual stimuli.
1331:
53:
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769:, which inhibits the bipolar cell. This inhibits the release of neurotransmitters from the bipolar cells to the ganglion cell. When there is light present, glutamate secretion ceases, thus no longer inhibiting the bipolar cell from releasing neurotransmitters to the ganglion cell and therefore an image can be detected.
1249:
1602:
Proper function of the visual system is required for sensing, processing, and understanding the surrounding environment. Difficulty in sensing, processing and understanding light input has the potential to adversely impact an individual's ability to communicate, learn and effectively complete routine
390:
V5's functionality is similar to that of the other V's, however, it integrates local object motion into global motion on a complex level. V6 works in conjunction with V5 on motion analysis. V5 analyzes self-motion, whereas V6 analyzes motion of objects relative to the background. V6's primary input
5877:
1:posterior segment 2:ora serrata 3:ciliary muscle 4:ciliary zonules 5:Schlemm's canal 6:pupil 7:anterior chamber 8:cornea 9:iris 10:lens cortex 11:lens nucleus 12:ciliary process 13:conjunctiva 14:inferior oblique muscule 15:inferior rectus muscule 16:medial rectus muscle 17:retinal arteries and
1272:
Visual information then flows through a cortical hierarchy. These areas include V2, V3, V4 and area V5/MT. (The exact connectivity depends on the species of the animal.) These secondary visual areas (collectively termed the extrastriate visual cortex) process a wide variety of visual primitives.
341:
V1 performs edge-detection to understand spatial organization (initially, 40 milliseconds in, focusing on even small spatial and color changes. Then, 100 milliseconds in, upon receiving the translated LGN, V2, and V3 info, also begins focusing on global organization). V1 also creates a bottom-up
1742:
possesses arguably the most complex visual system of any species. The eye of the mantis shrimp holds 16 color receptive cones, whereas humans only have three. The variety of cones enables them to perceive an enhanced array of colors as a mechanism for mate selection, avoidance of predators, and
1145:) cells of the optic nerve of the opposite eye and are concerned with depth or motion. Layers four and six of the LGN also connect to the opposite eye, but to the P cells (color and edges) of the optic nerve. By contrast, layers two, three and five of the LGN connect to the M cells and P (
827:
was 481 nm. This shows that there are two pathways for vision in the retina â one based on classic photoreceptors (rods and cones) and the other, newly discovered, based on photo-receptive ganglion cells which act as rudimentary visual brightness detectors.
850:
onto a light-sensitive medium. In the case of the camera, this medium is film or an electronic sensor; in the case of the eye, it is an array of visual receptors. With this simple geometrical similarity, based on the laws of optics, the eye functions as a
1269:(also called V1 and striate cortex). It creates a bottom-up saliency map of the visual field to guide attention or eye gaze to salient visual locations. Hence selection of visual input information by attention starts at V1 along the visual pathway.
1465:. The condition tends to get somewhat worse through childhood and adolescence, but stabilizes in adulthood. More prominent myopia (nearsightedness) and astigmatism are thought to be inherited. Children with this condition may need to wear glasses.
822:
In 2007 Zaidi and co-researchers on both sides of the
Atlantic studying patients without rods and cones, discovered that the novel photoreceptive ganglion cell in humans also has a role in conscious and unconscious visual perception. The peak
1311:
location, neurons in the lateral occipital complex respond selectively to a complete object (e.g., a figure drawing), and neurons in the visual association cortex may respond selectively to human faces, or to a particular object.
1273:
Neurons in V1 and V2 respond selectively to bars of specific orientations, or combinations of bars. These are believed to support edge and corner detection. Similarly, basic information about color and motion is processed here.
1306:
As visual information passes forward through the visual hierarchy, the complexity of the neural representations increases. Whereas a V1 neuron may respond selectively to a line segment of a particular orientation in a particular
760:
conformation in one of the double bonds). When light interacts with the retinal, it changes conformation to a straight form called trans-retinal and breaks away from the opsin. This is called bleaching because the purified
677:
Rods and cones differ in function. Rods are found primarily in the periphery of the retina and are used to see at low levels of light. Each human eye contains 120 million rods. Cones are found primarily in the center (or
1160:
about the size and shape of two small birds' eggs. In between the six layers are smaller cells that receive information from the K cells (color) in the retina. The neurons of the LGN then relay the visual image to the
438:
and aids (since it provides parasympathetic fibers) in convergence of the eyes and lens adjustment. Nuclei of the optic tract are involved in smooth pursuit eye movement and the accommodation reflex, as well as REM.
2500:"The organization of projections of the retinorecipient and nonretinorecipient nuclei of the pretectal complex and layers of the superior colliculus to the lateral pulvinar and medial pulvinar in the macaque monkey"
1811:, have evolved compound eyes on their tentacles, which they use to detect encroaching movement. If movement is detected, the fan worms will rapidly withdraw their tentacles. Bok, et al., have discovered opsins and
1970:
In 2014, a textbook "Understanding vision: theory, models, and data" illustrates how to link neurobiological data and visual behavior/psychological data through theoretical principles and computational models.
5878:
veins 18:optic disc 19:dura mater 20:central retinal artery 21:central retinal vein 22:optic nerve 23:vorticose vein 24:bulbar sheath 25:macula 26:fovea 27:sclera 28:choroid 29:superior rectus muscle 30:retina
1659:
is a type of blindness that destroys only a part of the visual field typically caused by partial injury in the primary visual cortex. This is very similar to homonymous hemianopia, but to a lesser degree.
1612:
is clouding of the lens, which in turn affects vision. Although it may be accompanied by yellowing, clouding and yellowing can occur separately. This is typically a result of ageing, disease, or drug use.
1024:). A recently discovered role for photoreceptive ganglion cells is that they mediate conscious and unconscious vision â acting as rudimentary visual brightness detectors as shown in rodless coneless eyes.
737:, transmit information laterally (from a neuron in one layer to an adjacent neuron in the same layer), resulting in more complex receptive fields that can be either indifferent to color and sensitive to
1876:
Biologists have determined that humans have extremely good vision compared to the overwhelming majority of animals, particularly in daylight, though a few species have better. Other animals such as
335:(LGN). Before the LGN forwards the pulses to V1 of the visual cortex (primary) it gauges the range of objects and tags every major object with a velocity tag. These tags predict object movement.
270:
This diagram linearly (unless otherwise mentioned) tracks the projections of all known structures that allow for vision to their relevant endpoints in the human brain. Click to enlarge the image.
1606:
In children, early diagnosis and treatment of impaired visual system function is an important factor in ensuring that key social, academic and speech/language developmental milestones are met.
1223:. The P layer neurons of the LGN relay to V1 layer 4C ÎČ. The M layer neurons relay to V1 layer 4C α. The K layer neurons in the LGN relay to large neurons called blobs in layers 2 and 3 of V1.
2730:
Reiner, Anton, and Harvey J. Karten. "Parasympathetic Ocular
Control â Functional Subdivisions and Circuitry of the Avian Nucleus of Edinger-Westphal."Science Direct. 1983. Web. 27 March 2016.
1369:
that V1 creates a bottom-up saliency map to guide attention exogenously. With attentional selection as a center stage, vision is seen as composed of encoding, selection, and decoding stages.
1422:. One study found that 74% of newborns can distinguish red, 36% green, 25% yellow, and 14% blue. After one month, performance "improved somewhat." Infant's eyes do not have the ability to
1547:(one eyed vision) has also been shown to negatively impact balance, which was seen in the previously referenced cataract and glaucoma studies, as well as in healthy children and adults.
1438:, and evaluate the eye teaming and alignment. Visual acuity improves from about 20/400 at birth to approximately 20/25 at 6 months of age. This happens because the nerve cells in the
1261:
The visual cortex is the largest system in the human brain and is responsible for processing the visual image. It lies at the rear of the brain (highlighted in the image), above the
1230:
of the eye, all the way through the optic tract to a nerve position in V1 up to V4, i.e. the primary visual areas. After that, the visual pathway is roughly separated into a
729:
of bipolar and ganglion cells in the retina, as well as convergence and divergence from photoreceptor to bipolar cell. In addition, other neurons in the retina, particularly
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690:
and other features of the visual world at medium and high light levels. Cones are larger and much less numerous than rods (there are 6-7 million of them in each human eye).
379:
V4 recognizes simple shapes, and gets input from V1 (strong), V2, V3, LGN, and pulvinar. V5's outputs include V4 and its surrounding area, and eye-movement motor cortices (
772:
The final result of all this processing is five different populations of ganglion cells that send visual (image-forming and non-image-forming) information to the brain:
1137:. Layers 1, 4, and 6 correspond to information from the contralateral (crossed) fibers of the nasal retina (temporal visual field); layers 2, 3, and 5 correspond to
3710:
Teasdale N, Stelmach GE, Breunig A (November 1991). "Postural sway characteristics of the elderly under normal and altered visual and support surface conditions".
1927:
in 1810. Evidence for functionally distinct areas of the brain (and, specifically, of the cerebral cortex) mounted throughout the 19th century with discoveries by
1888:
In the second half of the 19th century, many motifs of the nervous system were identified such as the neuron doctrine and brain localization, which related to the
5861:
3069:
Lucas RJ, Hattar S, Takao M, Berson DM, Foster RG, Yau KW (January 2003). "Diminished pupillary light reflex at high irradiances in melanopsin-knockout mice".
101:
1558:, a visual field defect). Nevertheless, evidence for the efficacy of cost-effective interventions aimed at these visual field defects is still inconsistent.
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from both eyes, and similarly for the left brain. A small region in the center of the field of view is processed redundantly by both halves of the brain.
6121:
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5859:
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5864:
4021:
Safer AB, Grace MS (September 2004). "Infrared imaging in vipers: differential responses of crotaline and viperine snakes to paired thermal targets".
1506:
While a healthy adult pupil typically has a size range of 2â8 mm, with age the range gets smaller, trending towards a moderately small diameter.
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there is some evidence that the amount of time school aged children spend outdoors, in natural light, may have some impact on whether they develop
1341:
However, there is still much debate about the degree of specialization within these two pathways, since they are in fact heavily interconnected.
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is a network of brain regions that are active when an individual is awake and at rest. The visual system's default mode can be monitored during
1315:
Along with this increasing complexity of neural representation may come a level of specialization of processing into two distinct pathways: the
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3322:
Heider, Barbara; Spillmann, Lothar; Peterhans, Esther (2002) "Stereoscopic
Illusory Contoursâ Cortical Neuron Responses and Human Perception"
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being the basic unit of the nervous system and functional localisation in the brain, respectively. These would become tenets of the fledgling
1676:, or visual-form agnosia, is a brain disorder that produces an inability to recognize objects. This disorder often arises after damage to the
3348:
Mishkin M, Ungerleider LG (1982). "Contribution of striate inputs to the visuospatial functions of parieto-preoccipital cortex in monkeys".
2434:"Effective connectivity of the left BA 44, BA 45, and inferior temporal gyrus during lexical and phonological decisions identified with DCM"
1637:. This typically involves the outer layers of the optic nerve, sometimes as a result of buildup of fluid and excessive pressure in the eye.
1141:
from the ipsilateral (uncrossed) fibers of the temporal retina (nasal visual field). Layer one contains M cells, which correspond to the M (
725:
of ganglion cells transmit information from the retina to the brain. The processing in the retina includes the formation of center-surround
686:
of light they absorb; they are usually called short or blue, middle or green, and long or red. Cones mediate day vision and can distinguish
57:
The visual system includes the eyes, the connecting pathways through to the visual cortex and other parts of the brain (human system shown).
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2666:
Moser, May-Britt, and Edvard I. Moser. "Functional
Differentiation in the Hippocampus." Wiley Online Library. 1998. Web. 27 March 2016.
1666:, or face blindness, is a brain disorder that produces an inability to recognize faces. This disorder often arises after damage to the
2781:
19:
This article is about the physiological components involved in vision. For the ability to interpret the surrounding environment, see
3748:
Shabana N, Cornilleau-PĂ©rĂšs V, Droulez J, Goh JC, Lee GS, Chew PT (June 2005). "Postural stability in primary open angle glaucoma".
1453:, focus, tracking and other aspects of vision continue to develop throughout early and middle childhood. From recent studies in the
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5856:
1653:
is a type of blindness that destroys one entire side of the visual field typically caused by injury in the primary visual cortex.
542:
4870:
945:. Different populations of ganglion cells in the retina send information to the brain through the optic nerve. About 90% of the
395:
for vision. V6 outputs to the region directly around it (V6A). V6A has direct connections to arm-moving cortices, including the
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5849:
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2488:
Catani, Marco, and Derek K. Jones. "Brain." Occipitoâtemporal
Connections in the Human Brain. 23 June 2003. Web. 27 March 2016.
220:
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2612:"Topography of visual cortex connections with frontal eye field in macaque: convergence and segregation of processing streams"
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Zhaoping, Li (2014-05-08). "The V1 hypothesisâcreating a bottom-up saliency map for preattentive selection and segmentation".
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2153:"Optic Chiasma." Optic Chiasm Function, Anatomy & Definition. Healthline Medical Team, 9 March 2015. Web. 27 March 2016.
1177:. The LGN is not just a simple relay station, but it is also a center for processing; it receives reciprocal input from the
365:, determining depth by comparing left and right pulses (2D images), and foreground distinguishment. V2 connects to V1 - V5.
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239:. The visual system also has several non-image forming visual functions, independent of visual perception, including the
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Adams, Russell J.; Courage, Mary L.; Mercer, Michele E. (1994). "Systematic measurement of human neonatal color vision".
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of the motor cortex (1871). Based on selective damage to parts of the brain and the functional effects of the resulting
5855:
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2933:
2742:"Individual neurons dissociated from rat suprachiasmatic nucleus express independently phased circadian firing rhythms"
2432:
Heim, Stefan; Eickhoff, Simon B.; Ischebeck, Anja K.; Friederici, Angela D.; Stephan, Klaas E.; Amunts, Katrin (2009).
2126:"How the Human Eye Works | Cornea Layers/Role | Light Rays." NKCF. The Gavin Herbert Eye Institute. Web. 27 March 2016.
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and ventral intraparietal cortex are involved in visual attention and saccadic eye movements. These regions are in the
6416:
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5857:
5854:
4127:"Molecular phylogeny of ocelloid-bearing dinoflagellates (Warnowiaceae) as inferred from SSU and LSU rDNA sequences"
2977:"Short-wavelength light sensitivity of circadian, pupillary, and visual awareness in humans lacking an outer retina"
790:
K cells, with very large center-only receptive fields that are sensitive to color and indifferent to shape or depth;
765:
changes from violet to colorless in the light. At baseline in the dark, the rhodopsin absorbs no light and releases
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Card, J. Patrick, and Robert Y. Moore. "Organization of
Lateral Geniculate-hypothalamic Connections in the Rat."
2026:
4739:(1963). "The effects of visual deprivation on the morphology and physiology of cell's lateral geniculate body".
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of the brain. At this point, the information coming from both eyes is combined and then splits according to the
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is important for reconstructing the visual world; each type of information will go through a different route to
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3477:"From The Cover: The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks"
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96:
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Wade LR, Weimar WH, Davis J (December 2004). "Effect of personal protective eyewear on postural stability".
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Jefferey, G., and M. M. Neveu. "Chiasm
Formation in Man Is Fundamentally Different from That in the Mouse."
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are thought to rely more on senses other than vision, which in turn may be better developed than in humans.
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is a type of blindness that begins at the edge of the visual field and progresses inward. It may result in
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is often compared with the workings of the eye, mostly since both focus light from external objects in the
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declines with age. However, there are a number of age-related conditions that can cause excessive tearing.
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https://web.archive.org/web/20111117045917/http://www.realage.com/check-your-health/eye-health/aging-eye
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Vision: A Computational
Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information
1773:, with analogous structures for the lens and retina of the multi-cellular eye. The armored shell of the
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functionality of the eye, including the formation of monocular images, the neural mechanisms underlying
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the nerve fibers decussate (left becomes right). The fibers then branch and terminate in three places.
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587:. The cornea and lens act together as a compound lens to project an inverted image onto the retina.
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is divided into functionally distinct cortices now known to be responsible for capacities such as
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Representation of optic pathways from each of the 4 quadrants of view for both eyes simultaneously
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Vision is often one of the first senses affected by aging. A number of changes occur with aging:
1117:(LGN) is a sensory relay nucleus in the thalamus of the brain. The LGN consists of six layers in
1046:. The corresponding halves of the field of view (right and left) are sent to the left and right
1013:
514:
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403:
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Li, L; Connors, MJ; Kolle, M; England, GT; Speiser, DI; Xiao, X; Aizenberg, J; Ortiz, C (2015).
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1076:(now on the left side of the brain) travels in the left optic tract. Information from the left
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Jessell, Thomas M.; Kandel, Eric R.; Schwartz, James H. (2000). "27. Central visual pathways".
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3621:"Effect of vision, proprioception, and the position of the vestibular organ on postural sway"
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Barlow, H. (1961) "Possible principles underlying the transformation of sensory messages" in
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3236:"A new framework for understanding vision from the perspective of the primary visual cortex"
2808:"Melanopsin cells are the principal conduits for rod/cone input to non-image forming vision"
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2499:
2289:"The role of visual cortex for binocular interactions in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus"
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the human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks"
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mechanism, is probably not involved in conscious vision, as these RGC do not project to the
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3982:"Characterisation of the ultraviolet-sensitive opsin gene in the honey bee, Apis mellifera"
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957:. These axons originate from the M, P, and K ganglion cells in the retina, see above. This
887:. In the presence of light, the retinal molecule changes configuration and as a result, a
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Heider, et al. (2002) found that neurons involving V1, V2, and V3 can detect stereoscopic
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Welsh, David K; Logothetis, Diomedes E; Meister, Markus; Reppert, Steven M (April 1995).
2195:"Feedback Connections to the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus and Cortical Response Properties"
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Heiting, G., (2011). Your infant's vision
Development. Retrieved February 27, 2012 from
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patients pre and post surgery, and even something as simple as wearing safety goggles.
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1280:; they found that stereoscopic stimuli subtending up to 8° can activate these neurons.
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1038:
The optic nerves from both eyes meet and cross at the optic chiasm, at the base of the
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P cells, with smaller center-surround receptive fields that are sensitive to color and
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in the retina. About 130 million photo-receptors absorb light, yet roughly 1.2 million
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and visual attention. V2 serves much the same function as V1, however, it also handles
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becomes yellowed and may eventually become brown, a condition known as brunescence or
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4826:. The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth). Archived from
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4465:"Recent studies provide an updated clinical perspective on blue light-filtering IOLs"
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4289:"Which species, including humans, has the sharpest vision? Study debunks old beliefs"
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or "retinaldehyde", is a light-sensitive molecule found in the rods and cones of the
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4142:"Multifunctionality of chiton biomineralized armor with an integrated visual system"
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detection of prey. Swordfish also possess an impressive visual system. The eye of a
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is the main cause of specific visual impairment, most frequently visual field loss (
422:. Anterior, posterior and medial pretectal nuclei inhibit pain (indirectly), aid in
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2242:"Functional specificity of lateral geniculate nucleus laminae of the rhesus monkey"
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The retina adapts to change in light through the use of the rods. In the dark, the
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The information about the image via the eye is transmitted to the brain along the
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Tillotson, Joanne. McCann, Stephanie. Kaplan's
Medical Flashcards. April 2, 2013.
2021:
2011:
1932:
1900:
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1693:
1620:
1596:
1431:
1206:
1149:) cells of the optic nerve for the same side of the brain as its respective LGN.
1130:
730:
679:
545:. The anterior visual pathway refers to structures involved in vision before the
396:
392:
354:
4810:
Hagfish research has found the "missing link" in the evolution of the eye. See:
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with image being decomposed on the way, up to simple cortical cells (simplified)
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The Aging Eye; See into Your future. (2009). Retrieved February 27, 2012 from
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3880:"Use of monocular and binocular visual cues for postural control in children"
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in the visual field typically caused by injury in the primary visual cortex.
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The image projected onto the retina is inverted due to the optics of the eye.
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to normal reading distance, focus tending to remain fixed at long distance.
7554:
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2678:"Anatomical organization of pretectal nuclei and tectal laminae in the cat"
2475:
2226:
2110:
1956:
1916:
1893:
1820:
1697:
1265:. The region that receives information directly from the LGN is called the
1227:
1043:
1039:
1033:
914:
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M cells, with large center-surround receptive fields that are sensitive to
447:
343:
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This article describes the human visual system, which is representative of
157:
4463:
Davison JA, Patel AS, Cunha JP, Schwiegerling J, Muftuoglu O (July 2011).
4437:
4389:
4007:
3980:
Bellingham J, Wilkie SE, Morris AG, Bowmaker JK, Hunt DM (February 1997).
3794:
Schwartz S, Segal O, Barkana Y, Schwesig R, Avni I, Morad Y (March 2005).
3731:
3696:
3671:"The role of vision and spatial orientation in the maintenance of posture"
3597:
3369:
2767:
2709:
2693:
2653:
2596:
2555:"Synaptic physiology of horizontal connections in the cat's visual cortex"
2531:
2515:
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recognizes complex shapes, objects, and faces or, in conjunction with the
372:' (direction and speed) of objects. V3 connects to V1 (weak), V2, and the
7765:
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7482:
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1986:
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of the surrounding environment. The visual system is associated with the
4122:
Single-Celled Planktonic Organisms Have Animal-Like Eyes, Scientists Say
2834:
2336:"Specificity of monosynaptic connections from thalamus to visual cortex"
2273:
1499:
The lens becomes less flexible, diminishing the ability to accommodate (
879:. Retinal is the fundamental structure involved in the transduction of
7770:
7760:
7709:
7635:
7590:
7454:
7449:
7421:
7401:
7325:
7285:
7232:
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6605:
6595:
6502:
6443:
6191:
5949:
5626:
5543:
5488:
5373:
5290:
4974:
4612:
3391:
Farivar R. (2009). "Dorsal-ventral integration in object recognition".
2193:
Murphy, Penelope C.; Duckett, Simon G.; Sillito, Adam M. (1999-11-19).
2001:
1928:
1756:
1616:
1500:
1384:, in which the visual system switches from resting state to attention.
1308:
1262:
1126:
985:
962:
852:
816:
651:
643:
347:
304:
255:
196:
134:
52:
4368:
Gross CG (1994). "How inferior temporal cortex became a visual area".
2449:
2335:
1488:. Although many factors contribute to yellowing, lifetime exposure to
1080:
travels in the right optic tract. Each optic tract terminates in the
549:. The posterior visual pathway refers to structures after this point.
274:
114:
7699:
7247:
7193:
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6590:
6580:
6525:
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4824:
Neuroscience Online, the Open-Access Neuroscience Electronic Textbook
3896:
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2359:
1858:
1850:
1834:
1812:
1783:
1763:
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1735:
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1458:
1283:
1215:, one on each side of the brain, carry information from the thalamic
1157:
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into visual signals, i.e. nerve impulses in the ocular system of the
766:
762:
639:
568:
467:
451:
236:
4508:"The emerging roles of melanopsin in behavioral adaptation to light"
1156:
and about three times its thickness. The LGN is rolled up into two
7416:
7406:
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7208:
7065:
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6085:
5678:
5378:
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1798:
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1536:
1485:
974:
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954:
868:
682:) of the retina. There are three types of cones that differ in the
635:
634:. In humans, two types of opsins are involved in conscious vision:
627:
411:
26:"Visual sensor" redirects here. For electronic visual sensors, see
4797:
4191:
Bok, Michael J.; Porter, Megan L.; Nilsson, Dan-Eric (July 2017).
1815:
in the fan worm's eyes, which were previously only seen in simple
191:
The visual system performs a number of complex tasks based on the
7704:
7585:
7439:
7391:
7353:
7257:
7198:
6530:
6337:
6238:
6182:
5898:
5032:
4785:
3747:
1842:
1715:
1640:
1566:
1426:. Pediatricians are able to perform non-verbal testing to assess
1226:
There is a direct correspondence from an angular position in the
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624:
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153:
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6834:
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5754:
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2100:. Ed. Alan Kozarsky. WebMD, 3 October 2015. Web. 27 March 2016.
1944:
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and would support further understanding of the visual system.
357:) pulses to V1 and receives them. Pulvinar is responsible for
7070:
6872:
6785:
6780:
6554:
6464:
6439:
5972:
5027:
4786:"Webvision: The Organization of the Retina and Visual System"
2739:
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78:
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2975:
Zaidi FH, Hull JT, Peirson SN, et al. (December 2007).
1050:, respectively, to be processed. That is, the right side of
7605:
7358:
5886:
3945:
2610:
Schall, JD; Morel, A.; King, DJ; Bullier, J. (1995-06-01).
1752:
1748:
3878:
Barela JA, Sanches M, Lopes AG, Razuk M, Moraes R (2011).
3038:
The human brain: an introduction to its functional anatomy
6585:
5729:
4847:
4654:. (H.D. Steklis and J. Erwin, editors.) pp. 203â278.
1877:
1846:
1723:
1689:
1361:. Limitations in the applicability of this theory in the
1134:
1092:
910:
744:
558:
219:. Together, these facilitate higher order tasks, such as
161:
70:
2917:
Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function
1152:
Spread out, the six layers of the LGN are the area of a
780:, indifferent to color, and rapidly adapt to a stimulus;
674:, resulting in hyper-polarization of the photoreceptor.
4806:â An online, open access journal of perception science.
4794:â An online resource for researchers in vision science.
3877:
3709:
3618:
1442:
and brain that control vision are not fully developed.
794:
another population that is intrinsically photosensitive
3138:
Science in medieval Islam: an illustrated introduction
3068:
2609:
2498:
Benevento, Louis A.; Standage, Gregg P. (1983-07-01).
1873:) have a two-cone photoreceptor kind of color vision.
4139:
3537:
Visual Attention in Children: Theories and Activities
295:
refract light into a small image and shine it on the
4613:
Marr, David; Ullman, Shimon; Poggio, Tomaso (2010).
4243:
Evolution of fan worm eyes (August 1, 2017) Phys.org
3796:"The effect of cataract surgery on postural control"
3619:
Hansson EE, Beckman A, HĂ„kansson A (December 2010).
2192:
1004:), to several structures involved in the control of
921:, and layering left and right visual stimuli in the
756:
has a bent shape called cis-retinal (referring to a
666:(a particle of light) and transmits a signal to the
5214:
4800:â An online, open access journal of vision science.
1951:proposed that visual function was localized to the
7676:
4588:Introduction to Brain and Behaviour Fourth Edition
3949:The Aging Eye: Preventing and treating eye disease
3567:
3347:
3341:
3282:
3131:
799:a final population that is used for eye movements.
717:arises from the patterns of communication between
227:side of visual information processing is known as
4550:http://www.allaboutvision.com/parents/infants.htm
4408:Schiller PH (1986). "The central visual system".
4403:
4401:
4399:
3789:
3787:
3129:
2497:
2334:Clay Reid, R.; Alonso, Jose-Manuel (1995-11-16).
1738:, which are sensitive to infrared radiation. The
741:or sensitive to color and indifferent to motion.
7799:
4190:
3743:
3741:
3561:
2974:
1165:(V1) which is located at the back of the brain (
917:, joining left and right eye information in the
5844:
4820:"Chapter 14: Visual Processing: Eye and Retina"
4554:
3834:
2864:
2862:
2675:
2333:
2286:
2239:
73:is the sensory organ of the visual system. The
4396:
4363:
4361:
3784:
3452:Understanding vision: theory, models, and data
2970:
2968:
2400:Understanding Vision: Theory, Models, and Data
2240:Schiller, P. H.; Malpeli, J. G. (1978-05-01).
1857:color vision humans have, while lower primate
973:, which assists in controlling eye movements (
965:. Another population sends information to the
7662:
6424:
5715:
5339:
5200:
4885:
4871:
4788:â John Moran Eye Center at University of Utah
4193:"Phototransduction in fan worm radiolar eyes"
3738:
3140:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p.
2552:
2135:Albertine, Kurt. Barron's Anatomy Flash Cards
1827:receptors in the eyes of most invertebrates.
1643:is a type of blindness that produces a small
1098:
338:The LGN also sends some fibers to V2 and V3.
6438:
5353:
4340:"Animal senses: How they differ from humans"
3939:
2859:
1807:which live in tubes on the sea floor of the
1445:
1295:
929:in red at bottom of image. (1543 image from
235:, and a complete absence of which is called
33:"Visual" redirects here. For the album, see
4817:
4731:
4644:Rodiek, R.W. (1988). "The Primate Retina".
4585:
4505:
4407:
4358:
3952:. Harvard Health Publications. p. 20.
3454:. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
2965:
2676:Kanaseki, T.; Sprague, J. M. (1974-12-01).
1623:. The eye's lens becomes too inflexible to
1539:patients compared to age matched controls,
705:of the outermost layer, which then conduct
7669:
7655:
6431:
6417:
5722:
5708:
5346:
5332:
5207:
5193:
4878:
4864:
4657:
4020:
3390:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
331:Most of the optic nerve fibers end in the
63:
51:
4531:
4488:
4253:
4228:1983/3793ef99-753c-4c60-8d91-92815395387a
4226:
4216:
4167:
4157:
3997:
3895:
3811:
3686:
3668:
3510:
3500:
3189:"A saliency map in primary visual cortex"
3090:
3009:
2842:
2757:
2643:
2586:
2465:
2409:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199564668.001.0001
2403:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press.
2117:, 10 February 2010. Web. 27 March 2016.
4715:
4367:
4312:
3527:
3449:
3233:
3172:
3031:
3029:
2396:
1565:
1561:
1329:
1282:
1247:
1187:
1086:
904:
819:retinas transfer at about 875 kilobits.
589:
461:
391:is V1, with V5 additions. V6 houses the
303:this image into electrical pulses using
273:
265:
4184:
3384:
3036:Sundsten, John W.; Nolte, John (2001).
2887:
1718:are able to see different parts of the
1399:(marked in red in the adjacent image).
7800:
4643:
4313:Gibeault, Stephanie (March 22, 2018).
4286:
3040:. St. Louis: Mosby. pp. 410â447.
2553:Hirsch, Ja; Gilbert, Cd (1991-06-01).
2109:Than, Ker. "How the Human Eye Works."
1959:more accurately located vision in the
1734:can accurately target prey with their
1578:1. Complete loss of vision, right eye
745:Mechanism of generating visual signals
543:anterior and posterior visual pathways
315:then carries these pulses through the
144:and interprets information concerning
7650:
6649:Somatosensory system (sense of touch)
6412:
5703:
5327:
5188:
4859:
4848:Articles related to the visual system
4846:
4684:
4256:Vision and art: the biology of seeing
3475:Fox, Michael D.; et al. (2005).
3445:
3443:
3182:
3180:
3026:
2934:"Webvision: Ganglion cell Physiology"
2904:
2806:GĂŒler, A.D.; et al. (May 2008).
2805:
1819:photoreceptors in the brains of some
6634:Vestibular system (sense of balance)
4687:An introduction to the visual system
4258:. Hubel, David H. New York: Abrams.
3946:Harvard Health Publications (2010).
3533:
2170:, 21 March 2007. Web. 27 March 2016.
1751:to better cope with detecting their
1287:Visual cortex is active even during
977:) as well as other motor responses.
231:, an abnormality of which is called
5069:Fluid and crystallized intelligence
4980:Fluid and crystallized intelligence
4469:Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol
3474:
2782:"The Optic Pathway - Eye Disorders"
2774:
2183:. 1 June. 1989. Web. 27 March 2016.
1853:) have the same kind of three-cone
1550:According to Pollock et al. (2010)
1257:V1; V2; V3; V4; V5 (also called MT)
1016:(the biological clock), and to the
811:of human retinas to be about 8,960
13:
6629:Auditory system (sense of hearing)
5840:
4506:Hatori M, Panda S (October 2010).
4456:
3440:
3289:. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp.
3186:
3177:
2628:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-06-04464.1995
2571:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.11-06-01800.1991
2287:Schmielau, F.; Singer, W. (1977).
1619:is a visual condition that causes
1517:
1353:in 1961 as a theoretical model of
1200:
693:In the retina, the photoreceptors
583:) and is further refracted by the
261:
164:and functionally divided into the
14:
7824:
6644:Gustatory system (sense of taste)
6639:Olfactory system (sense of smell)
4779:
4725:On the Workings of the Human Body
3405:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.05.006
1782:is also covered with hundreds of
1380:: Fox, et al. (2005) found that "
831:
807:study calculated the approximate
353:V2 both forwards (direct and via
16:Body parts responsible for vision
6896:Infrared sensing in vampire bats
5597:
5164:
4664:NIH National Library of Medicine
4065:"(2018) "Peacock Mantis Shrimp"
3999:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00775.x
3933:10.1111/j.1747-4949.2010.00516.x
3762:10.1111/j.1442-9071.2005.01003.x
2959:"Calculating the speed of sight"
2868:
2682:Journal of Comparative Neurology
2504:Journal of Comparative Neurology
1755:at depths of 2000 feet. Certain
1683:
1237:
1054:deals with the left half of the
502:
490:
199:and assessment of distances to (
6624:Visual system (sense of vision)
5165:
5105:Evolution of human intelligence
4332:
4306:
4287:Renner, Ben (January 9, 2019).
4280:
4254:Margaret., Livingstone (2008).
4247:
4133:
4115:
4086:
4057:
4014:
3973:
3921:International Journal of Stroke
3912:
3871:
3828:
3703:
3662:
3612:
3468:
3427:
3315:
3274:
3240:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
3227:
3166:
3123:
3062:
2951:
2926:
2909:
2799:
2786:MSD Manual Professional Edition
2733:
2724:
2669:
2660:
2603:
2546:
2491:
2482:
2425:
2390:
2327:
2280:
2233:
1955:of the brain in 1876. In 1881,
1027:
7725:Blue field entoptic phenomenon
4590:. New York: Worth Publishers.
4315:"Do Dogs Have Self-Awareness?"
3669:Wade MG, Jones G (June 1997).
2186:
2173:
2156:
2147:
2138:
2129:
2120:
2103:
2090:
1402:
1061:
1018:ventrolateral preoptic nucleus
894:
129:is the physiological basis of
1:
6766:Auditory perception (hearing)
5170:Outline of human intelligence
5074:Multiple-intelligences theory
4812:Nature Reviews Neuroscience.
3205:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01817-9
2211:10.1126/science.286.5444.1552
2083:
2052:Scotopic sensitivity syndrome
1595:5&6. Quadrantanopia with
1418:Newborn infants have limited
982:photosensitive ganglion cells
949:in the optic nerve go to the
701:, which in turn synapse onto
575:. It then passes through the
454:(indirectly) at first light.
254:, and to a lesser extent the
7412:Olfactory reference syndrome
7189:Alice in Wonderland syndrome
6368:Optical coherence tomography
6122:Photosensitive ganglion cell
5120:Intelligence and environment
4658:Schmolesky, Matthew (1995).
4524:10.1016/j.molmed.2010.07.005
4422:10.1016/0042-6989(86)90162-8
3849:10.1080/00140130410001724246
3800:Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci
3750:Clin. Experiment. Ophthalmol
3640:10.3109/00016489.2010.498024
3582:10.1016/0042-6989(94)90127-9
3362:10.1016/0166-4328(82)90081-X
3285:Principles of neural science
3193:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
2759:10.1016/0896-6273(95)90214-7
2305:10.1016/0006-8993(77)90914-3
1468:
992:, sends information via the
619:The retina consists of many
533:These are components of the
457:
7:
7776:Cosmic ray visual phenomena
7611:Sensory processing disorder
6781:Gustation (taste or flavor)
6771:Equilibrioception (balance)
6118:Giant retina ganglion cells
5907:Capillary lamina of choroid
5064:CattellâHornâCarroll theory
4660:"The Primary Visual Cortex"
4646:Comparative Primate Biology
4561:Scientific American Library
4092:David Fleshler(10-15-2012)
2616:The Journal of Neuroscience
2559:The Journal of Neuroscience
2042:Memory-prediction framework
2027:HelmholtzâKohlrausch effect
1974:
1350:efficient coding hypothesis
1181:and subcortical layers and
1072:Information from the right
672:signal transduction pathway
563:Anterior segment of eyeball
541:, that can be divided into
484:
215:under visual guidance, and
10:
7829:
7565:Supernumerary phantom limb
6901:Infrared sensing in snakes
6761:Visual perception (vision)
6062:Retinal pigment epithelium
6052:External limiting membrane
4742:Journal of Neurophysiology
4721:De Humani Corporis Fabrica
4691:Cambridge University Press
4586:Kolb B, Whishaw I (2012).
4095:South Florida Sun-Sentinel
3252:10.1016/j.conb.2019.06.001
3130:Turner, Howard R. (1997).
2246:Journal of Neurophysiology
2096:"How the Human Eye Sees."
1997:Associative visual agnosia
1883:
1861:(South American) monkeys (
1687:
1522:
1411:
1407:
1363:primary visual cortex (V1)
1299:
1241:
1232:ventral and dorsal pathway
1217:lateral geniculate nucleus
1204:
1115:lateral geniculate nucleus
1107:Lateral geniculate nucleus
1104:
1099:Lateral geniculate nucleus
1082:lateral geniculate nucleus
1065:
1031:
951:lateral geniculate nucleus
923:lateral geniculate nucleus
909:Information flow from the
898:
835:
805:University of Pennsylvania
713:. A significant amount of
656:lateral geniculate nucleus
612:
567:Light entering the eye is
556:
547:lateral geniculate nucleus
385:lateral intraparietal area
333:lateral geniculate nucleus
282:
32:
25:
18:
7771:Afterimage on empty shape
7738:
7685:
7628:
7573:
7542:
7511:
7463:
7430:
7382:
7344:
7316:Microwave auditory effect
7276:
7174:
7167:
7140:
7117:
7089:
7048:
6990:
6979:
6947:
6924:
6871:
6862:
6815:
6753:
6710:
6657:
6614:
6571:
6562:
6553:
6501:
6483:Transduction (physiology)
6463:
6450:
6350:
6311:
6225:
6216:
6150:
6070:
6005:
5995:
5958:
5925:
5897:
5885:
5838:
5781:
5753:
5742:
5661:
5606:
5595:
5366:
5259:
5226:
5160:
5097:
5056:
4947:
4896:
4853:
4685:Tovée, Martin J. (2008).
4481:10.1007/s00417-011-1697-6
4218:10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.093
4109:Swordfish heat their eyes
4035:10.1016/j.bbr.2004.01.020
3534:Lane, Kenneth A. (2012).
3324:J. Cognitive Neuroscience
3002:10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.034
1923:), was first proposed by
1804:Acromegalomma interruptum
1446:Childhood and adolescence
1296:Visual association cortex
660:pretectal olivary nucleus
623:which contain particular
608:
571:as it passes through the
527:visual association cortex
450:that halts production of
326:
107:
95:
90:
62:
50:
45:
7781:Closed-eye hallucination
7321:Music-specific disorders
6677:Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
5635:Ascending and Descending
4755:10.1152/jn.1963.26.6.978
4555:Hubel, David H. (1995).
3724:10.1093/geronj/46.6.B238
2258:10.1152/jn.1978.41.3.788
1786:crystalline eyes, named
1603:tasks on a daily basis.
1185:from the visual cortex.
994:retinohypothalamic tract
432:Edinger-Westphal nucleus
374:inferior temporal cortex
7301:Auditory verbal agnosia
7155:Juxtacapillary receptor
6057:Layer of rods and cones
6013:Inner limiting membrane
4159:10.1126/science.aad1246
3502:10.1073/pnas.0504136102
3101:10.1126/science.1077293
2168:Nature Publishing Group
2057:Recovery from blindness
1779:Acanthopleura granulata
1706:Arthropod visual system
1084:(LGN) in the thalamus.
1014:suprachiasmatic nucleus
913:(top), crossing at the
509:lateral geniculate body
444:suprachiasmatic nucleus
404:inferior temporal gyrus
203:) and between objects,
140:). The system detects,
7296:Auditory hallucination
6906:Surface wave detection
6511:Multimodal integration
5879:
4652:. New York: A.R. Liss.
4557:Eye, brain, and vision
4382:10.1093/cercor/4.5.455
1599:
1587:Homonymous hemianopsia
1572:Visual pathway lesions
1367:V1 Saliency Hypothesis
1338:
1325:Two Streams hypothesis
1302:Two-streams hypothesis
1292:
1258:
1197:
1183:reciprocal innervation
1095:
1020:(a region involved in
980:A final population of
938:
885:central nervous system
862:In the visual system,
662:.) An opsin absorbs a
648:retinal ganglion cells
605:
552:
475:
346:to guide attention or
279:
271:
241:pupillary light reflex
180:system (including the
109:Anatomical terminology
7756:Scintillating scotoma
7555:Phantom limb syndrome
7503:Tactile hallucination
6692:Glossopharyngeal (IX)
6493:Active sensory system
6373:Eye care professional
6178:Foveal avascular zone
6040:Outer plexiform layer
6028:Inner plexiform layer
5983:Iris sphincter muscle
5876:
4998:Intelligence quotient
3927:(3_suppl): 67. 2010.
3450:Zhaoping, Li (2014).
3435:Sensory Communication
3338:accessdate=2014-05-18
3234:Zhaoping, L. (2019).
2694:10.1002/cne.901580307
2516:10.1002/cne.902170307
1965:primary visual cortex
1651:Homonymous hemianopia
1582:Bitemporal hemianopia
1569:
1562:Clinical significance
1556:homonymous hemianopia
1430:of a newborn, detect
1333:
1286:
1267:primary visual cortex
1251:
1191:
1163:primary visual cortex
1090:
1052:primary visual cortex
908:
866:, technically called
842:The functioning of a
593:
465:
446:is the region of the
277:
269:
221:object identification
28:Visual sensor network
7364:Labyrinthine fistula
7331:Spatial hearing loss
7030:Campaniform sensilla
6745:Somatosensory cortex
6393:Physiological Optics
6363:Ocular immune system
6102:Retina ganglion cell
5669:Accidental viewpoint
5246:Intraocular pressure
5084:Three-stratum theory
4346:. September 14, 2023
4319:American Kennel Club
3813:10.1167/iovs.04-0543
3688:10.1093/ptj/77.6.619
3540:. SLACK. p. 7.
2919:. 5th ed. New York:
2915:Saladin, Kenneth D.
2181:Wiley Online Library
1992:Apperceptive agnosia
1967:is now known to be.
1909:somatosensory cortex
1899:The notion that the
1823:, as opposed to the
1576:From top to bottom:
1496:are two main causes.
1397:intraparietal sulcus
1374:default mode network
1335:Intraparietal sulcus
1173:in and close to the
825:spectral sensitivity
815:per second, whereas
470:(horizontal section)
430:, respectively. The
428:accommodation reflex
319:. Upon reaching the
7150:Nociceptin receptor
7020:Merkel nerve ending
7005:Mechanotransduction
6217:Anatomical regions
6078:Photoreceptor cells
6045:Outer nuclear layer
6033:Inner nuclear layer
6023:Ganglion cell layer
5978:Iris dilator muscle
5773:Trabecular meshwork
5574:Verticalâhorizontal
5057:Models and theories
4617:. Cambridge, Mass:
4209:2017CBio...27.R698B
3493:2005PNAS..102.9673F
3083:2003Sci...299..245L
2994:2007CBio...17.2122Z
2835:10.1038/nature06829
2827:2008Natur.453..102G
2438:Human Brain Mapping
2352:1995Natur.378..281C
2205:(5444): 1552â1554.
1533:vestibular function
1048:halves of the brain
967:superior colliculus
959:parallel processing
650:(RGC), part of the
621:photoreceptor cells
579:(controlled by the
209:pattern recognition
7687:Entoptic phenomena
7512:Nociception (pain)
7104:Olfactory receptor
7056:Photoreceptor cell
7010:Lamellar corpuscle
6934:Photomorphogenesis
6796:nociception (pain)
6488:Sensory processing
5880:
5674:Auditory illusions
5469:Impossible trident
5110:Heritability of IQ
4887:Human intelligence
4830:on 1 November 2017
3334:2016-10-11 at the
2871:"Light and Vision"
2037:Magnocellular cell
1809:Great Barrier Reef
1668:fusiform face area
1600:
1378:resting state fMRI
1339:
1293:
1289:resting state fMRI
1259:
1219:to layer 4 of the
1198:
1096:
1091:Six layers in the
939:
606:
537:, also called the
476:
368:V3 helps process '
280:
272:
225:neuropsychological
213:motor coordination
168:system (including
135:detect and process
7795:
7794:
7789:
7788:
7720:Prisoner's cinema
7715:Haidinger's brush
7677:Phenomena of the
7644:
7643:
7629:Biases and errors
7624:
7623:
7560:Somatoparaphrenia
7529:Pain dissociation
7374:MĂ©niĂšre's disease
7306:Cortical deafness
7184:Visual impairment
7163:
7162:
7025:Bulbous corpuscle
7015:Tactile corpuscle
6983:sensory receptors
6975:
6974:
6858:
6857:
6811:
6810:
6776:Olfaction (smell)
6730:Vestibular cortex
6712:Cerebral cortices
6549:
6548:
6536:Motion perception
6406:
6405:
6398:Visual perception
6346:
6345:
6313:Posterior segment
6281:Posterior chamber
6212:
6211:
6114:Bistratified cell
6018:Nerve fiber layer
5991:
5990:
5935:Ciliary processes
5836:
5835:
5697:
5696:
5689:Temporal illusion
5684:Tactile illusions
5654:(2015 photograph)
5355:Optical illusions
5321:
5320:
5182:
5181:
5098:Areas of research
5048:Visual processing
4965:Cognitive liberty
4818:Valentin Dragoi.
4798:Journal of Vision
4792:VisionScience.com
4717:Vesalius, Andreas
4700:978-0-521-88319-1
4689:. Cambridge, UK:
4648:. Neurosciences.
4628:978-0-262-51462-0
4597:978-1-4292-4228-8
4570:978-0-7167-6009-2
4265:978-0-8109-9554-3
4203:(14): R698âR699.
4067:National Aquarium
3959:978-1-935555-16-2
3576:(13): 1691â1701.
3547:978-1-55642-956-9
3487:(27): 9673â9678.
3461:978-0-19-882936-2
3300:978-0-8385-7701-1
3151:978-0-292-78149-8
3047:978-0-323-01320-8
2450:10.1002/hbm.20512
2418:978-0-19-956466-8
2346:(6554): 281â284.
2115:TechMedia Network
2077:Visual processing
2072:Visual perception
2067:Visual modularity
1925:Franz Joseph Gall
1790:, which can form
1726:can see into the
1490:ultraviolet light
1278:illusory contours
1006:circadian rhythms
715:visual processing
707:action potentials
642:. (A third type,
599:Structure of the
483:, especially the
393:topographical map
381:frontal eye-field
363:illusory contours
233:visual impairment
229:visual perception
205:motion perception
131:visual perception
123:
122:
118:
21:Visual perception
7820:
7671:
7664:
7657:
7648:
7647:
7291:Auditory agnosia
7223:Optic neuropathy
7172:
7171:
7040:Stretch receptor
6988:
6987:
6886:Magnetoreception
6881:Electroreception
6869:
6868:
6791:mechanoreception
6740:Gustatory cortex
6735:Olfactory cortex
6569:
6568:
6560:
6559:
6478:Sensory receptor
6461:
6460:
6433:
6426:
6419:
6410:
6409:
6383:Refractive error
6321:Vitreous chamber
6266:Anterior chamber
6227:Anterior segment
6223:
6222:
6003:
6002:
5912:Bruch's membrane
5895:
5894:
5887:Uvea / vascular
5843:
5763:Episcleral layer
5751:
5750:
5724:
5717:
5710:
5701:
5700:
5601:
5554:Schroeder stairs
5529:Peripheral drift
5524:Penrose triangle
5348:
5341:
5334:
5325:
5324:
5286:Opponent process
5209:
5202:
5195:
5186:
5185:
5168:
5167:
5089:Triarchic theory
4880:
4873:
4866:
4857:
4856:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4774:
4728:
4712:
4675:
4653:
4640:
4609:
4582:
4545:
4535:
4502:
4492:
4450:
4449:
4405:
4394:
4393:
4365:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4251:
4245:
4240:
4230:
4220:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4171:
4161:
4137:
4131:
4119:
4113:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4071:. Archived from
4061:
4055:
4054:
4023:Behav. Brain Res
4018:
4012:
4011:
4001:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3899:
3897:10.1167/11.12.10
3875:
3869:
3868:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3815:
3791:
3782:
3781:
3745:
3736:
3735:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3690:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3628:Acta Otolaryngol
3625:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3514:
3504:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3447:
3438:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3350:Behav. Brain Res
3345:
3339:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3288:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3184:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3135:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3094:
3092:10.1.1.1028.8525
3066:
3060:
3059:
3033:
3024:
3023:
3013:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2936:. Archived from
2930:
2924:
2913:
2907:
2902:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2866:
2857:
2856:
2846:
2812:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2761:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2647:
2622:(6): 4464â4487.
2607:
2601:
2600:
2590:
2565:(6): 1800â1809.
2550:
2544:
2543:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2469:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2360:10.1038/378281a0
2331:
2325:
2324:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2190:
2184:
2177:
2171:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2118:
2107:
2101:
2094:
1867:squirrel monkeys
1545:Monocular vision
1451:Depth perception
1420:color perception
1213:optic radiations
1175:calcarine sulcus
1022:sleep regulation
1002:pupillary reflex
990:photosensitivity
931:Andreas Vesalius
727:receptive fields
595:S. RamĂłn y Cajal
418:is seven unique
252:mammalian vision
245:photoentrainment
201:depth perception
152:to construct an
133:(the ability to
115:edit on Wikidata
112:
67:
55:
43:
42:
7828:
7827:
7823:
7822:
7821:
7819:
7818:
7817:
7813:Sensory systems
7798:
7797:
7796:
7791:
7790:
7785:
7739:Other phenomena
7734:
7730:Purkinje images
7681:
7675:
7645:
7640:
7620:
7569:
7538:
7507:
7459:
7426:
7378:
7340:
7272:
7263:Stereoblindness
7204:Color blindness
7159:
7136:
7113:
7085:
7044:
6992:Mechanoreceptor
6981:
6971:
6967:Machine hearing
6962:Computer vision
6957:Robotic sensing
6943:
6920:
6854:
6807:
6749:
6725:Auditory cortex
6706:
6653:
6616:Sensory systems
6610:
6545:
6497:
6455:
6453:
6446:
6437:
6407:
6402:
6342:
6307:
6296:Capsule of lens
6251:Lacrimal system
6218:
6208:
6168:Parafoveal area
6163:Perifoveal area
6146:
6090:Horizontal cell
6066:
5987:
5954:
5921:
5917:Sattler's layer
5888:
5881:
5875:
5832:
5777:
5768:Schlemm's canal
5746:
5738:
5730:Anatomy of the
5728:
5698:
5693:
5657:
5607:Popular culture
5602:
5593:
5564:Spinning dancer
5384:Ambiguous image
5362:
5352:
5322:
5317:
5269:Color blindness
5255:
5222:
5213:
5183:
5178:
5156:
5093:
5052:
5018:Problem solving
4952:
4943:
4892:
4884:
4849:
4833:
4831:
4782:
4737:Hubel, David H.
4733:Wiesel, Torsten
4701:
4629:
4598:
4571:
4459:
4457:Further reading
4454:
4453:
4406:
4397:
4366:
4359:
4349:
4347:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4323:
4321:
4311:
4307:
4297:
4295:
4285:
4281:
4266:
4252:
4248:
4197:Current Biology
4189:
4185:
4152:(6263): 952â6.
4138:
4134:
4120:
4116:
4091:
4087:
4078:
4076:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4019:
4015:
3986:Eur. J. Biochem
3978:
3974:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3944:
3940:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3876:
3872:
3843:(15): 1614â23.
3833:
3829:
3792:
3785:
3746:
3739:
3708:
3704:
3667:
3663:
3634:(12): 1358â63.
3623:
3617:
3613:
3570:Vision Research
3566:
3562:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3532:
3528:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3448:
3441:
3432:
3428:
3389:
3385:
3346:
3342:
3336:Wayback Machine
3320:
3316:
3301:
3279:
3275:
3232:
3228:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3167:
3152:
3128:
3124:
3077:(5604): 245â7.
3067:
3063:
3048:
3034:
3027:
2973:
2966:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2943:
2941:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2888:
2879:
2877:
2867:
2860:
2821:(7191): 102â5.
2810:
2804:
2800:
2790:
2788:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2608:
2604:
2551:
2547:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2395:
2391:
2332:
2328:
2285:
2281:
2238:
2234:
2191:
2187:
2178:
2174:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2108:
2104:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2022:Computer vision
2012:Color blindness
1977:
1933:language center
1919:), and vision (
1901:cerebral cortex
1886:
1767:dinoflagellates
1722:; for example,
1712:
1694:Vision in birds
1686:
1597:macular sparing
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1564:
1525:
1520:
1518:Other functions
1511:tear production
1477:Over time, the
1471:
1448:
1432:nearsightedness
1416:
1410:
1405:
1304:
1298:
1256:
1246:
1240:
1209:
1207:Optic radiation
1203:
1201:Optic radiation
1131:cercopithecidae
1109:
1101:
1070:
1064:
1036:
1030:
903:
897:
874:
840:
834:
747:
617:
611:
565:
557:Main articles:
555:
515:optic radiation
471:
460:
397:premotor cortex
329:
285:
264:
262:System overview
258:visual system.
119:
86:
58:
41:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7826:
7816:
7815:
7810:
7793:
7792:
7787:
7786:
7784:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7742:
7740:
7736:
7735:
7733:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7691:
7689:
7683:
7682:
7674:
7673:
7666:
7659:
7651:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7638:
7632:
7630:
7626:
7625:
7622:
7621:
7619:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7577:
7575:
7571:
7570:
7568:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7546:
7544:
7543:Proprioception
7540:
7539:
7537:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7515:
7513:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7469:
7467:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7436:
7434:
7428:
7427:
7425:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7388:
7386:
7380:
7379:
7377:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7350:
7348:
7342:
7341:
7339:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7282:
7280:
7274:
7273:
7271:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7180:
7178:
7169:
7165:
7164:
7161:
7160:
7158:
7157:
7152:
7146:
7144:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7134:
7129:
7123:
7121:
7119:Thermoreceptor
7115:
7114:
7112:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7099:Taste receptor
7095:
7093:
7087:
7086:
7084:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7052:
7050:
7046:
7045:
7043:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6996:
6994:
6985:
6977:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6970:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6953:
6951:
6945:
6944:
6942:
6941:
6936:
6930:
6928:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6877:
6875:
6866:
6860:
6859:
6856:
6855:
6853:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6825:Proprioception
6821:
6819:
6813:
6812:
6809:
6808:
6806:
6805:
6804:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6757:
6755:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6716:
6714:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6704:
6699:
6697:Trigeminal (V)
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6668:
6666:
6655:
6654:
6652:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6620:
6618:
6612:
6611:
6609:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6577:
6575:
6573:Sensory organs
6566:
6557:
6551:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6507:
6505:
6499:
6498:
6496:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6469:
6467:
6458:
6448:
6447:
6436:
6435:
6428:
6421:
6413:
6404:
6403:
6401:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6354:
6352:
6348:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6329:
6328:
6317:
6315:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6305:
6304:
6303:
6301:Zonule of Zinn
6298:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6271:Aqueous humour
6268:
6263:
6258:
6231:
6229:
6220:
6214:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6201:
6200:
6199:
6189:
6188:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6180:
6170:
6165:
6154:
6152:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6144:
6074:
6072:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6048:
6047:
6042:
6036:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6009:
6007:
6000:
5993:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5964:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5940:Ciliary muscle
5937:
5931:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5903:
5901:
5892:
5883:
5882:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5830:
5829:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5793:
5787:
5785:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5759:
5757:
5748:
5740:
5739:
5727:
5726:
5719:
5712:
5704:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5665:
5663:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5647:
5646:(1961 drawing)
5639:
5638:(1960 drawing)
5631:
5623:
5616:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5603:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5559:Shepard tables
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5519:Penrose stairs
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5414:Checker shadow
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5394:Autostereogram
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5363:
5351:
5350:
5343:
5336:
5328:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5279:Köllner's rule
5276:
5265:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5232:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5212:
5211:
5204:
5197:
5189:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5060:
5058:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4956:
4954:
4953:and constructs
4945:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4893:
4883:
4882:
4875:
4868:
4860:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4841:
4840:
4815:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4781:
4780:External links
4778:
4777:
4776:
4749:(6): 978â993.
4729:
4713:
4699:
4682:
4676:
4655:
4641:
4627:
4610:
4596:
4583:
4569:
4552:
4546:
4518:(10): 435â46.
4512:Trends Mol Med
4503:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4416:(9): 1351â86.
4395:
4357:
4331:
4305:
4279:
4264:
4246:
4183:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4100:2013-02-03 at
4085:
4056:
4013:
3972:
3958:
3938:
3911:
3870:
3827:
3783:
3737:
3718:(6): B238â44.
3702:
3661:
3611:
3560:
3546:
3526:
3467:
3460:
3439:
3426:
3393:Brain Res. Rev
3383:
3340:
3314:
3299:
3273:
3226:
3187:Li, Z (2002).
3176:
3165:
3150:
3122:
3061:
3046:
3025:
2988:(24): 2122â8.
2964:
2950:
2925:
2908:
2886:
2858:
2798:
2773:
2752:(4): 697â706.
2732:
2723:
2688:(3): 319â337.
2668:
2659:
2602:
2545:
2510:(3): 307â336.
2490:
2481:
2444:(2): 392â402.
2424:
2417:
2389:
2326:
2299:(2): 354â361.
2293:Brain Research
2279:
2252:(3): 788â797.
2232:
2185:
2172:
2155:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2102:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2062:Visual agnosia
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2033:affects vision
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1961:occipital lobe
1937:Gustav Fritsch
1885:
1882:
1863:spider monkeys
1832:higher primate
1769:have eye-like
1760:microorganisms
1720:light spectrum
1710:Cephalopod eye
1702:Vision in fish
1685:
1682:
1678:ventral stream
1674:Visual agnosia
1657:Quadrantanopia
1621:farsightedness
1592:Quadrantanopia
1563:
1560:
1529:proprioception
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1497:
1470:
1467:
1447:
1444:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1365:motivated the
1355:sensory coding
1321:ventral stream
1300:Main article:
1297:
1294:
1242:Main article:
1239:
1236:
1205:Main article:
1202:
1199:
1192:Scheme of the
1171:occipital lobe
1125:starting from
1111:
1110:
1105:Main article:
1100:
1097:
1066:Main article:
1063:
1060:
1032:Main article:
1029:
1026:
899:Main article:
896:
893:
891:is generated.
872:
836:Main article:
833:
832:Photochemistry
830:
801:
800:
797:
791:
788:
781:
746:
743:
735:amacrine cells
703:ganglion cells
697:directly onto
613:Main article:
610:
607:
554:
551:
535:visual pathway
531:
530:
523:
517:
511:
505:
499:
493:
487:
459:
456:
436:pupil dilation
426:, and aid the
416:pretectal area
410:, creates new
328:
325:
287:Together, the
284:
281:
263:
260:
243:and circadian
121:
120:
111:
105:
104:
99:
93:
92:
88:
87:
68:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7825:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7808:Visual system
7806:
7805:
7803:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7751:Form constant
7749:
7747:
7744:
7743:
7741:
7737:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7692:
7690:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7679:visual system
7672:
7667:
7665:
7660:
7658:
7653:
7652:
7649:
7637:
7634:
7633:
7631:
7627:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7601:Hallucination
7599:
7597:
7596:Derealization
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7578:
7576:
7572:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7550:Asomatognosia
7548:
7547:
7545:
7541:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7516:
7514:
7510:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7488:Hyperesthesia
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7473:Astereognosis
7471:
7470:
7468:
7466:
7462:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7437:
7435:
7433:
7429:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7389:
7387:
7385:
7381:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7369:Labyrinthitis
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7351:
7349:
7347:
7343:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7283:
7281:
7279:
7275:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7181:
7179:
7177:
7173:
7170:
7166:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7147:
7145:
7143:
7139:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7120:
7116:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7096:
7094:
7092:
7091:Chemoreceptor
7088:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7049:Photoreceptor
7047:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7035:Slit sensilla
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6997:
6995:
6993:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6978:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6954:
6952:
6950:
6946:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6927:
6923:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6874:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6861:
6851:
6850:Visceral pain
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6818:
6814:
6802:
6801:thermoception
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6788:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6752:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6720:Visual cortex
6718:
6717:
6715:
6713:
6709:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6682:Olfactory (I)
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6665:
6664:spinal nerves
6661:
6656:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6617:
6613:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6574:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6552:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6521:Consciousness
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6504:
6500:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6466:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6434:
6429:
6427:
6422:
6420:
6415:
6414:
6411:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6388:Accommodation
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6349:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6327:
6326:Vitreous body
6324:
6323:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6314:
6310:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6261:Fibrous tunic
6259:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6228:
6224:
6221:
6215:
6205:
6202:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6193:
6190:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6149:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6098:Amacrine cell
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6069:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6004:
6001:
5998:
5994:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5928:
5924:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5893:
5890:
5884:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5780:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5752:
5749:
5745:
5744:Fibrous tunic
5741:
5737:
5733:
5725:
5720:
5718:
5713:
5711:
5706:
5705:
5702:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5660:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5600:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5449:Fraser spiral
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5365:
5360:
5356:
5349:
5344:
5342:
5337:
5335:
5330:
5329:
5326:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5306:Tetrachromacy
5304:
5302:
5301:Pentachromacy
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5274:Achromatopsia
5272:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5236:Accommodation
5234:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5220:visual system
5217:
5210:
5205:
5203:
5198:
5196:
5191:
5190:
5187:
5175:
5171:
5163:
5162:
5159:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5115:Psychometrics
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5096:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5043:Understanding
5041:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4970:Communication
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4950:
4946:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4881:
4876:
4874:
4869:
4867:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4852:
4845:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4647:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4624:
4620:
4619:The MIT Press
4616:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4593:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4475:(7): 957â68.
4474:
4470:
4466:
4461:
4460:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4376:(5): 455â69.
4375:
4371:
4370:Cereb. Cortex
4364:
4362:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4320:
4316:
4309:
4294:
4290:
4283:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4261:
4257:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4179:
4175:
4170:
4169:1721.1/100035
4165:
4160:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4136:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4102:archive.today
4099:
4096:
4089:
4075:on 2018-05-04
4074:
4070:
4068:
4060:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3992:(3): 775â81.
3991:
3987:
3983:
3976:
3961:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3942:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3831:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3788:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3756:(3): 264â73.
3755:
3751:
3744:
3742:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3698:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3681:(6): 619â28.
3680:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3549:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3530:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3463:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3444:
3436:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3399:(2): 144â53.
3398:
3394:
3387:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3329::7 pp.1018-29
3328:
3325:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3286:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3181:
3174:
3173:Vesalius 1543
3169:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3126:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3030:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2971:
2969:
2960:
2954:
2940:on 2011-01-23
2939:
2935:
2929:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2863:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2420:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2377:
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2357:
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2349:
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2337:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2176:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2150:
2141:
2132:
2123:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2099:
2093:
2089:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2047:Prosopagnosia
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2031:color balance
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1982:Achromatopsia
1980:
1979:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1953:parietal lobe
1950:
1949:David Ferrier
1946:
1942:
1941:Eduard Hitzig
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1921:visual cortex
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1871:cebus monkeys
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1855:photoreceptor
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1821:invertebrates
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1747:can generate
1746:
1741:
1740:mantis shrimp
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1684:Other animals
1681:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1664:Prosopagnosia
1661:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1635:tunnel vision
1632:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:United States
1452:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1428:visual acuity
1425:
1421:
1415:
1414:Infant vision
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:parietal lobe
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1347:proposed the
1346:
1345:Horace Barlow
1342:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:dorsal stream
1313:
1310:
1303:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1254:
1253:Visual cortex
1250:
1245:
1244:Visual cortex
1238:Visual cortex
1235:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1221:visual cortex
1218:
1214:
1208:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:posterior end
1164:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1147:parvocellular
1144:
1143:magnocellular
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1056:field of view
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
984:, containing
983:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
915:optic chiasma
912:
907:
902:
892:
890:
889:nerve impulse
886:
882:
878:
871:
870:
865:
860:
858:
854:
849:
848:field of view
845:
839:
829:
826:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
782:
779:
775:
774:
773:
770:
768:
764:
759:
755:
752:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
699:bipolar cells
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
626:
622:
616:
604:
602:
596:
592:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
564:
560:
550:
548:
544:
540:
539:optic pathway
536:
528:
524:
522:
521:visual cortex
518:
516:
512:
510:
506:
504:
500:
498:
497:optic chiasma
494:
492:
488:
486:
482:
478:
477:
474:
469:
464:
455:
453:
449:
445:
440:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
388:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
370:global motion
366:
364:
360:
356:
351:
349:
345:
339:
336:
334:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
299:. The retina
298:
294:
290:
276:
268:
259:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
217:colour vision
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
193:image forming
189:
187:
186:visual cortex
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
150:visible range
147:
143:
139:
136:
132:
128:
127:visual system
116:
110:
106:
103:
100:
98:
94:
89:
84:
80:
76:
72:
66:
61:
54:
49:
46:Visual system
44:
39:
37:
29:
22:
7678:
7534:Phantom pain
7519:Hyperalgesia
7493:Hypoesthesia
7311:Hearing loss
7132:TRP channels
7109:Osmoreceptor
7076:Photopigment
7000:Baroreceptor
6939:Gravitropism
6911:Frog hearing
6891:Echolocation
6687:Facial (VII)
6623:
6392:
6286:Ciliary body
6126:Diencephalon
6125:
6110:Parasol cell
6094:Bipolar cell
5945:Pars plicata
5927:Ciliary body
5795:
5649:
5641:
5633:
5625:
5620:Trompe-l'Ćil
5618:
5484:Lilac chaser
5454:Gravity hill
5296:Monochromacy
5261:Color vision
5251:Visual field
5227:
5219:
5172: /
5150: /
5146: /
5142: /
5140:neuroscience
5138: /
5134: /
5130: /
5126: /
5122: /
5047:
4985:
4938:visuospatial
4914:Intellectual
4832:. Retrieved
4828:the original
4823:
4811:
4804:i-Perception
4746:
4740:
4724:
4720:
4686:
4663:
4649:
4645:
4614:
4587:
4559:. New York:
4556:
4515:
4511:
4472:
4468:
4413:
4409:
4373:
4369:
4350:February 25,
4348:. Retrieved
4343:
4334:
4324:February 25,
4322:. Retrieved
4318:
4308:
4298:February 25,
4296:. Retrieved
4292:
4282:
4255:
4249:
4200:
4196:
4186:
4149:
4145:
4135:
4117:
4093:
4088:
4077:. Retrieved
4073:the original
4066:
4059:
4029:(1): 55â61.
4026:
4022:
4016:
3989:
3985:
3975:
3963:. Retrieved
3948:
3941:
3924:
3920:
3914:
3887:
3883:
3873:
3840:
3836:
3830:
3806:(3): 920â4.
3803:
3799:
3753:
3749:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3678:
3674:
3664:
3631:
3627:
3614:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3551:. Retrieved
3536:
3529:
3484:
3480:
3470:
3451:
3434:
3429:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3356:(1): 57â77.
3353:
3349:
3343:
3326:
3323:
3317:
3284:
3276:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3196:
3192:
3168:
3137:
3125:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3037:
2985:
2980:
2953:
2942:. Retrieved
2938:the original
2928:
2916:
2911:
2878:. Retrieved
2875:HyperPhysics
2818:
2814:
2801:
2789:. Retrieved
2785:
2776:
2749:
2745:
2735:
2726:
2685:
2681:
2671:
2662:
2619:
2615:
2605:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2484:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2399:
2392:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2175:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2105:
2092:
2017:Echolocation
1969:
1963:, where the
1957:Hermann Munk
1935:(1861), and
1917:motor cortex
1898:
1894:neuroscience
1887:
1875:
1829:
1802:
1796:
1777:
1713:
1698:Parietal eye
1672:
1662:
1655:
1649:
1639:
1629:
1615:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1570:
1549:
1526:
1472:
1449:
1417:
1386:
1371:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1314:
1305:
1275:
1271:
1260:
1228:visual field
1225:
1212:
1210:
1151:
1129:, including
1114:
1112:
1078:visual field
1077:
1074:visual field
1073:
1071:
1055:
1044:visual field
1040:hypothalamus
1037:
1034:Optic chiasm
1028:Optic chiasm
1012:such as the
979:
940:
934:
867:
863:
861:
855:, as does a
841:
838:Visual cycle
821:
802:
771:
757:
748:
692:
676:
618:
603:Retina, 1900
598:
566:
538:
534:
532:
472:
448:hypothalamus
441:
401:
389:
378:
367:
352:
344:saliency map
340:
337:
330:
321:optic chiasm
286:
249:
192:
190:
158:mental model
156:and build a
126:
124:
35:
7766:Visual snow
7616:Synesthesia
7524:Hypoalgesia
7498:Paresthesia
7483:Formication
7478:CMT disease
7445:Hypergeusia
7268:Visual snow
7243:Photophobia
7238:Papilledema
7228:Oscillopsia
7214:Hemeralopia
7081:Aureochrome
6916:Toad vision
6840:Suffocation
6754:Perceptions
6378:Eye disease
6358:Keratocytes
6247:Conjunctiva
6204:Ora serrata
6142:Muller glia
6106:Midget cell
5826:Endothelium
5816:Dua's layer
5630:(1864 book)
5534:Poggendorff
5509:Oppel-Kundt
5504:Necker cube
5499:MĂŒller-Lyer
5474:Irradiation
5311:Trichromacy
5144:personality
5079:PASS theory
5037:abstraction
4293:Study Finds
3965:15 December
3437:, MIT Press
3199:(1): 9â16.
2982:Curr. Biol.
2921:McGraw-Hill
2111:LiveScience
2007:Astigmatism
1987:Akinetopsia
1825:rhabdomeric
1728:ultraviolet
1625:accommodate
1527:Along with
1509:On average
1436:astigmatism
1424:accommodate
1403:Development
1309:retinotopic
1194:optic tract
1154:credit card
1139:information
1127:catarrhines
1068:Optic tract
1062:Optic tract
943:optic nerve
919:optic tract
901:Optic nerve
895:Optic nerve
751:chromophore
684:wavelengths
658:but to the
640:cone opsins
503:optic tract
491:optic nerve
408:hippocampus
317:optic canal
313:optic nerve
211:, accurate
148:within the
91:Identifiers
85:are visible
7802:Categories
7761:Palinopsia
7710:Afterimage
7695:Blind spot
7636:Pareidolia
7591:Allochiria
7574:Multimodal
7455:Parageusia
7450:Hypogeusia
7422:Phantosmia
7402:Hyperosmia
7346:Vestibular
7326:Palinopsia
7286:Amblyaudia
7233:Palinopsia
7218:Nyctalopia
7142:Nociceptor
6949:Artificial
6672:Optic (II)
6503:Perception
6452:Processes
6444:perception
6219:of the eye
6192:Optic disc
5950:Pars plana
5821:Descemet's
5801:Epithelium
5627:Spectropia
5544:Rubin vase
5494:McCollough
5489:Mach bands
5439:Ehrenstein
5434:Ebbinghaus
5399:Barberpole
5374:Afterimage
5291:Dichromacy
5216:Physiology
4975:Creativity
4919:Linguistic
4904:Collective
4410:Vision Res
4079:2018-03-06
3919:"Vision".
3890:(12): 10.
3837:Ergonomics
3712:J Gerontol
3553:4 December
2944:2018-12-08
2905:Tovée 2008
2880:2014-11-13
2811:(Abstract)
2791:18 January
2164:Nature.com
2084:References
2002:Asthenopia
1929:Paul Broca
1851:orangutans
1841:and apes (
1837:(African)
1813:G proteins
1801:, such as
1757:one-celled
1736:pit organs
1732:pit vipers
1714:Different
1688:See also:
1645:blind spot
1617:Presbyopia
1501:presbyopia
1483:brunescent
1412:See also:
1263:cerebellum
1158:ellipsoids
1121:and other
986:melanopsin
963:perception
857:CCD camera
853:transducer
817:guinea pig
731:horizontal
670:through a
652:body clock
644:melanopsin
636:rod opsins
434:moderates
348:gaze shift
301:transduces
256:vertebrate
197:stereopsis
176:) and the
142:transduces
7700:Phosphene
7432:Gustatory
7384:Olfactory
7248:Photopsia
7194:Amaurosis
7168:Disorders
7061:Cone cell
6980:Types of
6591:Inner ear
6526:Cognition
6516:Awareness
6465:Sensation
6440:Sensation
6197:Optic cup
6082:Cone cell
5736:human eye
5679:Illusions
5651:The dress
5643:Waterfall
5444:Flash lag
5424:Cornsweet
5409:Café wall
5389:Ames room
5367:Illusions
5136:longevity
5124:fertility
5023:Reasoning
5003:Knowledge
4993:Intellect
4960:Cognition
4951:, traits,
4949:Abilities
4909:Emotional
4709:185026571
4637:472791457
4606:918592547
4430:0042-6989
4344:Animalpha
4274:192082768
4241:cited by
3675:Phys Ther
3590:0042-6989
3268:195806018
3160:440896281
3087:CiteSeerX
2869:Nave, R.
2702:0021-9967
2636:0270-6474
2579:0270-6474
2524:0021-9967
2458:1065-9471
2368:0028-0836
2266:0022-3077
2219:0036-8075
1859:New World
1835:Old World
1799:fan worms
1784:aragonite
1771:ocelloids
1764:warnowiid
1745:swordfish
1469:Adulthood
1459:Australia
1169:) in the
998:pretectum
809:bandwidth
767:glutamate
763:rhodopsin
628:molecules
601:Mammalian
569:refracted
468:human eye
458:Structure
452:melatonin
237:blindness
7417:Parosmia
7407:Hyposmia
7397:Dysosmia
7336:Tinnitus
7278:Auditory
7253:Polyopia
7209:Diplopia
7066:Rod cell
6864:Nonhuman
6817:Internal
6658:Sensory
6564:External
6473:Stimulus
6456:concepts
6086:Rod cell
5891:(middle)
5806:Bowman's
5429:Delboeuf
5379:Ambigram
5008:Learning
4924:Multiple
4834:27 April
4771:16117515
4763:14084170
4719:(1543).
4672:21413385
4579:32806252
4542:20810319
4499:21584764
4237:28743013
4178:26586760
4098:Archived
4051:39736880
4043:15302110
3906:22004694
3865:22219417
3857:15545235
3822:15728548
3778:26286705
3770:15932530
3656:36949084
3648:20632903
3606:27842977
3521:15976020
3413:19481571
3378:33359587
3332:Archived
3309:42073108
3260:31271931
3246:: 1â10.
3221:13411369
3213:11849610
3133:"Optics"
3117:46505800
3109:12522249
3056:47892833
3020:18082405
2853:18432195
2718:38463227
2540:44794002
2476:18095285
2321:28796357
2227:10567260
1975:See also
1913:movement
1843:macaques
1730:, while
1631:Glaucoma
1610:Cataract
1541:cataract
1537:glaucoma
1486:cataract
1319:and the
1179:cortical
1123:primates
975:saccades
971:midbrain
955:thalamus
869:retinene
813:kilobits
646:in some
412:memories
355:pulvinar
7705:Floater
7586:Agnosia
7465:Tactile
7440:Ageusia
7392:Anosmia
7354:Vertigo
7258:Scotoma
7199:Anopsia
6660:cranial
6531:Feeling
6338:Choroid
6239:Eyebrow
6183:Foveola
5999:(inner)
5899:Choroid
5747:(outer)
5734:of the
5662:Related
5589:Zöllner
5579:White's
5514:Orbison
5479:Jastrow
5218:of the
5174:thought
5035: (
5033:Thought
4936: (
4934:Spatial
4533:2952704
4490:3124647
4446:5247746
4438:3303663
4390:7833649
4205:Bibcode
4146:Science
4008:9057845
3732:1940075
3697:9184687
3598:7941376
3512:1157105
3489:Bibcode
3421:6817815
3370:7126325
3291:533â540
3079:Bibcode
3071:Science
3011:2151130
2990:Bibcode
2923:, 2010.
2844:2871301
2823:Bibcode
2768:7718233
2710:4436458
2654:7540675
2645:6577698
2597:1675266
2588:6575415
2532:6886056
2467:6870893
2384:4285683
2376:7477347
2348:Bibcode
2199:Science
1945:lesions
1931:of the
1884:History
1839:monkeys
1817:ciliary
1716:species
1641:Scotoma
1523:Balance
1408:Infancy
1393:lateral
1387:In the
1357:in the
996:to the
969:in the
953:in the
935:Fabrica
864:retinal
803:A 2006
754:retinal
719:neurons
709:to the
695:synapse
630:called
625:protein
359:saccade
283:Optical
166:optical
38:(album)
7176:Visual
7127:Cilium
6873:Animal
6845:Nausea
6835:Thirst
6830:Hunger
6702:Spinal
6541:Qualia
6333:Retina
6243:Eyelid
6235:Adnexa
6158:Macula
6138:K cell
6134:M cell
6130:P cell
6006:Layers
5997:Retina
5968:Stroma
5811:Stroma
5796:layers
5791:Limbus
5783:Cornea
5755:Sclera
5614:Op art
5569:Ternus
5549:Sander
5464:Hering
5404:Bezold
5228:Vision
5132:health
5128:height
5013:Memory
4988:factor
4929:Social
4890:topics
4769:
4761:
4727:].
4707:
4697:
4670:
4635:
4625:
4604:
4594:
4577:
4567:
4540:
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3211:
3158:
3148:
3115:
3107:
3089:
3054:
3044:
3018:
3008:
2851:
2841:
2815:Nature
2766:
2746:Neuron
2716:
2708:
2700:
2652:
2642:
2634:
2595:
2585:
2577:
2538:
2530:
2522:
2474:
2464:
2456:
2415:
2382:
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2366:
2340:Nature
2319:
2313:832128
2311:
2272:
2264:
2225:
2217:
2029:â how
1890:neuron
1792:images
1788:ocelli
1775:chiton
1762:, the
1708:, and
1552:stroke
1463:myopia
1440:retina
1391:, the
1119:humans
877:retina
844:camera
739:motion
664:photon
632:opsins
615:Retina
609:Retina
573:cornea
485:retina
420:nuclei
414:. The
327:Neural
311:. The
297:retina
289:cornea
223:. The
182:retina
178:neural
170:cornea
83:sclera
81:, and
36:Visual
7071:ipRGC
6926:Plant
6786:Touch
6601:Mouth
6555:Human
6351:Other
6255:Orbit
6173:Fovea
6151:Other
6088:) â (
6071:Cells
5973:Pupil
5889:tunic
5732:globe
5584:Wundt
5539:Ponzo
5419:Chubb
5028:Skill
4897:Types
4767:S2CID
4723:[
4442:S2CID
4047:S2CID
3884:J Vis
3861:S2CID
3774:S2CID
3652:S2CID
3624:(PDF)
3602:S2CID
3417:S2CID
3374:S2CID
3264:S2CID
3217:S2CID
3113:S2CID
2714:S2CID
2536:S2CID
2380:S2CID
2317:S2CID
2274:96227
2098:WebMD
1905:touch
1830:Only
1797:Many
1494:aging
1359:brain
1337:(red)
1323:(the
1010:sleep
947:axons
881:light
796:; and
785:shape
778:depth
723:axons
711:brain
688:color
680:fovea
577:pupil
309:cones
154:image
146:light
138:light
113:[
79:pupil
7746:Aura
7606:HSAN
7581:Aura
7359:BPPV
7216:and
6662:and
6606:Skin
6596:Nose
6586:Ears
6581:Eyes
6454:and
6442:and
6291:Lens
6276:Iris
6124:) â
6100:) â
6092:) â
5960:Iris
5459:Grid
5359:list
5241:Gaze
5148:race
4836:2014
4759:PMID
4705:OCLC
4695:ISBN
4668:PMID
4633:OCLC
4623:ISBN
4602:OCLC
4592:ISBN
4575:OCLC
4565:ISBN
4538:PMID
4495:PMID
4434:PMID
4426:ISSN
4386:PMID
4352:2024
4326:2024
4300:2024
4270:OCLC
4260:ISBN
4233:PMID
4174:PMID
4039:PMID
4004:PMID
3967:2014
3954:ISBN
3902:PMID
3853:PMID
3818:PMID
3766:PMID
3728:PMID
3693:PMID
3644:PMID
3594:PMID
3586:ISSN
3555:2014
3542:ISBN
3517:PMID
3481:PNAS
3456:ISBN
3409:PMID
3366:PMID
3305:OCLC
3295:ISBN
3256:PMID
3209:PMID
3156:OCLC
3146:ISBN
3105:PMID
3052:OCLC
3042:ISBN
3016:PMID
2849:PMID
2793:2022
2764:PMID
2706:PMID
2698:ISSN
2650:PMID
2632:ISSN
2593:PMID
2575:ISSN
2528:PMID
2520:ISSN
2472:PMID
2454:ISSN
2413:ISBN
2372:PMID
2364:ISSN
2309:PMID
2270:PMID
2262:ISSN
2223:PMID
2215:ISSN
1939:and
1878:dogs
1847:apes
1753:prey
1749:heat
1724:bees
1531:and
1492:and
1479:lens
1457:and
1434:and
1372:The
1211:The
1135:apes
1133:and
1113:The
1008:and
988:for
911:eyes
733:and
668:cell
638:and
585:lens
581:iris
561:and
525:The
519:The
513:The
507:The
501:The
495:The
489:The
479:The
466:The
442:The
402:The
383:and
307:and
305:rods
293:lens
291:and
184:and
174:lens
172:and
125:The
102:7191
75:iris
69:The
6096:â (
5152:sex
4751:doi
4528:PMC
4520:doi
4485:PMC
4477:doi
4473:249
4418:doi
4378:doi
4223:hdl
4213:doi
4164:hdl
4154:doi
4150:350
4031:doi
4027:154
3994:doi
3990:243
3929:doi
3892:doi
3845:doi
3808:doi
3758:doi
3720:doi
3683:doi
3636:doi
3632:130
3578:doi
3507:PMC
3497:doi
3485:102
3401:doi
3358:doi
3248:doi
3201:doi
3142:197
3097:doi
3075:299
3006:PMC
2998:doi
2839:PMC
2831:doi
2819:453
2754:doi
2690:doi
2686:158
2640:PMC
2624:doi
2583:PMC
2567:doi
2512:doi
2508:217
2462:PMC
2446:doi
2405:doi
2356:doi
2344:378
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