Visual cortex - Knowledge

909:(1986) have proposed the existence of a "dorsal V3" in the upper part of the cerebral hemisphere, which is distinct from the "ventral V3" (or ventral posterior area, VP) located in the lower part of the brain. Dorsal and ventral V3 have distinct connections with other parts of the brain, appear different in sections stained with a variety of methods, and contain neurons that respond to different combinations of visual stimulus (for example, colour-selective neurons are more common in the ventral V3). Additional subdivisions, including V3A and V3B have also been reported in humans. These subdivisions are located near dorsal V3, but do not adjoin V2. 877:

of visual cortices. In the monkey brain, this area receives strong feedforward connections from the primary visual cortex (V1) and sends strong projections to other secondary visual cortices (V3, V4, and V5). Most of the neurons of this area in primates are tuned to simple visual characteristics such as orientation, spatial frequency, size, color, and shape. Anatomical studies implicate layer 3 of area V2 in visual-information processing. In contrast to layer 3, layer 6 of the visual cortex is composed of many types of neurons, and their response to visual stimuli is more complex.

704:. As an example, for an image comprising half side black and half side white, the dividing line between black and white has strongest local contrast (that is, edge detection) and is encoded, while few neurons code the brightness information (black or white per se). As information is further relayed to subsequent visual areas, it is coded as increasingly non-local frequency/phase signals. Note that, at these early stages of cortical visual processing, spatial location of visual information is well preserved amid the local contrast encoding (edge detection). 6669: 43: 1277:", referred to by some as the "dorsomedial pathway". This pathway is likely to be important for the control of skeletomotor activity, including postural reactions and reaching movements towards objects The main 'feedforward' connection of DM is to the cortex immediately rostral to it, in the interface between the occipital and parietal lobes (V6A). This region has, in turn, relatively direct connections with the regions of the frontal lobe that control arm movements, including the 265: 1267: 430: 708:

consequence of structural properties of the environment in combination with internal consistency requirements to guarantee consistent image representations over multiple spatial and temporal scales. It is also described how the characteristic receptive field shapes, tuned to different scales, orientations and directions in image space, allow the visual system to compute invariant responses under natural image transformations at higher levels in the visual hierarchy.

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these features in the striate cortex forms the foundation for more complex visual processing carried out in higher-order visual areas. Recent neuroimaging studies have contributed to a deeper understanding of the dynamic interactions within the striate cortex and its connections with other visual and non-visual brain regions, shedding light on the intricate neural circuits that underlie visual perception. that represents

935:. While earlier studies proposed that VP contained a representation of only the upper part of the visual field (above the point of fixation), more recent work indicates that this area is more extensive than previously appreciated, and like other visual areas it may contain a complete visual representation. The revised, more extensive VP is referred to as the ventrolateral posterior area (VLP) by Rosa and Tweedale. 469:. Moreover, V1 is characterized by a laminar organization, with six distinct layers, each playing a unique role in visual processing. Neurons in the superficial layers (II and III) are often involved in local processing and communication within the cortex, while neurons in the deeper layers (V and VI) often send information to other brain regions involved in higher-order visual processing and decision-making. 755: 542: 697:. While feedforward connections are mainly driving, feedback connections are mostly modulatory in their effects. Evidence shows that feedback originating in higher-level areas such as V4, IT, or MT, with bigger and more complex receptive fields, can modify and shape V1 responses, accounting for contextual or extra-classical receptive field effects. 608:

fovea (cones in the retina), a substantial portion of V1 is mapped to the small central portion of the visual field—a phenomenon termed cortical magnification. This magnification reflects an increased representation and processing capacity devoted to the central visual field, essential for detailed visual acuity and high-resolution processing.

232:. In the earlier visual areas, neurons have simpler tuning. For example, a neuron in V1 may fire to any vertical stimulus in its receptive field. In the higher visual areas, neurons have complex tuning. For example, in the inferior temporal cortex (IT), a neuron may fire only when a certain face appears in its receptive field. 873:, and whether the stimulus is part of the figure or the ground. Recent research has shown that V2 cells show a small amount of attentional modulation (more than V1, less than V4), are tuned for moderately complex patterns, and may be driven by multiple orientations at different subregions within a single receptive field. 958: 950: 31: 865:. Together, these four regions provide a complete map of the visual world. V2 has many properties in common with V1: Cells are tuned to simple properties such as orientation, spatial frequency, and color. The responses of many V2 neurons are also modulated by more complex properties, such as the orientation of 1151:

However, since neurons in V1 are also tuned to the direction and speed of motion, these early results left open the question of precisely what MT could do that V1 could not. Much work has been carried out on this region, as it appears to integrate local visual motion signals into the global motion of

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The initial stage of visual processing within the cortex, known as V1, plays a fundamental role in shaping our perception of the visual world. V1 possesses a meticulously defined map, referred to as the retinotopic map, which intricately organizes spatial information from the visual field. In humans,

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Research on V1 has also revealed the presence of orientation-selective cells, which respond preferentially to stimuli with a specific orientation, contributing to the perception of edges and contours. The discovery of these orientation-selective cells has been fundamental in shaping our understanding

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Johannes Kepler (1604) Paralipomena to Witelo whereby The Optical Part of Astronomy is Treated (Ad Vitellionem Paralipomena, quibus astronomiae pars optica traditvr, 1604), as cited by A.Mark Smith (2015) From Sight to Light. Kepler modeled the eye as a water-filled glass sphere, and discovered that

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In addition to its role in spatial processing, the retinotopic map in V1 is intricately connected with other visual areas, forming a network that contributes to the integration of various visual features and the construction of a coherent visual percept. This dynamic mapping mechanism is fundamental

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Additionally, the functional significance of the striate cortex extends beyond its role as the primary visual cortex. It serves as a crucial hub for the initial processing of visual information, such as the analysis of basic features like orientation, spatial frequency, and color. The integration of

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It is argued that the entire ventral visual-to-hippocampal stream is important for visual memory. This theory, unlike the dominant one, predicts that object-recognition memory (ORM) alterations could result from the manipulation in V2, an area that is highly interconnected within the ventral stream

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The feedforward connections from V1 to V2 contribute to the hierarchical processing of visual stimuli. V2 neurons build upon the basic features detected in V1, extracting more complex visual attributes such as texture, depth, and color. This hierarchical processing is essential for the construction

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suggests that both the action and perception systems are equally fooled by such illusions. Other studies, however, provide strong support for the idea that skilled actions such as grasping are not affected by pictorial illusions and suggest that the action/perception dissociation is a useful way to

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Furthermore, the arrangement of receptive fields in V1 is retinotopic, meaning neighboring cells in V1 have receptive fields that correspond to adjacent portions of the visual field. This spatial organization allows for a systematic representation of the visual world within V1. Additionally, recent

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of a neuron located in the V5 affects the perception of motion. For example, if one finds a neuron with preference for upward motion in a monkey's V5 and stimulates it with an electrode, then the monkey becomes more likely to report 'upward' motion when presented with stimuli containing 'left' and

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Notably, neurons in V1 have the smallest receptive field size, signifying the highest resolution, among visual cortex microscopic regions. This specialization equips V1 with the ability to capture fine details and nuances in the visual input, emphasizing its pivotal role as a critical hub in early

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However, in comparison with area MT, a much smaller proportion of DM cells shows selectivity for the direction of motion of visual patterns. Another notable difference with area MT is that cells in DM are attuned to low spatial frequency components of an image, and respond poorly to the motion of

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in humans. The "complex" nomenclature is justified by the fact that some controversy still exists regarding the exact extent of area V3, with some researchers proposing that the cortex located in front of V2 may include two or three functional subdivisions. For example, David Van Essen and others

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Furthermore, the reciprocal feedback connections from V2 to V1 play a significant role in modulating the activity of V1 neurons. This feedback loop is thought to be involved in processes such as attention, perceptual grouping, and figure-ground segregation. The dynamic interplay between V1 and V2

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The correspondence between specific locations in V1 and the subjective visual field is exceptionally precise, even extending to map the blind spots of the retina. Evolutionarily, this correspondence is a fundamental feature found in most animals possessing a V1. In humans and other species with a

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Beyond its spatial processing role, the retinotopic map in V1 establishes intricate connections with other visual areas, forming a network crucial for integrating diverse visual features and constructing a coherent visual percept. This dynamic mapping mechanism is indispensable for our ability to

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Like V2, V4 is tuned for orientation, spatial frequency, and color. Unlike V2, V4 is tuned for object features of intermediate complexity, like simple geometric shapes, although no one has developed a full parametric description of the tuning space for V4. Visual area V4 is not tuned for complex

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The importance of this retinotopic organization lies in its ability to preserve spatial relationships present in the external environment. Neighboring neurons in V1 exhibit responses to adjacent portions of the visual field, creating a systematic representation of the visual scene. This mapping

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The primary visual cortex, which is defined by its function or stage in the visual system, is approximately equivalent to the striate cortex, also known as Brodmann area 17, which is defined by its anatomical location. The name "striate cortex" is derived from the line of Gennari, a distinctive

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A standard view is that V1 provides the "most important" input to MT. Nonetheless, several studies have demonstrated that neurons in MT are capable of responding to visual information, often in a direction-selective manner, even after V1 has been destroyed or inactivated. Moreover, research by

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Moreover, the retinotopic map demonstrates a remarkable degree of plasticity, adapting to alterations in visual experience. Studies have revealed that changes in sensory input, such as those induced by visual training or deprivation, can lead to shifts in the retinotopic map. This adaptability

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Furthermore, V1 exhibits plasticity, allowing it to undergo functional and structural changes in response to sensory experience. Studies have demonstrated that sensory deprivation or exposure to enriched environments can lead to alterations in the organization and responsiveness of V1 neurons,

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and orientation. However, this model cannot accommodate the color, spatial frequency and many other features to which neurons are tuned . The exact organization of all these cortical columns within V1 remains a hot topic of current research. The mathematical modeling of this function has been

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It's worth noting that Brodmann area 17 is just one subdivision of the broader Brodmann areas, which are regions of the cerebral cortex defined based on cytoarchitectural differences. In the case of the striate cortex, the line of Gennari corresponds to a band rich in myelinated nerve fibers,

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Moreover, V2's connections with subsequent visual areas, including V3, V4, and V5, contribute to the formation of a distributed network for visual processing. These connections enable the integration of different visual features, such as motion and form, across multiple stages of the visual

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A theoretical explanation of the computational function of the simple cells in the primary visual cortex has been presented in. It is described how receptive field shapes similar to those found by the biological receptive field measurements performed by DeAngelis et al. can be derived as a

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studies have delved into the role of contextual modulation in V1, where the perception of a stimulus is influenced not only by the stimulus itself but also by the surrounding context, highlighting the intricate processing capabilities of V1 in shaping our visual experiences.

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textured patterns such as a field of random dots. These response properties suggest that DM and MT may work in parallel, with the former analyzing self-motion relative to the environment, and the latter analyzing the motion of individual objects relative to the background.

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the upper bank of the calcarine sulcus in the occipital lobe robustly responds to the lower half of the visual field, while the lower bank responds to the upper half. This retinotopic mapping conceptually represents a projection of the visual image from the retina to V1.

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is the most studied visual area in the brain. In mammals, it is located in the posterior pole of the occipital lobe and is the simplest, earliest cortical visual area. It is highly specialized for processing information about static and moving objects and is excellent in

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The tuning properties of V1 neurons (what the neurons respond to) differ greatly over time. Early in time (40 ms and further) individual V1 neurons have strong tuning to a small set of stimuli. That is, the neuronal responses can discriminate small changes in visual

1043:, and shows changes in the spatial profile of its receptive fields with attention. In addition, it has recently been shown that activation of area V4 in humans (area V4h) is observed during the perception and retention of the color of objects, but not their shape. 4792:

Baker JF, Petersen SE, Newsome WT, Allman JM (March 1981). "Visual response properties of neurons in four extrastriate visual areas of the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus): a quantitative comparison of medial, dorsomedial, dorsolateral, and middle temporal areas".

726:, V1 does this by transforming visual inputs to neural firing rates from millions of neurons, such that the visual location signaled by the highest firing neuron is the most salient location to attract gaze shift. V1's outputs are received by the 226:. By definition, the receptive field is the region within the entire visual field that elicits an action potential. But, for any given neuron, it may respond best to a subset of stimuli within its receptive field. This property is called 983:. It comprises at least four regions (left and right V4d, left and right V4v), and some groups report that it contains rostral and caudal subdivisions as well. It is unknown whether the human V4 is as expansive as that of the macaque 5027:

Monaco S, Malfatti G, Zendron A, Pellencin E, Turella L (December 2019). "Predictive coding of action intentions in dorsal and ventral visual stream is based on visual anticipations, memory-based information and motor preparation".

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and Milner extended these ideas and suggested that the ventral stream is critical for visual perception whereas the dorsal stream mediates the visual control of skilled actions. It has been shown that visual illusions such as the

320:. The dorsal stream, sometimes called the "Where Pathway" or "How Pathway", is associated with motion, representation of object locations, and control of the eyes and arms, especially when visual information is used to guide 838:, receives strong feedforward connections from V1 (direct and via the pulvinar) and sends robust connections to V3, V4, and V5. Additionally, it plays a crucial role in the integration and processing of visual information. 1032:. Originally, Zeki argued that the purpose of V4 was to process color information. Work in the early 1980s proved that V4 was as directly involved in form recognition as earlier cortical areas. This research supported the 4205:

Movshon, J.A., Adelson, E.H., Gizzi, M.S., & Newsome, W.T. (1985). The analysis of moving visual patterns. In: C. Chagas, R. Gattass, & C. Gross (Eds.), Pattern recognition mechanisms (pp. 117–151), Rome: Vatican

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There is still much controversy over the exact form of the computations carried out in area MT and some research suggests that feature motion is in fact already available at lower levels of the visual system such as V1.

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In one study, the Layer 6 cells of the V2 cortex were found to play a very important role in the storage of Object Recognition Memory as well as the conversion of short-term object memories into long-term memories.

928:(DM), which contains a representation of the entire visual field. Neurons in area DM respond to coherent motion of large patterns covering extensive portions of the visual field (Lui and collaborators, 2006). 4302:

Tinsley CJ, Webb BS, Barraclough NE, Vincent CJ, Parker A, Derrington AM (August 2003). "The nature of V1 neural responses to 2D moving patterns depends on receptive-field structure in the marmoset monkey".

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cells of the eye, which are clustered in density and fineness). Each V1 neuron propagates a signal from a retinal cell, in continuation. Furthermore, individual V1 neurons in humans and other animals with

1103:. The pattern of projections to MT changes somewhat between the representations of the foveal and peripheral visual fields, with the latter receiving inputs from areas located in the midline cortex and 1251:

have unique response properties, including an extremely sharp selectivity for the orientation of visual contours, and preference for long, uninterrupted lines covering large parts of the visual field.

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Leuba G, Kraftsik R (October 1994). "Changes in volume, surface estimate, three-dimensional shape and total number of neurons of the human primary visual cortex from midgestation until old age".

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Later in time (after 100 ms), neurons in V1 are also sensitive to the more global organisation of the scene (Lamme & Roelfsema, 2000). These response properties probably stem from recurrent

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and then reaches the visual cortex. The area of the visual cortex that receives the sensory input from the lateral geniculate nucleus is the primary visual cortex, also known as visual area 1 (

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Maunsell JH, Van Essen DC (May 1983). "Functional properties of neurons in middle temporal visual area of the macaque monkey. I. Selectivity for stimulus direction, speed, and orientation".

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can change firing rates in V4 by about 20%. A seminal paper by Moran and Desimone characterizing these effects was the first paper to find attention effects anywhere in the visual cortex.

1122:, and V4t (middle temporal crescent). Other projections of MT target the eye movement-related areas of the frontal and parietal lobes (frontal eye field and lateral intraparietal area). 4063:

Dürsteler MR, Wurtz RH, Newsome WT (May 1987). "Directional pursuit deficits following lesions of the foveal representation within the superior temporal sulcus of the macaque monkey".

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to the V5 leads to deficits in perceiving motion and processing of complex stimuli. It contains many neurons selective for the motion of complex visual features (line ends, corners).

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to our ability to navigate and interpret the visual world effectively. The correspondence between a given location in V1 and in the subjective visual field is very precise: even the

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Ganel T, Tanzer M, Goodale MA (March 2008). "A double dissociation between action and perception in the context of visual illusions: opposite effects of real and illusory size".

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Kozlovskiy S, Rogachev A (2021). "How Areas of Ventral Visual Stream Interact When We Memorize Color and Shape Information". In Velichkovsky BM, Balaban PM, Ushakov VL (eds.).

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Hupé JM, James AC, Payne BR, Lomber SG, Girard P, Bullier J (August 1998). "Cortical feedback improves discrimination between figure and background by V1, V2 and V3 neurons".

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have ocular dominance, namely tuning to one of the two eyes. In V1, and primary sensory cortex in general, neurons with similar tuning properties tend to cluster together as

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Galletti C, Kutz DF, Gamberini M, Breveglieri R, Fattori P (November 2003). "Role of the medial parieto-occipital cortex in the control of reaching and grasping movements".

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López-Aranda MF, López-Téllez JF, Navarro-Lobato I, Masmudi-Martín M, Gutiérrez A, Khan ZU (July 2009). "Role of layer 6 of V2 visual cortex in object-recognition memory".

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of the retina are mapped into V1. In terms of evolution, this correspondence is very basic and found in most animals that possess a V1. In humans and other animals with a

299:(IT cortex). The ventral stream, sometimes called the "What Pathway", is associated with form recognition and object representation. It is also associated with storage of 4883: 3984:

Dubner R, Zeki SM (December 1971). "Response properties and receptive fields of cells in an anatomically defined region of the superior temporal sulcus in the monkey".

1189:, appears to respond to visual stimuli associated with self-motion and wide-field stimulation. V6 is a subdivision of the visual cortex of primates first described by 1148:

studies of a patient unable to see motion, seeing the world in a series of static 'frames' instead, suggested that V5 in the primate is homologous to MT in the human.

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Huang JY, Wang C, Dreher B (March 2007). "The effects of reversible inactivation of postero-temporal visual cortex on neuronal activities in cat's area 17".

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Dorsal V3 is normally considered to be part of the dorsal stream, receiving inputs from V2 and from the primary visual area and projecting to the posterior

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Allman JM, Kaas JH (December 1975). "The dorsomedial cortical visual area: a third tier area in the occipital lobe of the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus)".

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MT was shown to be organized in direction columns. DeAngelis argued that MT neurons were also organized based on their tuning for binocular disparity.

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underscores the brain's capacity to reorganize in response to varying environmental demands, highlighting the dynamic nature of visual processing.

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Bullier J, Hupé JM, James AC, Girard P (2001). "Chapter 13 the role of feedback connections in shaping the responses of visual cortical neurons".

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Brain shown from the side, facing left. Above: view from outside, below: cut through the middle. Orange = Brodmann area 17 (primary visual cortex)

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The primary visual cortex is divided into six functionally distinct layers, labeled 1 to 6. Layer 4, which receives most visual input from the

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Recently, an area responsive to wide-angle flow fields has been identified in the human and is thought to be a homologue of macaque area V6.

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extends both vertically and horizontally, ensuring the conservation of both horizontal and vertical relationships within the visual input.

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MT is connected to a wide array of cortical and subcortical brain areas. Its input comes from visual cortical areas V1, V2 and dorsal V3 (

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Palmer SM, Rosa MG (October 2006). "A distinct anatomical network of cortical areas for analysis of motion in far peripheral vision".

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the MT area contains a high concentration of direction-selective neurons. The MT in primates is thought to play a major role in the

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Kozlovskiy S, Rogachev A (October 2021). "Ventral Visual Cortex Areas and Processing of Color and Shape in Visual Working Memory".

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Braddick OJ, O'Brien JM, Wattam-Bell J, Atkinson J, Hartley T, Turner R (2001). "Brain areas sensitive to coherent visual motion".

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Ganel T, Goodale MA (December 2003). "Visual control of action but not perception requires analytical processing of object shape".

4978:"The dorsomedial pathway is not just for reaching: grasping neurons in the medial parieto-occipital cortex of the macaque monkey" 348:

distort judgements of a perceptual nature, but when the subject responds with an action, such as grasping, no distortion occurs.

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Britten KH, van Wezel RJ (May 1998). "Electrical microstimulation of cortical area MST biases heading perception in monkeys".

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Franz VH, Scharnowski F, Gegenfurtner KR (December 2005). "Illusion effects on grasping are temporally constant not dynamic".

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The visual information relayed to V1 is not coded in terms of spatial (or optical) imagery but rather are better described as

5074: 3843:"Retinal afferents synapse with relay cells targeting the middle temporal area in the pulvinar and lateral geniculate nuclei" 3623: 2784: 2608: 2185: 2133:

Angelucci A, Bullier J (2003). "Reaching beyond the classical receptive field of V1 neurons: horizontal or feedback axons?".

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The average number of neurons in the adult human primary visual cortex in each hemisphere has been estimated at 140 million.

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Hubel DH, Wiesel TN (December 1972). "Laminar and columnar distribution of geniculo-cortical fibers in the macaque monkey".

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Recent work has shown that V4 exhibits long-term plasticity, encodes stimulus salience, is gated by signals coming from the

998:. It also receives direct input from V1, especially for central space. In addition, it has weaker connections to V5 and the 3610:. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Vol. 1358. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 95–100. 1235:

and humans. V6 is also sometimes referred to as the parieto-occipital area (PO), although the correspondence is not exact.

1987:"A Comprehensive Overview of the Role of Visual Cortex Malfunction in Depressive Disorders: Opportunities and Challenges" 2799:

Taylor, Katherine. and Jeanette Rodriguez. “Visual Discrimination.” StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, 19 September 2022

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Zhaoping L (2014). "The V1 hypothesis—creating a bottom-up saliency map for pre-attentive selection and segmentation".

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Anzai A, Peng X, Van Essen DC (October 2007). "Neurons in monkey visual area V2 encode combinations of orientations".

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Wilson HR, Ferrera VP, Yo C (July 1992). "A psychophysically motivated model for two-dimensional motion perception".

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Rosa MG, Tweedale R (July 2000). "Visual areas in lateral and ventral extrastriate cortices of the marmoset monkey".

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in the retina), a large portion of V1 is mapped to the small, central portion of visual field, a phenomenon known as

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characterize the functional division of labor between the dorsal and ventral visual pathways in the cerebral cortex.

4838:"Functional response properties of neurons in the dorsomedial visual area of New World monkeys (Callithrix jacchus)" 3798:

Sincich LC, Park KF, Wohlgemuth MJ, Horton JC (October 2004). "Bypassing V1: a direct geniculate input to area MT".

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content, a characteristic that is usually present in brain structures involved in fast transmission of information.

6643: 3049:(2007). "Memory, perception, and the ventral visual-perirhinal-hippocampal stream: thinking outside of the boxes". 2209:

Murray SO, Schrater P, Kersten D (2004). "Perceptual grouping and the interactions between visual cortical areas".

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The connections and response properties of cells in DM/V6 suggest that this area is a key node in a subset of the "

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processing (the influence of higher-tier cortical areas on lower-tier cortical areas) and lateral connections from

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Albright TD (December 1984). "Direction and orientation selectivity of neurons in visual area MT of the macaque".

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and collaborators has suggested that certain types of visual information may reach MT before it even reaches V1.

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View of the brain from behind. Red = Brodmann area 17 (primary visual cortex); orange = area 18; yellow = area 19

5754: 5446: 391: 387: 3937:"Afferent basis of visual response properties in area MT of the macaque. I. Effects of striate cortex removal" 2589:"A Modern View of the Classical Receptive Field: Linear and Nonlinear Spatiotemporal Processing by V1 Neurons" 2544:

DeAngelis GC, Ohzawa I, Freeman RD (October 1995). "Receptive-field dynamics in the central visual pathways".

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Moran J, Desimone R (August 1985). "Selective attention gates visual processing in the extrastriate cortex".

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Ventral V3 (VP), has much weaker connections from the primary visual area, and stronger connections with the

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von der Heydt R, Peterhans E, Baumgartner G (June 1984). "Illusory contours and cortical neuron responses".

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Glickstein M, Rizzolatti G (1 December 1984). "Francesco Gennari and the structure of the cerebral cortex".

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The lingual gyrus is the hypothetical location of V4 in macaque monkeys. In humans, this area is called hV4.

5742: 4159:"Residual motion perception in a "motion-blind" patient, assessed with limited-lifetime random dot stimuli" 3555:, Armstrong KM (January 2003). "Selective gating of visual signals by microstimulation of frontal cortex". 3092:

Stepniewska I, Kaas JH (July 1996). "Topographic patterns of V2 cortical connections in macaque monkeys".

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MT sends its major output to areas located in the cortex immediately surrounding it, including areas FST,

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in the late 1970s, who also named the area. Before that, V4 was known by its anatomical description, the

4473:"Sensitivity of human visual and vestibular cortical regions to egomotion-compatible visual stimulation" 3227:

Hegdé J, Van Essen DC (November 2004). "Temporal dynamics of shape analysis in macaque visual area V2".

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Williams MA, Baker CI, Op de Beeck HP, Shim WM, Dang S, Triantafyllou C, et al. (December 2008).

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each point of the scene taken in by the eye projects onto a point on the back of the eye (the retina).

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The fusiform gyrus is the hypothetical location of V4α, a secondary area for colour processing. More:

511:(LGN), is further divided into 4 layers, labelled 4A, 4B, 4Cα, and 4Cβ. Sublamina 4Cα receives mostly 6598: 6428: 6205: 5903: 5766: 5747: 317: 244: 5140: 4722: 4693: 4077: 3470: 1549: 893:

A visual field map of the primary visual cortex and the numerous extrastriate areas. More images in

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refers to the region of cortex located immediately in front of V2, which includes the region named

773: 730:(in the mid-brain), among other locations, which reads out the V1 activities to guide gaze shifts. 678: 296: 285:

V1 transmits information to two primary pathways, called the ventral stream and the dorsal stream.

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include a visual cortex; the visual cortex in the left hemisphere receives signals from the right

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Pitzalis S, Sereno MI, Committeri G, Fattori P, Galati G, Patria F, et al. (February 2010).

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Ungerleider LG, Desimone R (June 1986). "Cortical connections of visual area MT in the macaque".

1420:"Variability of the Surface Area of the V1, V2, and V3 Maps in a Large Sample of Human Observers" 1018: 995: 980: 612:

visual processing and contributing significantly to our intricate and nuanced visual perception.

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proposed the classic ice-cube organization model of cortical columns for two tuning properties:

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Advances in Cognitive Research, Artificial Intelligence and Neuroinformatics. Intercognsci 2020

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Pitzalis S, Galletti C, Huang RS, Patria F, Committeri G, Galati G, et al. (July 2006).

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Braz J, Pettré J, Richard P, Kerren A, Linsen L, Battiato S, et al. (11 February 2016).

1217: 1209:(POS). DM contains a topographically organized representation of the entire field of vision. 192:, and the visual cortex in the right hemisphere receives signals from the left visual field. 6478: 1535:

Goodale MA, Milner AD (January 1992). "Separate visual pathways for perception and action".

715:(highlights what is important) from visual inputs to guide the shifts of attention known as 6738: 6603: 6578: 6543: 6250: 6098: 5990: 5667: 5527: 5424: 5373: 5230: 3692: 3564: 3457: 3279: 2818: 2647: 2444: 2099: 1689: 1601: 1476: 1374: 1131: 1104: 641: 2949:"Figure and ground in the visual cortex: v2 combines stereoscopic cues with gestalt rules" 920:. Braddick using fMRI has suggested that area V3/V3A may play a role in the processing of 250:

The size of V1, V2, and V3 can vary three-fold, a difference that is partially inherited.

8: 6648: 6508: 6503: 6468: 6227: 5637: 4348:"Two-dimensional substructure of stereo and motion interactions in macaque visual cortex" 2998:"Postnatal development of disparity sensitivity in visual area 2 (v2) of macaque monkeys" 1198: 1075:, the integration of local motion signals into global percepts, and the guidance of some 1010: 870: 862: 727: 645: 617: 345: 185: 170: 6658: 3568: 3461: 3283: 2822: 2651: 2521: 2494: 2448: 2103: 2011: 1986: 1841: 1816: 1693: 1605: 1469:"Algorithmic Optimnizations in the HMAX Model Targeted for Efficient Object Recognition" 1395: 1378: 1362: 632:. Perhaps for the purpose of accurate spatial encoding, neurons in V1 have the smallest 6668: 6538: 6513: 6493: 6285: 6108: 6082: 5933: 5683: 5653: 5575: 5507: 5495: 5396: 5392: 5094: 5078: 5053: 5004: 4977: 4948: 4923: 4818: 4774: 4714: 4649: 4622: 4603: 4555: 4530: 4497: 4472: 4448: 4439: 4423: 4328: 4284: 4241: 4183: 4174: 4158: 4134: 4125: 4109: 4045: 3961: 3952: 3936: 3917: 3869: 3842: 3823: 3780: 3656: 3588: 3529: 3502: 3389: 3346: 3303: 3252: 3204: 3194: 3177: 3117: 3074: 3022: 2997: 2973: 2948: 2929: 2880: 2752: 2727: 2670: 2637: 2625: 2569: 2467: 2432: 2405: 2380: 2356: 2329: 2305: 2280: 1967: 1924: 1881: 1756: 1713: 1627: 1570: 1444: 1419: 1295: 1040: 984: 556: 516: 512: 329: 6689: 4364: 4347: 3503:"Motion-sensitive responses in visual area V4 in the absence of primary visual cortex" 2916: 2899: 2177: 1877: 1614: 1589: 1361:

Fişek M, Herrmann D, Egea-Weiss A, Cloves M, Bauer L, Lee TY, et al. (May 2023).

6743: 6563: 6498: 6364: 6193: 6159: 6154: 6149: 5738: 5348: 5327: 5200: 5057: 5045: 5009: 4953: 4902: 4859: 4810: 4766: 4706: 4702: 4654: 4595: 4591: 4560: 4502: 4453: 4404: 4369: 4320: 4276: 4233: 4188: 4139: 4090: 4037: 4001: 3997: 3966: 3909: 3905: 3874: 3815: 3772: 3737: 3696: 3660: 3619: 3580: 3534: 3501:

Schmid MC, Schmiedt JT, Peters AJ, Saunders RC, Maier A, Leopold DA (November 2013).

3483: 3430: 3381: 3338: 3295: 3244: 3209: 3158: 3109: 3066: 3027: 2978: 2921: 2872: 2834: 2780: 2757: 2706: 2675: 2604: 2600: 2561: 2557: 2526: 2472: 2410: 2361: 2310: 2261: 2226: 2191: 2181: 2150: 2146: 2115: 2069: 2016: 1959: 1916: 1846: 1797: 1748: 1744: 1705: 1662: 1631: 1619: 1562: 1558: 1515: 1502: 1480: 1449: 1400: 1315: 1232: 1228: 1072: 866: 340: 295:

begins with V1, goes through visual area V2, then through visual area V4, and to the

253: 201: 162: 142: 4718: 4607: 4288: 4245: 3921: 3827: 3393: 3350: 3307: 3269: 3078: 2933: 2573: 2170:

The role of feedback connections in shaping the responses of visual cortical neurons

1971: 1885: 1760: 846:

highlights the intricate nature of information processing within the visual system.

6753: 6623: 6593: 6583: 6548: 6424: 6316: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6237: 6232: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6198: 6181: 6171: 6103: 6034: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5983: 5955: 5937: 5929: 5924: 5874: 5855: 5822: 5817: 5658: 5642: 5633: 5487: 5472: 5463: 5458: 5451: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5413: 5401: 5322: 5314: 5286: 5277: 5263: 5258: 5245: 5240: 5125: 5037: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4976:

Fattori P, Raos V, Breveglieri R, Bosco A, Marzocchi N, Galletti C (January 2010).

4943: 4935: 4849: 4822: 4802: 4778: 4758: 4698: 4644: 4634: 4587: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4492: 4484: 4443: 4435: 4396: 4359: 4312: 4268: 4225: 4178: 4170: 4129: 4121: 4082: 4049: 4029: 3993: 3956: 3948: 3901: 3864: 3854: 3807: 3784: 3764: 3727: 3688: 3652: 3648: 3611: 3592: 3572: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3475: 3420: 3373: 3330: 3287: 3256: 3236: 3199: 3189: 3148: 3121: 3101: 3058: 3017: 3009: 2968: 2960: 2911: 2884: 2864: 2826: 2747: 2739: 2698: 2665: 2655: 2596: 2553: 2516: 2506: 2462: 2452: 2400: 2392: 2351: 2341: 2300: 2292: 2257: 2253: 2218: 2173: 2142: 2107: 2006: 1998: 1951: 1928: 1908: 1873: 1836: 1828: 1787: 1740: 1717: 1697: 1654: 1609: 1554: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1390: 1382: 1144:

studies have also supported the role of MT in motion perception and eye movements.

1088: 1068: 1064: 994:, receiving strong feedforward input from V2 and sending strong connections to the 925: 917: 854: 662: 333: 313: 300: 240: 219: 178: 174: 173:

areas consist of visual areas 2, 3, 4, and 5 (also known as V2, V3, V4, and V5, or

5082: 4332: 2457: 1574: 6758: 6638: 6633: 6618: 6533: 6453: 6185: 6113: 5907: 5771: 5759: 5722: 5715: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5621: 5616: 5580: 5568: 5556: 5544: 5539: 5532: 5500: 5383: 5378: 5366: 5361: 5272: 5235: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5172: 3615: 2964: 2660: 2222: 1832: 1792: 1775: 1278: 1248: 1213: 1145: 1135: 1100: 1029: 913: 778: 683: 666: 636:

size (that is, the highest resolution) of any visual cortex microscopic regions.

633: 621: 441: 328:

The what vs. where account of the ventral/dorsal pathways was first described by

228: 223: 138: 80: 42: 2728:"The surface area of human V1 predicts the subjective experience of object size" 1658: 6653: 6628: 6608: 6588: 6488: 6463: 6348: 6340: 6072: 6067: 5978: 5807: 5787: 5477: 5408: 5041: 2511: 2002: 1386: 976: 924:

Other studies prefer to consider dorsal V3 as part of a larger area, named the

791: 701: 694: 674: 653: 273: 205: 146: 93: 4762: 4400: 4272: 4086: 4033: 3859: 2396: 6773: 6528: 6473: 6382: 6300: 6295: 5888: 5867: 5829: 5646: 5596: 4806: 4639: 3732: 3715: 3153: 3136: 1290: 1274: 1092: 999: 962: 921: 894: 760: 531: 269: 166: 5098: 4939: 4854: 4837: 4488: 3479: 3291: 2830: 1418:

Benson NC, Yoon JM, Forenzo D, Engel SA, Kay KN, Winawer J (November 2022).

6553: 6523: 6393: 5420: 5184: 5049: 5013: 4957: 4863: 4770: 4710: 4672:

Galletti C, Gamberini M, Kutz DF, Baldinotti I, Fattori P (February 2005).

4658: 4564: 4506: 4373: 4324: 4237: 3913: 3878: 3819: 3700: 3584: 3538: 3434: 3385: 3342: 3299: 3248: 3213: 3106:

10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19960715)371:1<129::AID-CNE8>3.0.CO;2-5

3070: 3046: 3031: 2982: 2925: 2876: 2761: 2679: 2530: 2476: 2414: 2365: 2314: 2265: 2230: 2195: 2154: 2020: 1850: 1801: 1752: 1709: 1666: 1453: 1404: 1320: 1244: 972: 957: 944: 712: 449: 445: 189: 4814: 4457: 4408: 4316: 4280: 4192: 4143: 4094: 4041: 4005: 3970: 3776: 3768: 3741: 3487: 3407:

Goddard E, Mannion DJ, McDonald JS, Solomon SG, Clifford CW (April 2011).

3240: 3162: 3113: 3013: 2838: 2565: 2119: 1963: 1920: 1912: 1623: 1566: 1205:), and typically also includes portions of the medial cortex, such as the 949: 429: 208:. Each hemisphere's V1 receives information directly from its ipsilateral 30: 6573: 6127: 5176: 4599: 3552: 2346: 1266: 1190: 1134:

properties of neurons in MT showed that a large portion of the cells are

670: 501: 264: 3679:

Born RT, Bradley DC (2005). "Structure and function of visual area MT".

3576: 1701: 1063:) is a region of extrastriate visual cortex. In several species of both 477:

highlighting the dynamic nature of this critical visual processing hub.

6696: 6613: 6558: 6443: 5119: 5109: 3062: 2330:"The Biophysics of Visual Edge Detection: A Review of Basic Principles" 2065:

Vision: How Global Perceptual Context Changes Local Contrast Processing

1955: 1310: 1112: 1025: 433: 394: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3378:

10.1002/1096-9861(20000710)422:4<621::AID-CNE10>3.0.CO;2-E

3320: 2996:

Maruko I, Zhang B, Tao X, Tong J, Smith EL, Chino YM (November 2008).

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Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications

6720: 6458: 5710: 5170: 5129: 1363:"Cortico-cortical feedback engages active dendrites in visual cortex" 1231:. However, more recent research has suggested that DM also exists in 625: 453: 437: 4110:"The "motion-blind" patient: low-level spatial and temporal filters" 3716:"Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex" 3409:"Color responsiveness argues against a dorsal component of human V4" 2743: 2296: 2281:"Feedback of visual object information to foveal retinotopic cortex" 2051:(Masters). Berkeley, California: University of California, Berkeley. 1647:

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance

889: 816: 369: 118: 6748: 6448: 6326: 4674:"The relationship between V6 and PO in macaque extrastriate cortex" 3811: 3425: 3408: 2868: 1194: 842:

of a more nuanced and detailed representation of the visual scene.

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providing a clear marker for the primary visual processing region.

158: 87: 3334: 2642: 2626:"Invariance of visual operations at the level of receptive fields" 2111: 1009:

to show strong attentional modulation. Most studies indicate that

254:

Psychological model of the neural processing of visual information

2808: 858: 321: 4748: 4424:"Organization of disparity-selective neurons in macaque area MT" 4229: 2049:

On the Differences Between Peripheral and Foveal Pattern Masking

1815:

Coen P, Sit TP, Wells MJ, Carandini M, Harris KD (August 2023).

1212:

There are similarities between the visual area V5 and V6 of the

6683: 5862: 4921: 4671: 2172:. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 134. pp. 193–204. 1817:"Mouse frontal cortex mediates additive multisensory decisions" 1221: 1141: 657: 490: 422: 239:

The visual cortex receives its blood supply primarily from the

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that receives signals from the contralateral visual hemifield.

5126:

Stained brain slice images which include the "visual%20cortex"

5026: 3134: 2900:"Representation of stereoscopic edges in monkey visual cortex" 754: 276:(purple) are shown. They originate from primary visual cortex. 6321: 4531:"Wide-field retinotopy defines human cortical visual area v6" 4301: 3406: 3135:

Gattass R, Sousa AP, Mishkin M, Ungerleider LG (March 1997).

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Differences in size of V1 also seem to have an effect on the

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The primary visual cortex (V1) is located in and around the

4975: 4528: 3797: 2595:. Vol. 1. Cambridge: The MIT Press. pp. 704–719. 5135:

Simulator for computational modeling of visual cortex maps

5134: 4791: 3178:"Selectivity for complex shapes in primate visual area V2" 1590:"Size-contrast illusions deceive the eye but not the hand" 1227:

For many years, it was considered that DM only existed in

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begins with V1, goes through Visual area V2, then to the

150: 1201:, near the deep groove through the centre of the brain ( 853:

In terms of anatomy, V2 is split into four quadrants, a

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input from the LGN, while layer 4Cβ receives input from

4620: 1466: 2845: 2543: 2167: 1417: 1036:, first presented by Ungerleider and Mishkin in 1982. 4062: 3840: 2208: 1814: 1587: 1138:

to the speed and direction of moving visual stimuli.

604:

navigate and interpret the visual world effectively.

16:

Region of the brain that processes visual information

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The firing properties of V4 were first described by

979:, it is located anterior to V2 and posterior to the 316:(DM/V6) and middle temporal area (MT/V5) and to the 4345: 3934: 3754: 3748: 2774: 2725: 2381:"A computational theory of visual receptive fields" 1935: 1046: 551:

may be too technical for most readers to understand

6381:Some categorizations are approximations, and some 5091:"Architecture of the Visual Cortex by David Hubel" 4623:"The functional role of the medial motion area V6" 4346:Pack CC, Born RT, Livingstone MS (February 2003). 3638: 3605: 2995: 2891: 2854: 1730: 1501: 1499: 5075:"The Primary Visual Cortex by Matthew Schmolesky" 4019: 3713: 2802: 1216:. Both areas receive direct connections from the 1197:in 1975. V6 is located in the dorsal part of the 711:In primates, one role of V1 might be to create a 6771: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4421: 4415: 4215: 4013: 3707: 3137:"Cortical projections of area V2 in the macaque" 2946: 2132: 1506:. In Ingle DJ, Goodale MA, Mansfield RJ (eds.). 4971: 4969: 4967: 4258: 4209: 3091: 2777:Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind 2726:Schwarzkopf DS, Song C, Rees G (January 2011). 2426: 2424: 2243: 1588:Aglioti S, DeSouza JF, Goodale MA (June 1995). 1343:. School of Life Sciences: University of Sussex 3935:Rodman HR, Gross CG, Albright TD (June 1989). 3885: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3551: 3226: 3175: 2695:Understanding Vision: Theory, Models, and Data 2586: 2126: 1985:Wu F, Lu Q, Kong Y, Zhang Z (September 2023). 448:are seen at the top of the image. Subcortical 6409: 5156: 4870: 4835: 4156: 4107: 4056: 3447: 3044: 2898:von der Heydt R, Zhou H, Friedman HS (2000). 2697:. Oxford University Press. pp. 189–314. 2488: 2486: 2433:"Normative theory of visual receptive fields" 2272: 2080:Updated to include computer vision techniques 2032: 2030: 1984: 1941: 1534: 359: 6423: 4964: 4836:Lui LL, Bourne JA, Rosa MG (February 2006). 4614: 3363: 3314: 2421: 2161: 1679: 1528: 1471:. In Bitar AW, Mansour MM, Chehab A (eds.). 4470: 4157:Baker CL, Hess RF, Zihl J (February 1991). 3678: 3667: 2686: 2202: 1898: 1767: 452:(blue) is seen at the bottom of the image. 6416: 6402: 5163: 5149: 4890:. Archived from the original on 2018-01-20 4621:Pitzalis S, Fattori P, Galletti C (2013). 4577: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4422:DeAngelis GC, Newsome WT (February 1999). 3983: 3977: 3891: 3841:Warner CE, Goldshmit Y, Bourne JA (2010). 2719: 2587:DeAngelis GC, Anzai A (21 November 2003). 2483: 2327: 2237: 2027: 1581: 1168: 753: 41: 29: 5003: 4993: 4947: 4853: 4692: 4648: 4638: 4554: 4496: 4447: 4363: 4182: 4150: 4133: 4076: 3960: 3868: 3858: 3731: 3641:International Journal of Psychophysiology 3528: 3518: 3469: 3424: 3203: 3193: 3152: 3021: 2972: 2915: 2779:(2nd ed.). W W Norton & Co Inc. 2775:Gazzaniga MS, Ivry RB, Mangun GR (2002). 2751: 2703:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199564668.003.0005 2669: 2659: 2641: 2623: 2617: 2520: 2510: 2492: 2466: 2456: 2430: 2404: 2378: 2372: 2355: 2345: 2304: 2083: 2010: 1840: 1791: 1724: 1613: 1548: 1443: 1394: 861:representation in the left and the right 579:Learn how and when to remove this message 563:, without removing the technical details. 410:Learn how and when to remove this message 4386: 4380: 4339: 4101: 2692: 2061: 2046: 1673: 1638: 1265: 1161:'right' as well as 'upward' components. 956: 948: 888: 473:of how V1 processes visual information. 428: 263: 222:when visual stimuli appear within their 4513: 4295: 4199: 3791: 2499:Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience 1773: 1017:objects such as faces, as areas in the 280: 6772: 4744: 4742: 4252: 4108:Hess RH, Baker CL, Zihl J (May 1989). 3693:10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131052 885:Third visual cortex, including area V3 436:showing the visual cortex (pink). The 6397: 5144: 2947:Qiu FT, von der Heydt R (July 2005). 990:V4 is the third cortical area in the 561:make it understandable to non-experts 149:. Sensory input originating from the 4681:The European Journal of Neuroscience 4627:Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 3894:The European Journal of Neuroscience 3757:The Journal of Comparative Neurology 3366:The Journal of Comparative Neurology 3176:Hegdé J, Van Essen DC (March 2000). 3094:The Journal of Comparative Neurology 2593:The Visual Neurosciences, 2-vol. Set 1901:The Journal of Comparative Neurology 916:. It may be anatomically located in 535: 392:adding citations to reliable sources 363: 6073:Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal) 4881: 4739: 2591:. In Chalupa LM, Werner JS (eds.). 981:posterior inferotemporal area (PIT) 13: 4924:"Human v6: the medial motion area" 4471:Cardin V, Smith AT (August 2010). 4440:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-04-01398.1999 4175:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.11-02-00454.1991 4126:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.09-05-01628.1989 3953:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.09-06-02033.1989 3714:Felleman DJ, Van Essen DC (1991). 3195:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-05-j0001.2000 1500:Ungerleider LG, Mishkin M (1982). 1338: 1306:List of regions in the human brain 971:is one of the visual areas in the 421: 14: 6796: 5067: 2068:(Ph.D. thesis). Scholar's Press. 1776:"Transforming vision into action" 481:stripe visible to the naked eye. 6667: 4888:Connectopedia Knowledge Database 4703:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.03911.x 3906:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05113.x 2147:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2003.09.001 1745:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02071.x 1047:Middle temporal visual area (V5) 540: 368: 113:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy 6167:Posterior parahippocampal gyrus 6109:Collateral (temporal+occipital) 5020: 4915: 4829: 4785: 4665: 4571: 4464: 3928: 3834: 3632: 3599: 3545: 3494: 3441: 3400: 3357: 3263: 3220: 3169: 3128: 3085: 3038: 2989: 2940: 2793: 2768: 2580: 2537: 2321: 2055: 2040: 1978: 1892: 1857: 1808: 987:. This is a subject of debate. 652:(as in the optical system of a 379:needs additional citations for 195: 169:17, or the striate cortex. The 5755:Secondary somatosensory cortex 5447:Ventromedial prefrontal cortex 5030:Brain Structure & Function 4995:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3800-09.2010 4547:10.1523/jneurosci.0178-06.2006 3653:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.07.437 3520:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3923-13.2013 2601:10.7551/mitpress/7131.003.0052 2258:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.12.081 1510:. Boston: MIT Press. pp. 1493: 1460: 1436:10.1523/jneurosci.0690-21.2022 1354: 1332: 1152:complex objects. For example, 1082: 759:The V-regions. More images in 500:terminating in layer 4 of the 1: 6370:Poles of cerebral hemispheres 6104:Cingulate (frontal+cingulate) 4365:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)01187-x 3681:Annual Review of Neuroscience 2917:10.1016/s0042-6989(00)00044-4 2458:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05897 2379:Lindeberg T (December 2013). 2328:Kesserwani H (October 2020). 2178:10.1016/s0079-6123(01)34014-1 1878:10.1016/S0166-2236(84)80255-6 1615:10.1016/S0960-9822(95)00133-3 1503:"Two Cortical Visual Systems" 1326: 1238: 1125: 351:Work such as that from Franz 5743:Primary somatosensory cortex 5122:– Brodmann area 17 in guenon 4592:10.1016/0006-8993(75)90153-5 3998:10.1016/0006-8993(71)90494-X 3616:10.1007/978-3-030-71637-0_10 2965:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.05.028 2661:10.1371/journal.pone.0066990 2558:10.1016/0166-2236(95)94496-r 2431:Lindeberg T (January 2021). 2223:10.1016/j.neunet.2004.03.010 2135:Journal of Physiology, Paris 1833:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.05.008 1793:10.1016/j.visres.2010.07.027 1559:10.1016/0166-2236(92)90344-8 1005:V4 is the first area in the 7: 5835:Transverse occipital sulcus 4982:The Journal of Neuroscience 4884:"Calcarine (Visual) Cortex" 4751:Experimental Brain Research 4535:The Journal of Neuroscience 4428:The Journal of Neuroscience 4163:The Journal of Neuroscience 4114:The Journal of Neuroscience 3941:The Journal of Neuroscience 3507:The Journal of Neuroscience 3182:The Journal of Neuroscience 1659:10.1037/0096-1523.31.6.1359 1508:Analysis of Visual Behavior 1424:The Journal of Neuroscience 1284: 1261: 1203:medial longitudinal fissure 1053:middle temporal visual area 525: 10: 6801: 6247:Isthmus of cingulate gyrus 6068:Central (frontal+parietal) 5803:Occipital pole of cerebrum 5042:10.1007/s00429-019-01970-1 4795:Journal of Neurophysiology 4389:Journal of Neurophysiology 4305:Journal of Neurophysiology 4065:Journal of Neurophysiology 4022:Journal of Neurophysiology 3229:Journal of Neurophysiology 3002:Journal of Neurophysiology 2512:10.3389/fncom.2023.1189949 2003:10.1007/s12264-023-01052-7 1387:10.1038/s41586-023-06007-6 1301:Feature integration theory 942: 529: 509:lateral geniculate nucleus 360:Primary visual cortex (V1) 257: 218:in the visual cortex fire 210:lateral geniculate nucleus 155:lateral geniculate nucleus 6731: 6676: 6665: 6436: 6378: 6357: 6339: 6309: 6276: 6180: 6135: 6126: 6091: 6060: 6049: 5966: 5904:Transverse temporal gyrus 5896: 5887: 5843: 5795: 5786: 5767:Posterior parietal cortex 5731: 5676: 5604: 5595: 5520: 5486: 5347: 5340: 5313: 5199: 5192: 5183: 4907:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4763:10.1007/s00221-003-1589-z 4401:10.1152/jn.1984.52.6.1106 4273:10.1017/s0952523800006386 4087:10.1152/jn.1987.57.5.1262 4034:10.1152/jn.1983.49.5.1127 3860:10.3389/neuro.05.008.2010 3847:Frontiers in Neuroanatomy 3647:(Supplement): S155–S156. 2397:10.1007/s00422-013-0569-z 1243:Neurons in area DM/V6 of 1130:The first studies of the 809: 797: 784: 772: 767: 752: 747: 318:posterior parietal cortex 245:posterior cerebral artery 111: 99: 86: 74: 62: 57: 52: 40: 28: 23: 6705:Ascending and Descending 6025:Inferior temporal sulcus 5946:Superior temporal sulcus 5629:Inferior parietal lobule 5612:Superior parietal lobule 5552:Supplementary motor area 4807:10.1152/jn.1981.45.3.397 4640:10.3389/fnbeh.2012.00091 1774:Goodale MA (July 2011). 1207:parieto-occipital sulcus 933:inferior temporal cortex 297:inferior temporal cortex 186:hemispheres of the brain 6030:Inferior temporal gyrus 5974:Occipitotemporal sulcus 5920:Superior temporal gyrus 5813:Lateral occipital gyrus 5564:Supplementary eye field 5305:Inferior frontal sulcus 5300:Superior frontal sulcus 3480:10.1126/science.4023713 3292:10.1126/science.1170869 2831:10.1126/science.6539501 2546:Trends in Neurosciences 1866:Trends in Neurosciences 1537:Trends in Neurosciences 1220:. And both have a high 1169:Functional organization 832:secondary visual cortex 735:perception of illusions 498:lateral geniculate body 145:. It is located in the 6291:Fimbria of hippocampus 5357:Superior frontal gyrus 5255:Inferior frontal gyrus 5209:Superior frontal gyrus 3733:10.1093/cercor/1.1.1-a 3154:10.1093/cercor/7.2.110 2385:Biological Cybernetics 1944:Anatomy and Embryology 1270: 1034:two-streams hypothesis 1000:dorsal prelunate gyrus 965: 954: 897: 811:Anatomical terminology 724:V1 Saliency Hypothesis 630:cortical magnification 457: 426: 277: 260:Two-streams hypothesis 6278:Hippocampal formation 6137:Parahippocampal gyrus 5951:Middle temporal gyrus 4940:10.1093/cercor/bhp112 4855:10.1093/cercor/bhi094 4489:10.1093/cercor/bhp268 4317:10.1152/jn.00708.2002 3769:10.1002/cne.902480204 3241:10.1152/jn.00822.2003 3014:10.1152/jn.90397.2008 1991:Neuroscience Bulletin 1913:10.1002/cne.901460402 1827:(15): 2432–2447.e13. 1733:Psychological Science 1269: 1218:primary visual cortex 1176: 1019:inferotemporal cortex 960: 952: 938: 892: 740: 656:, but projected onto 530:Further information: 462:primary visual cortex 432: 425: 267: 6739:Accidental viewpoint 6251:Retrosplenial cortex 6099:Longitudinal fissure 5991:Medial temporal lobe 5668:Intraparietal sulcus 5528:Primary motor cortex 5425:Orbitofrontal cortex 5374:Medial frontal gyrus 5231:Middle frontal gyrus 2624:Lindeberg T (2013). 2493:Lindeberg T (2023). 2347:10.7759/cureus.11218 1132:electrophysiological 1105:retrosplenial region 1073:perception of motion 902:third visual complex 388:improve this article 281:Ventral-dorsal model 153:travels through the 6644:Vertical–horizontal 6228:Posterior cingulate 5638:Supramarginal gyrus 5137:at topographica.org 4261:Visual Neuroscience 4218:Nature Neuroscience 3800:Nature Neuroscience 3577:10.1038/nature01341 3569:2003Natur.421..370M 3513:(48): 18740–18745. 3462:1985Sci...229..782M 3284:2009Sci...325...87L 2857:Nature Neuroscience 2823:1984Sci...224.1260V 2817:(4654): 1260–1262. 2732:Nature Neuroscience 2652:2013PLoSO...866990L 2449:2021Heliy...705897L 2285:Nature Neuroscience 2104:1998Natur.394..784H 2062:Barghout L (2003). 2047:Barghout L (1999). 1702:10.1038/nature02156 1694:2003Natur.426..664G 1606:1995CBio....5..679A 1475:. Berlin, Germany: 1379:2023Natur.617..769F 1341:"The Visual Cortex" 1199:extrastriate cortex 1185:(DM) also known as 1011:selective attention 871:binocular disparity 728:superior colliculus 646:spatial frequencies 467:pattern recognition 346:Ebbinghaus illusion 137:is the area of the 6744:Auditory illusions 6539:Impossible trident 6286:Hippocampal sulcus 6206:Anterior cingulate 6083:Preoccipital notch 5684:Paracentral lobule 5654:Parietal operculum 5576:Frontal eye fields 5508:Paracentral sulcus 5496:Paracentral lobule 5397:Paraolfactory area 5393:Paraterminal gyrus 5095:Harvard University 5079:University of Utah 3063:10.1002/hipo.20320 1956:10.1007/BF00187293 1296:Cortical blindness 1271: 1146:Neuropsychological 1041:frontal eye fields 975:visual cortex. In 966: 955: 898: 458: 427: 278: 143:visual information 6785:Visual perception 6767: 6766: 6759:Temporal illusion 6754:Tactile illusions 6724:(2015 photograph) 6425:Optical illusions 6391: 6390: 6335: 6334: 6160:Postrhinal cortex 6155:Perirhinal cortex 6150:Entorhinal cortex 6122: 6121: 6078:Parieto-occipital 6045: 6044: 5883: 5882: 5782: 5781: 5739:Postcentral gyrus 5591: 5590: 5516: 5515: 5336: 5335: 5328:Precentral sulcus 5291:Pars triangularis 5130:BrainMaps project 5112:– striate area 17 4541:(30): 7962–7973. 3806:(10): 1123–1128. 3625:978-3-030-71636-3 3563:(6921): 370–373. 3456:(4715): 782–784. 3413:Journal of Vision 2910:(15): 1955–1967. 2863:(10): 1313–1321. 2786:978-0-393-97777-6 2610:978-0-262-27012-0 2187:978-0-444-50586-6 2075:978-3-639-70962-9 1786:(13): 1567–1587. 1688:(6967): 664–667. 1521:978-0-262-09022-3 1486:978-3-319-29971-6 1430:(46): 8629–8646. 1373:(7962): 769–776. 1316:Visual processing 1233:Old World monkeys 1229:New World monkeys 1101:inferior pulvinar 1069:Old World monkeys 1065:New World monkeys 867:illusory contours 836:prestriate cortex 825: 824: 820: 722:According to the 695:pyramidal neurons 589: 588: 581: 420: 419: 412: 220:action potentials 202:calcarine fissure 127: 126: 122: 6792: 6671: 6624:Schroeder stairs 6599:Peripheral drift 6594:Penrose triangle 6418: 6411: 6404: 6395: 6394: 6317:Indusium griseum 6182:Cingulate cortex 6172:Prepyriform area 6133: 6132: 6058: 6057: 5938:Planum temporale 5894: 5893: 5875:Calcarine sulcus 5793: 5792: 5602: 5601: 5473:Olfactory sulcus 5459:Subcallosal area 5345: 5344: 5323:Precentral gyrus 5282:Pars opercularis 5197: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5165: 5158: 5151: 5142: 5141: 5102: 5097:. Archived from 5086: 5081:. Archived from 5062: 5061: 5036:(9): 3291–3308. 5024: 5018: 5017: 5007: 4997: 4973: 4962: 4961: 4951: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4906: 4898: 4896: 4895: 4879: 4868: 4867: 4857: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4746: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4733: 4727: 4721:. Archived from 4696: 4678: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4652: 4642: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4558: 4526: 4511: 4510: 4500: 4483:(8): 1964–1973. 4468: 4462: 4461: 4451: 4434:(4): 1398–1415. 4419: 4413: 4412: 4395:(6): 1106–1130. 4384: 4378: 4377: 4367: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4213: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4186: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4137: 4120:(5): 1628–1640. 4105: 4099: 4098: 4080: 4071:(5): 1262–1287. 4060: 4054: 4053: 4028:(5): 1127–1147. 4017: 4011: 4009: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3964: 3947:(6): 2033–2050. 3932: 3926: 3925: 3900:(8): 2389–2405. 3889: 3883: 3882: 3872: 3862: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3735: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3676: 3665: 3664: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3532: 3522: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3473: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3428: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3235:(5): 3030–3042. 3224: 3218: 3217: 3207: 3197: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3156: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3025: 3008:(5): 2486–2495. 2993: 2987: 2986: 2976: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2919: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2852: 2843: 2842: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2755: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2673: 2663: 2645: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2524: 2514: 2490: 2481: 2480: 2470: 2460: 2428: 2419: 2418: 2408: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2359: 2349: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2308: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2217:(5–6): 695–705. 2206: 2200: 2199: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2087: 2081: 2079: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2044: 2038: 2034: 2025: 2024: 2014: 1997:(9): 1426–1438. 1982: 1976: 1975: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1861: 1855: 1854: 1844: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1795: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1653:(6): 1359–1378. 1642: 1636: 1635: 1617: 1585: 1579: 1578: 1552: 1532: 1526: 1525: 1505: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1464: 1458: 1457: 1447: 1415: 1409: 1408: 1398: 1358: 1352: 1351: 1349: 1348: 1336: 1249:common marmosets 1183:dorsomedial area 1158:Microstimulation 1089:dorsomedial area 926:dorsomedial area 918:Brodmann area 19 817:edit on Wikidata 814: 757: 745: 744: 684:Gabor transforms 679:ocular dominance 667:cortical columns 663:binocular vision 584: 577: 573: 570: 564: 544: 543: 536: 415: 408: 404: 401: 395: 372: 364: 314:dorsomedial area 301:long-term memory 241:calcarine branch 179:Brodmann area 19 175:Brodmann area 18 119:edit on Wikidata 116: 45: 33: 21: 20: 6800: 6799: 6795: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6790: 6789: 6770: 6769: 6768: 6763: 6727: 6677:Popular culture 6672: 6663: 6634:Spinning dancer 6454:Ambiguous image 6432: 6422: 6392: 6387: 6374: 6353: 6331: 6305: 6272: 6176: 6118: 6114:Callosal sulcus 6092:Medial/inferior 6087: 6052: 6041: 5967:Medial/inferior 5962: 5934:Wernicke's area 5908:Auditory cortex 5879: 5844:Medial/inferior 5839: 5778: 5727: 5723:Marginal sulcus 5677:Medial/inferior 5672: 5587: 5540:Premotor cortex 5512: 5482: 5341:Medial/inferior 5332: 5309: 5179: 5173:cerebral cortex 5171:Anatomy of the 5169: 5089: 5073: 5070: 5065: 5025: 5021: 4974: 4965: 4928:Cerebral Cortex 4920: 4916: 4900: 4899: 4893: 4891: 4880: 4871: 4842:Cerebral Cortex 4834: 4830: 4790: 4786: 4747: 4740: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4694:10.1.1.508.5602 4676: 4670: 4666: 4619: 4615: 4576: 4572: 4527: 4514: 4477:Cerebral Cortex 4469: 4465: 4420: 4416: 4385: 4381: 4344: 4340: 4300: 4296: 4257: 4253: 4214: 4210: 4204: 4200: 4155: 4151: 4106: 4102: 4078:10.1.1.375.8659 4061: 4057: 4018: 4014: 3982: 3978: 3933: 3929: 3890: 3886: 3839: 3835: 3796: 3792: 3753: 3749: 3720:Cerebral Cortex 3712: 3708: 3677: 3668: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3604: 3600: 3550: 3546: 3499: 3495: 3471:10.1.1.308.6038 3446: 3442: 3405: 3401: 3362: 3358: 3319: 3315: 3278:(5936): 87–89. 3268: 3264: 3225: 3221: 3174: 3170: 3141:Cerebral Cortex 3133: 3129: 3090: 3086: 3043: 3039: 2994: 2990: 2945: 2941: 2904:Vision Research 2896: 2892: 2853: 2846: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2787: 2773: 2769: 2744:10.1038/nn.2706 2724: 2720: 2713: 2691: 2687: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2585: 2581: 2552:(10): 451–458. 2542: 2538: 2491: 2484: 2429: 2422: 2377: 2373: 2326: 2322: 2297:10.1038/nn.2218 2291:(12): 1439–45. 2277: 2273: 2242: 2238: 2211:Neural Networks 2207: 2203: 2188: 2166: 2162: 2141:(2–3): 141–54. 2131: 2127: 2098:(6695): 784–7. 2088: 2084: 2076: 2060: 2056: 2045: 2041: 2035: 2028: 1983: 1979: 1940: 1936: 1897: 1893: 1872:(12): 464–467. 1862: 1858: 1813: 1809: 1780:Vision Research 1772: 1768: 1729: 1725: 1678: 1674: 1643: 1639: 1594:Current Biology 1586: 1582: 1550:10.1.1.207.6873 1533: 1529: 1522: 1498: 1494: 1487: 1479:. p. 377. 1465: 1461: 1416: 1412: 1359: 1355: 1346: 1344: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1287: 1279:premotor cortex 1264: 1241: 1214:common marmoset 1179: 1171: 1128: 1095:regions of the 1085: 1049: 1030:prelunate gyrus 947: 941: 914:parietal cortex 887: 821: 763: 743: 634:receptive field 585: 574: 568: 565: 557:help improve it 554: 545: 541: 534: 528: 442:arachnoid mater 416: 405: 399: 396: 385: 373: 362: 339:More recently, 283: 262: 256: 229:neuronal tuning 224:receptive field 198: 141:that processes 139:cerebral cortex 123: 69:cortex visualis 48: 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6798: 6788: 6787: 6782: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6735: 6733: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6725: 6717: 6716:(1961 drawing) 6709: 6708:(1960 drawing) 6701: 6693: 6686: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6673: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6629:Shepard tables 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6589:Penrose stairs 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6484:Checker shadow 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6464:Autostereogram 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6433: 6421: 6420: 6413: 6406: 6398: 6389: 6388: 6383:Brodmann areas 6379: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6367: 6361: 6359: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6351: 6349:Insular cortex 6345: 6343: 6341:Insular cortex 6337: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6313: 6311: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6282: 6280: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6243: 6242: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6225: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6203: 6202: 6201: 6194:Subgenual area 6190: 6188: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6163: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6141: 6139: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6064: 6062: 6055: 6053:sulci/fissures 6047: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6027: 6021: 6020: 6019: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5988: 5987: 5986: 5979:Fusiform gyrus 5976: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5960: 5959: 5958: 5948: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5927: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5900: 5898: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5826: 5825: 5820: 5810: 5808:Occipital gyri 5805: 5799: 5797: 5790: 5788:Occipital lobe 5784: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5764: 5763: 5762: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5735: 5733: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5725: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5708: 5707: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5651: 5650: 5649: 5640: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5619: 5608: 5606: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5573: 5572: 5571: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5510: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5492: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5478:Orbital sulcus 5475: 5469: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5456: 5455: 5454: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5409:Straight gyrus 5406: 5405: 5404: 5389: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5381: 5371: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5353: 5351: 5342: 5338: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5325: 5319: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5307: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5293: 5284: 5270: 5268:Pars orbitalis 5261: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5205: 5203: 5194: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5168: 5167: 5160: 5153: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5132: 5123: 5113: 5103: 5101:on 2017-03-01. 5087: 5085:on 2004-12-29. 5069: 5068:External links 5066: 5064: 5063: 5019: 4988:(1): 342–349. 4963: 4934:(2): 411–424. 4914: 4869: 4848:(2): 162–177. 4828: 4801:(3): 397–416. 4784: 4757:(2): 158–170. 4738: 4687:(4): 959–970. 4664: 4613: 4586:(3): 473–487. 4580:Brain Research 4570: 4512: 4463: 4414: 4379: 4358:(3): 525–535. 4338: 4311:(2): 930–937. 4294: 4251: 4208: 4198: 4169:(2): 454–461. 4149: 4100: 4055: 4012: 3992:(2): 528–532. 3986:Brain Research 3976: 3927: 3884: 3833: 3812:10.1038/nn1318 3790: 3763:(2): 190–222. 3747: 3706: 3666: 3631: 3624: 3598: 3544: 3493: 3440: 3426:10.1167/11.4.3 3399: 3372:(4): 621–651. 3356: 3313: 3262: 3219: 3168: 3147:(2): 110–129. 3127: 3100:(1): 129–152. 3084: 3057:(9): 898–908. 3037: 2988: 2959:(1): 155–166. 2939: 2890: 2869:10.1038/nn1975 2844: 2801: 2792: 2785: 2767: 2718: 2711: 2685: 2616: 2609: 2579: 2536: 2482: 2420: 2391:(6): 589–635. 2371: 2340:(10): e11218. 2320: 2271: 2246:Brain Research 2236: 2201: 2186: 2160: 2125: 2082: 2074: 2054: 2039: 2026: 1977: 1950:(4): 351–366. 1934: 1907:(4): 421–450. 1891: 1856: 1807: 1766: 1739:(3): 221–225. 1723: 1672: 1637: 1600:(6): 679–685. 1580: 1527: 1520: 1492: 1485: 1459: 1410: 1353: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1286: 1283: 1263: 1260: 1240: 1237: 1178: 1175: 1170: 1167: 1127: 1124: 1084: 1081: 1048: 1045: 1007:ventral stream 992:ventral stream 969:Visual area V4 940: 937: 906:visual area V3 886: 883: 834:, also called 828:Visual area V2 823: 822: 813: 807: 806: 801: 795: 794: 789: 782: 781: 776: 770: 769: 765: 764: 758: 750: 749: 742: 739: 702:edge detection 675:Torsten Wiesel 654:camera obscura 587: 586: 569:September 2016 548: 546: 539: 527: 524: 418: 417: 376: 374: 367: 361: 358: 326: 325: 304: 292:ventral stream 282: 279: 274:ventral stream 258:Main article: 255: 252: 206:occipital lobe 197: 194: 147:occipital lobe 125: 124: 115: 109: 108: 103: 97: 96: 91: 84: 83: 78: 72: 71: 66: 60: 59: 55: 54: 50: 49: 46: 38: 37: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6797: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6780:Visual cortex 6778: 6777: 6775: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6730: 6723: 6722: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6694: 6692: 6691: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6675: 6670: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6519:Fraser spiral 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6435: 6430: 6426: 6419: 6414: 6412: 6407: 6405: 6400: 6399: 6396: 6386: 6384: 6377: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6356: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6338: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6308: 6302: 6301:Rhinal sulcus 6299: 6297: 6296:Dentate gyrus 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6275: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6252: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6230: 6229: 6226: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6207: 6204: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6061:Superolateral 6059: 6056: 6054: 6048: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5989: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5965: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5897:Superolateral 5895: 5892: 5890: 5889:Temporal lobe 5886: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5869: 5868:Lingual gyrus 5866: 5864: 5861: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5851:Visual cortex 5849: 5848: 5846: 5842: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5830:Lunate sulcus 5828: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5796:Superolateral 5794: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5765: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5753: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5744: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5730: 5724: 5721: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5652: 5648: 5647:Angular gyrus 5644: 5641: 5639: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5630: 5627: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5605:Superolateral 5603: 5600: 5598: 5597:Parietal lobe 5594: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5577: 5574: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5565: 5562: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5553: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5519: 5509: 5506: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5457: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5422: 5419: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5407: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5375: 5372: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5343: 5339: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5232: 5229: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5198: 5195: 5193:Superolateral 5191: 5188: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5166: 5161: 5159: 5154: 5152: 5147: 5146: 5143: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5127: 5124: 5121: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5071: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4959: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4910: 4904: 4889: 4885: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4865: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4832: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4745: 4743: 4728:on 2017-08-08 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4668: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4467: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4342: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 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1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1044: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 988: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 964: 963:Colour centre 959: 951: 946: 936: 934: 929: 927: 923: 922:global motion 919: 915: 910: 907: 903: 896: 895:Colour centre 891: 882: 878: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 851: 847: 843: 839: 837: 833: 829: 818: 812: 808: 805: 802: 800: 796: 793: 790: 787: 783: 780: 777: 775: 771: 766: 762: 761:colour centre 756: 751: 748:Colour centre 746: 738: 736: 731: 729: 725: 720: 718: 714: 709: 705: 703: 698: 696: 692: 687: 685: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 637: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 583: 580: 572: 562: 558: 552: 549:This article 547: 538: 537: 533: 532:Visual system 523: 520: 518: 517:parvocellular 514: 513:magnocellular 510: 505: 503: 499: 495: 492: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 468: 463: 455: 451: 447: 446:blood vessels 443: 439: 435: 431: 424: 414: 411: 403: 400:November 2016 393: 389: 383: 382: 377:This section 375: 371: 366: 365: 357: 354: 349: 347: 342: 337: 335: 331: 323: 319: 315: 311: 310: 309:dorsal stream 305: 302: 298: 294: 293: 288: 287: 286: 275: 271: 270:dorsal stream 266: 261: 251: 248: 246: 242: 237: 233: 231: 230: 225: 221: 217: 213: 211: 207: 203: 193: 191: 187: 182: 180: 176: 172: 168: 167:Brodmann area 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 131:visual cortex 120: 114: 110: 107: 104: 102: 98: 95: 92: 89: 85: 82: 79: 77: 73: 70: 67: 65: 61: 56: 51: 44: 39: 32: 27: 24:Visual cortex 22: 19: 6719: 6711: 6703: 6695: 6690:Trompe-l'œil 6688: 6554:Lilac chaser 6524:Gravity hill 6380: 6144: 5850: 5421:Orbital gyri 5273:Broca's area 5185:Frontal lobe 5099:the original 5083:the original 5033: 5029: 5022: 4985: 4981: 4931: 4927: 4917: 4892:. Retrieved 4887: 4845: 4841: 4831: 4798: 4794: 4787: 4754: 4750: 4730:. 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Retrieved 1334: 1321:Complex cell 1272: 1257: 1253: 1242: 1226: 1211: 1186: 1182: 1180: 1172: 1163: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1140: 1129: 1117: 1109: 1086: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1050: 1038: 1023: 1015: 1004: 989: 973:extrastriate 968: 967: 945:Color center 930: 911: 905: 901: 899: 879: 875: 852: 848: 844: 840: 835: 831: 827: 826: 732: 721: 716: 713:saliency map 710: 706: 699: 688: 682:compared to 642:orientations 638: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 575: 566: 550: 521: 506: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 461: 459: 454:HE-LFB stain 450:white matter 406: 397: 386:Please help 381:verification 378: 352: 350: 338: 327: 324:or reaching. 307: 290: 284: 272:(green) and 249: 238: 234: 227: 214: 199: 196:Introduction 190:visual field 183: 171:extrastriate 130: 128: 68: 18: 6700:(1864 book) 6604:Poggendorff 6579:Oppel-Kundt 6574:Necker cube 6569:Müller-Lyer 6544:Irradiation 6128:Limbic lobe 5177:human brain 4882:Ducreux D. 4230:10.1038/259 3726:(1): 1–47. 3687:: 157–189. 3188:(5): RC61. 3051:Hippocampus 3045:Bussey TJ, 2505:: 1189949. 1191:John Allman 1083:Connections 863:hemispheres 850:hierarchy. 768:Identifiers 717:gaze shifts 671:David Hubel 618:blind spots 502:gray matter 330:Ungerleider 58:Identifiers 6774:Categories 6697:Spectropia 6614:Rubin vase 6564:McCollough 6559:Mach bands 6509:Ehrenstein 6504:Ebbinghaus 6469:Barberpole 6444:Afterimage 6385:span gyri. 6051:Interlobar 5748:3, 1 and 2 5488:Precentral 5349:Prefrontal 5315:Precentral 5201:Prefrontal 5120:NeuroNames 5110:NeuroNames 4894:2018-01-25 4732:2018-09-14 3323:Perception 3047:Saksida LM 2252:: 111–28. 1347:2017-03-06 1339:Mather G. 1327:References 1311:Retinotopy 1239:Properties 1113:Semir Zeki 1099:, and the 1026:Semir Zeki 943:See also: 792:nlx_143552 519:pathways. 491:myelinated 444:including 434:Micrograph 94:nlx_143552 6749:Illusions 6721:The dress 6713:Waterfall 6514:Flash lag 6494:Cornsweet 6479:Café wall 6459:Ames room 6437:Illusions 6365:Operculum 5913:41 and 42 5711:Precuneus 5116:ancil-699 5106:ancil-415 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