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405:, his experiments were directed at improving the output of photoelectric cells. There were, however, limits to how far one could go along these lines, and so, in 1929, Zworykin returned to vibrating mirrors and facsimile transmission, filing patents describing these. At this time, however, he was also experimenting with an improved cathode ray receiving tube, filing a patent application for this in November 1929, and introducing the new receiver that he named the "kinescope", reading a paper two days later at a convention of the
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270:. They worked on the problem of "electrical telescopy," something Zworykin had never heard of before. At this time, electrical telescopy (or television as it was later called) was just a dream. Zworykin did not know that others had been studying the idea since the 1880s, or that Professor Rosing had been working on it in secret since 1902 and had made excellent progress. Rosing had filed his first patent on a television system in 1907, featuring a very early
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364: raster screen for color transmission and reception. He was awarded a patent for the 1925 application in 1928, and two patents for the 1923 application that was divided in 1931, although the equipment described was never successfully demonstrated. Zworykin described cathode ray tubes as both transmitter and receiver. The operation, whose basic thrust was to
469:
color transmission version of his 1923 patent application; he also divided his original application in 1931, receiving a patent in 1935, while a second one was eventually issued in 1938 by the Court of
Appeals on a non-Farnsworth-related interference case, and over the objection of the Patent Office.
427:
The move to the RCA's Camden laboratories occurred in the spring of 1930, and the difficult task of developing a transmitter could begin. There was an in-house evaluation in mid-1930, where the kinescope performed well (but with only 60 lines definition), and the transmitter was still of a mechanical
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The demonstration given (sometime in late 1925 or early 1926) by
Zworykin was far from a success with the Westinghouse management, even though it showed the possibilities inherent in a system based on the cathode ray tube. He was told by management to "devote his time to more practical endeavours,"
1421:
Vladimir
Zworykin, 62, Russian-born, Russian-trained physicist, the "father of television," who developed the iconoscope (eye) of the TV camera in 1923, now laments: "We never dreamed of Howdy Doody on Television — we always thought television would find its highest value in science and industry";
468:
rendered a decision in 1934 awarding priority of the invention of the image dissector to
Farnsworth. RCA lost a subsequent appeal, but litigation over a variety of issues continued for several years with Sarnoff finally agreeing to pay Farnsworth royalties. Zworykin received a patent in 1928 for a
464:, claiming Zworykin's 1923 patent had priority over Farnsworth's design, despite the fact it could present no evidence that Zworykin had actually produced a functioning transmitter tube before 1931. Farnsworth had lost two interference claims to Zworykin in 1928, but this time he prevailed and the
359:
Zworykin applied for a television patent in the U.S. in 1923. He summarized the resulting invention in two patent applications. The first, entitled "Television
Systems", was filed on December 29, 1923, and was followed by a second application in 1925 of essentially the same content, but with minor
1008:
Dr. Vladimir Kosma
Zworykin, a Russian-born scientist whose achievements were pivotal to the development of television, died Thursday at the Princeton (N.J.) Medical Center. He was 92 years old and lived in Princeton. ... Dr. Zworykin was born July 30, 1889, in the small town of Murom on the Oka
432:
whom the company had approached in July 1930, after the publication of his patents in
England and France. This was a curious design, one where the scanning electron beam would strike the photoelectric cell from the same side where the optical image was cast. Even more importantly, it was a system
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972:(later placed in the archive of Murom ZAGS). The metrical book was brought into attention by V. Ya. Chernushev. The birth date of Zworykin was revised by K. M. Velembovskaya, journal "Новая и новейшая история" (Modern and Contemporary History) № 5 2009.
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According to Albert
Abramson, Zworykin's experiments started in April 1931, and after the achievement of the first promising experimental transmitters, on October 23, 1931, it was decided that the new camera tube would be named the
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type. A "breakthrough" would come when the
Zworykin team decided to develop a new type of cathode ray transmitter, one described in the French and British patents of 1928 priority by the Hungarian inventor
1907:(Russian) Vasin A.N., Velembovskaya K.M. Pages of the Biography of the "Father of TV" V.K. Zworykin (1888-1982) magazine "Modern and Contemporary History", Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, 2009,№5
449:. Zworykin first presented his iconoscope to RCA in 1932. He continued work on it, and "he image iconoscope, presented in 1934, was a result of a collaboration between Zworykin and RCA's licensee
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characterized by an operation based on an entirely new principle, the principle of the accumulation and storage of charges during the entire time between two scansions by the cathode-ray beam.
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293:, Zworykin was enlisted and served in the Russian Signal Corps. He then worked testing radio equipment that was being produced for the Russian Army. Zworykin left Russia for the
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Throughout his steady rise in rank, Zworykin remained involved in the many important developments of RCA and received several outstanding honours, including, in 1934, the
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as a receiver, and a mechanical device as a transmitter. Its demonstration in 1911, based on an improved design, was the world's first demonstration of TV of any kind.
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for his contributions to the instruments of science, engineering, and television and for his stimulation of the application of engineering to medicine.
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Zworykin married for a second time in 1951. His wife was
Katherine Polevitzky (1888–1985), a Russian-born professor of bacteriology at the
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and Katherine Polevitzky, 62, Russian-born professor of bacteriology at the University of Pennsylvania; both for the second time; in
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He was founder-president of the International Federation for Medical Electronics and Biological Engineering, a recipient of the
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266:. He helped Rosing with experimental work on television in the basement of Rosing's private lab at the School of Artillery of
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231:. He played a role in the practical development of television from the early thirties, including charge storage-type tubes,
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From 1952 to 1986, the IEEE made awards to worthy engineers in the name of Vladimir K. Zworykin. More recently the
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1488:, Zworykin, Vladimir K., "Method of and apparatus for producing images of objects", issued 1935-11-26
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Zworykin married Tatiana Vasilieva in 1916, they had two daughters (the couple separated in the early 1930s).
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Vladimir Zworykin's patent diagram of an iconoscope, 1931, with an apparatus similar to the camera part.
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in Siberia at the death of Kolchak. Zworykin then decided to remain permanently in the United States.
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485:. A photographic record of his marriage and worldwide tour can be viewed online. He retired in 1954.
223:(1888/1889 – July 29, 1982) was a Russian-American inventor, engineer, and pioneer of
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1893:- including photographs and bibliography, compiled by Prof. Eugenii Katz of The Hebrew University.
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255:. He had a relatively calm upbringing, and he rarely saw his father except on religious holidays.
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728:) as various days of June or July, 1888 or 1889. Other sources show various similar birth dates.
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1860:"IEEE Global History Network - Oral-History: Interview with Vladimir Zworykin on July 4, 1975"
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technology. Zworykin invented a television transmitting and receiving system employing
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from Great Britain (1965), and a member of the U.S. National Hall of Fame from 1977.
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1122:, Zworykin, Vladimir K.,, "Television System", issued December 20, 1938
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The most complete list of Zworykin's awards can be found online at historyTV.net .
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started the public broadcastings using this tube and applying a 180 lines system."
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1096:, Zworykin, Vladimir K., "Television System", issued November 26, 1935
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Zworykin himself stated his birth date inconsistently (even after accounting for
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Design methodology and relationships with science, Número 71 de NATO ASI series
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1070:, Zworykin, Vladimir, "Television System", issued November 13, 1928
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1458:"IFMBE | International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering"
855:(Zworykin) Владимир Кузьмич (р.30.7.1889, Муром, ныне Владимирской области)...
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where he eventually had an opportunity to engage in television experiments.
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Fernsehen. Die neueste Entwicklung insbesondere der deutschen Fernsehtechnik
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500:. The Federation continues to honor outstanding research engineering with a
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All Was Not Lost: Journey of a Russian Immigrant from Riga to Chicagoland
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Having developed the prototype of the receiver by December, Zworykin met
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de Vries, M. J.; de Vries, Marc; Cross, Nigel; Grant, Donald P. (1993).
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the emission of electrons between scansion cycles, was reminiscent of
317:, eventually arriving in the U.S. at the end of 1918. He returned to
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1440:"1951 Dr.Zworykin Television Inventor Weds Dr. Katherine Polevitzky"
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appealed to him, and he became a founder and first president of the
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Zworykin graduated in 1912. He then studied X-rays under professor
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Tatiana Vasilieff (m. 1915) 2nd wife Katherine Polevitsky (m. 1951)
41:
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RCA filed an interference suit against rival television scientist
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Electrification of the New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad
1682:. International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering
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As attested by his doctoral dissertation of 1926, earning him a
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1735:"The place of Russian emigration in U.S. science and technology"
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produced a documentary film "Zvorykin-Muromets" about Zworykin.
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International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering
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International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering
1636:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
1562:"Franklin Laureate Database - Howard N. Potts Medal Laureates"
663:
Zworykin is listed in the Russian-American Chamber of Fame of
329:, then to the United States again on official duties from the
7424:
7361:
6669:
969:
873:(2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. iv.
820:
248:
121:
68:
8126:
7366:
1342:
Television: an international history of the formative years
1020:
481:. It was the second marriage for both. The ceremony was in
440:
Zworykin and some of the historic camera tubes he developed
318:
693:
List of people known as "father" or "mother" of something
582:
In 1967, Zworykin received the Golden Plate Award of the
398:
361:
251:, Russia, in 1888 or 1889, to the family of a prosperous
901:
Vladimir Kosma Zworykin (American engineer and inventor)
1703:"VLADIMIR K. ZWORYKIN: DIPLOMAS, CERTIFICATES, HONORS"
1118:
867:
Zworykin, Vladimir Kosma; Wilson, Earl DeWitt (1934).
8330:
Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology alumni
1457:
1092:
767:
751:
568:
He was named honorary vice president of RCA in 1954.
1759:
1142:. Silver Spring, Md: Teamcom Books. pp. 111–8.
674:
1505:"IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award Recipients"
992:"Vladimir Zworykin, Television Pioneer, Dies at 92"
344:
Zworykin demonstrates electronic television (1929).
1066:
926:
394:yet continued his efforts to perfect his system.
313:as part of an expedition led by Russian scientist
2020:
1897:Recipients of the IEEE Vladimir K. Zworykin Award
1876:"IEEE Global History Network - Vladimir Zworykin"
1308:100: Scientists & Thinkers: Philo Farnsworth"
642:has named a street on its campus after Zworykin.
8246:
4305:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
516:. His wife Katherine died on February 18, 1985.
385:Drawing from Zworykin's 1923 patent application
1891:Compilation of biographies of Vladimir Zworykin
1833:Handbuch der Bildtelegraphie und des Fernsehens
920:
918:
916:
914:
7988:Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy
7691:Detectors for transmission electron microscopy
1045:"Субботина Е. А. Первая семья В. К. Зворыкина"
982:
980:
978:
866:
333:. These duties ended with the collapse of the
118:Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology
8350:Members of the American Philosophical Society
7574:
6482:
6281:
6086:
5747:
1990:
761:
348:Once in the U.S., Zworykin found work at the
8280:Electrical engineers from the Russian Empire
8270:White Russian emigrants to the United States
1338:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1062:
1060:
1058:
911:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
790:, and using the nonstandard transliteration
575:, of which he was a member, awarded him the
7497:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1853:The Farnsworth Invention: Fact -v- Fiction
1819:Die Geschichte des Fernsehens 1880 bis 1941
1654:"The Eduard Rhein Ring of Honor Recipients"
975:
720:
718:
420:(RCA) at its factories and laboratories in
242:
7581:
7567:
7533:
6489:
6475:
6288:
6274:
6093:
6079:
5754:
5740:
1997:
1983:
1857:
1847:Kleine geschichte des deutschen Fernsehens
1828:, University of Illinois Press, Champaign.
1167:. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland. p. 209.
40:
1656:. Eduard Rhein Foundation. Archived from
1366:"Wins Basic Patent in Television Field".
1137:
1105:
1079:
1055:
885:
360:changes and the addition of a Paget-type
3714:
1484:
1261:
1259:
1162:
953:The birth year is 1888 according to the
924:
715:
523:
435:
380:
339:
7588:
6295:
2284:
2006:United States National Medal of Science
1541:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
1298:
1187:
1165:The History of Television, 1880 to 1941
1049:Муромский историко-художественный музей
968:) of Sretenskaya Church of the town of
14:
8247:
6496:
1812:The History of Television 1880 to 1941
1236:
1234:
986:
260:St. Petersburg Institute of Technology
8320:Discovery and invention controversies
7562:
6470:
6269:
6100:
6074:
5735:
4834:
4833:
4303:
3713:
3227:
2283:
2019:
1978:
1256:
834:
832:
830:
545:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
27:Russian-American engineer (1888–1982)
8325:Swanson School of Engineering alumni
8227:
7543:
6055:
1700:
1564:. Franklin Institute. Archived from
1437:
1047:[First family of Zworykin].
1021:IEEE Global History Network (2011).
8300:National Medal of Science laureates
1408:. November 26, 1951. Archived from
1231:
850:(in Russian) (3rd ed.). 1972.
731:
512:Zworykin died on July 29, 1982, in
24:
1804:
1737:. 15 December 2016. Archived from
1642:. American Academy of Achievement.
1372:. December 22, 1938. p. 38:6.
827:
772:. Zworykin anglicized his name to
628:New Jersey Inventor's Hall of Fame
25:
8361:
8345:People from Princeton, New Jersey
8275:Inventors from the Russian Empire
7624:Timeline of microscope technology
1924:
1903: (archived November 26, 2005)
8335:Howard N. Potts Medal recipients
8226:
8215:
8214:
7542:
7532:
7523:
7522:
7511:
7132:Free-space optical communication
6054:
6045:
6044:
6000:
5761:
1930:
1858:Mark Heyer (November 29, 2010).
1188:Swinton, A. a. Campbell (1908).
1023:"Vladimir Zworykin Oral History"
933:. University of Illinois Press.
870:Photocells and their application
844:Большая Советская Энциклопедия (
677:
8285:20th-century American inventors
7983:Precession electron diffraction
5976:Westinghouse Air Brake Building
5971:Regeneron Science Talent Search
5924:Transit Expressway Revenue Line
1826:Zworykin, Pioneer of Television
1787:
1753:
1727:
1713:
1694:
1672:
1646:
1628:
1604:
1580:
1554:
1529:
1497:
1478:
1464:
1450:
1431:
1394:
1376:
1359:
1332:
1292:
1181:
1156:
1140:The Boy who Invented Television
1131:
1037:
1014:
929:Zworykin, Pioneer of Television
651:Zworykin, Pioneer of Television
632:National Inventors Hall of Fame
626:Zworykin was inducted into the
584:American Academy of Achievement
543:In 1941, he was elected to the
8305:IEEE Medal of Honor recipients
1919:Awards of Vladimir K. Zworykin
1849:, Berlin: Hande & Spender.
947:
860:
823:, Russia: Murom School No. 16.
807:
563:American Philosophical Society
534:Morris Liebmann Memorial Prize
247:Vladimir Zworykin was born in
191:and other components of early
13:
1:
8290:American electrical engineers
6032:WABCO Vehicle Control Systems
6022:Westinghouse Brake and Signal
5893:Westinghouse Electric Company
3228:
2021:Behavioral and social science
1760:Anatoly Bezkorovainy (2008).
801:
726:Old Style and New Style dates
665:Congress of Russian Americans
472:
47:
8310:IEEE Edison Medal recipients
7518:Telecommunication portal
7299:Telecommunications equipment
1766:. AuthorHouse. p. 457.
756:; or with the patronymic as
742:Влади́мир Козьми́ч Зворы́кин
647:University of Illinois Press
573:National Academy of Sciences
538:Institute of Radio Engineers
418:Radio Corporation of America
407:Institute of Radio Engineers
7:
8340:IEEE Lamme Medal recipients
7035:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1943:Vladimir K. Zworykin papers
840:"Зворыкин Владимир Кузьмич"
768:
752:
670:
325:'s government in 1919, via
10:
8366:
7968:Immune electron microscopy
7886:Annular dark-field imaging
7701:Everhart–Thornley detector
6739:Telecommunications history
4909:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
1878:. IEEE. September 16, 2010
1842:, Berlin: Julius Springer.
1835:, Berlin: Julius Springer.
1384:"Who Invented Television?"
1242:"Story of Television, The"
753:Vladimir Koz'mich Zvorykin
598:Eduard Rhein Ring of Honor
479:University of Pennsylvania
305:, travelling north on the
94:July 29, 1982 (aged 92–94)
8210:
8155:
8122:Hitachi High-Technologies
8104:
8013:
8006:
7873:
7817:
7779:
7736:
7729:
7683:
7632:
7596:
7506:
7448:
7385:
7347:Public Switched Telephone
7307:
7271:
7228:
7169:
7159:telecommunication circuit
7120:Fiber-optic communication
7103:
6865:Francis Blake (telephone)
6812:
6660:Optical telecommunication
6504:
6303:
6236:William Hayward Pickering
6108:
6040:
6027:Westinghouse Rail Systems
6009:
5998:
5966:George Westinghouse Medal
5961:George Westinghouse Award
5948:
5932:
5901:
5855:
5829:
5778:
5767:
5671:
5520:
5369:
5190:
4996:
4844:
4840:
4829:
4763:
4665:
4554:
4465:
4386:
4314:
4310:
4299:
4256:
4165:
4057:
3948:
3884:William Hayward Pickering
3829:
3724:
3720:
3709:
3635:
3527:
3381:
3257:
3238:
3234:
3223:
3134:
2943:
2757:
2575:
2431:
2294:
2290:
2279:
2236:
2177:
2089:
2049:
2030:
2026:
2015:
1954:Hagley Museum and Library
1537:"Vladimir Kosma Zworykin"
1388:The Farnsworth Chronicles
1272:. Springer. p. 222.
1190:"Distant Electric Vision"
1163:Abramson, Albert (1987).
925:Abramson, Albert (1995).
846:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
819:(Plaque outside school).
816:Владимир Козьмич Зворыкин
762:
741:
621:
611:has been bestowed by the
577:National Medal of Science
519:
372:'s proposal published in
280:
214:
199:
183:
169:
155:
148:
140:
132:
113:
105:
83:
62:Vladimir Kosmich Zworykin
57:
39:
32:
8147:Thermo Fisher Scientific
7973:Geometric phase analysis
7861:Aberration-Corrected TEM
7258:Orbital angular-momentum
6695:Satellite communications
6534:Communications satellite
5987:Westinghouse Works, 1904
5883:Westinghouse Electronics
5333:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
4779:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
2410:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
1966:Zworykin interviewed in
1138:Schatzkin, Paul (2002).
708:
507:
403:University of Pittsburgh
243:Early life and education
126:University of Pittsburgh
7896:Charge contrast imaging
7706:Field electron emission
7137:Molecular communication
6960:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
6789:Undersea telegraph line
6524:Cable protection system
4644:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
2562:George Ledyard Stebbins
2483:James Augustine Shannon
1970:in the Internet Archive
1968:The Story of Television
1824:Albert Abramson (1995)
1821:, München, Fink Verlag.
1814:, Jefferson: McFarland.
1810:Albert Abramson (1987)
988:Thomas, Robert McG. Jr.
906:Encyclopædia Britannica
881:– via HathiTrust.
775:Vladimir Kosma Zworykin
602:Eduard Rhein Foundation
221:Vladimir Kosma Zworykin
8086:Thomas Eugene Everhart
7279:Communication protocol
7065:Charles Sumner Tainter
6880:Walter Houser Brattain
6825:Edwin Howard Armstrong
6633:Information revolution
6377:Edward Victor Appleton
6242:Bernard D. H. Tellegen
6176:William B. Kouwenhoven
6017:Westinghouse Air Brake
5888:Westinghouse Licensing
5101:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
5088:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
4044:Harry George Drickamer
3990:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
3664:M. Frederick Hawthorne
3538:John D. Baldeschwieler
2778:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
2460:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
1838:Fritz Schröter (1937)
1831:Fritz Schröter (1932)
1817:Albert Abramson (2003)
1707:framemaster.tripod.com
1612:"Vladimir K. Zworykin"
1510:. IEEE. Archived from
1444:framemaster.tripod.com
1424:Burlington, New Jersey
596:He received the first
561:He was elected to the
556:The Franklin Institute
529:
494:biological engineering
483:Burlington, New Jersey
441:
390:
370:A. A. Campbell Swinton
345:
315:Innokenty P. Tolmachev
8315:History of television
8091:Vernon Ellis Cosslett
7911:Dark-field microscopy
7253:Polarization-division
6985:Narinder Singh Kapany
6950:Erna Schneider Hoover
6870:Jagadish Chandra Bose
6850:Alexander Graham Bell
6581:online video platform
6389:John Hays Hammond Jr.
6347:Julius Adams Stratton
6182:Alexander C. Monteith
5769:Westinghouse Electric
5692:Sylvester James Gates
5078:William Alfred Fowler
5060:Robert Rathbun Wilson
4873:Robert Burns Woodward
3685:Geraldine L. Richmond
3433:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
2716:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
2645:Vernon B. Mountcastle
2501:Sterling B. Hendricks
2318:Marshall W. Nirenberg
2313:Theodosius Dobzhansky
2161:William Julius Wilson
1339:Burns, R. W. (1998).
1120:US Patent 2141059
1094:US Patent 2022450
1068:US Patent 1691324
1025:. IEEE History Center
552:Howard N. Potts Medal
527:
514:Princeton, New Jersey
439:
384:
343:
98:Princeton, New Jersey
8096:Vladimir K. Zworykin
7746:Correlative light EM
7655:Electron diffraction
7095:Vladimir K. Zworykin
7055:Almon Brown Strowger
7025:Charles Grafton Page
6680:Prepaid mobile phone
6608:Electrical telegraph
6437:Jay Wright Forrester
6395:Harold Alden Wheeler
6383:George C. Southworth
6311:Vladimir K. Zworykin
6158:Charles F. Kettering
6122:Vladimir K. Zworykin
5837:British Westinghouse
5663:Warren M. Washington
5627:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
5536:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
5481:Martin Schwarzschild
5262:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
5254:J. Robert Schrieffer
5224:E. Margaret Burbidge
5068:Nicolaas Bloembergen
5045:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
4924:Vladimir K. Zworykin
4676:John Griggs Thompson
4599:Martin David Kruskal
4439:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
3912:Erwin Wilhelm Müller
3866:Ralph Brazelton Peck
3821:Jack St. Clair Kilby
3748:John Robinson Pierce
3715:Engineering sciences
3646:Jacqueline K. Barton
3501:George M. Whitesides
3420:Dudley R. Herschbach
3358:Richard B. Bernstein
3327:Walter H. Stockmayer
2875:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
2806:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
2696:Stanley Norman Cohen
2683:Rita Levi-Montalcini
2519:Keith Roberts Porter
2382:Alfred H. Sturtevant
2377:Michael Heidelberger
2349:Fritz Albert Lipmann
1939:at Wikimedia Commons
1937:Vladimir K. Zworykin
1845:Walter Bruch (1967)
1592:search.amphilsoc.org
1588:"APS Member History"
1472:"Katherine Zworykin"
1345:. IET. p. 366.
653:by Albert Abramson.
235:image tubes and the
73:Vladimir Governorate
34:Vladimir K. Zworykin
8295:Television pioneers
8061:Manfred von Ardenne
8046:Gerasimos Danilatos
7953:Electron tomography
7948:Electron holography
7891:Cathodoluminescence
7670:Secondary electrons
7660:Electron scattering
7604:Electron microscopy
7590:Electron microscopy
7045:Johann Philipp Reis
6804:Wireless revolution
6766:The Telephone Cases
6623:Hydraulic telegraph
6297:IEEE Medal of Honor
6230:John Wistar Simpson
6206:George Harold Brown
5940:George Westinghouse
5713:Shirley Ann Jackson
5632:Charles P. Slichter
5476:Marshall Rosenbluth
5468:Wallace S. Broecker
5421:Eugene M. Shoemaker
5182:Victor F. Weisskopf
5129:Herbert S. Gutowsky
5111:Edgar Bright Wilson
4952:George Kistiakowsky
4570:Stephen Cole Kleene
4081:George H. Heilmeier
4068:Mildred Dresselhaus
3959:Edward H. Heinemann
3889:Frederick E. Terman
3853:Richard T. Whitcomb
3774:Clarence L. Johnson
3735:Theodore von Kármán
3622:Stephen J. Benkovic
3601:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
3588:Marvin H. Caruthers
3543:Ralph F. Hirschmann
3483:Darleane C. Hoffman
3373:Harden M. McConnell
3314:Frank H. Westheimer
3126:Stanley B. Prusiner
3090:Robert J. Lefkowitz
2849:Howard Martin Temin
2706:Maurice R. Hilleman
2701:Joseph L. Goldstein
2640:Donald A. Henderson
2557:Earl Reece Stadtman
2542:Elizabeth C. Crosby
2506:Orville Alvin Vogel
2336:Donald D. Van Slyke
2285:Biological sciences
1721:"Zvorykin-Muromets"
1209:1908Natur..78..151S
879:2027/wu.89074766767
550:He was awarded the
490:medical engineering
301:. He left through
297:in 1918 during the
237:electron microscope
184:Significant advance
164:Electron Microscope
46:Vladimir Zworykin,
8183:Digital Micrograph
7789:Environmental SEM
7711:Field emission gun
7675:X-ray fluorescence
7243:Frequency-division
7220:Telephone exchange
7090:Charles Wheatstone
7020:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
6995:Innocenzo Manzetti
6930:Reginald Fessenden
6665:Optical telegraphy
6498:Telecommunications
6359:Emory Leon Chaffee
6329:William L. Everitt
6317:Walter R. G. Baker
5981:Westinghouse Tower
5914:Locomotives (list)
5873:Viacom (2005–2019)
5868:Viacom (1952–2006)
5821:White-Westinghouse
5811:Combustion Turbine
5585:G. Brent Dalrymple
5403:Arthur L. Schawlow
5310:James A. Van Allen
5201:Philip W. Anderson
5157:Richard P. Feynman
5083:Linus Carl Pauling
4718:Dennis P. Sullivan
4275:John B. Goodenough
4208:Edwin N. Lightfoot
4176:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
4157:Kenneth N. Stevens
3925:Raymond D. Mindlin
3848:Harold E. Edgerton
3693:A. Paul Alivisatos
3572:Stephen J. Lippard
3551:Ernest R. Davidson
3488:Harold S. Johnston
3322:William S. Johnson
3286:George C. Pimentel
3121:Susan L. Lindquist
3103:Francis S. Collins
2997:Victor A. McKusick
2972:Francisco J. Ayala
2954:Nancy C. Andreasen
2904:Robert A. Weinberg
2678:Har Gobind Khorana
2663:Michael E. DeBakey
2650:George Emil Palade
2622:Wendell L. Roelofs
2612:Howard L. Bachrach
2442:Barbara McClintock
2344:Edward F. Knipling
1948:2016-03-08 at the
1912:2016-03-04 at the
1369:The New York Times
1302:(March 29, 1999).
996:The New York Times
990:(August 1, 1982).
530:
466:U.S. Patent Office
453:. ... In 1935 the
442:
422:Camden, New Jersey
391:
346:
321:, then capital of
258:He studied at the
204:IRE Medal of Honor
170:Significant design
150:Engineering career
8265:People from Murom
8242:
8241:
8206:
8205:
8076:Nestor J. Zaluzec
8071:Maximilian Haider
7869:
7868:
7556:
7555:
7294:Store and forward
7289:Data transmission
7203:Network switching
7154:Transmission line
7000:Guglielmo Marconi
6965:Internet pioneers
6830:Mohamed M. Atalla
6799:Whistled language
6464:
6463:
6407:Charles H. Townes
6263:
6262:
6254:Sidney Darlington
6218:Hendrik Wade Bode
6194:Walker Lee Cisler
6170:Harold S. Osborne
6140:Leonid A. Umansky
6134:Oliver E. Buckley
6116:Charles F. Wagner
6102:IEEE Edison Medal
6068:
6067:
6010:Related companies
5996:
5995:
5771:Corp. (1886–2000)
5729:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5658:Esther M. Conwell
5598:Robert N. Clayton
5590:Riccardo Giacconi
5554:Raymond Davis Jr.
5442:Albert Overhauser
5385:Edwin M. McMillan
5346:Arnold O. Beckman
5323:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
5300:Paul C. Lauterbur
5277:Robert Hofstadter
5229:Maurice Goldhaber
5216:Charles H. Townes
5167:Edward M. Purcell
5134:Frederick Rossini
4988:Wolfgang Panofsky
4919:John H. Van Vleck
4835:Physical sciences
4825:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4787:Solomon W. Golomb
4747:Andrew J. Viterbi
4742:Leonard Kleinrock
4689:Calyampudi R. Rao
4657:Ronald R. Coifman
4565:George F. Carrier
4546:Donald C. Spencer
4541:Saunders Mac Lane
4476:Marshall H. Stone
4426:Shiing-Shen Chern
4333:Solomon Lefschetz
4295:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4232:David J. Wineland
4200:John M. Prausnitz
4141:C. Kumar N. Patel
4136:James L. Flanagan
4104:John Roy Whinnery
4091:H. Guyford Stever
4073:Nick Holonyak Jr.
4036:George W. Housner
4031:Willis M. Hawkins
4026:Daniel C. Drucker
4008:Robert Byron Bird
4000:Bernard M. Oliver
3907:Peter C. Goldmark
3894:Wernher von Braun
3840:George E. Mueller
3813:Nathan M. Newmark
3808:J. Presper Eckert
3787:Claude E. Shannon
3756:Charles S. Draper
3705:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3672:Judith P. Klinman
3556:Gábor A. Somorjai
3467:Isabella L. Karle
3454:George S. Hammond
3415:Gertrude B. Elion
3368:Rudolph A. Marcus
3219:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3145:Ralph L. Brinster
3064:Torsten N. Wiesel
3041:Norman E. Borlaug
3028:Solomon H. Snyder
3023:J. Michael Bishop
2982:Mario R. Capecchi
2862:Salome G. Waelsch
2793:E. Donnall Thomas
2668:Theodor O. Diener
2567:Paul Alfred Weiss
2395:Bernard B. Brodie
2331:George G. Simpson
2275:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2220:Michael I. Posner
2121:Eleanor J. Gibson
2073:George J. Stigler
2041:Neal Elgar Miller
1935:Media related to
1701:Restelli, Steve.
1543:. 9 February 2023
1438:Restelli, Steve.
1412:on August 6, 2009
1352:978-0-85296-914-4
1279:978-0-7923-2191-0
750:
685:Television portal
640:Beaverton, Oregon
488:New frontiers in
387:Television System
299:Russian Civil War
289:in Paris. During
229:cathode ray tubes
218:
217:
208:IEEE Edison Medal
109:Russian, American
18:Vladimir Zworykin
16:(Redirected from
8357:
8230:
8229:
8218:
8217:
8026:Bodo von Borries
8011:
8010:
7771:Photoemission EM
7734:
7733:
7583:
7576:
7569:
7560:
7559:
7546:
7545:
7536:
7535:
7526:
7525:
7516:
7515:
7514:
7387:Notable networks
7377:Wireless network
7317:Cellular network
7309:Types of network
7284:Computer network
7171:Network topology
7085:Thomas A. Watson
6940:Oliver Heaviside
6925:Philo Farnsworth
6900:Daniel Davis Jr.
6875:Charles Bourseul
6835:John Logie Baird
6544:Data compression
6539:Computer network
6491:
6484:
6477:
6468:
6467:
6449:Rudolf E. Kálmán
6413:Gordon Kidd Teal
6341:John V. L. Hogan
6290:
6283:
6276:
6267:
6266:
6212:Charles F. Avila
6200:Wilmer L. Barrow
6164:James F. Fairman
6152:John K. Hodnette
6146:Comfort A. Adams
6095:
6088:
6081:
6072:
6071:
6058:
6057:
6048:
6047:
6004:
5878:Paramount Global
5776:
5775:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5733:
5732:
5541:Gilbert F. White
5486:George Wetherill
5380:Allan M. Cormack
5338:Jack Steinberger
5318:D. Allan Bromley
5267:H. Richard Crane
5244:Frederick Reines
5234:Helmut Landsberg
5149:George Uhlenbeck
5050:Vladimir Haensel
5012:Allan R. Sandage
4983:Herbert C. Brown
4965:Herbert Friedman
4891:Leon M. Lederman
4863:Julian Schwinger
4842:
4841:
4831:
4830:
4800:Alexandre Chorin
4774:Richard A. Tapia
4755:David B. Mumford
4583:Alberto Calderón
4528:Joseph B. Keller
4515:Michael Freedman
4484:Herman Goldstine
4338:H. Marston Morse
4312:
4311:
4301:
4300:
4240:Rudolf E. Kálmán
4224:Robert S. Langer
4216:Jan D. Achenbach
4049:Herbert E. Grier
3800:Igor I. Sikorsky
3761:Othmar H. Ammann
3722:
3721:
3711:
3710:
3677:Jerrold Meinwald
3446:Norman Hackerman
3425:Glenn T. Seaborg
3340:William O. Baker
3268:F. Albert Cotton
3236:
3235:
3225:
3224:
3202:Mary-Claire King
3095:Bert W. O'Malley
3051:Thomas E. Starzl
3046:Phillip A. Sharp
3033:Charles Yanofsky
3015:Evelyn M. Witkin
3010:James E. Darnell
2836:Paul C. Zamecnik
2801:Mary Ellen Avery
2773:Herbert W. Boyer
2768:Baruj Benacerraf
2739:Joshua Lederberg
2729:Viktor Hamburger
2691:Michael S. Brown
2537:Robert H. Burris
2292:
2291:
2281:
2280:
2228:Mortimer Mishkin
2153:William K. Estes
2137:Roger N. Shepard
2129:Robert K. Merton
2113:George A. Miller
2060:Herbert A. Simon
2028:
2027:
2017:
2016:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1934:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1741:on 18 April 2023
1731:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1660:on July 18, 2011
1650:
1644:
1643:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1517:on June 29, 2011
1516:
1509:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1418:
1417:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1316:. Archived from
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1263:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1238:
1229:
1228:
1217:10.1038/078151a0
1197:Nature (journal)
1194:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1053:
1052:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1003:
984:
973:
963:
951:
945:
944:
932:
922:
909:
898:
883:
882:
864:
858:
857:
836:
825:
824:
811:
795:
778:, replacing the
771:
765:
764:
755:
745:
743:
735:
729:
722:
698:John Logie Baird
687:
682:
681:
658:Leonid Parfyonov
634:. Additionally,
600:from the German
462:Philo Farnsworth
352:laboratories in
272:cathode ray tube
268:Saint Petersburg
187:Inventor of the
93:
91:
52:
49:
44:
30:
29:
21:
8365:
8364:
8360:
8359:
8358:
8356:
8355:
8354:
8245:
8244:
8243:
8238:
8202:
8151:
8100:
8081:Ondrej Krivanek
8002:
7865:
7813:
7775:
7761:Liquid-Phase EM
7725:
7684:Instrumentation
7679:
7637:
7628:
7592:
7587:
7557:
7552:
7512:
7510:
7502:
7444:
7381:
7303:
7267:
7224:
7173:
7165:
7106:
7099:
7005:Robert Metcalfe
6860:Tim Berners-Lee
6808:
6628:Information Age
6500:
6495:
6465:
6460:
6443:Rudolf Kompfner
6371:Ernst Guillemin
6335:Harald T. Friis
6299:
6294:
6264:
6259:
6248:Jan A. Rajchman
6224:Howard H. Aiken
6104:
6099:
6069:
6064:
6036:
6005:
5992:
5944:
5928:
5897:
5863:CBS Corporation
5851:
5825:
5786:Advanced Energy
5770:
5763:
5760:
5730:
5717:
5705:Sean C. Solomon
5667:
5619:Daniel Kleppner
5611:Lonnie Thompson
5606:Ralph A. Alpher
5572:W. Jason Morgan
5559:Charles Keeling
5549:Marvin L. Cohen
5516:
5499:John N. Bahcall
5494:Don L. Anderson
5460:Peter Goldreich
5413:Steven Weinberg
5365:
5295:Walter Elsasser
5272:Herman Feshbach
5186:
5124:Samuel Goudsmit
5116:Chien-Shiung Wu
5055:Frederick Seitz
5022:John A. Wheeler
5007:Robert H. Dicke
4992:
4855:Luis W. Alvarez
4836:
4817:
4805:David Blackwell
4759:
4710:Carl R. de Boor
4681:Karen Uhlenbeck
4661:
4615:Louis Nirenberg
4550:
4523:Ralph E. Gomory
4461:
4457:Donald E. Knuth
4444:Hassler Whitney
4382:
4306:
4287:
4252:
4184:Andreas Acrivos
4161:
4149:Eli Ruckenstein
4128:Hermann A. Haus
4099:Calvin F. Quate
4086:Luna B. Leopold
4053:
3944:
3930:Robert N. Noyce
3920:Emmett N. Leith
3879:Manson Benedict
3861:Rudolf Kompfner
3825:
3779:Warren K. Lewis
3716:
3697:
3631:
3593:Peter B. Dervan
3564:John I. Brauman
3523:
3475:Norman Davidson
3402:John D. Roberts
3377:
3345:Konrad E. Bloch
3291:Richard N. Zare
3253:
3230:
3211:
3168:Sallie Chisholm
3150:Rudolf Jaenisch
3130:
3113:J. Craig Venter
3072:Rita R. Colwell
2939:
2925:David Baltimore
2816:Robert W. Kates
2788:David G. Nathan
2783:Edward B. Lewis
2753:
2749:Harland G. Wood
2744:Roger W. Sperry
2599:Glenn W. Burton
2571:
2547:Arthur Kornberg
2514:Roger Guillemin
2491:Hallowell Davis
2455:Daniel I. Arnon
2447:Albert B. Sabin
2427:
2400:Detlev W. Bronk
2372:Harry F. Harlow
2367:Kenneth S. Cole
2354:William C. Rose
2326:Francis P. Rous
2286:
2267:
2232:
2212:Gordon H. Bower
2173:
2169:Robert M. Solow
2085:
2081:Milton Friedman
2045:
2022:
2011:
2003:
1950:Wayback Machine
1927:
1914:Wayback Machine
1901:Wayback Machine
1881:
1879:
1874:
1865:
1863:
1807:
1805:Further reading
1802:
1797:. 20 June 2015.
1793:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1742:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1640:achievement.org
1634:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1618:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1596:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1546:
1544:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1436:
1432:
1415:
1413:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1320:on May 31, 2000
1297:
1293:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1264:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1192:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1117:
1106:
1099:
1091:
1080:
1073:
1065:
1056:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1019:
1015:
1001:
999:
998:. sec. 1, p. 32
985:
976:
966:parish register
957:
952:
948:
941:
923:
912:
899:
886:
865:
861:
838:
837:
828:
813:
812:
808:
804:
799:
798:
736:
732:
723:
716:
711:
683:
676:
673:
624:
522:
510:
475:
331:Omsk government
323:Admiral Kolchak
283:
245:
178:Photomultiplier
124:
120:
101:
95:
89:
87:
79:
66:
64:
63:
53:
50:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8363:
8353:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8240:
8239:
8237:
8236:
8224:
8211:
8208:
8207:
8204:
8203:
8201:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8188:Direct methods
8185:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8159:
8157:
8153:
8152:
8150:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8108:
8106:
8102:
8101:
8099:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8036:Ernst G. Bauer
8033:
8028:
8023:
8017:
8015:
8008:
8004:
8003:
8001:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7929:
7928:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7877:
7875:
7871:
7870:
7867:
7866:
7864:
7863:
7858:
7857:
7856:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7835:
7834:
7823:
7821:
7815:
7814:
7812:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7785:
7783:
7777:
7776:
7774:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7742:
7740:
7731:
7727:
7726:
7724:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7687:
7685:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7650:Bremsstrahlung
7647:
7641:
7639:
7630:
7629:
7627:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7600:
7598:
7594:
7593:
7586:
7585:
7578:
7571:
7563:
7554:
7553:
7551:
7550:
7540:
7530:
7520:
7507:
7504:
7503:
7501:
7500:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7472:
7471:
7466:
7458:
7452:
7450:
7446:
7445:
7443:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7391:
7389:
7383:
7382:
7380:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7313:
7311:
7305:
7304:
7302:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7275:
7273:
7269:
7268:
7266:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7238:Space-division
7234:
7232:
7226:
7225:
7223:
7222:
7217:
7216:
7215:
7210:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7188:
7183:
7177:
7175:
7167:
7166:
7164:
7163:
7162:
7161:
7151:
7150:
7149:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7128:
7127:
7117:
7111:
7109:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7075:Camille Tissot
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7050:Claude Shannon
7047:
7042:
7040:Tivadar Puskás
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7010:Antonio Meucci
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6980:Charles K. Kao
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6955:Harold Hopkins
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6855:Emile Berliner
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6816:
6814:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6794:Videotelephony
6791:
6786:
6785:
6784:
6779:
6769:
6762:
6757:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6730:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6697:
6692:
6690:Radiotelephone
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6656:
6655:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6594:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6576:Internet video
6568:
6567:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6510:
6508:
6502:
6501:
6494:
6493:
6486:
6479:
6471:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6455:John R. Pierce
6452:
6446:
6440:
6434:
6428:
6422:
6419:Edward Ginzton
6416:
6410:
6404:
6401:Claude Shannon
6398:
6392:
6386:
6380:
6374:
6368:
6362:
6356:
6353:Albert W. Hull
6350:
6344:
6338:
6332:
6326:
6323:John M. Miller
6320:
6314:
6307:
6305:
6301:
6300:
6293:
6292:
6285:
6278:
6270:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6251:
6245:
6239:
6233:
6227:
6221:
6215:
6209:
6203:
6197:
6191:
6188:John R. Pierce
6185:
6179:
6173:
6167:
6161:
6155:
6149:
6143:
6137:
6131:
6128:John F. Peters
6125:
6119:
6112:
6110:
6106:
6105:
6098:
6097:
6090:
6083:
6075:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6052:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6013:
6011:
6007:
6006:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5952:
5950:
5949:Related topics
5946:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5905:
5903:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5859:
5857:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5833:
5831:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5782:
5780:
5773:
5765:
5764:
5759:
5758:
5751:
5744:
5736:
5727:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5710:
5707:
5702:
5700:Burton Richter
5697:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5675:
5673:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5653:Yakir Aharonov
5650:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5621:
5616:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5600:
5595:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5567:Richard Garwin
5564:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5531:Willis E. Lamb
5528:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5470:
5465:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5423:
5418:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5290:Philip Abelson
5287:
5284:
5282:Chen-Ning Yang
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5256:
5251:
5249:Bruno B. Rossi
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5206:Yoichiro Nambu
5203:
5198:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
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5098:
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5080:
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5070:
5065:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5017:John C. Slater
5014:
5009:
5004:
5000:
4998:
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4993:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4977:
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4957:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4904:Jacob Bjerknes
4901:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4875:
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4739:
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4731:
4728:
4723:
4720:
4715:
4712:
4707:
4704:
4702:James G. Glimm
4699:
4696:
4694:Elias M. Stein
4691:
4686:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4646:
4641:
4638:
4636:Shing-Tung Yau
4633:
4630:
4625:
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4609:
4604:
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4596:
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4525:
4520:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4504:
4502:Antoni Zygmund
4499:
4494:
4491:
4489:Isadore Singer
4486:
4481:
4478:
4473:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4452:Joseph L. Doob
4449:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4433:
4431:George Dantzig
4428:
4423:
4421:John W. Backus
4418:
4415:
4410:
4407:
4402:
4399:
4397:Richard Brauer
4394:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4378:William Feller
4375:
4372:
4367:
4364:
4359:
4356:
4351:
4348:
4343:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4327:
4325:Norbert Wiener
4322:
4318:
4316:
4308:
4307:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4283:Thomas Kailath
4280:
4277:
4272:
4269:
4264:
4260:
4258:
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4054:
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4046:
4041:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4020:
4015:
4013:H. Bolton Seed
4010:
4005:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3966:
3964:Donald L. Katz
3961:
3956:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3935:Earl R. Parker
3932:
3927:
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3815:
3810:
3805:
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3797:
3792:
3789:
3784:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3769:Hugh L. Dryden
3766:
3763:
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3753:
3750:
3745:
3740:
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3732:
3728:
3726:
3718:
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3696:
3695:
3690:
3687:
3682:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3653:
3651:Peter J. Stang
3648:
3643:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3627:Marye Anne Fox
3624:
3619:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3603:
3598:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3582:
3580:Tobin J. Marks
3577:
3574:
3569:
3566:
3561:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3509:Stuart A. Rice
3506:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3477:
3472:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3456:
3451:
3448:
3443:
3441:Donald J. Cram
3438:
3435:
3430:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3410:Ronald Breslow
3407:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3352:
3350:Elias J. Corey
3347:
3342:
3337:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3316:
3311:
3309:Carl S. Marvel
3306:
3301:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3281:Roald Hoffmann
3278:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3240:
3232:
3231:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3197:Stanley Falkow
3194:
3191:
3189:Rakesh K. Jain
3186:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2992:Gene E. Likens
2989:
2984:
2979:
2977:George F. Bass
2974:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2959:Peter H. Raven
2956:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2893:
2888:
2885:
2883:Alexander Rich
2880:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2857:Daniel Nathans
2854:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2838:
2833:
2831:Folke K. Skoog
2828:
2823:
2821:Salvador Luria
2818:
2813:
2811:Elvin A. Kabat
2808:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2724:Katherine Esau
2721:
2718:
2713:
2711:Eric R. Kandel
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2657:
2655:Joan A. Steitz
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2629:
2627:Berta Scharrer
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2594:Seymour Benzer
2591:
2588:
2586:Philip Handler
2583:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2473:Erwin Chargaff
2470:
2468:Britton Chance
2465:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2418:Robert Huebner
2415:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2307:
2305:C. B. van Niel
2302:
2298:
2296:
2288:
2287:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2263:Albert Bandura
2260:
2257:
2255:Robert Axelrod
2252:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2198:
2196:R. Duncan Luce
2193:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2147:
2145:Paul Samuelson
2142:
2139:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2105:Patrick Suppes
2102:
2100:Leonid Hurwicz
2097:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2024:
2023:
2013:
2012:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1940:
1926:
1925:External links
1923:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1904:
1894:
1888:
1872:
1855:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1795:"Hall of Fame"
1786:
1772:
1752:
1726:
1712:
1693:
1671:
1645:
1627:
1603:
1579:
1568:on May 2, 2014
1553:
1528:
1496:
1477:
1463:
1449:
1430:
1393:
1375:
1358:
1351:
1331:
1291:
1278:
1255:
1230:
1180:
1173:
1155:
1148:
1130:
1104:
1078:
1054:
1036:
1013:
974:
964:(similar to a
946:
939:
910:
884:
859:
826:
805:
803:
800:
797:
796:
782:with the name
730:
713:
712:
710:
707:
706:
705:
703:Kalman Tihanyi
700:
695:
689:
688:
672:
669:
623:
620:
609:Zworykin Award
521:
518:
509:
506:
502:Zworykin Award
474:
471:
430:Kálmán Tihanyi
378:in June 1908.
335:White movement
282:
279:
244:
241:
216:
215:
212:
211:
201:
197:
196:
185:
181:
180:
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138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
96:
85:
81:
80:
77:Russian Empire
67:
61:
59:
55:
54:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8362:
8351:
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8323:
8321:
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8308:
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8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
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8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8252:
8250:
8235:
8234:
8225:
8223:
8222:
8213:
8212:
8209:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8160:
8158:
8154:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8112:Carl Zeiss AG
8110:
8109:
8107:
8105:Manufacturers
8103:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8056:James Hillier
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8018:
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8012:
8009:
8005:
7999:
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7991:
7989:
7986:
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7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7878:
7876:
7872:
7862:
7859:
7855:
7852:
7851:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7833:
7830:
7829:
7828:
7825:
7824:
7822:
7820:
7816:
7810:
7809:Ultrafast SEM
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7786:
7784:
7782:
7778:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7766:Low-energy EM
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7743:
7741:
7739:
7735:
7732:
7728:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7716:Magnetic lens
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7688:
7686:
7682:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7665:Kikuchi lines
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7635:
7631:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7601:
7599:
7595:
7591:
7584:
7579:
7577:
7572:
7570:
7565:
7564:
7561:
7549:
7541:
7539:
7531:
7529:
7521:
7519:
7509:
7508:
7505:
7498:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7461:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7447:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7392:
7390:
7388:
7384:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7314:
7312:
7310:
7306:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7276:
7274:
7270:
7264:
7263:Code-division
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7248:Time-division
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7235:
7233:
7231:
7227:
7221:
7218:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7205:
7204:
7201:
7197:
7194:
7193:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7178:
7176:
7174:and switching
7172:
7168:
7160:
7157:
7156:
7155:
7152:
7148:
7145:
7144:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7126:
7125:optical fiber
7123:
7122:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7115:Coaxial cable
7113:
7112:
7110:
7108:
7102:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7030:Radia Perlman
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6920:Lee de Forest
6918:
6916:
6915:Thomas Edison
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6905:Donald Davies
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6890:Claude Chappe
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6811:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6774:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6767:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6734:Smoke signals
6732:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6714:
6713:
6712:Semiconductor
6710:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6571:Digital media
6569:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6492:
6487:
6485:
6480:
6478:
6473:
6472:
6469:
6456:
6453:
6450:
6447:
6444:
6441:
6438:
6435:
6432:
6429:
6426:
6423:
6420:
6417:
6414:
6411:
6408:
6405:
6402:
6399:
6396:
6393:
6390:
6387:
6384:
6381:
6378:
6375:
6372:
6369:
6366:
6365:Harry Nyquist
6363:
6360:
6357:
6354:
6351:
6348:
6345:
6342:
6339:
6336:
6333:
6330:
6327:
6324:
6321:
6318:
6315:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6291:
6286:
6284:
6279:
6277:
6272:
6271:
6268:
6255:
6252:
6249:
6246:
6243:
6240:
6237:
6234:
6231:
6228:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6216:
6213:
6210:
6207:
6204:
6201:
6198:
6195:
6192:
6189:
6186:
6183:
6180:
6177:
6174:
6171:
6168:
6165:
6162:
6159:
6156:
6153:
6150:
6147:
6144:
6141:
6138:
6135:
6132:
6129:
6126:
6123:
6120:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6096:
6091:
6089:
6084:
6082:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6061:
6053:
6051:
6043:
6042:
6039:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6008:
6003:
5989:
5988:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5931:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5900:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5854:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5828:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5766:
5757:
5752:
5750:
5745:
5743:
5738:
5737:
5734:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5645:James E. Gunn
5643:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5577:Edward Witten
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5395:Roger Revelle
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5368:
5362:
5361:Henry Stommel
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5351:Eugene Parker
5349:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5211:Edward Teller
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5189:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5177:Lyman Spitzer
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5096:Hans A. Bethe
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5040:Maurice Ewing
5038:
5036:
5035:Carl Djerassi
5033:
5030:
5028:
5027:Saul Winstein
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4975:Eugene Wigner
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4960:Paul Bartlett
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4947:Louis Hammett
4945:
4943:
4942:Gregory Breit
4940:
4938:
4937:Francis Birch
4935:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4896:William Rubey
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4832:
4828:
4814:
4813:Michael Artin
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4726:Bradley Efron
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4652:Felix Browder
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4628:Stephen Smale
4626:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4575:John McCarthy
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4536:Samuel Karlin
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4346:Oscar Zariski
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4302:
4298:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4120:Ray W. Clough
4118:
4115:
4113:
4112:Alfred Y. Cho
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3982:John G. Trump
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3795:Edwin H. Land
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3743:Vannevar Bush
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3708:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3659:Allen J. Bard
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3614:JoAnne Stubbe
3612:
3610:
3609:Joanna Fowler
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3575:
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3570:
3567:
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3562:
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3554:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3519:Susan Solomon
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3449:
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3439:
3436:
3434:
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3428:
3426:
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3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3363:Melvin Calvin
3361:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3304:Yuan Tseh Lee
3302:
3300:
3299:Harry B. Gray
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3273:Gilbert Stork
3271:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3222:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3181:Bruce Alberts
3179:
3177:
3176:May Berenbaum
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3082:Lubert Stryer
3080:
3078:
3077:Nina Fedoroff
3075:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3059:Anthony Fauci
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3002:Harold Varmus
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2935:Lynn Margulis
2933:
2931:
2930:Jared Diamond
2928:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2870:Thomas Eisner
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2844:Maxine Singer
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2826:Paul A. Marks
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2796:
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2699:
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2676:
2674:
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2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
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2648:
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1203:(2016): 151.
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591:Faraday Medal
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571:In 1966, the
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287:Paul Langevin
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43:
38:
31:
19:
8255:1880s births
8231:
8219:
8173:EM Data Bank
8137:Nion Company
8095:
8031:Dennis Gabor
8021:Albert Crewe
7799:Confocal SEM
7696:Electron gun
7645:Auger effect
7230:Multiplexing
7105:Transmission
7094:
7070:Nikola Tesla
7060:Henry Sutton
7015:Samuel Morse
6945:Robert Hooke
6910:Amos Dolbear
6845:John Bardeen
6764:
6744:Telautograph
6648:Mobile phone
6603:Edholm's law
6586:social media
6519:Broadcasting
6431:John Bardeen
6425:Dennis Gabor
6310:
6121:
5985:
5830:Subsidiaries
5806:Broadcasting
5791:Astronuclear
5762:Westinghouse
5687:Sandra Faber
5682:Sidney Drell
5512:Leo Kadanoff
5507:James Cronin
5455:Hans Dehmelt
5390:Robert Pound
5356:Robert Sharp
5172:John Sinfelt
5139:Verner Suomi
5106:Lewis Sarett
4970:Lars Onsager
4923:
4914:Henry Eyring
4881:John Bardeen
4623:Richard Karp
4591:Allen Newell
4370:Jerzy Neyman
3995:Tung-Yen Lin
3972:Bill Hewlett
3902:Morris Cohen
3496:John W. Cahn
3397:Karl Folkers
3158:Lucy Shapiro
3108:Elaine Fuchs
2987:Ann Graybiel
2917:Janet Rowley
2899:James Watson
2891:Ruth Patrick
2734:Philip Leder
2604:Mildred Cohn
2552:Severo Ochoa
2529:E. O. Wilson
1967:
1880:. Retrieved
1864:. Retrieved
1846:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1789:
1777:. Retrieved
1762:
1755:
1743:. Retrieved
1739:the original
1729:
1715:
1706:
1696:
1684:. Retrieved
1674:
1662:. Retrieved
1658:the original
1648:
1639:
1630:
1619:. Retrieved
1615:
1606:
1595:. Retrieved
1591:
1582:
1570:. Retrieved
1566:the original
1556:
1545:. Retrieved
1540:
1531:
1519:. Retrieved
1512:the original
1499:
1480:
1466:
1452:
1443:
1433:
1420:
1414:. Retrieved
1410:the original
1405:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1367:
1361:
1341:
1334:
1322:. Retrieved
1318:the original
1311:
1305:
1294:
1283:. Retrieved
1268:
1246:. Retrieved
1200:
1196:
1183:
1164:
1158:
1139:
1133:
1048:
1039:
1027:. Retrieved
1016:
1007:
1000:. Retrieved
995:
949:
928:
904:
869:
862:
852:
851:
843:
814:
809:
791:
783:
774:
773:
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733:
662:
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650:
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608:
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581:
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501:
487:
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459:
443:
426:
411:
396:
392:
386:
373:
365:
358:
350:Westinghouse
347:
311:Arctic Ocean
284:
276:
264:Boris Rosing
257:
246:
220:
219:
149:
65:1888 or 1889
8260:1982 deaths
8117:FEI Company
8051:Harald Rose
8041:Ernst Ruska
7730:Microscopes
7638:with matter
7636:interaction
7430:NPL network
7142:Radio waves
7080:Alfred Vail
6990:Hedy Lamarr
6975:Dawon Kahng
6935:Elisha Gray
6895:Yogen Dalal
6820:Nasir Ahmed
6754:Teleprinter
6618:Heliographs
5919:S2W reactor
5909:A2W reactor
5816:New England
5640:Berni Alder
5447:Frank Press
5328:Walter Kohn
5305:George Pake
5239:Walter Munk
5162:Herman Mark
5144:Henry Taube
4932:Jesse Beams
4886:Peter Debye
4868:Harold Urey
4792:Barry Mazur
4354:John Milnor
4248:Amnon Yariv
4192:Leo Beranek
4018:Ernst Weber
3871:Abel Wolman
3462:Thomas Cech
3392:Elkan Blout
3332:Max Tishler
3249:Roger Adams
3207:Simon Levin
2673:Harry Eagle
2496:Paul Gyorgy
2188:Gary Becker
1664:February 5,
1002:November 2,
958: [
788:middle name
327:Vladivostok
291:World War I
106:Citizenship
51: 1956
8249:Categories
8198:Multislice
8014:Developers
7874:Techniques
7619:Microscope
7614:Micrograph
7476:Antarctica
7435:Toasternet
7357:Television
6840:Paul Baran
6772:Television
6756:(teletype)
6749:Telegraphy
6727:transistor
6705:Phryctoria
6675:Photophone
6653:Smartphone
6643:Mass media
5856:Successors
5434:Vera Rubin
5073:Paul Flory
4734:Hyman Bass
4607:John Cocke
4510:Raoul Bott
4413:Kurt Gödel
4405:John Tukey
4362:Paul Cohen
3977:George Low
3940:Simon Ramo
3163:Leroy Hood
2964:Carl Woese
2912:Bruce Ames
2423:Ernst Mayr
1779:August 15,
1621:2023-03-06
1597:2023-03-06
1547:2023-03-06
1486:US2021907A
1416:2008-04-27
1285:2010-01-15
802:References
780:patronymic
649:published
473:Later life
455:Reichspost
451:Telefunken
447:iconoscope
354:Pittsburgh
225:television
195:technology
193:television
174:Iconoscope
160:Television
133:Occupation
90:1982-07-29
8066:Max Knoll
7721:Stigmator
7460:Americas
7449:Locations
7420:Internet2
7181:Bandwidth
6885:Vint Cerf
6782:streaming
6760:Telephone
6700:Semaphore
6591:streaming
6304:1951–1975
6109:1951–1975
5779:Divisions
5429:Val Fitch
4497:Peter Lax
4267:Shu Chien
3514:John Ross
3229:Chemistry
2617:Paul Berg
2009:laureates
1882:March 14,
1866:March 14,
1745:15 August
1572:March 13,
1521:March 14,
1402:"Married"
1248:8 January
1225:1476-4687
747:romanized
636:Tektronix
604:in 1980.
565:in 1948.
558:in 1947.
536:from the
401:from the
253:merchants
189:kinescope
114:Education
8221:Category
8168:CrysTBox
8156:Software
7827:Cryo-TEM
7634:Electron
7528:Category
7415:Internet
7405:CYCLADES
7322:Ethernet
7272:Concepts
7196:terminal
7147:wireless
6970:Bob Kahn
6813:Pioneers
6638:Internet
6529:Cable TV
6050:Category
5902:Products
5847:Infinity
5796:Aviation
5408:Ed Stone
2405:Jay Lush
1946:Archived
1910:Archived
1680:"Awards"
1474:. Fold3.
1324:July 28,
1009:River...
853:Зворыкин
792:Zworykin
769:Kuz'mich
671:See also
656:In 2010
645:In 1995
630:and the
307:River Ob
262:, under
233:infrared
206:, 1951,
156:Projects
136:Engineer
8233:Commons
7881:4D STEM
7854:4D STEM
7832:Cryo-ET
7804:SEM-XRF
7794:CryoSEM
7751:Cryo-EM
7609:History
7548:Commons
7538:Outline
7491:Oceania
7410:FidoNet
7395:ARPANET
7208:circuit
6777:digital
6506:History
6060:Commons
5801:Baldwin
1899:at the
1723:. IMDb.
1686:May 31,
1390:. 2001.
1205:Bibcode
903:at the
763:Кузьмич
758:Kosmich
749::
738:Russian
366:prevent
309:to the
303:Siberia
8178:EMsoft
8163:CASINO
8142:TESCAN
8007:Others
7906:cryoEM
7597:Basics
7486:Europe
7456:Africa
7440:Usenet
7400:BITNET
7337:Mobile
7213:packet
6722:MOSFET
6717:device
6514:Beacon
6457:(1975)
6451:(1974)
6445:(1973)
6439:(1972)
6433:(1971)
6427:(1970)
6421:(1969)
6415:(1968)
6409:(1967)
6403:(1966)
6397:(1964)
6391:(1963)
6385:(1963)
6379:(1962)
6373:(1961)
6367:(1960)
6361:(1959)
6355:(1958)
6349:(1957)
6343:(1956)
6337:(1955)
6331:(1954)
6325:(1953)
6319:(1952)
6313:(1951)
6256:(1975)
6250:(1974)
6244:(1973)
6238:(1972)
6232:(1971)
6226:(1970)
6220:(1969)
6214:(1968)
6208:(1967)
6202:(1966)
6196:(1965)
6190:(1963)
6184:(1962)
6178:(1961)
6172:(1960)
6166:(1959)
6160:(1958)
6154:(1957)
6148:(1956)
6142:(1955)
6136:(1954)
6130:(1953)
6124:(1952)
6118:(1951)
5933:People
5842:Bryant
1960:Videos
1862:. IEEE
1770:
1492:
1349:
1276:
1244:. 1956
1223:
1171:
1146:
1126:
1100:
1074:
1029:8 July
937:
622:Legacy
520:Honors
375:Nature
281:Career
210:, 1952
200:Awards
141:Spouse
100:, U.S.
8132:Leica
7978:PINEM
7844:HRTEM
7839:EFTEM
7469:South
7464:North
7425:JANET
7362:Telex
7352:Radio
7191:Nodes
7186:Links
7107:media
6685:Radio
6670:Pager
6598:Drums
6564:video
6559:image
6549:audio
5672:2010s
5521:2000s
5370:1990s
5191:1980s
4997:1970s
4845:1960s
4764:2010s
4666:2000s
4555:1990s
4466:1980s
4387:1970s
4315:1960s
4257:2010s
4166:2000s
4058:1990s
3949:1980s
3830:1970s
3725:1960s
3636:2010s
3528:2000s
3382:1990s
3258:1980s
3239:1960s
3135:2010s
2944:2000s
2758:1990s
2576:1980s
2432:1970s
2295:1960s
2237:2010s
2178:2000s
2090:1990s
2050:1980s
2031:1960s
1515:(PDF)
1508:(PDF)
1304:"The
1193:(PDF)
970:Murom
962:]
821:Murom
786:as a
784:Kosma
760:; or
709:Notes
554:from
508:Death
249:Murom
128:(PhD)
122:ESPCI
69:Murom
8193:IUCr
8127:JEOL
7998:WBDF
7993:WDXS
7943:EBIC
7938:EELS
7933:ECCI
7921:EBSD
7901:CBED
7849:STEM
7481:Asia
7367:UUCP
7327:ISDN
5709:2014
5696:2012
5678:2011
5649:2009
5636:2008
5623:2007
5615:2006
5602:2005
5594:2004
5581:2003
5563:2002
5545:2001
5527:2000
5503:1999
5490:1998
5472:1997
5464:1996
5451:1995
5438:1994
5425:1993
5417:1992
5399:1991
5376:1990
5342:1989
5314:1988
5286:1987
5258:1986
5220:1983
5197:1982
5153:1979
5120:1976
5092:1975
5064:1974
5031:1973
5003:1970
4979:1969
4956:1968
4928:1967
4900:1966
4877:1965
4859:1964
4851:1963
4809:2013
4796:2012
4783:2011
4770:2010
4751:2009
4738:2007
4730:2006
4722:2005
4714:2004
4706:2003
4698:2002
4685:2001
4672:2000
4648:1999
4640:1998
4632:1997
4619:1996
4611:1995
4603:1994
4595:1993
4587:1992
4579:1991
4561:1990
4532:1989
4519:1988
4506:1987
4493:1986
4480:1983
4472:1982
4448:1979
4435:1976
4417:1975
4409:1974
4401:1973
4393:1970
4374:1969
4366:1968
4358:1967
4350:1966
4342:1965
4329:1964
4321:1963
4279:2012
4271:2011
4263:2010
4244:2009
4236:2008
4228:2007
4220:2006
4212:2005
4204:2004
4196:2003
4188:2002
4180:2001
4172:2000
4153:1999
4145:1998
4132:1996
4124:1995
4116:1994
4108:1993
4095:1992
4077:1991
4064:1990
4040:1989
4022:1988
4004:1987
3986:1986
3968:1983
3955:1982
3916:1979
3898:1976
3875:1975
3857:1974
3844:1973
3836:1970
3817:1969
3804:1968
3791:1967
3783:1966
3765:1965
3752:1964
3739:1963
3731:1962
3689:2014
3681:2013
3668:2012
3655:2011
3642:2010
3618:2009
3605:2008
3597:2007
3584:2006
3576:2005
3568:2004
3560:2002
3547:2001
3534:2000
3505:1999
3492:1998
3479:1997
3471:1996
3458:1995
3450:1994
3437:1993
3429:1992
3406:1991
3388:1990
3354:1989
3336:1988
3318:1987
3295:1986
3277:1983
3264:1982
3245:1964
3193:2014
3185:2013
3172:2012
3154:2011
3141:2010
3117:2009
3099:2008
3086:2007
3068:2006
3055:2005
3037:2004
3019:2003
3006:2002
2968:2001
2950:2000
2921:1999
2908:1998
2895:1997
2887:1996
2879:1995
2866:1994
2853:1993
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