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influence the resultant mechanical behaviour (e.g., Young's modulus, compressive and tensile strength, and the pressure at which they transition from brittle to ductile behaviour). As for other crustal rocks, volcanic rocks are brittle and ductile at low and high effective confining pressures, respectively. Brittle behaviour is manifest as faults and fractures, and ductile behaviour can either be distributed (cataclastic pore collapse) or localised (compaction bands). Understanding the mechanical behaviour of volcanic rocks can help us better understand volcanic hazards, such as flank collapse.
866:) are commonly arranged in subparallel winding lines that follow the direction of movement (fluxion or fluidal structure)—and larger early minerals that previously crystallized may show the same arrangement. Most lavas fall considerably below their original temperatures before emitted. In their behavior, they present a close analogy to hot solutions of salts in water, which, when they approach the saturation temperature, first deposit a crop of large, well-formed crystals (labile stage) and subsequently precipitate clouds of smaller less perfect crystalline particles (metastable stage).
369:
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122:
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filled with enclosures of glassy or finely crystalline material like that of the ground-mass . Microscopic examination of the phenocrysts often reveals that they have had a complex history. Very frequently they show layers of different composition, indicated by variations in color or other optical properties; thus augite may be green in the center surrounded by various shades of brown; or they may be pale green centrally and darker green with strong
2265:
1355:
609:
2012:
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909:
827:
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34:
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274:
878:; the smaller crystals of the surrounding matrix or ground-mass belong to the post-effusion stage. More rarely lavas are completely fused at the moment of ejection; they may then cool to form a non-porphyritic, finely crystalline rock, or if more rapidly chilled may in large part be non-crystalline or glassy (vitreous rocks such as obsidian,
947:
mixed with pale green augite. The hornblende or biotite substance has proved unstable at a certain stage of consolidation, and has been replaced by a paramorph of augite and magnetite, which may partially or completely substitute for the original crystal but still retains its characteristic outlines.
923:
The phenocrysts or porphyritic minerals are not only larger than those of the ground-mass; as the matrix was still liquid when they formed they were free to take perfect crystalline shapes, without interference by the pressure of adjacent crystals. They seem to have grown rapidly, as they are often
869:
In igneous rocks the first generation of crystals generally forms before the lava has emerged to the surface, that is to say, during the ascent from the subterranean depths to the crater of the volcano. It has frequently been verified by observation that freshly emitted lavas contain large crystals
931:
In the feldspars the center is usually richer in calcium than the surrounding layers, and successive zones may often be noted, each less calcic than those within it. Phenocrysts of quartz (and of other minerals), instead of sharp, perfect crystalline faces, may show rounded corroded surfaces, with
447:
have their own specialized classification, but these rarely occur as volcanic rocks. Some fields of the TAS diagram are further subdivided by the ratio of potassium oxide to sodium oxide. Additional classifications may be made on the basis of other components, such as aluminum or iron content.
956:
The mechanical behaviour of volcanic rocks is complicated by their complex microstructure. For example, attributes such as the partitioning of the void space (pores and microcracks), pore and crystal size and shape, and hydrothermal alteration can all vary widely in volcanic rocks and can all
850:
The lavas, having cooled rapidly in contact with the air or water, are mostly finely crystalline or have at least fine-grained ground-mass representing that part of the viscous semi-crystalline lava flow that was still liquid at the moment of eruption. At this time they were exposed only to
465:. Because the TAS diagram uses weight fraction and the boundary between alkaline and subalkaline rock is defined in terms of molar fraction, the position of this curve on the TAS diagram is only approximate. Peralkaline volcanic rocks are defined as rocks having Na
932:
the points blunted and irregular tongue-like projections of the matrix into the substance of the crystal. It is clear that after the mineral had crystallized it was partly again dissolved or corroded at some period before the matrix solidified.
851:
atmospheric pressure, and the steam and other gases, which they contained in great quantity were free to escape; many important modifications arise from this, the most striking being the frequent presence of numerous steam cavities (
360:
Most modern petrologists classify igneous rocks, including volcanic rocks, by their chemistry when dealing with their origin. The fact that different mineralogies and textures may be developed from the same initial
496:
The chemistry of volcanic rocks is dependent on two things: the initial composition of the primary magma and the subsequent differentiation. Differentiation of most magmas tends to increase the silica (
990:
Wilkinson, Bruce H; McElroy, Brandon J; Kesler, Stephen E; Peters, Shanan E; Rothman, Edward D (2008). "Global geologic maps are tectonic speedometers—Rates of rock cycling from area-age frequencies".
1094:
Corfu, Fernando; Larsen, Bjørn Tore (December 2020). "U-Pb systematics in volcanic and plutonic rocks of the
Krokskogen area: Resolving a 40 million years long evolution in the Oslo Rift".
765:). To convey anything about the physical or chemical properties of the rock, a more specific term should be used; a good supplier will know what sort of volcanic rock they are selling.
1459:
Pinkerton, Harry; Norton, Gill (1 November 1995). "Rheological properties of basaltic lavas at sub-liquidus temperatures: laboratory and field measurements on lavas from Mount Etna".
897:; similar bodies are often produced artificially in glasses that are allowed to cool slowly. Rarely these spherulites are hollow or consist of concentric shells with spaces between (
100:
Volcanic rocks are among the most common rock types on Earth's surface, particularly in the oceans. On land, they are very common at plate boundaries and in
781:
451:
Volcanic rocks are also broadly divided into subalkaline, alkaline, and peralkaline volcanic rocks. Subalkaline rocks are defined as rocks in which
589:
are rare but well-known xenocrysts; the kimberlites do not create the diamonds, but pick them up and transport them to the surface of the Earth.
862:
As crystallization was going on while the mass was still creeping forward under the surface of the Earth, the latest formed minerals (in the
1391:
Pinkerton, H; Bagdassarov, N (2004). "Transient phenomena in vesicular lava flows based on laboratory experiments with analogue materials".
1367:
511:, albeit small differences in initial compositions may result in multiple differentiation series. The most common of these series are the
1376:
893:), consisting of fine divergent fibres radiating from a center; they consist of imperfect crystals of feldspar, mixed with quartz or
1221:
2194:
1630:
391:) weight contents. Blue area is roughly where alkaline rocks plot; yellow area where subalkaline rocks plot. Original source: *
285:); upper picture is plane-polarized light, bottom picture is cross-polarized light, scale box at left-center is 0.25 millimeter.
82:. For these reasons, in geology, volcanics and shallow hypabyssal rocks are not always treated as distinct. In the context of
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The terms lava stone and lava rock are more used by marketers than geologists, who would likely say "volcanic rock" (because
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540:
504:
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structure, also common in glasses, consists of the presence of concentric rounded cracks owing to contraction on cooling.
1870:
562:. While still dominated by silicates, more primitive volcanic rocks have mineral assemblages with less silica, such as
1272:
Irvine, T. N.; Baragar, W. R. A. (1 May 1971). "A Guide to the
Chemical Classification of the Common Volcanic Rocks".
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The lavas of different volcanoes, when cooled and hardened, differ much in their appearance and composition. If a
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1310:
1608:
458:< -3.3539 × 10 × A + 1.2030 × 10 × A - 1.5188 × 10 × A + 8.6096 × 10 × A - 2.1111 × A + 3.9492 × A + 39.0
773:
577:
Occasionally, a magma may pick up crystals that crystallized from another magma; these crystals are called
66:. Like all rock types, the concept of volcanic rock is artificial, and in nature volcanic rocks grade into
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543:. Thus, more evolved volcanic rocks tend to be richer in minerals with a higher amount of silica such as
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structure) often drawn out to elongated shapes subsequently filled up with minerals by infiltration (
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133:
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erupted into the air are called "pyroclastics," and these are also technically sedimentary rocks.
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1863:
602:
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20:
104:. It has been estimated that volcanic rocks cover about 8% of the Earth's current land surface.
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Heap, Michael J; Farquharson, Jamie; Baud, Patrick; Lavallée, Yan; Reuschlé, Thierry (2015).
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27:
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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is a volcanic rock with high silica content. Rhyolite has silica content similar to that of
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823:. Allowed to cool slowly, it forms a light-colored, uniformly solid rock called rhyolite.
8:
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804:(to differentiate them from igneous rocks that form from magma below the surface, called
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correctly predicts the order of formation of the most common minerals in volcanic rocks.
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has led petrologists to rely heavily on chemistry to look at a volcanic rock's origin.
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lava-stream cools quickly, it can quickly freeze into a black glassy substance called
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690:(high in silica). Pyroclastic rocks are often the result of volcanic debris, such as
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The chemical classification of igneous rocks is based first on the total content of
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Le Bas, M. J.; Streckeisen, A. L. (1991). "The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks".
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Le Bas, M. J.; Streckeisen, AL (1991). "The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks".
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An aphanitic volcanic sand grain, with fine-grained groundmass, as seen under a
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1961:
1941:
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819:. When filled with bubbles of gas, the same lava may form the spongy appearing
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borne along in a molten, liquid mass. The large, well-formed, early crystals (
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1501:"The mechanical behaviour and failure modes of volcanic rocks: a review"
1380:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 327.
121:
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supported by a rolled U.S. $ 20 bill demonstrates its very low density.
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where both silica and total alkali oxide content (A) are expressed as
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flow basalt, and is sometimes used to describe rocks that were never
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535:. Differentiation of volcanic rocks tends to increase the silica (SiO
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are very common in some lavas; they are surrounded by black rims of
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A common feature of glassy rocks is the presence of rounded bodies (
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geology, the term "volcanic" is often applied to what are strictly
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The sub-family of rocks that form from volcanic lava are called
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is solid). "Lava stone" may describe anything from a friable
362:
94:
33:
1848:
989:
419:) expressed as weight fraction of silica and alkali oxides (
2158:
1931:
1558:"Fracture and compaction of andesite in a volcanic edifice"
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1429:
1248:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
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341:
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59:
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724:, which possess structure similar to volcanic rather than
951:
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rocks, are also considered to be volcanic, shading into
686:
are the product of explosive volcanism. They are often
481:, so that some of the alkali oxides must be present as
401:
A classification of igneous rocks and glossary of terms
19:"Volcanics" redirects here. For Volcanic pistols, see
1267:
1265:
1204:
British
Geological Survey: Rock Classification Scheme
1073:
British
Geological Survey: Rock Classification Scheme
379:
volcanic rocks according to their relative alkali (Na
183:
1390:
435:). These place the rock in one of the fields of the
1262:
782:Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve
1494:
1492:
1490:
1142:
1024:
640:Volcanic rocks are named according to both their
217:Agglomerate, bed of blocks or bomb, block tephra
2295:
768:
1458:
1246:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology
1487:
1461:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1393:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1197:"Rock Classification Scheme - Vol 1 - Igneous"
1069:"Rock Classification Scheme - Vol 1 - Igneous"
1864:
1624:
1424:
1422:
1271:
1243:
531:Most volcanic rocks share a number of common
93:. Volcanic rocks and sediment that form from
1244:Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009).
983:
981:
507:. The initial composition of most magmas is
74:and constitute an important element of some
16:Rock formed from lava erupted from a volcano
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289:Volcanic rocks are usually fine-grained or
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1419:
1589:
1524:
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1119:
660:while basalt is compositionally equal to
206:Primarily consolidated: pyroclastic rock
1549:
907:
833:
825:
787:
772:
648:is a very common volcanic rock with low
627:
607:
596:
367:
329:embedded in a very fine grained matrix.
293:to glass in texture. They often contain
272:
231:Layer, bed of lapilli or lapilli tephra
32:
1499:Heap, Michael J; Violay, Marie (2021).
1305:
1303:
632:A 15-centimeter (5.9 in) piece of
348:is a highly vesicular rock produced in
2296:
1333:
1083:from the original on 24 November 2016.
992:Geological Society of America Bulletin
952:Mechanical behaviour of volcanic rocks
664:. Intermediate volcanic rocks include
313:and are identifiable with the unaided
1852:
1612:
1365:
709:. Examples of pyroclastic rocks are
2252:
1440:from the original on 27 October 2016
1317:. Red Dome Lava Rock. Archived from
1300:
758:, but look as if they were (such as
116:
2276:
1087:
112:
13:
1274:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
763:limestone with dissolution pitting
107:
14:
2325:
1222:"Classification of igneous rocks"
1145:Journal of the Geological Society
1027:Journal of the Geological Society
220:Agglomerate, pyroclastic breccia
203:Primarily unconsolidated: tephra
2275:
2263:
2251:
2240:
2239:
2010:
1430:"Der online Shop für Lavasteine"
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120:
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40:, a volcanic rock deposited by
1214:
1189:
1136:
1061:
1018:
612:Vesicular olivine basalt from
1:
1878:
1413:10.1016/s0377-0273(03)00341-x
977:
928:(aegirine) at the periphery.
769:Composition of volcanic rocks
526:
403:, Blackwell Science, Oxford.
1481:10.1016/0377-0273(95)00018-7
1112:10.1016/j.lithos.2020.105755
355:
350:explosive volcanic eruptions
332:Volcanic rocks often have a
262:Fine (ash) tuff (dust tuff)
256:Fine ash grain (dust grain)
54:in scientific contexts) are
7:
1366:Flett, John Smith (1911). "
960:
10:
2330:
1526:10.1007/s00445-021-01447-2
778:ʻAʻā next to pāhoehoe lava
541:fractional crystallization
268:
25:
18:
2235:
2177:
2019:
2008:
1886:
1652:
1582:10.1007/s00445-015-0938-7
796:, a type of volcanic rock
592:
551:including the feldspars,
336:caused by voids left by
321:is an example with large
309:that are larger than the
191:
1914:Cryptovolcanic structure
1175:10.1144/gsjgs.148.5.0825
1047:10.1144/gsjgs.148.5.0825
935:Corroded phenocrysts of
279:volcanic lithic fragment
2195:Eruptions by death toll
1562:Bulletin of Volcanology
1505:Bulletin of Volcanology
1377:Encyclopædia Britannica
784:, Idaho, United States.
739:is a molten liquid and
603:petrographic microscope
572:Bowen's reaction series
21:Volcanic Repeating Arms
920:
847:
831:
806:igneous plutonic rocks
802:igneous volcanic rocks
797:
785:
637:
625:
605:
404:
340:trapped in the molten
286:
102:flood basalt provinces
44:
1228:on 30 September 2011.
911:
837:
829:
791:
776:
631:
611:
600:
505:crystal fractionation
503:) content, mainly by
371:
277:Photomicrograph of a
276:
36:
28:Volcanic Rock (album)
1321:on 10 September 2017
1079:. NERC: 1–52. 1999.
830:A sample of rhyolite
792:A German example of
642:chemical composition
539:) content mainly by
192:Pyroclastic deposit
50:(often shortened to
1574:2015BVol...77...55H
1517:2021BVol...83...33H
1473:1995JVGR...68..307P
1405:2004JVGR..132..115B
1311:"What is Lava Rock"
1286:1971CaJES...8..523I
1157:1991JGSoc.148..825L
1104:2020Litho.37605755C
1039:1991JGSoc.148..825L
1004:2009GSAB..121..760W
846:in the Indian Ocean
411:and alkali metals (
184:
26:For the album, see
2190:Lists of volcanoes
1977:Subglacial volcano
1952:Pyroclastic shield
1779:Diabase (Dolerite)
1098:. 376–377 105755.
921:
848:
832:
798:
786:
638:
626:
606:
405:
387:O) and silica (SiO
375:classification of
305:. Phenocrysts are
287:
248:Coarse (ash tuff)
239:2 to 1/16 mm
182:
132:. You can help by
91:metavolcanic rocks
45:
2309:Igneous petrology
2291:
2290:
2044:Basaltic andesite
1982:Submarine volcano
1846:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1813:Microgranodiorite
1743:Subvolcanic rocks
874:) are said to be
684:Pyroclastic rocks
334:vesicular texture
266:
265:
242:Coarse ash grain
197:Clast size in mm
150:
149:
80:sedimentary rocks
72:metamorphic rocks
42:pyroclastic flows
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2279:
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2267:
2255:
2254:
2243:
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2200:Decade Volcanoes
2178:Lists and groups
2169:Pyroclastic flow
2164:Pyroclastic fall
2014:
1947:Pyroclastic cone
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1224:. Archived from
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1211:
1201:
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1186:
1168:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1091:
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1058:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1012:10.1130/B26457.1
987:
912:Volcanic rocks,
844:Amsterdam Island
394:
259:Fine ash (dust)
225:64 to 2 mm
211:> 64 mm
185:
181:
145:
142:
124:
117:
113:Setting and size
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2139:Tephriphonolite
2015:
2006:
2002:Harmonic tremor
1904:Complex volcano
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1645:silicon dioxide
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1434:lavasteine24.de
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1399:(2–3): 115–36.
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1294:10.1139/e71-055
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1166:10.1.1.692.4446
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998:(5–6): 760–79.
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501:
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441:Ultramafic rock
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393:Le Maitre, R.W.
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179:
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130:needs expansion
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108:Characteristics
62:erupted from a
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12:
11:
5:
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2215:Volcanic field
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2197:
2192:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2144:Trachyandesite
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2021:Volcanic rocks
2017:
2016:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1962:Shield volcano
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1942:Parasitic cone
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1853:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1823:
1821:
1806:
1804:
1789:
1787:
1772:
1770:
1761:Picrite basalt
1758:
1756:
1750:Plutonic rocks
1736:Volcanic rocks
1732:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1711:
1698:
1694:
1685:
1681:
1672:
1668:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1643:classified by
1636:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1613:
1606:
1605:
1548:
1486:
1467:(4): 307–323.
1451:
1418:
1383:
1372:Chisholm, Hugh
1332:
1299:
1280:(5): 523–548.
1261:
1254:
1231:
1213:
1188:
1151:(5): 825–833.
1135:
1086:
1060:
1017:
979:
976:
975:
974:
972:Intrusive rock
969:
967:Extrusive rock
962:
959:
953:
950:
770:
767:
594:
591:
549:tectosilicates
536:
528:
525:
499:
478:
474:
470:
466:
463:molar fraction
455:
430:
422:
388:
384:
380:
357:
354:
319:Rhomb porphyry
270:
267:
264:
263:
260:
257:
254:
250:
249:
246:
243:
240:
236:
235:
232:
229:
226:
222:
221:
218:
215:
212:
208:
207:
204:
201:
198:
194:
193:
190:
188:
177:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
148:
147:
127:
125:
114:
111:
109:
106:
48:Volcanic rocks
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2326:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2284:
2283:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2210:Volcanic belt
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:Phonotephrite
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1997:Volcanic cone
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:Stratovolcano
1970:
1968:
1967:Somma volcano
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1957:Rootless cone
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1641:igneous rocks
1634:
1629:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1439:
1436:(in German).
1435:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1362:public domain
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1257:
1255:9780521880060
1251:
1247:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1210:: 1–52. 1999.
1209:
1205:
1198:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1033:(5): 825–33.
1032:
1028:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
982:
973:
970:
968:
965:
964:
958:
949:
946:
942:
938:
933:
929:
927:
919:
915:
910:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
867:
865:
860:
858:
854:
845:
841:
836:
828:
824:
822:
818:
814:
809:
807:
803:
795:
790:
783:
779:
775:
766:
764:
761:
757:
753:
749:
746:
742:
738:
733:
731:
727:
723:
718:
716:
712:
708:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
644:and texture.
643:
635:
630:
623:
619:
615:
610:
604:
599:
590:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
554:
550:
546:
542:
534:
524:
522:
518:
517:calc-alkaline
514:
510:
506:
502:
494:
492:
488:
484:
464:
459:
452:
449:
446:
442:
438:
434:
426:
418:
414:
410:
402:
398:
378:
374:
370:
366:
364:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
284:
280:
275:
261:
258:
255:
253:< 1/16 mm
252:
251:
247:
244:
241:
238:
237:
234:Lapilli tuff
233:
230:
227:
224:
223:
219:
216:
213:
210:
209:
205:
202:
199:
196:
195:
189:
187:
186:
180:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
164:Volcanic bomb
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
151:
144:
135:
131:
128:This section
126:
123:
119:
118:
105:
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
43:
39:
35:
29:
22:
2280:
2268:
2256:
2244:
2205:Volcanic arc
2149:Trachybasalt
2020:
1987:Supervolcano
1919:Fissure vent
1830:Microgranite
1824:
1817:Granodiorite
1807:
1796:Microdiorite
1790:
1773:
1759:
1748:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1701:Intermediate
1688:Intermediate
1565:
1561:
1551:
1508:
1504:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1442:. Retrieved
1433:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1375:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:the original
1314:
1277:
1273:
1245:
1226:the original
1216:
1207:
1203:
1191:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1095:
1089:
1076:
1072:
1063:
1030:
1026:
1020:
995:
991:
985:
955:
934:
930:
922:
888:
868:
861:
859:structure).
857:amygdaloidal
849:
810:
799:
734:
719:
702:, and other
682:
639:
576:
530:
495:
489:rather than
460:
453:
450:
445:carbonatites
406:
400:
396:
359:
331:
288:
214:Bomb, block
178:
174:Volcanic ash
138:
134:adding to it
129:
99:
58:formed from
51:
47:
46:
2314:Volcanology
2282:WikiProject
2225:polygenetic
2220:monogenetic
2099:Nephelinite
2054:Blairmorite
2029:Agglomerate
1937:Mud volcano
1909:Cryovolcano
1899:Cinder cone
1315:reddome.com
1121:10852/83877
926:pleochroism
914:Porto Moniz
899:lithophysae
891:spherulites
876:porphyritic
872:phenocrysts
864:ground-mass
760:sedimentary
730:subvolcanic
618:phenocrysts
587:kimberlites
437:TAS diagram
327:phenocrysts
303:phenocrysts
245:Coarse ash
84:Precambrian
2298:Categories
2124:Rhyodacite
2074:Ignimbrite
2049:Benmoreite
1766:Peridotite
1662:Ultramafic
1568:(55): 55.
1511:(33): 33.
978:References
941:hornblende
884:pitchstone
722:intrusions
715:ignimbrite
579:xenocrysts
556:polymorphs
527:Mineralogy
513:tholeiitic
283:sand grain
200:Pyroclast
68:hypabyssal
38:Ignimbrite
2109:Phonolite
2094:Leucitite
2079:Komatiite
1927:Lava dome
1923:Lava cone
1880:Volcanoes
1543:233217231
1535:0258-8900
1368:Petrology
1161:CiteSeerX
1130:225300187
945:magnetite
895:tridymite
880:tachylyte
853:vesicular
838:Basaltic
750:to solid
652:content.
585:found in
568:pyroxenes
560:muscovite
487:amphibole
485:or sodic
473:O > Al
417:potassium
399:); 1989:
377:aphanitic
356:Chemistry
338:volatiles
297:of other
291:aphanitic
228:Lapillus
76:sediments
52:volcanics
2246:Category
2154:Trachyte
2129:Rhyolite
2104:Obsidian
2034:Andesite
1826:Rhyolite
1792:Andesite
1721:>69%
1665:<45%
1600:26321781
1438:Archived
1183:28548230
1081:Archived
1055:28548230
961:See also
903:Perlitic
817:obsidian
813:rhyolite
726:plutonic
720:Shallow
704:volcanic
674:trachyte
666:andesite
654:Rhyolite
614:La Palma
583:Diamonds
566:and the
533:minerals
521:alkaline
509:basaltic
491:feldspar
483:aegirine
307:crystals
141:May 2011
2258:Commons
2185:Hotspot
2084:Lapilli
2069:Felsite
1894:Caldera
1834:Granite
1800:Diorite
1708:63–69%
1691:52–63%
1678:45–52%
1647:content
1639:Common
1591:4551152
1570:Bibcode
1513:Bibcode
1469:Bibcode
1401:Bibcode
1374:(ed.).
1364::
1282:Bibcode
1153:Bibcode
1100:Bibcode
1035:Bibcode
1000:Bibcode
937:biotite
918:Madeira
780:at the
745:silicic
658:granite
622:olivine
616:(green
564:olivine
409:silicon
325:shaped
269:Texture
169:Lapilli
64:volcano
2270:Portal
2134:Tephra
2119:Pumice
2089:Latite
2064:Dacite
2059:Cinder
2039:Basalt
1992:Tossol
1809:Dacite
1783:Gabbro
1775:Basalt
1718:Felsic
1705:felsic
1598:
1588:
1541:
1533:
1444:27 Oct
1370:". In
1358:
1252:
1181:
1163:
1128:
1096:Lithos
1053:
840:scoria
821:pumice
794:latite
748:pumice
707:ejecta
700:tephra
688:felsic
678:latite
676:, and
670:dacite
662:gabbro
650:silica
646:Basalt
634:pumice
593:Naming
553:quartz
545:phyllo
519:, and
413:sodium
363:magmas
346:Pumice
311:matrix
295:clasts
159:Tephra
87:shield
1887:Types
1675:Mafic
1539:S2CID
1325:9 Sep
1200:(PDF)
1179:S2CID
1126:S2CID
1051:S2CID
842:from
752:mafic
696:bombs
469:O + K
427:plus
383:O + K
323:rhomb
299:rocks
95:magma
56:rocks
2159:Tuff
1932:Maar
1658:Type
1596:PMID
1531:ISSN
1446:2016
1327:2017
1250:ISBN
939:and
756:lava
741:rock
737:lava
713:and
711:tuff
698:and
620:are
558:and
547:and
443:and
415:and
373:IUGS
342:lava
301:and
154:Lava
78:and
70:and
60:lava
1723:SiO
1710:SiO
1693:SiO
1680:SiO
1667:SiO
1586:PMC
1578:doi
1521:doi
1477:doi
1409:doi
1397:132
1290:doi
1171:doi
1149:148
1116:hdl
1108:doi
1043:doi
1031:148
1008:doi
996:121
901:).
886:).
808:).
692:ash
498:SiO
454:SiO
397:ed.
315:eye
136:.
2300::
1594:.
1584:.
1576:.
1566:77
1564:.
1560:.
1537:.
1529:.
1519:.
1509:83
1507:.
1503:.
1489:^
1475:.
1465:68
1463:.
1432:.
1421:^
1407:.
1395:.
1335:^
1313:.
1302:^
1288:.
1276:.
1264:^
1234:^
1206:.
1202:.
1177:.
1169:.
1159:.
1147:.
1124:.
1114:.
1106:.
1075:.
1071:.
1049:.
1041:.
1029:.
1006:.
994:.
916:,
882:,
732:.
717:.
694:,
680:.
672:,
668:,
624:).
581:.
570:.
523:.
515:,
493:.
439:.
429:Na
352:.
344:.
317:.
1872:e
1865:t
1858:v
1752::
1745::
1738::
1725:2
1712:2
1703:–
1695:2
1682:2
1669:2
1632:e
1625:t
1618:v
1602:.
1580::
1572::
1545:.
1523::
1515::
1483:.
1479::
1471::
1448:.
1415:.
1411::
1403::
1329:.
1296:.
1292::
1284::
1278:8
1258:.
1208:1
1185:.
1173::
1155::
1132:.
1118::
1110::
1102::
1077:1
1057:.
1045::
1037::
1014:.
1010::
1002::
537:2
500:2
479:3
477:O
475:2
471:2
467:2
456:2
433:O
431:2
425:O
423:2
421:K
395:(
389:2
385:2
381:2
281:(
143:)
139:(
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
