1924:
587:, we can know moral truths through intuition, for example, that it is wrong to lie or that knowledge is intrinsically good. Intuitions involve a direct apprehension that is not mediated by inferences or deductions: they are self-evident and therefore not in need of any additional proof. This ability is not inborn but has to be developed on the way to reaching mental maturity. But in its fully developed form, we can know moral truths just as well as we can know mathematical truths like the axioms of geometry or arithmetic. This self-evident knowledge is limited to general principles: we can come to know the
407:
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could have a prima facie duty of reparation, say, a duty to help people who helped you move house, move house themselves, and a prima facie duty of fidelity, such as taking one's children on a promised trip to the park, and these could conflict. Nonetheless, there can never be a true ethical dilemma, Ross argued, because one of the prima facie duties in a given situation is always the weightiest, and over-rules all the others. This is thus the
575:
hand, is about happiness in proportion to merit. As such, pleasure, knowledge and virtue all concern states of mind, in contrast to justice, which concerns a relation between two states of mind. These values come in degrees and are comparable with each other. Ross holds that virtue has the highest value while pleasure has the lowest value. He goes so far as to suggest that "
608:
Ross's deontological pluralism was a true innovation and provided a plausible alternative to
Kantian deontology. His ethical intuitionism found few followers among his contemporaries but has seen a revival by the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century. Among the philosophers influenced
519:
duties, without claiming his list to be all-inclusive: fidelity; reparation; gratitude; justice; beneficence; non-maleficence; and self-improvement. In any given situation, any number of these prima facie duties may apply. In the case of ethical dilemmas, they may even contradict one another. Someone
574:
According to Ross, self-evident intuition shows that there are four kinds of things that are intrinsically good: pleasure, knowledge, virtue and justice. Virtue refers to actions or dispositions to act from the appropriate motives, for example, from the desire to do one's duty. Justice, on the other
595:
duty in a particular situation: what we should do all things considered. All we can do is consult perception to determine which prima facie duty has the highest normative weight in this particular case, even though this usually does not amount to knowledge proper due to the complexity involved in
579:
amount of pleasure is equal to any amount of virtue, that in fact virtue belongs to a higher order of value". Values can also be compared within each category, for example, well-grounded knowledge of general principle is more valuable than weakly grounded knowledge of isolated matters of fact.
549:
It may be helpful to note explicitly that in distinguishing between pro tanto and prima facie reasons I depart from the unfortunate terminology proposed by Ross, which has invited confusion and misunderstanding. I take it that – despite his misleading label – it is actually pro tanto
604:
A frequent criticism of Ross's ethics is that it is unsystematic and often fails to provide clear-cut ethical answers. Another is that "moral intuitions" are not a reliable basis for ethics, because they are fallible, can vary widely from individual to individual, and are often rooted in our
387:, who thought that the whole system of fixing governmental remuneration should be on the same basis as the US model, dividing the civil service into a relatively small number of pay grades. Ross did not agree with this radical proposal. In 1947 he was appointed chairman of the first
1101:
The moral order expressed in these propositions is just as much part of the fundamental nature of the universe (and, we may add, of any possible universe in which there were moral agents at all) as is the spatial or numerical structure expressed in the axioms of geometry or
55:
468:
The moral order ... is just as much part of the fundamental nature of the universe (and ... of any possible universe in which there are moral agents at all) as is the spatial or numerical structure expressed in the axioms of geometry or
605:
evolutionary past in ways that should make us suspicious of their capacity to track moral truth. Additionally there is no consideration of the consequence of the action undertaken, as with all deontological approaches.
496:
ethics. According to consequentialist theories, what people ought to do is determined only by whether their actions will bring about the best. By contrast, Ross argues that maximising the good is only one of several
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and was its president from 1936 to 1940. Of the many governmental committees on which he served one was the Civil
Service Tribunal, of which he was chairman. One of his two colleagues was
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1734:
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reason has genuine weight, but nonetheless may be outweighed by other considerations. Thus, calling a reason a pro tanto reason is to be distinguished from calling it a
489:
are "indefinable". This means not only that they cannot be defined in terms of natural properties but also that it is not possible to define one in terms of the other.
1685:
1587:
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336:, Ross joined the army in 1915 with a commission on the special list. He held a series of positions involved with the supply of munitions. At the time of the
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1227:"The Right and the Good. By W. D. Ross M.A., LL.D., Provost of Oriel College, Oxford. (Oxford: At the Clarendon Press. 1930. pp. vi, 176.)"
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claim that any attempt to define ethical statements solely in terms of statements about the natural world commits the
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Thus, according to Ross, the claim that something is good is true if that thing really is good. Ross also agreed with
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in 1918 in recognition of his wartime service. For his post-war services to various public bodies he was made a
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duties (prima facie obligations) which play a role in determining what a person ought to do in any given case.
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For a discussion of these and other common criticisms of Ross's ethics, see
Simpson, "William David Ross".
236:
philosopher, translator, WWI veteran, civil servant, and university administrator. His best-known work is
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321:('Greats', a combination of philosophy and ancient history) in 1900. He was made a Fellow of
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reason, which I take to involve an epistemological qualification: a prima facie reason
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reasons that Ross has in mind in his discussion of what he calls prima facie duties.
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in 1900, a position he held until 1945; he was elected to a tutorial fellowship at
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He married Edith Ogden in 1906 and they had four daughters, Margaret (who married
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He died in Oxford on 5 May 1971. He is memorialised on his parents' grave in the
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Kant's
Ethical Theory: A Commentary on the Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten
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Explaining the difference between pro tanto and prima facie, Kagan wrote: "A
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His younger brother was minister Donald George Ross (1879–1943).
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It is frequently argued, however, that Ross should have used the term
1158:(1946 reprint ed.). London: Oxford University Press. p. 21.
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419:
263:
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he held the rank of major and was Deputy
Assistant Secretary in the
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1338:
On moral grounds : lessons from the history of research ethics
306:
283:
1455:
1413:
Stratton-Lake, Philip. 2002. 'Introduction'. In Ross, W. D. 1930.
729:
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1073:. Philip Stratton-Lake. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 29–30.
1197:
279:
98:
79:
786:
260:
critically edited and translated a number of
Aristotle's works
290:
1480:
Sir David Ross's
Pluralistic Theory of Duty (The Beginnings)
289:
He spent most of his first six years as a child in southern
763:, in which the authors acknowledge their debt towards Ross.
54:
566:
to be a reason, but may actually not be a reason at all."
1394:
888:. No. 36902. London. 18 October 1902. p. 11.
224:(15 April 1877 – 5 May 1971), known as
2946:
Knights
Commander of the Order of the British Empire
858:, Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1905, pp. 137, 182.
790:"Ross, Sir (William) David (1877–1971), philosopher"
640:. Translated by W. D. Ross. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
258:'s consequentialist form of intuitionism. Ross also
2916:
People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh
464:. He argued that there are moral truths. He wrote:
350:
Knight
Commander of the Order of the British Empire
788:
379:from 1939 to 1940. He was elected a Fellow of the
1270:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd Edition
2971:Pro-vice-chancellors of the University of Oxford
2892:
1135:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
528:, the action that the person ought to perform.
27:Scottish philosopher and translator (1877–1971)
3021:Members of the American Philosophical Society
1853:
1576:White's Professor of Moral Philosophy, Oxford
1560:
1309:Craig, Edward (1996). "Ross, William David".
1014:
395:, and elected an International Member of the
389:Royal Commission on the Press, United Kingdom
2966:Vice-chancellors of the University of Oxford
2961:British scholars of ancient Greek philosophy
1422:'Moral Writings and The Right and the Good'.
1167:
1165:
834:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
799:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
661:'The Basis of Objective Judgments in Ethics'
746:A Simple Ethical Theory Based on W. D. Ross
2941:Honorary Fellows of Trinity College Dublin
1860:
1846:
1567:
1553:
1396:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.
1341:. Michael H. J. Burns. Glasgow: SA Press.
1191:
1189:
1187:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
599:
346:Officer of the Order of the British Empire
53:
1162:
942:Trinity College Dublin Record Volume 1991
694:Aristotle's Prior and Posterior Analytics
1867:
1263:
1257:
1220:
1218:
944:. Dublin: Trinity College Dublin Press.
940:Webb, D.A. (1992). J.R., Barlett (ed.).
405:
286:the son of John Ross (1835–1905).
3016:Presidents of the Classical Association
1470:a biography and online lectures at the
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1184:
1133:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1126:
1107:
995:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
796:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
787:Warnock, G., & Wiggins, D. (2004).
569:
270:, and wrote on other Greek philosophy.
262:, such as his 12-volume translation of
14:
2991:Presidents of the Aristotelian Society
2981:White's Professors of Moral Philosophy
2893:
2827:Association for the Education of Women
2396:Politics & International Relations
2224:Linguistics, Philology & Phonetics
873:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. p. 18.
868:
441:), and Katharine. Edith died in 1953.
410:The Ross family grave, Grange Cemetery
363:of Oriel College, Oxford (1929–1947),
2931:British Army personnel of World War I
2926:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
1841:
1548:
1308:
1224:
1215:
401:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
375:(1944–1947). He was president of the
357:White's Professor of Moral Philosophy
1527:Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University
1312:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1291:
1276:
1153:
1059:
939:
901:
899:
897:
895:
862:
782:
780:
778:
1460:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1448:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1436:
1334:
1202:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1195:
933:
928:The Journey Not The Arrival Matters
772:Grave of John Ross, Grange Cemetery
734:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
301:. In 1895, he gained a first class
24:
2951:20th-century Scottish philosophers
1417:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1383:Proceedings of the British Academy
1367:
1019:. In Stratton-Lake, Philip (ed.).
915:Proceedings of the British Academy
712:, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
437:), Eleanor, Rosalind (who married
25:
3032:
3011:Fellows of Merton College, Oxford
2986:Presidents of the British Academy
2976:Provosts of Oriel College, Oxford
2921:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
1430:
892:
871:Merton College Register 1900–1964
775:
628:
451:
2936:Fellows of Oriel College, Oxford
2872:
2861:
2860:
2199:Asian and Middle Eastern Studies
1922:
1714:George Henry Sacheverell Johnson
1502:Provost of Oriel College, Oxford
1425:Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews
391:, elected an honorary fellow of
242:(1930), in which he developed a
1410:. New York: Macmillan: 216–217.
1408:The Encyclopaedia of Philosophy
1328:
1319:
1302:
1147:
1053:
1008:
983:
958:
921:
856:Oxford University Calendar 1905
757:Principles of Biomedical Ethics
665:International Journal of Ethics
278:William David Ross was born in
3006:Fellows of the British Academy
2401:Social Policy and Intervention
1770:Harold Arthur (H. A.) Prichard
1062:"What Makes Right Acts Right?"
1015:Stratton-Lake, Philip (2002).
877:
850:
766:
750:
739:
723:
397:American Philosophical Society
309:. He completed his studies at
13:
1:
2747:Roger Bannister running track
2229:Medieval and Modern Languages
1386:, 57 (1971), pp. 525–543
918:, 57 (1971), pp. 525–543
716:
2503:Oxford University Innovation
1784:John Langshaw (J. L.) Austin
1154:Ross, William David (1930).
869:Levens, R.G.C., ed. (1964).
844:UK public library membership
591:duties this way but not our
295:Royal High School, Edinburgh
282:, Caithness in the north of
7:
2832:Delegacy for Women Students
1798:Richard Mervyn (R. M.) Hare
1458:by David L. Simpson in the
1079:10.1093/0199252653.003.0002
1029:10.1093/0199252653.001.0001
1023:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
884:"University intelligence".
732:by David L. Simpson in the
460:, a non-naturalist, and an
199:moral duties, criticism of
10:
3037:
2700:Rugby League Varsity Match
1763:William David (W. D.) Ross
613:are Philip Stratton-Lake,
2996:Greek–English translators
2856:
2847:Oxford University Gazette
2797:
2762:
2705:Rugby Union Varsity Match
2576:Australian rules football
2568:
2550:Hebrew and Jewish Studies
2526:
2461:Institutes and affiliates
2460:
2409:
2386:International Development
2349:
2292:
2252:
2187:
2179:Divisions and departments
2176:
2141:
1931:
1920:
1890:The Lord Patten of Barnes
1877:
1735:John Richard Turner Eaton
1582:
1533:
1524:
1516:
1508:
1499:
1493:
1488:
1264:Borchert, Donald (2006).
1243:10.1017/S0031819100045265
1127:Skelton, Anthony (2012).
506:
481:. Furthermore, the terms
425:
293:. He was educated at the
206:
169:
156:
144:
134:
124:
120:
106:
87:
61:
52:
34:
3001:20th-century translators
2710:University Cricket Match
1742:Thomas Hill (T.H.) Green
1537:Richard Winn Livingstone
1225:Burgh, W. G. de (1931).
399:. He was elected to the
2513:Ripon College Cuddesdon
2508:Oxford University Press
2144:Permanent private halls
1707:Charles William Stocker
1406:. In P. Edwards (ed.),
701:Plato's Theory of Ideas
654:Aristotle's Metaphysics
600:Criticism and influence
513:The Right and the Good,
475:G. E. Moore's
317:in 1898 and a First in
311:Balliol College, Oxford
299:University of Edinburgh
273:
129:20th-century philosophy
115:Balliol College, Oxford
111:University of Edinburgh
2529:Recognised independent
2478:Ineos Oxford Institute
2336:Mathematical Institute
2295:Mathematical, Physical
1791:William Calvert Kneale
1756:John Alexander Stewart
1496:Lancelot Ridley Phelps
1415:The Right and the Good
1295:The Right and the Good
1174:The Limits of Morality
1156:The Right and the Good
1070:The right and the good
1021:The right and the good
930:. Leonard Woolf, 1969.
805:10.1093/ref:odnb/31629
673:The Right and the Good
611:The Right and the Good
552:
545:, for example, wrote:
492:Ross rejected Moore's
471:
411:
393:Trinity College Dublin
371:from 1941 to 1944 and
254:ethics in response to
239:The Right and the Good
213:Sir William David Ross
183:ethical non-naturalism
2822:First women graduates
2715:University Golf Match
2468:Begbroke Science Park
2244:Theology and Religion
1420:Timmons, Mark. 2003.
1404:'Ross, William David'
1292:Ross, W. D. (2002) .
1266:"Ross, William David"
687:Foundations of Ethics
596:most specific cases.
547:
466:
409:
342:Ministry of Munitions
332:With the outbreak of
315:Classical Moderations
228:but usually cited as
2732:Christ Church Ground
2493:Oxford-Man Institute
2371:Continuing Education
1870:University of Oxford
1728:John Matthias Wilson
1721:Henry George Liddell
1693:Renn Dickson Hampden
1520:George Stuart Gordon
1456:"William David Ross"
1439:"William David Ross"
1198:"William David Ross"
1181:, 1989) p. 17n.
1129:"William David Ross"
1060:Ross, W. D. (2002).
991:"William David Ross"
970:search.amphilsoc.org
966:"APS Member History"
730:"William David Ross"
583:According to Ross's
570:Values and intuition
479:naturalistic fallacy
377:Aristotelian Society
369:University of Oxford
268:John Alexander Smith
230:W. D. Ross
187:ethical intuitionism
2840:The Oxford Magazine
2658:Women's Lightweight
2326:Engineering Science
1777:Herbert James Paton
1335:Gaw, Allan (2011).
680:Aristotle's Physics
522:absolute obligation
444:He was a cousin of
373:Pro-Vice-Chancellor
151:Analytic philosophy
36:Sir W. D. Ross
2911:People from Thurso
2810:fictional colleges
2742:New College Ground
2695:Polo Varsity Match
2488:Internet Institute
2473:Big Data Institute
2438:History of Science
2428:Bodleian Libraries
2412:Gardens, Libraries
2204:American Institute
2118:University College
2003:Lady Margaret Hall
1467:William David Ross
1437:Skelton, Anthony.
1298:. Clarendon Press.
1196:Simpson, David L.
761:James F. Childress
637:Nicomachean Ethics
439:John Miller Martin
412:
319:Literae Humaniores
313:, with a First in
305:honours degree in
139:Western philosophy
66:William David Ross
2888:
2887:
2690:Henley Boat Races
2685:Women's Boat Race
2653:Men's Lightweight
2456:
2455:
2297:and Life Sciences
2284:Population Health
1978:Harris Manchester
1835:
1834:
1644:William Carpender
1543:
1542:
1534:Succeeded by
1509:Succeeded by
1489:Academic offices
1348:978-0-9563242-2-1
1088:978-0-19-153096-8
1038:978-0-19-153096-8
842:(Subscription or
830:cite encyclopedia
814:978-0-19-861412-8
515:Ross lists seven
344:. He was made an
329:in October 1902.
232:, was a Scottish
210:
209:
191:ethical pluralism
16:(Redirected from
3028:
2880:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2815:fictional people
2752:University Parks
2727:Bullingdon Green
2540:Buddhist Studies
2532:
2483:Jenner Institute
2423:Ashmolean Museum
2415:
2353:
2316:Computer Science
2298:
2256:
2255:Medical Sciences
2191:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2153:Blackfriars Hall
2145:
1935:
1926:
1871:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1839:
1838:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1805:Bernard Williams
1800:
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1772:
1765:
1758:
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1730:
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1709:
1702:
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1665:Nathaniel Hodges
1660:
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1625:
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1545:
1517:Preceded by
1494:Preceded by
1486:
1485:
1472:Gifford Lectures
1452:
1443:Zalta, Edward N.
1378:'Sir David Ross'
1361:
1360:
1332:
1326:
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1300:
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910:'Sir David Ross'
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754:
748:
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727:
623:C. D. Broad
494:consequentialist
446:Berriedale Keith
223:
201:consequentialism
164:Greek philosophy
94:
75:
73:
57:
47:
32:
31:
21:
3036:
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2793:
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2737:Magdalen Ground
2564:
2560:Islamic Studies
2530:
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2522:
2452:
2443:Natural History
2413:
2411:
2405:
2352:Social Sciences
2351:
2345:
2296:
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2254:
2248:
2189:
2178:
2172:
2143:
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1973:Green Templeton
1933:
1927:
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1914:Heads of houses
1897:Vice-Chancellor
1873:
1869:
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1836:
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1824:
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1679:Edward Thwaytes
1677:
1672:Abraham Campion
1670:
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1649:
1642:
1635:
1630:Henry Wilkinson
1628:
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1616:John Berkenhead
1614:
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1390:Phillips, David
1370:
1368:Further reading
1365:
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719:
631:
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572:
509:
454:
428:
416:Grange Cemetery
381:British Academy
365:Vice-Chancellor
276:
215:
172:
159:
113:
107:Alma mater
102:
96:
92:
83:
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48:
39:
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28:
23:
22:
15:
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5:
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3008:
3003:
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2978:
2973:
2968:
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2956:Moral realists
2953:
2948:
2943:
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2928:
2923:
2918:
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2908:
2903:
2886:
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2623:Mountaineering
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2545:Energy Studies
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2015:
2010:
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1963:Corpus Christi
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1700:William Sewell
1696:
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1431:External links
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1237:(22): 236–40.
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1017:"Introduction"
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452:Ethical theory
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435:Robin Harrison
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323:Merton College
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2555:Hindu Studies
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458:moral realist
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359:(1923–1928),
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2763:Student life
2518:Smith School
2264:Biochemistry
2158:Campion Hall
1902:Irene Tracey
1826:Jeff McMahan
1762:
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1511:George Clark
1500:
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1315:. Routledge.
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1272:. Macmillan.
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237:
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229:
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2906:1971 deaths
2901:1877 births
2448:Pitt Rivers
2361:Archaeology
2068:St Antony's
2033:New College
1819:John Broome
1400:Stout, A. K
1374:G. N. Clark
1177:, (Oxford:
1102:arithmetic.
906:G. N. Clark
615:Robert Audi
589:prima facie
560:prima facie
539:prima facie
517:prima facie
500:prima facie
469:arithmetic.
456:Ross was a
334:World War I
256:G. E. Moore
196:prima facie
2895:Categories
2618:Ice hockey
2596:Dancesport
2381:Government
2239:Philosophy
2190:Humanities
2108:Somerville
2103:St Peter's
2088:St Hilda's
1885:Chancellor
1878:Leadership
1531:1941–1944
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1139:12 January
846:required.)
717:References
297:, and the
226:David Ross
91:5 May 1971
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72:1877-04-15
2628:Quidditch
2376:Economics
2331:Materials
2311:Chemistry
2279:Pathology
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2098:St John's
2093:St Hugh's
2063:St Anne's
2023:Mansfield
1953:Brasenose
1943:All Souls
1909:Registrar
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1251:170734138
1097:302367339
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886:The Times
646:Aristotle
556:pro tanto
534:pro tanto
420:Edinburgh
403:in 1950.
355:Ross was
352:in 1938.
338:armistice
264:Aristotle
244:pluralist
179:pluralism
101:, England
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2867:Category
2778:The Mays
2771:Cherwell
2613:Handball
2601:Football
2366:Business
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2048:Pembroke
2038:Nuffield
2018:Magdalen
1983:Hertford
1934:Colleges
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1000:16 March
975:16 March
820:12 April
593:absolute
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284:Scotland
250:form of
162:Ethics,
2798:Related
2723:Venues
2675:Cuppers
2648:Women's
2606:Women's
2591:Cycling
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2531:centres
2341:Physics
2306:Biology
2219:History
2128:Wolfson
2113:Trinity
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2013:Lincoln
2008:Linacre
1998:Kellogg
1948:Balliol
1474:website
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