Western esotericism

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discovered through scientific or scholarly enquiry; this had led some to claim that it does not exist, though Hanegraaff thought it better to adopt a view based in methodological agnosticism by stating that "we simply do not know—and cannot know" if it exists or not. He noted that, even if such a true and absolute nature of reality really existed, it would only be accessible through "esoteric" spiritual practices, and could not be discovered or measured by the "exoteric" tools of scientific and scholarly enquiry. Hanegraaff pointed out that an approach that seeks a common inner hidden core of all esoteric currents masks that such groups often differ greatly, being rooted in their own historical and social contexts and expressing mutually exclusive ideas and agendas. A third issue was that many of those currents widely recognised as esoteric never concealed their teachings, and in the 20th century came to permeate popular culture, thus problematizing the claim that esotericism could be defined by its hidden and secretive nature. He noted that when scholars adopt this definition, it shows that they subscribe to the religious doctrines espoused by the very groups they are studying.

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higher knowledge", a claim to possessing "wisdom that is superior to other interpretations of cosmos and history" that serves as a "master key for answering all questions of humankind." Accordingly, he believed that esoteric groups placed a great emphasis on secrecy, not because they were inherently rooted in elite groups but because the idea of concealed secrets that can be revealed was central to their discourse. Examining the means of accessing higher knowledge, he highlighted two themes that he believed could be found within esotericism, that of mediation through contact with non-human entities, and individual experience. Accordingly, for Von Stuckrad, esotericism could be best understood as "a structural element of Western culture" rather than as a selection of different schools of thought.

1824: 1004:'Western esotericism' is not a natural term but an artificial category, applied retrospectively to a range of currents and ideas that were known by other names at least prior to the end of the eighteenth century. means that, originally, not all those currents and ideas were necessarily seen as belonging together:... it is only as recently as the later seventeenth century that we find the first attempts at presenting them as one single, coherent field or domain, and at explaining what they have in common. In short, 'Western esotericism' is a modern scholarly construct, not an autonomous tradition that already existed out there and merely needed to be discovered by historians. 1328:

dominating paradigm for a long while" and that it "still exerts influence among scholars outside the study of Western esotericism". The advantage of Faivre's system is that it facilitates comparing varying esoteric traditions "with one another in a systematic fashion." Other scholars criticised his theory, pointing out various weaknesses. Hanegraaff claimed that Faivre's approach entailed "reasoning by prototype" in that it relied upon already having a "best example" of what Western esotericism should look like, against which other phenomena then had to be compared. The scholar of esotericism

1284:, which she saw as an "enchanted" alternative to established religion and rationalistic science. The primary exponent of this view was Faivre, who published a series of criteria for how to define "Western esotericism" in 1992. Faivre claimed that esotericism was "identifiable by the presence of six fundamental characteristics or components", four of which were "intrinsic" and thus vital to defining something as being esoteric, while the other two were "secondary" and thus not necessarily present in every form of esotericism. He listed these characteristics as follows: 820:, the terms "esoteric" and "exoteric" were sometimes used by scholars not to denote that there was secrecy, but to distinguish two procedures of research and education: the first reserved for teachings that were developed "within the walls" of the philosophical school, among a circle of thinkers ("eso-" indicating what is unseen, as in the classes internal to the institution), and the second referring to those whose works were disseminated to the public in speeches and published ("exo-": outside). The initial meaning of this last word is implied when 2321: 73: 1230: 10859: 9386: 1932: 10849: 1656: 2379:

field, the study of which did not fit clearly within any particular discipline. As Hanegraaff noted, Western esotericism had to be studied as a separate field to religion, philosophy, science, and the arts, because while it "participates in all these fields" it does not squarely fit into any of them. Elsewhere, he noted that there was "probably no other domain in the humanities that has been so seriously neglected" as Western esotericism.

1392: 1787: 1332:(born 1966) noted that Faivre's taxonomy was based on his own areas of specialism—Renaissance Hermeticism, Christian Kabbalah, and Protestant Theosophy—and that it was thus not based on a wider understanding of esotericism as it has existed throughout history, from the ancient world to the contemporary period. Accordingly, Von Stuckrad suggested that it was a good typology for understanding "Christian esotericism in the 2410:, which was taken by Goodrick-Clarke, who headed the Exeter Center for the Study of Esotericism. Thus, by 2008 there were three dedicated university chairs in the subject, with Amsterdam and Exeter also offering master's degree programs in it. Several conferences on the subject were held at the quintennial meetings of the International Association for the History of Religions, while a peer-reviewed journal, 38: 2161: 1163: 9373: 2644:: "The Secret Doctrine, alas, is neither so ancient, so erudite, nor so authentic as it pretends to be. When it appeared, an elderly Californian scholar named William Emmette Coleman, outraged by Mme. Blavatsky's false pretensions to oriental learning, made an exegesis of her works. He showed that her main sources were H. H. Wilson's translation of the ancient Indian 3591:, p. 385, "14.1.A – 'Esotericism' as Technical Terminology". " in usage , the two terms roughly covered the traditional 'occult sciences' and a wide range of religious phenomena connected or loosely associated with it . Thus, he provided useful generic labels for a large and complicated group of historical phenomena that had long been perceived as sharing an 1178:

the heart of all world religions and cultures, reflecting a hidden esoteric reality. This use is closest to the original meaning of the word in late antiquity, where it applied to secret spiritual teachings that were reserved for a specific elite and hidden from the masses. This definition was popularised in the published work of 19th-century esotericists like

519:. A second perspective sees esotericism as a category of movements that embrace an "enchanted" worldview in the face of increasing disenchantment. A third views Western esotericism as encompassing all of Western culture's "rejected knowledge" that is accepted neither by the scientific establishment nor orthodox religious authorities. 2672:, in which her credo took permanent, if wildly confused, shape. This work, in six volumes, is a mass of plagiarism and fakery, based upon contemporary scientific, pseudoscientific, mythological, and occult works, cribbed without credit and used in a blundering way that showed only skin-deep acquaintance with the subjects discussed." 1584:(1433–1499) to translate Plato's works into Latin. Ficino went on to translate and publish the works of various Platonic figures, arguing that their philosophies were compatible with Christianity, and allowing for the emergence of a wider movement in Renaissance Platonism, or Platonic Orientalism. Ficino also translated part of the 2420:(ESSWE) being established shortly after. Within a few years, Michael Bergunder expressed the view that it had become an established field within religious studies, with Asprem and Granholm observing that scholars within other sub-disciplines of religious studies had begun to take an interest in the work of scholars of esotericism. 1847:. His writings focused on his visionary travels to heaven and hell and his communications with angels, claiming that the visible, materialist world parallels an invisible spiritual world, with correspondences between the two that do not reflect causal relations. Following his death, followers founded the Swedenborgian 1213:. Versluis for instance defined "Western esotericism" as "inner or hidden spiritual knowledge transmitted through Western European historical currents that in turn feed into North American and other non-European settings". He added that these Western esoteric currents all shared a core characteristic, "a claim to 2371:

research. In 1979 Faivre assumed Secret's chair at the Sorbonne, which was renamed the "History of Esoteric and Mystical Currents in Modern and Contemporary Europe". Faivre has since been cited as being responsible for developing the study of Western esotericism into a formalised field, with his 1992 work

1865:. Mesmer claimed that a universal life force permeated everything, including the human body, and that illnesses were caused by a disturbance or block in this force's flow; he developed techniques he claimed cleansed such blockages and restored the patient to full health. One of Mesmer's followers, the 2135:

as a clairvoyant "and was regularly consulting for help in setting up the symbolic and ceremonial aspects of the SS" but not for important political decisions. By 1939, Wiligut was "forcibly retired from the SS" due to being institutionalised for insanity. On the other hand, the German hermetic magic

2078:

Emergent occult and esoteric systems found increasing popularity in the early 20th century, especially in Western Europe. Occult lodges and secret societies flowered among European intellectuals of this era who had largely abandoned traditional forms of Christianity. The spreading of secret teachings

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The Age of Enlightenment witnessed a process of increasing secularisation of European governments and an embrace of modern science and rationality within intellectual circles. In turn, a "modernist occult" emerged that reflected varied ways esoteric thinkers came to terms with these developments. One

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esotericism. Hanegraaff has characterised these as "recognisable world views and approaches to knowledge that have played an important though always controversial role in the history of Western culture". Historian of religion Henrik Bogdan asserted that Western esotericism constituted "a third pillar

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Many scholars of esotericism have come to be regarded as respected intellectual authorities by practitioners of various esoteric traditions. Many esotericism scholars have sought to emphasise that esotericism is not a single object, but practitioners who read this scholarship have begun to regard it

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Emic denotes the believer’s point of view. On the part of the researcher, the reconstruction of this emic perspective requires an attitude of empathy which excludes personal biases as far as possible. Scholarly discourse about religion, on the other hand, is not emic but etic. Scholars may introduce

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Faivre noted two significant obstacles to establishing the field. One was an ingrained prejudice toward esotericism within academia, resulting in the widespread perception that the history of esotericism was not worthy of academic research. The other was esotericism's status as a trans-disciplinary

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There are various problems with this model for understanding Western esotericism. The most significant is that it rests upon the conviction that there really is a "universal, hidden, esoteric dimension of reality" that objectively exists. The existence of this universal inner tradition has not been

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noted that "never a precise term, has begun to overflow its boundaries on all sides", with both Faivre and Karen-Claire Voss stating that Western esotericism consists of "a vast spectrum of authors, trends, works of philosophy, religion, art, literature, and music". Scholars broadly agree on which

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Various academics have emphasised that esotericism is a phenomenon unique to the Western world. As Faivre stated, an "empirical perspective" would hold that "esotericism is a Western notion." As scholars such as Faivre and Hanegraaff have pointed out, there is no comparable category of "Eastern" or

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began to disassociate themselves from the dominant Christianity in Western Europe. During the 19th and 20th centuries, scholars increasingly saw the term "esotericism" as meaning something distinct from Christianity—as a subculture at odds with the Christian mainstream from at least the time of the

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Writers interested in occult themes have adopted three different strategies for dealing with the subject: those who are knowledgeable on the subject including attractive images of the occult and occultists in their work, those who disguise occultism within "a web of intertextuality", and those who

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at the Centre for Magic and Esotericism that explores topics related to the history of magic, occult, and esoteric literatures. Research topics include witchcraft, Western Esotericism, Occult texts in Christianity, Islam, and Judaism, European folklore, magic in Greece and Rome, and the history of

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As an alternative to Faivre's framework, Kocku von Stuckrad developed his own variant, though he argued that this did not represent a "definition" but rather "a framework of analysis" for scholarly usage. He stated that "on the most general level of analysis", esotericism represented "the claim of

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to refer to "inner traditions" concerned with a "universal spiritual dimension of reality, as opposed to the merely external ('exoteric') religious institutions and dogmatic systems of established religions." This approach views Western esotericism as just one variant of a worldwide esotericism at

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The academic study of Western esotericism was pioneered in the early 20th century by historians of the ancient world and the European Renaissance, who came to recognise that—even though previous scholarship had ignored it—the effect of pre-Christian and non-rational schools of thought on European

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Faivre's form of categorisation has been endorsed by scholars like Goodrick-Clarke, and by 2007 Bogdan could note that Faivre's had become "the standard definition" of Western esotericism in use among scholars. In 2013 the scholar Kennet Granholm stated only that Faivre's definition had been "the

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Scholars established this category in the late 18th century after identifying "structural similarities" between "the ideas and world views of a wide variety of thinkers and movements" that, previously, had not been in the same analytical grouping. According to the scholar of esotericism Wouter J.

1440:. Some still debate whether Hermeticism was a purely literary phenomenon or had communities of practitioners who acted on these ideas, but it has been established that these texts discuss the true nature of God, emphasising that humans must transcend rational thought and worldly desires to find 1377:

Goodrick-Clarke was critical of this approach, believing that it relegated Western esotericism to the position of "a casualty of positivist and materialist perspectives in the nineteenth-century" and thus reinforces the idea that Western esoteric traditions were of little historical importance.

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Hanegraaff proposed an additional definition that "Western esotericism" is a category that represents "the academy's dustbin of rejected knowledge." In this respect, it contains all of the theories and world views rejected by the mainstream intellectual community because they do not accord with

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The concept of "Western esotericism" represents a modern scholarly construct rather than a pre-existing, self-defined tradition of thought. In the late 17th century, several European Christian thinkers presented the argument that one could categorise certain traditions of Western philosophy and

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either; his theosophy and anthroposophy and the Waldorf humanism in particular were considered pseudoscience or at best pedagogy, not a philosophical system. Steiner's credentials were not university-level professional work. German mainstream scholarship called him an 'autodidact, with a poor

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established the world's first academic post in the study of esotericism, with a chair in the History of Christian Esotericism. Its first holder was François Secret, a specialist in the Christian Kabbalah, though he had little interest in developing the wider study of esotericism as a field of

1305:"Experience of Transmutation": Faivre's fourth intrinsic characteristic of esotericism was the emphasis that esotericists place on fundamentally transforming themselves through their practice, for instance through the spiritual transformation that is alleged to accompany the attainment of 1101:

of Western culture" alongside "doctrinal faith and rationality", being deemed heretical by the former and irrational by the latter. Scholars nevertheless recognise that various non-Western traditions have exerted "a profound influence" over Western esotericism, citing the example of the

2648:; Alexander Winchell's World Life; or, Comparative Geology; Donnelly's Atlantis; and other contemporary scientific, pseudo-scientific, and occult works, plagiarized without credit and used in a blundering manner that showed but skin-deep acquaintance with the subjects under discussion." 2479:

Esotericism, given all its varied forms and its inherently multidimensional nature, cannot be conveyed without going beyond purely historical information: at minimum, the study of esotericism, and in particular mysticism, requires some degree of imaginative participation in what one is

1992:, and thus was more often of an anti-Christian bent that saw wisdom as emanating from the pre-Christian pagan religions of Europe. Various Spiritualist mediums came to be disillusioned with the esoteric thought available, and sought inspiration in pre-Swedenborgian currents, including 1692:, a Greek in the Roman Empire. Instead, Paracelsus urged doctors to learn medicine through an observation of the natural world, though in later work he also began to focus on overtly religious questions. His work gained significant support in both areas over the following centuries. 1050:

to what he saw as "true" Christianity. Despite his hostile attitude toward these traditions of thought, Colberg became the first to connect these disparate philosophies and to study them under one rubric, also recognising that these ideas linked back to earlier philosophies from

1483:, Neoplatonism held that the human soul had fallen from its divine origins into the material world, but that it could progress, through a number of hierarchical spheres of being, to return to its divine origins once more. The later Neoplatonists performed 1316:—that there is a fundamental unifying principle or root from which all world religions and spiritual practices emerge. The common esoteric principle is that attaining this unifying principle can bring the world's different belief systems together in unity. 2390:

under the rubric of the "Esotericism and Perennialism Group". By 1994, Faivre could comment that the academic study of Western esotericism had taken off in France, Italy, England, and the United States, but he lamented that it had not done so in Germany.

2196:, and it became increasingly commercialised as business entrepreneurs exploited a growth in the spiritual market. Conversely, other forms of esoteric thought retained the anti-commercial and counter-cultural sentiment of the 1960s and 1970s, namely the 2485:

and think of it as a singular object, with which they affiliate themselves. Thus, Asprem and Granholm noted that the use of the term "esotericism" among scholars "significantly contributes to the reification of the category for the general audience—

2355:, has been cited as "an important starting-point for modern scholarship on esotericism", succeeding "at one fell swoop in bringing scholarship onto a new track" by bringing wider awareness of the effect that esoteric ideas had on modern science. 1688:(1493/94–1541), who took inspiration from alchemy and folk magic to argue against the mainstream medical establishment of his time—which, as in Antiquity, still based its approach on the ideas of the second-century physician and philosopher, 5404: 1948:

emerged as various figures attempted to find a "third way" between Christianity and positivist science while building on the ancient, medieval, and Renaissance traditions of esoteric thought. In France, following the social upheaval of the

1601:(1463–1494), who achieved notability in 1486 by inviting scholars from across Europe to come and debate with him 900 theses that he had written. Pico della Mirandola argued that all of these philosophies reflected a grand universal wisdom. 6672: 2767:: "In Steiner’s view, “ordinary history” was “limited to external evidence” and hence no match for “direct spiritual perception.” "Indeed for anthroposophists, “conventional history” constitutes “a positive hindrance to occult research.” 1767:. Soon spreading into other parts of Europe, in England it largely rejected its esoteric character and embraced humanism and rationalism, while in France it embraced new esoteric concepts, particularly those from Christian theosophy. 888:

To express an external object not much is required, but to communicate an idea a capacity must be present, and this always remains something esoteric, so that there has never been anything purely exoteric about what philosophers say.

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The emic approach is that of the alchemist or theosopher. The etic approach is that of the scholar as an historian, a researcher, with a critical view. An empirical study of esotericism needs "emic material and etic interpretation":

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Another tradition of esoteric thought in Late Antiquity was Gnosticism. Various Gnostic sects existed, and they broadly believed that the divine light had been imprisoned within the material world by a malevolent entity known as the

865:, however, which states that the Lyceum's school texts were circulated internally, their publication was more controlled than the exoteric ones, and that these "esoteric" texts were rediscovered and compiled only with the efforts of 1074:, then in the process of developing, consistently rejected and ignored topics coming under "the occult", thus leaving research into them largely to enthusiasts outside of academia. Indeed, according to historian of esotericism 510:

developed in 17th-century Europe. Various academics have debated numerous definitions of Western esotericism. One view adopts a definition from certain esotericist schools of thought themselves, treating "esotericism" as a

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Wouter Hanegraaff: "The most important magical secret lodge of the 20th century in the German-speaking world." "Fraternitas Saturni" at Wouter Hanegraaff (ed). Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism. Brill. 2006. p.

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and instead adopt a belief that all parts of the universe are interrelated without a need for causal chains. It stands as a radical alternative to the disenchanted world views that have dominated Western culture since the

2992:) by 1828 and appeared in English in 1883. In short, 'Western esotericism' is a modern scholarly construct, not an autonomous tradition that already existed out there and merely needed to be discovered by historians." 2683:

According to critics, Steiner's work reveal his acquaintance with scholarly methodology and philosophy, but these are overtaken by unverifiable claims based on “direct spiritual perception” and "occult research”:

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in 1720 would state that the so-called nowadays "esoteric distinction" was a universal phenomenon, present in both the West and the East. As for the noun "esotericism", probably the first mention in German of

1302:, and mediations—"such as rituals, symbolic images, mandalas, intermediary spirits"—and mantras as tools that provide access to worlds and levels of reality existing between the material world and the divine. 617:

The idea that these disparate movements could be classified as "Western esotericism" developed in the late 18th century, but these esoteric currents were largely ignored as a subject of academic enquiry. The

1880:, which emerged in the United States in the 1840s and spread throughout North America and Europe. Spiritualism was based on the concept that individuals could communicate with spirits of the deceased during 1288:"Correspondences": This is the idea that there are both real and symbolic correspondences existing between all things within the universe. As examples for this, Faivre pointed to the esoteric concept of the 1509:

and philosophy and other aspects of the tradition were largely preserved in the Arab and Near Eastern world and reintroduced into Western Europe by Jews and by the cultural contact between Christians and

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refer to two kinds of field research done and viewpoints obtained, emic, from within the social group (from the perspective of the subject) and etic, from outside (from the perspective of the observer).

2984:, p. 3, "What is Western esotericism?". "The adjective 'esoteric' first appeared in the second century CE, but the substantive is of relatively recent date: it seems to have been coined in German ( 1295:"Living Nature": Faivre argued that all esotericists envision the natural universe as being imbued with its own life force, and that as such they understand it as being "complex, plural, hierarchical". 2431:

and the study of new religious movements. On the basis that "English culture and literature have been traditional strongholds of Western esotericism", in 2011 Pia Brînzeu and György Szönyi urged that

2036:(1861–1925). According to Maria Carlson, ""Both turned out to be 'positivistic religions,' offering a seemingly logical theology based on pseudoscience." Another form of esoteric Christianity is the 1493:. Scholars are still unsure of precisely what theurgy involved, but know it involved a practice designed to make gods appear, who could then raise the theurgist's mind to the reality of the divine. 1557:" (that is, not Christian) philosophies, which were then being made available through Arabic translations, with Christian thought and the Jewish kabbalah. The earliest of these individuals was the 1205:, those who study different religions in search of an inner universal dimension to them all are termed "religionists". Such religionist ideas also exerted an influence on more recent scholars like 2375:

having been cited as marking "the beginning of the study of Western esotericism as an academic field of research". He remained in the chair until 2002, when he was succeeded by Jean-Pierre Brach.

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in opposition to the growing visibility of Wicca and these claim older roots than the system proposed by Gardner. Other trends that emerged in western occultism in the later 20th century included

1217:, or direct spiritual insight into cosmology or spiritual insight", and accordingly he suggested that these currents could be referred to as "Western gnostic" just as much as "Western esoteric". 6669: 2290:

and compared to its neighbors) practice or adhere to new currents of Western Esotericism. In April 1997, the Fifth Esoteric Spiritual Forum was held for two days in the country and was attended

1292:, often presented as the dictum of "as above, so below", as well as the astrological idea that the actions of the planets have a direct corresponding influence on the behaviour of human beings. 970:

Probably based on the "exôtikos/esôtikos" dichotomy, the Hellenic world developed the classical distinction between exoteric/esoteric, stimulated by criticism from various currents such as the

939:

was a very ingenious person who threw out this obscure utterance for the unwashed like us but reserved the truth as a secret doctrine (ἐν ἀπορρήτῳ τὴν ἀλήθειαν) to be revealed to his disciples?

745:, but the concept was particularly sedimentated by two streams of discourses: speculations about the influences of the Egyptians on ancient philosophy and religion, and their associations with 1182:, who sought to combine their own mystical beliefs with a historical interpretation of esotericism. It subsequently became a popular approach within several esoteric movements, most notably 1117:

into its doctrines. Given these influences and the imprecise nature of the term "Western", the scholar of esotericism Kennet Granholm has argued that academics should cease referring to "

2524:. Granholm has argued that there are problems with the field in that it draws a distinction between esotericism and non-esoteric elements of culture that draw upon esotericism. He cites 1537:. Many of the grimoires seem to have kabbalistic influence. Figures in alchemy from this period seem to also have authored or used grimoires. Medieval sects deemed heretical such as the 982:, at that time it was a common practice among philosophers to keep secret writings and teachings. A parallel secrecy and reserved elite was also found in the contemporary environment of 2528:

as an example, noting that it is extremely difficult to differentiate between artists who were "properly occult" and those who superficially referenced occult themes and aesthetics.

1319:"Transmission": Faivre's second secondary characteristic was the emphasis on the transmission of esoteric teachings and secrets from a master to their disciple, through a process of 872:

Plato would have orally transmitted intramural teachings to his disciples, the supposed "esoteric" content of which regarding the First Principles is particularly highlighted by the

1456:. It was the Gnostic belief that people, who were imbued with the divine light, should seek to attain gnosis and thus escape from the world of matter and rejoin the divine source. 2349:

began arguing that esoteric thought had had a greater effect on Renaissance culture than had been previously accepted. The work of Yates in particular, most notably her 1964 book

7167: 753:, which since the 17th century identified the presence of mysteries, secrets or esoteric "ancient wisdom" in Persian, Arab, Indian and Far Eastern texts and practices (see also 1378:

Bogdan similarly expressed concern regarding Hanegraaff's definition, believing that it made the category of Western esotericism "all inclusive" and thus analytically useless.

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Western Esotericism and the Science of Religion: Selected Papers Presented at the 17th Congress of the International Association for the History of Religions, Mexico City 1995

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stated "esoteric ontology and anthropology would hardly exist without Platonic philosophy." In his dialogues, he uses expressions that refer to cultic secrecy (for example,

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as an outlet for American scholars interested in Western esotericism. From 1986 to 1990 members of the Hermetic Academy participated in panels at the annual meeting of the

2000:(1831–1891), the latter of whom called for the revival of the "occult science" of the ancients, which could be found in both the East and West. Authoring the influential 849:, taught during a walk with his students. Furthermore, the term "exoteric" for Aristotle could have another meaning, hypothetically referring to an extracosmic reality, 6736: 1193:

This definition, originally developed by esotericists themselves, became popular among French academics during the 1980s, exerting a strong influence over the scholars

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Somewhat crudely, esotericism can be described as a Western form of spirituality that stresses the importance of the individual effort to gain spiritual knowledge, or

1884:. Most forms of Spiritualism had little theoretical depth, being largely practical affairs—but full theological worldviews based on the movement were articulated by 1016: 5352: 3339: 6123: 1240:

card displaying the Hermetic concept of "as above, so below". Faivre connected this concept to 'correspondences', his first defining characteristic of esotericism.

1851:—though his writings influenced a wider array of esoteric philosophies. Another major figure within the esoteric movement of this period was the German physician 12895: 6798:

Redwood, William (2013). "F(r)iends in Low Places: Monstrous Identities in Contemporary Esotericism". In Stasiewicz-Bienkowska, Agnieszka; Graham, Karen (eds.).

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A real initiatory brotherhood was established in late 16th-century Scotland through the transformation of Medieval stonemason guilds to include non-craftsmen:

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of the 18th century led to the development of new forms of esoteric thought. The 19th century saw the emergence of new trends of esoteric thought now known as

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was founded on Easter 1928 and it is one of the oldest continuously running magical groups in Germany. In 1936, the Fraternitas Saturni was prohibited by the

11283: 6342:

Strube, Julian (2016b). "Socialist Religion and the Emergence of Occultism: A Genealogical Approach to Socialism and Secularization in 19th-Century France".

4538:"Arte separatoria e hijos del arte en las prácticas y representaciones de Diego de Santiago (Sevilla, 1598) y el lugar de España en el Esoterismo Occidental" 2417: 1082:

Hanegraaff, the term provided a "useful generic label" for "a large and complicated group of historical phenomena that had long been perceived as sharing an

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as either "exoteric" mathematicians or "esoteric" acousmatics, the latter being those who disseminated enigmatic teachings and hidden allegorical meanings.

12885: 5858: 1078:(born 1961), rejection of "occult" topics was seen as a "crucial identity marker" for any intellectuals seeking to affiliate themselves with the academy. 2294:; In August of the same year, the International Shaman Expo began, being broadcast on live TV and ultimately taking place for two months wherein various 1312:"Practice of Concordance": The first of Faivre's secondary characteristics of esotericism was the belief—held by many esotericists, such as those in the 2497:

In 2013, Asprem and Granholm highlighted that "contemporary esotericism is intimately, and increasingly, connected with popular culture and new media."

12760: 5893:

Asprem, Egil; Granholm, Kennet (2013b). "Constructing Esotericisms: Sociological, Historical and Critical Approaches to the Invention of Tradition".

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However, Aristotle never employed the term "esoteric" and there is no evidence that he dealt with specialized secrets; there is a dubious report by

9775: 9423: 7092: 765: 2427:

examining contemporary forms of esotericism, a situation that they were attempting to correct through building links with scholars operating in

1760:(1586–1654). They interested the public, so several people described themselves as "Rosicrucian", claiming access to secret esoteric knowledge. 1744:

were published in Germany. These texts purported to represent a secret, initiatory brotherhood founded centuries before by a German adept named

12900: 5153: 12925: 2055:—an initiatory order devoted to magic based on kabbalah—was founded in the latter years of the century. One of the members of that order was 1916:

in the 20th century, these disciplines distanced themselves from esotericism. Also influenced by artificial somnambulism was the religion of

737:; this author rejected everything that is characterized today as an "esoteric corpus". In this 18th century context, these terms referred to 1244:

Another approach to Western esotericism treats it as a world view that embraces "enchantment" in contrast to world views influenced by post-

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esotericism" altogether, instead simply favouring "esotericism" as a descriptor of this phenomenon. Egil Asprem has endorsed this approach.

12270: 2239:

and other forms of Celtic revivalism. In response to Wicca there has also appeared literature and groups who label themselves followers of

1418:

One component of this was Hermeticism, an Egyptian Hellenistic school of thought that takes its name from the legendary Egyptian wise man,

7327: 4591: 4553: 3700:, p. 5. "Why can we not have a comparative study of esotericism on a truly global rather than a narrowly conceived 'Western' scale?" 1953:, various figures emerged in this occultist milieu who were heavily influenced by traditional Catholicism, the most notable of whom were 1058:

In 18th-century Europe, during the Age of Enlightenment, these esoteric traditions came to be regularly categorised under the labels of "

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began publication in 2001. 2001 also saw the foundation of the North American Association for the Study of Esotericism (ASE), with the

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have undergone a radiative and varied religious revival, with a large number of occult and new religious movements gaining popularity.

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New esoteric understandings of magic also developed in the latter part of the 19th century. One of the pioneers of this was American

1640:, a more accurate understanding of the cosmos was established. Copernicus' theories were adopted into esoteric strains of thought by 6487: 12114: 10895: 10833: 7154: 5912:

Bergunder, Michael (2010). "What is Esotericism? Cultural Studies Approaches and the Problems of Definition in Religious Studies".

5311:

Colin Duggan. "Perennialism and iconoclasm. Chaos magick and the legitimacy of innovation". Egil Asprem and Kennet Granholm (eds).

1636:. The work of Agrippa and other esoteric philosophers had been based in a pre-Copernican worldview, but following the arguments of 6547: 5065:

Hroncek, Susan (2017). "From Egyptian Science to Victorian Magic: On the Origins of Chemistry in Victorian Histories of Science".

2067:. Some of their contemporaries developed esoteric schools of thought that did not entail magic, namely the Greco-Armenian teacher 2024:(1854–1934) interpreted modern theosophy as a form of ecumenical esoteric Christianity, resulting in their proclamation of Indian 1711:, and that God himself was composed of a wrathful core, surrounded by the forces of light and love. Though condemned by Germany's 1407:. This was a milieu that mixed religious and intellectual traditions from Greece, Egypt, the Levant, Babylon, and Persia—in which 11754: 6967: 5228:

Fire & Ice: The History, Structure and Rituals of Germany's Most Influential Modern Magical Order: The Brotherhood of Saturn.

2595: 2439: 12202: 9816: 6525: 9085: 5273:

Robert Cochrane and the Gardnerian Craft: Feuds, Secrets, and Mysteries in Contemporary British Witchcraft Ethan Doyle White.

2079:

and magical practices found enthusiastic adherents in the chaos of Germany during the interwar years. Notable writers such as

749:

discourses and other secret societies, who claimed to keep such ancient secrets until the Enlightenment; and the emergence of

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intensified the search for a "hidden truth" under the surface of teachings, myths and texts, developing the hermeneutics and

841:

and ethics to the general public in the afternoon, while he reserved the morning for "akroatika" (acroamatics), referring to

619: 432: 27: 6325:

Sozialismus, Katholizismus und Okkultismus im Frankreich des 19. Jahrhunderts: Die Genealogie der Schriften von Eliphas Lévi

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Asprem and Granholm noted that the study of esotericism had been dominated by historians and thus lacked the perspective of

1046:—in his book he labelled all of these traditions under the category of "Platonic–Hermetic Christianity", portraying them as 925:, one of the Ancient Greek expressions referring to the prohibition of revealing a secret, in the context of mysteries). In 10938: 9416: 7059: 7050: 3447: 948: 808:

discourses. "Esotericism" and "occultism" were often employed as synonyms until later scholars distinguished the concepts.

11218: 11211: 7032: 5343: 857:

knowledge "from within the circle", involving the intracosmic physics that surrounds everyday life. There is a report by

764:"esotericism", in its French form "ésotérisme", first appeared in 1828 in the work by Protestant historian of gnosticism 6138: 5378: 1260:" the world. That approach understands esotericism as comprising those world views that eschew a belief in instrumental 1154:

itself remains a controversial term, with scholars specialising in the subject disagreeing as to how best to define it.

9708: 9691: 7654: 6876: 6762: 6513: 6313: 6294: 2500:

Granholm noted that esoteric ideas and images appear in many aspects of Western popular media, citing such examples as

1776: 8711: 2051:(1825–1875), who argued that sexual energy and psychoactive drugs could be used for magical purposes. In England, the 12945: 11691: 10953: 10235: 8736: 7240: 6700: 6380: 4985: 3419: 3323: 3243: 3210: 3120: 3093: 3066: 2665: 2641: 2052: 1632: 1034:(1690–91). A hostile critic of various currents of Western thought that had emerged since the Renaissance—among them 587: 270: 2468:

their own terminology and make theoretical distinctions which are different from those of the believers themselves.

781:(3 vols.). The term "esotericism" thus came into use in the wake of the Age of Enlightenment and of its critique of 12775: 12136: 9268: 3083: 853:, superior to and beyond Heaven, requiring abstraction and logic. This reality stood in contrast to what he called 12875: 12810: 11855: 11353: 10862: 10520: 10433: 9409: 9298: 7320: 5194: 2870:, p. 3, "What is Western esotericism?". "The adjective 'esoteric' first appeared in the second century CE ." 2283: 754: 579: 9632: 8906: 5838: 3435: 1823: 12066: 9324: 8484: 6716: 5178: 4464: 2846: 2577: 2324:

London's Warburg Institute was one of the first centres to encourage the academic study of Western esotericism.

1803: 873: 460:, is a term scholars use to classify a wide range of loosely related ideas and movements that developed within 6270: 2839:"The Ritual Dimension of Western Esotericism: The Rebirth Motif and the Transformation of Human Consciousness" 12219: 11172: 10812: 10645: 10438: 10297: 10148: 7898: 7483: 7275: 7041: 1598: 1370:"normative conceptions of religion, rationality and science." His approach is rooted within the field of the 157: 5735:

Arthur Versluis, “Methods in the Study of Esotericism, Part II: Mysticism and the Study of Esotericism”, in

2123:. After their rise to power, the Nazis persecuted occultists. While many Nazi Party leaders like Hitler and 1715:

authorities, Böhme's ideas spread and formed the basis for a number of small religious communities, such as

1422:. In the 2nd and 3rd centuries, a number of texts attributed to Hermes Trismegistus appeared, including the 12976: 12830: 12815: 12710: 11589: 10948: 10888: 10787: 9303: 9208: 8856: 7573: 7295: 7189: 2387: 1892:(1804–1869). Scientific interest in the claims of Spiritualism resulted in the development of the field of 1298:"Imagination and Mediations": Faivre believed that all esotericists place great emphasis on both the human 6557:

Bogdan, Henrik (2014). "Freemasonry and Western Esotericism". In Bodgan, Henrik; Snoek, Jan A. M. (eds.).

3112:

Early Modern Aristotelianism and the Making of Philosophical Disciplines: Metaphysics, Ethics and Politics

1608:

Pico della Mirandola's increased interest in Jewish kabbalah led to his development of a distinct form of

1444:

and be reborn into a spiritual body of immaterial light, thereby achieving spiritual unity with divinity.

650:("belonging to an inner circle"); the earliest known example of the word appeared in a satire authored by 12981: 12236: 11747: 10994: 10923: 10199: 10156: 9686: 9676: 9107: 8821: 7450: 6960: 5444: 2185: 1015:

thought together, thus establishing the category now labelled "Western esotericism". The first to do so,

607: 5468: 4050: 4026: 2618:

was a work full of plagiarism, based on religious, contemporary scientific, and pseudoscientific works:

12107: 11830: 11538: 11456: 11451: 11318: 11178: 10161: 9826: 9791: 9587: 8974: 8643: 7949: 7725: 7313: 6940: 6916: 4453:"Alkimia Operativa and Alkimia Speculativa. Some Modern Controversies on the Historiography of Alchemy" 4098: 2021: 1623: 1605:

condemned these ideas, criticising him for attempting to mix pagan and Jewish ideas with Christianity.

1021: 790:

Renaissance. After being introduced by Jacques Matter in French, the occultist and ceremonial magician

72: 7359: 6835:"American Occultism and Japanese Buddhism. Albert J. Edmunds, D. T. Suzuki, and Translocative History" 12755: 12715: 12156: 11262: 11225: 10380: 9841: 9180: 7392: 7382: 7268: 6306:

Against the Modern World: Traditionalism and the Secret Intellectual History of the Twentieth Century

3942: 2656: 2260: 1626:(1486–1535/36), who used it as a framework to explore the philosophical and scientific traditions of 726: 562:. The 17th century saw the development of initiatory societies professing esoteric knowledge such as 425: 20: 6449:

Von Stuckrad, Kocku (2005b). "Western Esotericism: Towards an Integrative Model of Interpretation".

4074: 4002: 3966: 12855: 12583: 12345: 12305: 12295: 12243: 11367: 10498: 10428: 10249: 10014: 9943: 9938: 9637: 9283: 8846: 8096: 7936: 7933: 7659: 7493: 7478: 5148: 2502: 2188:, whose adherents understood themselves in participating in a spiritual revolution that marked the 2100: 2048: 2029: 1928:"—believing that illness and other negative conditions could be cured through the power of belief. 1569:

represented an example of a superior religion of ancient humanity that had been passed down by the

1206: 817: 334: 6498: 1399:

The origins of Western esotericism are in the Hellenistic Eastern Mediterranean, then part of the

546:

Europe saw increasing interest in many of these older ideas, with various intellectuals combining

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Bogdan, Henrik (2013). "Reception of Occultism in India: The Case of the Holy Order of Krishna".

2565: 2395: 2275: 1877: 1757: 1289: 959:

and others. Plutarch, for example, developed the justification of a theological esotericism, and

697: 506:

The idea of grouping a wide range of Western traditions and philosophies together under the term

42: 6051:

Faivre, Antoine; Voss, Karen-Claire (1995). "Western Esotericism and the Science of Religions".

5594: 5345:

Independent Scientology: How Ron's Org and Dror Center schismed out of the Church of Scientology

4392: 12805: 12795: 12384: 12315: 12300: 11781: 11740: 11716: 11232: 10292: 10111: 9728: 9723: 9432: 8994: 8926: 8006: 7844: 7422: 7397: 7387: 7209: 6953: 4353: 3464:

Markschies, Christoph (2020-06-29). "Esoteric Knowledge in Platonism and in Christian Gnosis".

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regime. The leaders of the lodge emigrated to avoid imprisonment, but in the course of the war

1740: 1518:

and southern Italy. The 12th century saw the development of the Kabbalah in southern Italy and

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In any case, drawing from the tradition of discourses that supposedly revealed a vision of the

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society and culture was worthy of academic attention. One of the key centres for this was the

1866: 12915: 12890: 12820: 12503: 12231: 12004: 11962: 11932: 11671: 11523: 11099: 10827: 10782: 10720: 10710: 10049: 9913: 9758: 9748: 9733: 9681: 9231: 9170: 9150: 8984: 8896: 8876: 8866: 8499: 8348: 7981: 7913: 7821: 7788: 7616: 7596: 7402: 7231: 6001: 4485:

Langermann, Tzvi Y. (2013). "An Alchemical Treatise Attributed to Joseph Solomon Delmedigo".

3313: 3227: 3110: 3056: 2287: 1993: 1966: 1745: 1732: 1649: 1313: 1266: 1187: 979: 927: 894: 523: 192: 1843:(1688–1772), who attempted to reconcile science and religion after experiencing a vision of 12971: 12910: 12665: 12578: 12556: 12479: 12475: 12404: 12320: 12265: 12260: 12083: 11927: 11816: 11706: 11426: 11332: 11204: 11149: 11134: 11079: 11019: 10943: 10817: 10262: 10194: 10137: 10121: 10106: 10086: 10044: 9918: 9763: 9753: 9738: 9703: 9698: 9666: 9248: 9203: 9165: 9112: 9041: 8797: 8593: 8504: 8327: 8297: 8038: 7566: 7412: 7407: 6849: 6533: 6149: 3436:«From the Esoteric to the Exoteric and Back Again: Themes from Antiquity to Post-Modernity» 3370:

Secrecy and Concealment: Studies in the History of Mediterranean and Near Eastern Religions

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trance in which they claimed to enter visionary states and communicate with spirit beings.

1716: 1660: 1577: 1233: 1167: 1102: 1075: 1063: 866: 782: 734: 693: 583: 571: 512: 469: 418: 296: 122: 56: 10460: 909:, Plato and his philosophy began the Western perception of esotericism, to the point that 876:

as distinct from the apparent written teachings conveyed in his books or public lectures.

8: 12935: 12800: 12670: 12460: 12389: 12146: 12102: 12090: 11912: 11868: 11615: 11184: 11114: 11089: 10979: 10928: 10802: 10503: 10375: 10254: 9846: 9836: 9713: 9597: 9592: 9389: 9344: 9334: 9293: 9241: 9226: 9155: 9135: 9117: 8949: 8916: 8777: 8764: 8571: 8368: 8279: 8234: 8140: 8026: 7839: 7687: 7114: 6785:

Le Symbolisme Esotérique Actuel – au Quotidien, dans le Langage et pour l'Auto-initiation

3203:

History of Ancient Greek Scholarship: From the Beginnings to the End of the Byzantine Age

2615: 2553: 2383: 2367: 2240: 2137: 2008: 1700: 1681: 1627: 1618: 1591: 1453: 1419: 1333: 1043: 718: 559: 492: 464:. These ideas and currents are united since they are largely distinct both from orthodox 404: 359: 232: 92: 31: 8101: 3922: 1965:(1886–1951), whose concern with tradition led him to develop an occult viewpoint termed 12655: 12571: 12561: 12394: 12357: 12287: 12226: 12209: 12163: 12073: 11987: 11801: 11635: 11436: 11311: 11276: 11059: 11039: 10974: 10792: 10750: 10660: 10625: 10400: 10365: 10267: 10209: 10171: 10166: 10002: 9992: 9796: 9768: 9718: 9509: 9469: 9339: 9308: 9288: 9236: 9218: 9193: 9188: 9140: 9127: 9094: 8989: 8891: 8826: 8782: 8726: 8566: 8395: 8289: 8197: 8001: 7880: 7871: 7834: 7829: 7735: 7730: 7707: 7626: 7440: 7367: 7136: 6710: 6657: 6544: 6466: 6359: 6229: 6068: 5988: 5090: 4518: 4510: 3288: 3173: 2925: 2745:

Between Occultism and Nazism: Anthroposophy and the Politics of Race in the Fascist Era

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In September 2024, the University of Exeter began offering a Masters of Arts degree in

2320: 2132: 2025: 1893: 1852: 1840: 1677: 1609: 1602: 1329: 1083: 960: 910: 842: 651: 555: 500: 496: 476: 10555: 10508: 3499: 2286:. In Hungary, a significant number of citizens (relative to the size of the country's 12785: 12687: 12675: 12660: 12640: 12551: 12498: 12470: 12452: 12255: 12131: 12124: 11937: 11885: 11863: 11791: 11579: 11411: 11346: 11339: 11197: 11064: 11049: 11014: 10852: 10848: 10730: 10715: 10385: 10332: 10312: 10214: 10204: 10131: 9960: 9950: 9743: 9531: 9451: 9377: 9278: 9273: 9258: 9198: 9160: 9145: 9102: 8673: 8633: 8551: 8479: 8462: 8440: 8068: 8043: 7854: 7674: 7417: 7198: 7147: 6872: 6819: 6788: 6773: 6758: 6696: 6661: 6605: 6588: 6578: 6470: 6435: 6416: 6397: 6376: 6363: 6328: 6309: 6290: 6285:

Laurant, Jean-Pierre (1998). "Esotericism in Freemasonry". In Faivre, Antoine (ed.).

6262: 6233: 6212:

Hanegraaff, Wouter J. (2013b). "Textbooks and Introductions to Western Esotericism".

6198: 6190: 6176: 6157: 6108: 6085: 6028: 6009: 5992: 5957: 5938: 5925: 5898: 5879: 5850: 5394: 5094: 5082: 4981: 4619: 4581: 4545: 4522: 4514: 4502: 3471: 3415: 3373: 3319: 3280: 3239: 3206: 3165: 3116: 3089: 3062: 2929: 2917: 2810: 2749: 2695: 2661: 2637: 2583: 2456: 2330: 2037: 1954: 1921: 1749: 1666:

A distinct strain of esoteric thought developed in Germany, where it became known as

1613: 1586: 1424: 1202: 990:

would present his definition (close to the modern one), as he classified the ancient

906: 770: 595: 484: 374: 175: 132: 12930: 10355: 6522: 4378: 4376: 1969:; it espoused the idea of an original, universal tradition, and thus a rejection of 1904:; esoteric ideas pervade the work of many early figures in this field, most notably 1748:. There is no evidence that Rosenkreutz was a genuine historical figure, nor that a 1245: 638:

The concept of the "esoteric" originated in the 2nd century with the coining of the

12546: 12536: 12362: 12310: 12214: 12078: 11967: 11917: 11895: 11890: 11821: 11721: 11701: 11651: 11543: 11528: 11497: 11482: 11431: 11246: 11069: 11009: 10984: 10755: 10618: 10588: 10578: 10573: 10470: 10455: 10101: 9997: 9831: 9651: 9622: 9561: 9499: 9329: 9263: 9253: 8954: 8901: 8851: 8831: 8792: 8787: 8628: 8556: 8274: 8185: 8076: 8048: 8033: 7996: 7702: 7682: 7649: 7554: 7516: 7070: 7066: 6811: 6807: 6649: 6628: 6570: 6566: 6462: 6458: 6351: 6254: 6221: 6060: 5980: 5937:. Henrik Bogdan and Gordan Djurdjevic (editors). Durham: Acumen. pp. 177–201. 5921: 5386: 5074: 4494: 3467:

Christian Teachers in Second-Century Rome: Schools and Students in the Ancient City

3272: 3157: 2909: 2547: 2291: 2232: 2209: 2205: 2193: 2148:, one of their main leaders, was arrested for a year by the Nazi government. After 2128: 2108: 2068: 2056: 2041: 1997: 1962: 1925: 1905: 1857: 1668: 1558: 1489: 1412: 1371: 750: 591: 542:

developed as schools of thought distinct from what became mainstream Christianity.

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New Age Religion and Western Culture: Esotericism in the Mirror of Secular Thought

5390: 2227:. Wicca was adopted by members of the second-wave feminist movement, most notably 2091:. Many influential and wealthy Germans were drawn to secret societies such as the 12920: 12860: 12745: 12593: 12588: 12566: 12486: 12440: 12197: 12151: 12049: 12026: 12009: 11982: 11767: 11666: 11533: 11502: 11441: 11421: 11396: 11325: 11144: 11129: 11024: 10958: 10762: 10745: 10700: 10690: 10635: 10608: 10545: 10540: 10525: 10450: 10186: 10176: 9811: 9801: 9602: 9479: 9035: 9004: 8969: 8934: 8812: 8663: 8561: 8519: 8430: 8418: 8403: 8378: 8353: 8123: 7991: 7986: 7903: 7888: 7561: 7445: 7261: 7205: 7143: 7110: 7002: 6676: 6670:

The Study of Western Esotericism: New Approaches to Christian and Secular Culture

6653: 6551: 6540: 6529: 6517: 6502: 6391: 6225: 6107:. Henrik Bogdan and Gordan Djurdjevic (editors). Durham: Acumen. pp. 17–36. 5984: 5157: 4971: 4613: 4428: 4373: 4321: 3465: 2743: 2632: 2559: 2472: 2459:

follows a distinction between an emic and an etic approach to religious studies.

2432: 2412: 2248: 2216: 2201: 2189: 2124: 2120: 1982: 1950: 1704: 1581: 1526: 1210: 599: 465: 461: 394: 291: 260: 227: 8175: 6733:

Correspondences: An Online Journal for the Academic Study of Western Esotericism

6521:, East Lansing, Michigan State University (MSU). An online resource since 1999. 6131:

Correspondences: An Online Journal for the Academic Study of Western Esotericism

5843:

Correspondences: An Online Journal for the Academic Study of Western Esotericism

3146:

in the Corpus Aristotelicum and the Origin of the Idea of the Enkyklios Paideia"

3058:

The Other Plato: The Tübingen Interpretation of Plato's Inner-Academic Teachings

2184:

In the 1960s and 1970s, esotericism came to be increasingly associated with the

791: 684:) were common in the scholar discourse on ancient philosophy. The categories of 554:

and Christian philosophy, resulting in the emergence of esoteric movements like

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Atlantis and the Cycles of Time: Prophecies, Traditions, and Occult Revelations

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esotericism was nevertheless primarily devised to distinguish the field from a

1052: 1035: 786: 738: 627: 563: 527: 399: 280: 8385: 8160: 6934: 6815: 6574: 4337: 2192:. By the 1980s, these millenarian currents had come to be widely known as the 1696: 1276:

An early exponent of this definition was the historian of Renaissance thought

319: 12965: 12905: 12790: 12705: 12650: 12510: 12430: 12325: 12175: 12168: 12061: 12014: 11907: 11763: 11676: 11656: 11416: 11139: 11124: 11119: 11034: 10989: 10705: 10630: 10513: 10493: 10405: 10360: 9571: 8999: 8911: 8841: 8583: 8373: 8307: 8264: 8133: 7758: 7544: 7526: 7099: 7088: 6976: 6592: 6266: 6064: 5897:. Egil Asprem and Kennet Granholm (editors). Durham: Acumen. pp. 25–48. 5854: 5086: 4549: 4506: 3284: 3169: 2921: 2525: 2451: 2428: 2334: 2252: 2145: 2092: 2002: 1831: 1707:. Böhme argued that God had been created out of an unfathomable mystery, the 1408: 1277: 1194: 1114: 944: 834: 794:(1810–1875) popularized the term in the 1850s. Lévi also introduced the term 639: 623: 488: 354: 180: 16:

Range of related ideas and movements that have developed in the Western world

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Anatomyzing Divinity: Studies in Science, Esotericism and Political Theology

6510: 6258: 5878:. Egil Asprem and Kennet Granholm (editors). Durham: Acumen. pp. 1–24. 4994: 4855: 4799: 4755: 4412: 3865: 3340:"Some Remarks on the Meaning of Esotericism and Plato's Unwritten Doctrines" 3276: 1876:

These somnambulic trance-states heavily influenced the esoteric religion of

837:, according to which Aristotle disclosed the exoteric subjects of politics, 12940: 12740: 12645: 12491: 12465: 12374: 12056: 12044: 11992: 11952: 11947: 11811: 11806: 11446: 11374: 11109: 10918: 10650: 10640: 10603: 10593: 10583: 10475: 10390: 10322: 10219: 9883: 9607: 9556: 9030: 9020: 8979: 8959: 8731: 8694: 8653: 8539: 8489: 8150: 8128: 8106: 8053: 8021: 7893: 7753: 7664: 7460: 7282: 7185: 3366:"The ΑΠΟΡΡΗΤΟΣ ΘΕΩΡΙΑ and the Roles of Secrecy in the History of Platonism" 2359: 2346: 2303: 2295: 2279: 2267: 2266:

Additionally, since the start of the 1990s, countries inside of the former

2197: 2149: 2116: 2017: 1974: 1913: 1896:. Somnambulism also exerted a strong influence on the early disciplines of 1889: 1870: 1844: 1724: 1676:

and medieval Kabbalah, it only acknowledged two main sources of authority:

1502: 1460: 1400: 1249: 1198: 1059: 1039: 991: 881: 539: 339: 255: 222: 5839:"Beyond the West: Towards a New Comparativism in the Study of Esotericism" 5492: 5078: 4498: 4170: 2873: 2691:

The Flickering Mind: Saving Education from the False Promise of Technology

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proposes approaching esotericism through an "imaginative participation":

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Stein, Charles (2016). «Ancient Mysteries». In: Magee, Glenn Alexander.

2713:: "In Dugan's view, Steiner's theories are simply "cult pseudoscience"." 1229: 12411: 12399: 12369: 12335: 12275: 11957: 11625: 11569: 11304: 11154: 11004: 10598: 10395: 10317: 10302: 10091: 10061: 10024: 9982: 9977: 9908: 9546: 8871: 8699: 8648: 8638: 8509: 8413: 8358: 8165: 8145: 8011: 7778: 7692: 7521: 7468: 7432: 7336: 6072: 5580: 5578: 3610: 3412:

Hidden Wisdom: Esoteric Traditions and the Roots of Christian Mysticism

3292: 3260: 3177: 3137: 2913: 2514: 2338: 2165: 2104: 1973:. His Traditionalist ideas strongly influenced later esotericists like 1901: 1897: 1753: 1728: 1685: 1637: 1570: 1476: 1320: 1270: 1253: 1179: 987: 983: 971: 936: 902: 733:

had already existed at least since 1731–1736, as found in the works of

535: 389: 384: 217: 212: 207: 187: 6640:

Granholm, Kennet (2013). "Esoteric Currents as Discursive Complexes".

6393:

A Science for the Soul: Occultism and the Genesis of the German Modern

5971:

Brînzeu, Pia; Szönyi, György (2011). "The Esoteric in Postmodernism".

5101: 4888: 4839: 1881: 1800:

the section should possibly be split by century, and is lacking focus.

12845: 12682: 12417: 12379: 11972: 11786: 11681: 11620: 11507: 11461: 10740: 10465: 10287: 10116: 10081: 10066: 10029: 9446: 8886: 8881: 8741: 8668: 8603: 8474: 8408: 8220: 8210: 8205: 8180: 7976: 7536: 7498: 6894: 6800:

Monstrous Manifestations: Realities and the Imaginings of the Monster

5377:

Shterin, Marat (2012-08-30), Hammer, Olav; Rothstein, Mikael (eds.),

2897: 2608: 2299: 2177: 2028:(1895–1986) as world messiah. In rejection of this was the breakaway 1989: 1988:

In the Anglophone world, the burgeoning occult movement owed more to

1970: 1944: 1935: 1720: 1441: 1430: 1261: 1183: 920: 898: 821: 801: 645: 642: 575: 516: 480: 369: 364: 275: 237: 197: 152: 137: 102: 11391: 8111: 6910: 6124:"Ritual Black Metal: Popular Music as Occult Mediation and Practice" 5575: 4452: 3161: 2838: 800:, a notion that he developed against the background of contemporary 602:

developed within occultism and includes religious movements such as

12835: 12531: 12352: 12180: 12095: 12034: 11997: 11297: 10807: 10797: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10224: 10071: 9987: 9955: 9868: 9860: 9551: 9526: 9494: 9489: 8716: 8623: 8588: 8546: 8534: 8322: 8116: 8016: 7959: 7763: 7717: 7601: 6988: 6243:"Psychic Phenomena, Neoshamanism, and the Cultic Milieu in Hungary" 6242: 4931: 2489:

the explicated contrary intentions of most scholars in the field."

2244: 2228: 2088: 1978: 1931: 1655: 1530: 1468: 1449: 1143: 1110: 1106: 1071: 862: 838: 551: 329: 202: 117: 6619:

Giegerich, Eric (2001). "Antoine Faivre: Studies in Esotericism".

6173:

Esotericism and the Academy: Rejected Knowledge in Western Culture

5535: 622:

only emerged in the late 20th century, pioneered by scholars like

12750: 12605: 12517: 11686: 11584: 10904: 10056: 9967: 9888: 9878: 9521: 9474: 8343: 8317: 8312: 8254: 8249: 8081: 7969: 7964: 7923: 7745: 7591: 7473: 6099:

Granholm, Kennet (2013a). "Locating the West: Problematizing the

5754: 2060: 1562: 1506: 1484: 1480: 1463:, a school of thought influenced by the ideas of the philosopher 1350:, whereby man is confronted with the divine aspect of existence. 1147: 956: 830:), perhaps to refer to the speeches he gave outside his school. 746: 742: 611: 147: 97: 46: 6945: 1374:, and stresses the role of change and transformation over time. 785:

religion, during which alternative religious groups such as the

12770: 11574: 10126: 10019: 9898: 8608: 8529: 8259: 7918: 7908: 7606: 7508: 6921: 6803: 6562: 5647: 5645: 5417: 4299: 4297: 4122: 1645: 1515: 1511: 1306: 1214: 1067: 1047: 858: 286: 142: 107: 37: 6895:

Center for History of Hermetic Philosophy and Related Currents

6770:

Esoterische Symbolik heute – in Alltag. Sprache und Einweihung

5766: 5742: 5693: 5434: 5432: 4270: 3732: 3730: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2809:. Wiley Blackwell Companions to Religion. Wiley. p. 237. 2677: 1839:

of the esotericists of this period was the Swedish naturalist

522:

The earliest traditions of Western esotericism emerged in the

12735: 12725: 12720: 12192: 12187: 11696: 11564: 11406: 9903: 9456: 8424: 8086: 7372: 7305: 6906:

European Society for the Study of Western Esotericism (ESSWE)

5814: 5705: 5630: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5117: 5017: 5015: 5013: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4921: 4919: 4904: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4815: 4787: 4707: 4695: 3804: 3802: 3543: 2220: 2169: 2160: 2084: 1958: 1869:, discovered that mesmeric treatment could induce a state of 1695:

One of those influenced by Paracelsus was the German cobbler

1689: 1616:(1455–1522) who authored an influential text on the subject, 1554: 1464: 1237: 1201:, and the early work of Faivre. Within the academic field of 975: 952: 914: 877: 846: 825: 665: 603: 547: 5778: 5681: 5642: 5385:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 286–302, 4294: 3841: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3742: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3572: 3570: 3033: 3031: 1622:. Christian Kabbalah was expanded in the work of the German 1162: 1138:—ranging from ancient Gnosticism and Hermeticism through to 880:

commented on the analysis of this distinction in the modern

12865: 11594: 11559: 9484: 6496:

Aries Book Series: Texts and Studies in Western Esotericism

6495: 6413:

Magic and Mysticism: An Introduction to Western Esotericism

6044:

Stealing Fire from Heaven: The Rise of Modern Western Magic

5563: 5551: 5508: 5429: 5275:

The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies

4258: 4246: 4234: 4210: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3727: 3715: 3489: 3487: 3394:

The Cambridge Handbook of Western Mysticism and Esotericism

2995: 2965: 2963: 2141: 761: 10873: 6082:

The Western Esoteric Traditions: A Historical Introduction

5250: 5233: 5129: 5010: 4947: 4916: 4871: 4827: 4743: 4731: 4719: 4683: 4198: 4186: 4158: 3910: 3799: 3679: 2282:

since the cultural and political shift resulting from the

9566: 8269: 6930:

The Secret History of Western Esotericism Podcast (SHWEP)

6905: 6900: 6561:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 8. 6434:. Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (translator). Durham: Acumen. 5802: 4655: 4643: 3853: 3787: 3775: 3754: 3638: 3567: 3555: 3531: 3408:"Myth as Enigma: Cultural Hermeneutics in Late Antiquity" 3028: 2936: 2580: – Overview and topical guide to Western esotericism 2235:. Wicca also greatly influenced the development of Pagan 1533:, which offered often elaborate formulas for theurgy and 475:. It has influenced, or contributed to, various forms of 6432:

Western Esotericism: A Brief History of Secret Knowledge

5790: 5717: 5525: 5523: 5046: 3898: 3881: 3819: 3817: 3519: 3484: 3315:

History of Ancient Philosophy II, A: Plato and Aristotle

2960: 2574: – System of tribunals enforcing Catholic orthodoxy 2382:

In 1980, the U.S.-based Hermetic Academy was founded by

1157: 931:

152c, there is an example of this concealment strategy:

700:, between 1655 and 1660, would refer to the Pythagorean 12850: 6679:”, in Peter Antes, Armin W. Geertz and Randi R. Warne, 5874:

Asprem, Egil; Granholm, Kennet (2013). "Introduction".

5669: 5027: 4615:

Pacifism in Britain, 1914–1945: The Defining of a Faith

4282: 3990: 2898:"The Emergence of "Esoteric" as a Comparative Category" 2668:: "Three years later, she published her chef d'oeuvre, 6604:. Christine Rhone (translator). New York: SUNY Press. 6197:. Guides for the Perplexed. London: Bloomsbury Press. 5657: 4146: 2807:

The Wiley Blackwell Companion to the Study of Religion

2402:, which was occupied by Hanegraaff, while in 2005 the 2215:

This trend was accompanied by the increased growth of

1770: 1590:, though the rest was translated by his contemporary, 1544: 6929: 5520: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5293: 3829: 3814: 3667: 2948: 2805:. In Segal, Robert A.; Roubekas, Nickolas P. (eds.). 2418:

European Society for the Study of Western Esotericism

2115:

were listed as "guests" of the Thule Society, as was

2059:(1875–1947), who went on to proclaim the religion of 1756:

are likely literary creations of Lutheran theologian

1553:, a number of European thinkers began to synthesize " 1009:— The scholar of esotericism Wouter Hanegraaff, 2013. 4309: 4134: 3598: 2306:

congregations and figures were among the attendees.

1597:

Another core figure in this intellectual milieu was

1487:, a ritual practice attested in such sources as the 664:

In the 15th and 16th centuries, differentiations in

6917:

Aries: Journal for the Study of Western Esotericism

6488:

Aries: Journal for the Study of Western Esotericism

4222: 3703: 3655: 3626: 2413:

Aries: Journal for the Study of Western Esotericism

2400:

History of Hermetic Philosophy and Related Currents

2016:in 1875. Subsequent leaders of the Society, namely 6156:. Numen Book Series. Vol. 72. Leiden: Brill. 5383:The Cambridge Companion to New Religious Movements 5318: 4567: 2789:Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction 2568: – Magic as understood during the Middle Ages 2435:also have a role in this interdisciplinary field. 1576:Plethon's ideas interested the ruler of Florence, 1459:A third form of esotericism in Late Antiquity was 578:. Significant groups in this century included the 4618:. Oxford historical monographs. Clarendon Press. 4580:. Dover Occult. Dover Publications. p. 425. 3359: 3357: 3355: 1541:were thought to have utilized esoteric concepts. 12963: 7093:The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles 6621:The San Francisco Jung Institute Library Journal 2544: – Magic used for evil and selfish purposes 1924:(1802–1866). It revolved around the concept of " 610:and later cultural tendencies, which led to the 6079: 5892: 5772: 5760: 5748: 5636: 5502: 5423: 5175:. London: Tauris Parke Paperbacks 2005, p. 149. 4970: 4434: 4422: 4402: 4382: 4363: 4343: 4327: 4303: 4128: 3050: 3048: 3046: 19:"Esoteric" redirects here. For other uses, see 6901:Association for the Study of Esotericism (ASE) 6868:American Transcendentalism and Asian Religions 6787:. Basel: Edition Oriflamme, 2011, illustrated 6772:. Basel: Edition Oriflamme, 2010, illustrated 6693:Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism I 6195:Western Esotericism: A Guide for the Perplexed 5873: 5784: 5699: 5687: 4605: 4542:Anales de historia antigua, medieval y moderna 3352: 3232:in Hellenistic philosophy: A hidden treasure?" 2720:Shengren: Above Philosophy and Beyond Religion 2694:. Random House Publishing Group. p. 384. 2586: – Magical science during the Renaissance 2083:spread neo-pagan, nationalist ideas, based on 1134:currents of thought fall within a category of 755:Early Western reception of Eastern esotericism 11762: 11748: 10889: 9417: 7321: 6961: 6687:, Berlin / New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2004. 6685:Regional, Critical, and Historical Approaches 6448: 6429: 6396:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 6006:A Reader's Guide to Andrei Bely's "petersburg 5970: 5954:Western Esotericism and Rituals of Initiation 5820: 5711: 5651: 5620: 5604: 5600: 5482: 5478: 5458: 5454: 5438: 4276: 4264: 4252: 4240: 4216: 4204: 4176: 4164: 4112: 4088: 4064: 4040: 4016: 3980: 3952: 3928: 3875: 3736: 3505: 3368:. In Kippenberg, Hans; Stroumsa, Guy (eds.). 3006: 2942: 2879: 2598: – Prosecutions for witchcraft in Europe 2556: – Esoteric beliefs in the Eastern world 2278:have found their way into much of the former 1224: 1146:and on to more recent phenomenon such as the 426: 5739:, Michigan State University, V, 2003, 27–40. 5379:"New religious movements in changing Russia" 5288:Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism 3043: 2562: – English Qaballa system of James Lees 2208:, which built on the work of anthropologist 1861:, which later became known more commonly as 1684:. The primary exponent of this approach was 1355:— Historian of religion Henrik Bogdan, 2007. 1269:, and must therefore always be at odds with 795: 776: 6211: 6189: 5569: 5557: 5514: 5261: 5244: 5135: 5123: 5111: 5021: 5004: 4958: 4941: 4925: 4910: 4898: 4882: 4865: 4849: 4833: 4821: 4809: 4793: 4781: 4765: 4749: 4737: 4725: 4713: 4701: 4689: 4677: 4661: 4649: 4438: 4406: 4386: 4367: 4347: 4331: 4192: 4180: 3960: 3936: 3916: 3904: 3892: 3859: 3847: 3808: 3781: 3769: 3748: 3649: 3620: 3513: 3493: 3081: 2988:) in 1792, migrated to French scholarship ( 2981: 2883: 2867: 2791:, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 298. 2358:In 1965, at the instigation of the scholar 2044:(1890-1981) who is popular in Scandinavia. 1752:had ever existed before then. Instead, the 1703:movement through his attempts to solve the 1415:were bringing about socio-cultural change. 1395:A later illustration of Hermes Trismegistus 43:tree of life as represented in the Kabbalah 11755: 11741: 10896: 10882: 9431: 9424: 9410: 7328: 7314: 6968: 6954: 6897:, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands 6723: 6690: 6370: 6170: 6148: 6050: 5914:Method and Theory in the Study of Religion 5723: 5588: 5052: 5038:sfn error: no target: CITEREFCarlson2015 ( 4484: 4108: 4084: 4060: 4036: 4012: 3976: 3871: 3793: 3721: 3588: 3576: 3561: 3549: 3537: 3525: 3463: 3037: 2969: 2446: 1796:needs attention from an expert in Religion 1652:, which eventually publicly executed him. 433: 419: 10823:Relationship between religion and science 6618: 6175:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6121: 6098: 5911: 5808: 5796: 5675: 5608: 5486: 5462: 5141: 4288: 4152: 3956: 3685: 3363: 3261:"Plato's Enigmatic Lecture 'On the Good'" 2352:Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition 1855:(1734–1814), who developed the theory of 1452:, who was served by demonic helpers, the 997: 696:. Perhaps for the first time in English, 6865: 6639: 6410: 6303: 5663: 5624: 5545: 5498: 5341: 4359: 4116: 4092: 4068: 4044: 4020: 3984: 3835: 3823: 3452:Esotericism and the Control of Knowledge 3405: 2621: 2592: – Magic used for selfless purposes 2319: 2159: 1930: 1822: 1654: 1390: 1364: 1228: 1161: 1092:"Oriental" esotericism. The emphasis on 36: 6797: 6681:New Approaches to the Study of Religion 6389: 6373:Martinus, Darwin and intelligent design 6341: 6322: 6284: 6103:in Western Esotericism and Occultism". 5999: 5376: 5286:"Satanism" at Wouter Hannegraaff (ed). 5200: 5184: 5064: 5033: 4937: 4535: 3226:Nielsen, Karen Margrethe (2012-12-13). 3225: 3196: 3054: 3022: 3018: 2954: 2748:. Aries Book Series. Brill. p. 8. 2596:Witch trials in the early modern period 2152:they reformed the Fraternitas Saturni. 1672:. Though influenced by traditions from 590:. Also important in this connection is 12964: 9749:Proper basis and Reformed epistemology 6913:, University of Exeter, United Kingdom 6602:Western Esotericism: A Concise History 6599: 6556: 6022: 5951: 5932: 5920:. Kenneth Fleming (translator): 9–36. 5836: 5584: 5541: 5529: 5474: 5450: 5230:St Paul, MN: Llewellyn, 1994 pp. 23–24 5107: 5000: 4894: 4861: 4845: 4805: 4777: 4761: 4673: 4611: 4573: 4450: 4418: 4398: 4315: 4228: 4140: 4104: 4080: 4056: 4032: 4008: 3996: 3972: 3948: 3932: 3709: 3697: 3673: 3661: 3632: 3616: 3604: 3509: 3450:1444-5158. In Crangle, Edward (2004). 3434:Trompf, Garry W. (19 September 2008). 3258: 2895: 2532:oppose it and seek to deconstruct it. 1806:may be able to help recruit an expert. 1612:. His work was built on by the German 1339: 811: 11736: 10877: 9405: 9067: 7809: 7347: 7309: 6949: 6842:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 6832: 6240: 6041: 5861:from the original on 27 February 2021 5329: 5299: 3311: 3108: 2830: 2800: 2492: 2316:Academic study of Western esotericism 2155: 1942:In Europe, a movement usually termed 1644:(1548–1600), whose ideas were deemed 1565:(1355/60–1452?), who argued that the 1437:The Discourse on the Eighth and Ninth 1158:As a universal secret inner tradition 824:coined the term "exoteric speeches" ( 620:academic study of Western esotericism 28:Academic study of Western esotericism 10939:Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn 7060:Magic, Witchcraft and the Otherworld 7051:Witchcraft and Paganism in Australia 6415:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. 3338:Coniglione, Francesco (April 2018). 2849:from the original on 25 October 2022 2836: 2219:, a movement initially dominated by 1920:, founded by the American mesmerist 1780: 1070:"—terms often used interchangeably. 1032:Platonisch-Hermetisches Christianity 6691:Hanegraaff, Wouter J., ed. (2005). 6084:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5973:European Journal of English Studies 5358:from the original on 28 August 2021 5342:Hellesøy, Kjersti (November 2015). 3312:Reale, Giovanni (8 November 1990). 3236:The Reception of Aristotle's Ethics 3135: 2794: 2738:teacher' and 'gypsy-intellectual.'" 2550: – Variety of rituals of magic 2247:, as exposed by groups such as the 2186:growing counter-culture in the West 1771:18th, 19th and early 20th centuries 1545:Renaissance and Early Modern period 974:. According to examples in Lucian, 13: 6726:"The Globalization of Esotericism" 6479: 6080:Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2008). 2837:Eddy, Glenys (19 September 2008). 2723:. LoD Press, New York. p. 125 2614:According to critics, Blavatsky's 2071:(1866–1949) and his Russian pupil 1961:(1865–1916). Also significant was 1777:Esotericism in Germany and Austria 1580:, who employed Florentine thinker 1336:" but lacked utility beyond that. 14: 12993: 12946:Western European and Others Group 11692:Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn 10954:Thelemic Order of the Golden Dawn 7241:Modern Paganism in World Cultures 6975: 6936:13 questions to Wouter Hanegraaff 6883: 6375:. Scientia Intuitiva. p. 7. 6105:Occultism in a Global Perspective 6008:. University of Wisconsin Press. 6002:"Petersburg and Modern Occultism" 5935:Occultism in a Global Perspective 4457:Annual of Medieval Studies at CEU 2309: 2053:Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn 1633:De occulta philosophia libri tres 1386: 963:wrote "On the Secrets of Plato" ( 588:Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn 10858: 10857: 10847: 9385: 9384: 9371: 7033:Persuasions of the Witch's Craft 6911:Centre for Magic and Esotericism 5926:10.1163/094330510X12604383550882 5729: 5370: 5335: 5305: 5280: 5267: 5220: 5210: 5163: 5058: 4964: 3364:Lamberton, Robert (2018-11-13). 2733:: "Worse, he couldn't be a real 2364:École pratique des hautes études 1785: 778:Histoire critique du gnosticisme 71: 11354:The Stratagem and other Stories 7196:Scarboro, Campbell and Stave's 6742:from the original on 2016-08-22 6735:. Vol. 3. pp. 55–91. 6273:from the original on 2023-03-05 5407:from the original on 2023-07-02 4632:from the original on 2023-07-02 4594:from the original on 2023-01-26 4556:from the original on 2019-11-06 4529: 4478: 4467:from the original on 2019-11-06 4444: 3691: 3582: 3457: 3428: 3399: 3386: 3332: 3305: 3252: 3219: 3190: 3150:Journal of the History of Ideas 3129: 3102: 3088:. University of Chicago Press. 3075: 2975: 2333:in London, where scholars like 2107:; some Nazi Party members like 2099:was one of the founders of the 1467:. Advocated by such figures as 965:Peri tôn para Platoni aporrhèta 606:. Esoteric ideas permeated the 580:Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia 7335: 7229:Pearson, Roberts and Samuel's 6724:Hanegraaff, Wouter J. (2015). 6463:10.1016/j.religion.2005.07.002 4451:Calian, Florin George (2010). 3396:. : Cambridge University Press 3238:. Cambridge University Press. 3201:. In Montanari, Franco (ed.). 3197:Montana, Fausto (2020-06-15). 3055:Nikulin, Dmitri (2012-12-11). 2889: 2861: 2781: 2717:Pattberg, Thorsten J. (2012). 2578:Outline of Western esotericism 1496: 1166:A colored version of the 1888 1: 11173:Aleister Crowley bibliography 9068: 7276:Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft 7168:Introduction to Pagan Studies 7042:Never Again the Burning Times 6430:Von Stuckrad, Kocku (2005a). 6356:10.1080/0048721X.2016.1146926 6327:. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter. 6025:Access to Western Esotericism 5391:10.1017/ccol9780521196505.019 4577:An Encyclopaedia of Occultism 2896:Strube, Julian (2023-07-20). 2775: 2636:. Dover Publications. p. 57. 2274:, New Age organizations, and 2223:, the religion propagated by 1830:. Painting by Swedish artist 1738:From 1614 to 1616, the three 1699:(1575–1624), who sparked the 1599:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 1129:The historian of esotericism 1124: 949:allegorical exegesis of Plato 655: 297:List of magical organizations 10949:Society Ordo Templi Orientis 10788:Desacralization of knowledge 8857:Ordinary language philosophy 7348: 6848:(2): 249–281, archived from 6654:10.1080/0048721x.2013.742741 6506:, Leiden: Brill, since 2006. 6491:, Leiden: Brill, since 2001. 6226:10.1080/0048721x.2012.733245 5985:10.1080/13825577.2011.626934 5351:(MA). University of Tromsø. 4536:Bubello, Juan Pablo (2015). 3109:Facca, Danilo (2020-05-14). 2742:Staudenmaier, Peter (2014). 2660:. Prometheus Books. p. 193. 2388:American Academy of Religion 2200:promoted by figures such as 1977:(1898–1974), founder of the 1529:also saw the publication of 921: 751:orientalist academic studies 646: 633: 26:For the academic field, see 7: 10924:Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica 10903: 10200:Best of all possible worlds 10157:Eschatological verification 9714:Fine-tuning of the universe 8907:Contemporary utilitarianism 8822:Internalism and externalism 6308:. Oxford University Press. 6171:Hanegraaff, Wouter (2012). 5773:Asprem & Granholm 2013b 5761:Asprem & Granholm 2013b 5749:Asprem & Granholm 2013b 2535: 2398:established a chair in the 2276:Scientology splinter groups 2127:were hostile to occultism, 2012:(1888), she co-founded the 1798:. The specific problem is: 717:appeared in a 1779 work by 608:counterculture of the 1960s 10: 12998: 11319:Little Essays Toward Truth 8171:Svatantrika and Prasangika 7810: 7128:and theological approaches 6715:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 6695:. Leiden / Boston: Brill. 6633:10.1525/jung.1.2001.20.2.7 6122:Granholm, Kennet (2013b). 6046:. Oxford University Press. 6004:. In Livak, Leonid (ed.). 5829: 5785:Asprem & Granholm 2013 5700:Asprem & Granholm 2013 5688:Asprem & Granholm 2013 5315:. Equinox Publishing. 2013 5172:The Occult Roots of Nazism 5169:Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke: 3440:Sydney Studies in Religion 3082:Aristóteles (2010-02-15). 2843:Sydney Studies in Religion 2688:Oppenheimer, Todd (2007). 2313: 2231:, and developing into the 2022:Charles Webster Leadbeater 1774: 1624:Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa 1381: 1225:As an enchanted world view 915: 826: 25: 18: 12716:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 12696: 12614: 12451: 12286: 12157:Standard Average European 12025: 11854: 11774: 11644: 11608: 11552: 11516: 11470: 11384: 11263:The Holy Books of Thelema 11226:The Diary of a Drug Fiend 11163: 10967: 10911: 10843: 10775: 10679: 10564: 10484: 10419: 10341: 10248: 10233: 10185: 10147: 9859: 9784: 9659: 9650: 9580: 9517: 9508: 9439: 9365: 9317: 9217: 9179: 9126: 9093: 9084: 9080: 9063: 9013: 8925: 8763: 8754: 8687: 8470: 8461: 8439: 8394: 8336: 8288: 8242: 8233: 8196: 8067: 7932: 7879: 7870: 7820: 7816: 7805: 7744: 7716: 7673: 7625: 7582: 7535: 7507: 7459: 7431: 7393:Philosophy of mathematics 7383:Philosophy of information 7358: 7354: 7343: 7292: 7251: 7220: 7178: 7125: 7081: 7019: 6983: 6870:, Oxford University Press 6866:Versluis, Arthur (1993), 6833:Tweed, Thomas A. (2005), 6816:10.1163/9781848882027_009 6575:10.1163/9789004273122_016 6411:Versluis, Arthur (2007). 6390:Treitel, Corinna (2004). 6137:(1): 5–33. Archived from 5821:Brînzeu & Szönyi 2011 5712:Brînzeu & Szönyi 2011 3406:Stroumsa, Guy G. (2005). 3199:"Hellenistic Scholarship" 3115:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2657:The Fringe of the Unknown 2261:Illuminates of Thanateros 2103:, which later became the 2095:. Thule Society activist 1908:—though with the rise of 727:Johann Gottfried Eichhorn 614:phenomenon in the 1970s. 458:Western mystery tradition 30:. For Eastern forms, see 21:Esoteric (disambiguation) 12856:Lancaster House Treaties 12346:Christian existentialism 12306:Ancient Roman philosophy 12296:Ancient Greek philosophy 11368:The Vision and the Voice 10429:Friedrich Schleiermacher 10015:Theories about religions 9817:Inconsistent revelations 7193:(1979, 1986, 1996, 2006) 6668:Hanegraaff, Wouter J., “ 6600:Faivre, Antoine (2010). 6371:Therkelsen, Ole (2016). 6323:Strube, Julian (2016a). 6065:10.1163/1568527952598756 6027:. New York: SUNY Press. 6023:Faivre, Antoine (1994). 5956:. New York: SUNY Press. 5895:Contemporary Esotericism 5876:Contemporary Esotericism 5313:Contemporary esotericism 3234:. In Miller, Jon (ed.). 2602: 2503:Buffy the Vampire Slayer 2440:Magic and Occult Science 2198:techno-shamanic movement 2049:Paschal Beverly Randolph 2030:Anthroposophical Society 1990:Enlightenment libertines 1280:in her discussions of a 1207:Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke 1173:Some scholars have used 1150:movement. Nevertheless, 884:of Plato and Aristotle: 818:Ancient Greek philosophy 466:Judeo-Christian religion 12634:Equality before the law 11841:Romano-Germanic culture 11493:Eroto-comatose lucidity 11254:The Equinox of the Gods 11055:Charles Stansfeld Jones 8862:Postanalytic philosophy 8803:Experimental philosophy 7252:Academic, peer-reviewed 7179:Sociological approaches 7104:The Triumph of the Moon 7022:folkloristic approaches 6559:Handbook of Freemasonry 6304:Sedgwick, Mark (2004). 6259:10.1525/nr.2001.4.2.322 6000:Carlson, Maria (2018). 5952:Bogdan, Henrik (2007). 3277:10.1163/156852880X00025 3259:Gaiser, Konrad (1980). 2566:Medieval European magic 2447:Emic and etic divisions 2396:University of Amsterdam 2284:dissolution of the USSR 2063:and become a member of 1758:Johann Valentin Andreae 1719:'s Angelic Brethren in 1290:macrocosm and microcosm 1017:Ehregott Daniel Colberg 12796:Eastern European Group 12385:Continental philosophy 12316:Judeo-Christian ethics 12301:Hellenistic philosophy 11782:Cradle of civilization 11233:Eight Lectures on Yoga 10293:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers 9433:Philosophy of religion 8995:Social constructionism 8007:Hellenistic philosophy 7423:Theoretical philosophy 7398:Philosophy of religion 7388:Philosophy of language 7210:A Community of Witches 6241:Kurti, Laszlo (2001). 6042:Drury, Nevill (2011). 5589:Faivre & Voss 1995 5290:. Brill. 2006. p. 1035 4980:. Simon and Schuster. 3722:Faivre & Voss 1995 2482: 2470: 2443:science and medicine. 2325: 2302:, neo-Pagan, and even 2241:traditional witchcraft 2181: 1939: 1835: 1741:Rosicrucian Manifestos 1663: 1396: 1352: 1241: 1170: 1026:(1659–1698), a German 1006: 998:Conceptual development 941: 935:Can it be, then, that 891: 796: 777: 550:philosophies with the 49: 12916:Three Seas Initiative 12891:Pacific Islands Forum 12756:British–Irish Council 12504:Greek Orthodox Church 11963:Industrial Revolution 11933:Scientific Revolution 10828:Faith and rationality 10783:Criticism of religion 10721:Robert Merrihew Adams 10711:Nicholas Wolterstorff 9914:Divine command theory 9378:Philosophy portal 8897:Scientific skepticism 8877:Reformed epistemology 7403:Philosophy of science 7232:Nature Religion Today 7190:Drawing Down the Moon 7082:Historical approaches 6996:Contemporary paganism 6150:Hanegraaff, Wouter J. 5837:Asprem, Egil (2014). 5079:10.1353/vcr.2017.0032 4515:10.2979/aleph.13.1.77 4499:10.2979/aleph.13.1.77 2477: 2465: 2323: 2163: 2101:German Workers' Party 2040:of the Danish mystic 1994:Emma Hardinge Britten 1934: 1826: 1775:Further information: 1746:Christian Rosenkreutz 1733:Philadelphian Society 1658: 1650:Roman Catholic Church 1394: 1365:As rejected knowledge 1344: 1314:Traditionalist School 1267:scientific revolution 1232: 1165: 1002: 980:Clement of Alexandria 933: 897:and truth present in 886: 524:Eastern Mediterranean 193:Esoteric transmission 40: 12911:Special Relationship 12321:Christian philosophy 12266:Western Christianity 11928:Age of Enlightenment 11802:Hellenistic Kingdoms 11707:Magical organization 11333:Magick Without Tears 11205:Clouds without Water 11135:Wilfred Talbot Smith 11080:Grady Louis McMurtry 11020:Jeanne Robert Foster 10944:Ordo Templi Orientis 10818:Religious philosophy 10298:Pico della Mirandola 10263:Anselm of Canterbury 10195:Augustinian theodicy 10107:Religious skepticism 9440:Concepts in religion 8798:Critical rationalism 8505:Edo neo-Confucianism 8349:Acintya bheda abheda 8328:Renaissance humanism 8039:School of the Sextii 7413:Practical philosophy 7408:Political philosophy 6569:. pp. 277–305. 5637:Goodrick-Clarke 2008 5503:Goodrick-Clarke 2008 5424:Goodrick-Clarke 2008 5277:. 2011. pp. 205–206. 5226:Stephen E. Flowers. 4435:Goodrick-Clarke 2008 4423:Goodrick-Clarke 2008 4403:Goodrick-Clarke 2008 4383:Goodrick-Clarke 2008 4364:Goodrick-Clarke 2008 4344:Goodrick-Clarke 2008 4328:Goodrick-Clarke 2008 4304:Goodrick-Clarke 2008 4129:Goodrick-Clarke 2008 4063:, pp. 399–340; 4039:, pp. 398–399; 3372:(in German). BRILL. 2801:Baier, Karl (2021). 2572:Medieval Inquisition 2404:University of Exeter 2174:Museum of Witchcraft 2065:Ordo Templi Orientis 2014:Theosophical Society 1886:Andrew Jackson Davis 1804:WikiProject Religion 1717:Johann Georg Gichtel 1661:Square and Compasses 1411:, urbanisation, and 1168:Flammarion engraving 1105:'s incorporation of 1103:Theosophical Society 1076:Wouter J. Hanegraaff 867:Andronicus of Rhodes 735:Johann Jakob Brucker 694:Cambridge Platonists 584:Theosophical Society 572:Age of Enlightenment 470:Age of Enlightenment 456:, and sometimes the 12977:Western esotericism 12936:West Nordic Council 12801:Eastern Partnership 12390:Analytic philosophy 12091:Classical tradition 11913:Early modern period 11869:Classical antiquity 11864:European Bronze Age 11616:Number of the beast 11517:Ceremony and ritual 11437:Holy Guardian Angel 11186:The Book of the Law 11115:Helen Parsons Smith 11090:Marcelo Ramos Motta 10929:Fraternitas Saturni 10803:History of religion 10504:Friedrich Nietzsche 10381:Gottfried W Leibniz 10376:Nicolas Malebranche 10308:King James VI and I 9588:Abrahamic religions 8369:Nimbarka Sampradaya 8280:Korean Confucianism 8027:Academic Skepticism 7296:Pagan studies books 7115:Her Hidden Children 7020:Anthropological and 7010:Western esotericism 6890:An Esoteric Archive 6757:, Trine Day, 2011, 4612:Ceadel, M. (1980). 4574:Spence, L. (2003). 3552:, pp. 107–108. 3136:Bos, A. P. (1989). 2670:The Secret Doctrine 2616:The Secret Doctrine 2554:Eastern esotericism 2408:Western Esotericism 2406:created a chair in 2384:Robert A. McDermott 2272:Gnostic revivalists 2138:Fraternitas Saturni 2009:The Secret Doctrine 1867:Marquis de Puységur 1701:Christian theosophy 1619:De Arte Cabalistica 1592:Lodovico Lazzarelli 1420:Hermes Trismegistus 1340:As higher knowledge 1334:early modern period 1175:Western esotericism 1044:Christian theosophy 812:Philosophical usage 719:Johann Georg Hamann 560:Christian theosophy 446:Western esotericism 360:Hermes Trismegistus 233:Ritual purification 93:Eastern esotericism 88:Western esotericism 32:Eastern esotericism 12982:Schools of thought 12395:Post-structuralism 12358:Christian humanism 11988:Universal suffrage 11636:Unicursal hexagram 11452:Stele of Revealing 11385:Concepts and ideas 11312:Liber Trigrammaton 11277:The Law is for All 11190:Liber AL vel Legis 11060:George Cecil Jones 11040:Lady Frieda Harris 10975:List of Thelemites 10813:Religious language 10793:Ethics in religion 10751:William Lane Craig 10626:Charles Hartshorne 10366:Desiderius Erasmus 10268:Augustine of Hippo 10210:Inconsistent triad 10172:Apophatic theology 10167:Logical positivism 10149:Religious language 9769:Watchmaker analogy 9734:Necessary existent 9510:Conceptions of God 9470:Intelligent design 8990:Post-structuralism 8892:Scientific realism 8847:Quinean naturalism 8827:Logical positivism 8783:Analytical Marxism 8002:Peripatetic school 7914:Chinese naturalism 7441:Aesthetic response 7368:Applied philosophy 7137:Enchanted Feminism 6810:. pp. 77–83. 6753:Kelley, James L., 6675:2023-07-02 at the 6550:2015-09-24 at the 6539:2015-09-24 at the 6528:2015-09-24 at the 6516:2015-09-24 at the 6501:2007-10-11 at the 6191:Hanegraaff, Wouter 5652:Von Stuckrad 2005b 5621:Von Stuckrad 2005a 5605:Von Stuckrad 2005b 5601:Von Stuckrad 2005a 5483:Von Stuckrad 2005b 5479:Von Stuckrad 2005a 5459:Von Stuckrad 2005b 5455:Von Stuckrad 2005a 5439:Von Stuckrad 2005a 5156:2015-07-01 at the 5150:Thule-Gesellschaft 5147:Hermann Gilbhard: 5003:, pp. 93–94; 4864:, pp. 76–77; 4808:, pp. 64–66; 4780:, pp. 63–64; 4764:, pp. 61–63; 4405:, pp. 27–29; 4330:, pp. 3, 15; 4277:Von Stuckrad 2005b 4265:Von Stuckrad 2005b 4253:Von Stuckrad 2005b 4241:Von Stuckrad 2005b 4217:Von Stuckrad 2005b 4205:Von Stuckrad 2005a 4177:Von Stuckrad 2005a 4165:Von Stuckrad 2005a 4113:Von Stuckrad 2005a 4107:, pp. 14–15; 4089:Von Stuckrad 2005a 4065:Von Stuckrad 2005a 4041:Von Stuckrad 2005a 4017:Von Stuckrad 2005a 3981:Von Stuckrad 2005a 3953:Von Stuckrad 2005a 3929:Von Stuckrad 2005a 3876:Von Stuckrad 2005b 3737:Von Stuckrad 2005b 3506:Von Stuckrad 2005b 3230:Nicomachean Ethics 3007:Von Stuckrad 2005b 2943:Von Stuckrad 2005a 2914:10.1558/imre.23260 2880:Von Stuckrad 2005b 2652:L. Sprague de Camp 2628:L. Sprague de Camp 2521:His Dark Materials 2493:In popular culture 2326: 2182: 2156:Later 20th century 2133:Karl Maria Wiligut 2026:Jiddu Krishnamurti 1940: 1894:psychical research 1853:Franz Anton Mesmer 1841:Emanuel Swedenborg 1836: 1678:Biblical scripture 1664: 1610:Christian Kabbalah 1603:Pope Innocent VIII 1397: 1330:Kocku von Stuckrad 1282:Hermetic Tradition 1254:positivist science 1242: 1171: 1072:The modern academy 1030:theologian, wrote 911:Kocku von Stuckrad 843:natural philosophy 816:In the context of 652:Lucian of Samosata 556:Christian Kabbalah 477:Western philosophy 250:Esoteric societies 50: 12959: 12958: 12786:Council of Europe 12688:International law 12641:Constitutionalism 12499:Eastern Orthodoxy 12005:Post–Cold War era 11938:Age of Revolution 11792:Greco-Roman world 11730: 11729: 11672:Book of Abramelin 11412:Astral projection 11347:One Star in Sight 11198:The Book of Thoth 11065:Richard Kaczynski 11050:Christopher Hyatt 11015:Lon Milo DuQuette 10980:Ankh-af-na-khonsu 10871: 10870: 10771: 10770: 10731:Peter van Inwagen 10716:Richard Swinburne 10661:George I Mavrodes 10521:Vladimir Solovyov 10461:Søren Kierkegaard 10386:William Wollaston 10333:William of Ockham 10313:Marcion of Sinope 10215:Irenaean theodicy 10205:Euthyphro dilemma 10132:Transcendentalism 9961:Womanist theology 9951:Feminist theology 9855: 9854: 9646: 9645: 9532:Divine simplicity 9452:Euthyphro dilemma 9399: 9398: 9361: 9360: 9357: 9356: 9353: 9352: 9059: 9058: 9055: 9054: 9051: 9050: 8778:Analytic feminism 8750: 8749: 8712:Kierkegaardianism 8674:Transcendentalism 8634:Neo-scholasticism 8480:Classical Realism 8457: 8456: 8229: 8228: 8044:Neopythagoreanism 7801: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7418:Social philosophy 7303: 7302: 7221:Interdisciplinary 7199:Living Witchcraft 7148:Gods of the Blood 7126:Religious studies 6825:978-1-84888-202-7 6793:978-3-9523616-3-4 6778:978-3-9523616-1-0 6611:978-1-4384-3377-6 6584:978-90-04-21833-8 6441:978-1-84553-033-4 6422:978-0-7425-5836-6 6403:978-0-8018-7812-1 6334:978-3-11-047810-5 6204:978-1-4411-3646-6 6182:978-0-521-19621-5 6163:978-90-04-10695-6 6114:978-1-84465-716-2 6091:978-0-19-532099-2 6034:978-0-7914-2178-9 6015:978-0-299-31930-4 5963:978-0-7914-7070-1 5944:978-1-84465-716-2 5904:978-1-317-54357-2 5885:978-1-317-54357-2 5763:, pp. 43–44. 5400:978-0-521-19650-5 5126:, pp. 41–42. 5007:, pp. 40–41. 4913:, pp. 38–39. 4868:, pp. 37–38. 4824:, pp. 35–36. 4812:, pp. 33–34. 4796:, pp. 32–33. 4768:, pp. 30–31. 4716:, pp. 28–29. 4704:, pp. 27–28. 4680:, pp. 26–27. 4625:978-0-19-821882-1 4587:978-0-486-42613-6 4441:, pp. 20–21. 4425:, pp. 20–27. 4409:, pp. 19–20. 4385:, p. 16–20; 4366:, p. 16–20; 4279:, pp. 91–92. 3999:, pp. 10–11. 3850:, pp. 11–12. 3751:, pp. 10–12. 3724:, pp. 48–49. 3688:, pp. 31–32. 3623:, pp. 14–15. 3477:978-90-04-42801-0 3379:978-90-04-37887-2 2902:Implicit Religion 2816:978-1-119-09278-0 2755:978-90-04-27015-2 2701:978-0-307-43221-6 2584:Renaissance magic 2457:Wouter Hanegraaff 2425:social scientists 2331:Warburg Institute 2164:Sculpture of the 2038:spiritual science 1922:Phineas P. Quimby 1821: 1820: 1750:Rosicrucian Order 1614:Johannes Reuchlin 1587:Corpus Hermeticum 1578:Cosimo de' Medici 1425:Corpus Hermeticum 1203:religious studies 907:mystery religions 783:institutionalised 721:, and the use of 686:doctrina vulgaris 596:spiritual science 443: 442: 176:Astral projection 133:Mystical theology 45:, containing the 12989: 12831:EU Customs Union 12363:Secular humanism 12311:Christian ethics 12261:East–West Schism 12244:Physical culture 11968:Great Divergence 11918:Age of Discovery 11757: 11750: 11743: 11734: 11733: 11722:Whore of Babylon 11702:Magical alphabet 11652:Abbey of Thelema 11544:Rites of Eleusis 11529:Pentagram Ritual 11483:Ceremonial magic 11432:Hermetic Qabalah 11247:The Blue Equinox 11179:The Book of Lies 11070:Rose Edith Kelly 11010:Marjorie Cameron 10985:Aleister Crowley 10898: 10891: 10884: 10875: 10874: 10861: 10860: 10851: 10756:Ali Akbar Rashad 10619:Reinhold Niebuhr 10579:Bertrand Russell 10574:George Santayana 10471:Albrecht Ritschl 10456:Ludwig Feuerbach 10246: 10245: 10242:(by date active) 10102:Process theology 9847:Russell's teapot 9657: 9656: 9652:Existence of God 9562:Process theology 9515: 9514: 9500:Theological veto 9463:religious belief 9426: 9419: 9412: 9403: 9402: 9388: 9387: 9376: 9375: 9374: 9091: 9090: 9082: 9081: 9065: 9064: 8955:Frankfurt School 8902:Transactionalism 8852:Normative ethics 8832:Legal positivism 8808:Falsificationism 8793:Consequentialism 8788:Communitarianism 8761: 8760: 8629:New Confucianism 8468: 8467: 8275:Neo-Confucianism 8240: 8239: 8049:Second Sophistic 8034:Middle Platonism 7877: 7876: 7818: 7817: 7807: 7806: 7650:Epiphenomenalism 7517:Consequentialism 7451:Institutionalism 7356: 7355: 7345: 7344: 7330: 7323: 7316: 7307: 7306: 7071:Witching Culture 6970: 6963: 6956: 6947: 6946: 6937: 6925:academic journal 6871: 6862: 6861: 6860: 6854: 6839: 6829: 6808:Brill Publishers 6783:Martin, Pierre, 6768:Martin, Pierre, 6750: 6748: 6747: 6741: 6730: 6720: 6714: 6706: 6665: 6636: 6615: 6596: 6567:Brill Publishers 6474: 6445: 6426: 6407: 6386: 6367: 6338: 6319: 6300: 6289:. Belgium: Isd. 6281: 6279: 6278: 6237: 6208: 6186: 6167: 6145: 6143: 6128: 6118: 6095: 6076: 6047: 6038: 6019: 5996: 5967: 5948: 5929: 5908: 5889: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5824: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5800: 5794: 5788: 5782: 5776: 5770: 5764: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5740: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5679: 5673: 5667: 5661: 5655: 5649: 5640: 5634: 5628: 5618: 5612: 5611:, p. 12–13. 5598: 5592: 5582: 5573: 5570:Hanegraaff 2013b 5567: 5561: 5558:Hanegraaff 2013a 5555: 5549: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5518: 5515:Hanegraaff 2013b 5512: 5506: 5496: 5490: 5472: 5466: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5427: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5357: 5350: 5339: 5333: 5327: 5316: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5291: 5284: 5278: 5271: 5265: 5262:Hanegraaff 2013a 5259: 5248: 5245:Hanegraaff 2013a 5242: 5231: 5224: 5218: 5214: 5208: 5198: 5192: 5182: 5176: 5167: 5161: 5145: 5139: 5136:Hanegraaff 2013a 5133: 5127: 5124:Hanegraaff 2013a 5121: 5115: 5112:Hanegraaff 2013a 5105: 5099: 5098: 5067:Victorian 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4527: 4526: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4472: 4448: 4442: 4439:Hanegraaff 2013a 4432: 4426: 4416: 4410: 4407:Hanegraaff 2013a 4396: 4390: 4387:Hanegraaff 2013a 4380: 4371: 4368:Hanegraaff 2013a 4357: 4351: 4348:Hanegraaff 2013a 4341: 4335: 4332:Hanegraaff 2013a 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4193:Hanegraaff 2013a 4190: 4184: 4181:Hanegraaff 2013a 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4131:, pp. 7–10. 4126: 4120: 4102: 4096: 4078: 4072: 4054: 4048: 4030: 4024: 4006: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3970: 3964: 3961:Hanegraaff 2013a 3946: 3940: 3937:Hanegraaff 2013a 3926: 3920: 3917:Hanegraaff 2013a 3914: 3908: 3905:Hanegraaff 2013a 3902: 3896: 3893:Hanegraaff 2013a 3890: 3879: 3869: 3863: 3860:Hanegraaff 2013a 3857: 3851: 3848:Hanegraaff 2013a 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3812: 3809:Hanegraaff 2013b 3806: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3782:Hanegraaff 2013a 3779: 3773: 3770:Hanegraaff 2013a 3767: 3752: 3749:Hanegraaff 2013a 3746: 3740: 3734: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3650:Hanegraaff 2013a 3647: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3621:Hanegraaff 2013a 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3514:Hanegraaff 2013a 3503: 3497: 3494:Hanegraaff 2013a 3491: 3482: 3481: 3461: 3455: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3403: 3397: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3361: 3350: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3299: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3140:Exoterikoi Logoi 3133: 3127: 3126: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3052: 3041: 3035: 3026: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2993: 2982:Hanegraaff 2013a 2979: 2973: 2967: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2908:(3–4): 353–383. 2893: 2887: 2884:Hanegraaff 2013a 2877: 2871: 2868:Hanegraaff 2013a 2865: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2798: 2792: 2785: 2770: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2681: 2675: 2612: 2548:Ceremonial magic 2233:Goddess movement 2210:Carlos Castaneda 2206:Daniel Pinchbeck 2194:New Age movement 2129:Heinrich Himmler 2109:Alfred Rosenberg 2069:George Gurdjieff 2057:Aleister Crowley 2020:(1847–1933) and 1998:Helena Blavatsky 1996:(1823–1899) and 1957:(1810–1875) and 1926:mind over matter 1906:Carl Gustav Jung 1888:(1826–1910) and 1858:Animal Magnetism 1816: 1813: 1807: 1789: 1788: 1781: 1669:Naturphilosophie 1567:Chaldean Oracles 1490:Chaldean Oracles 1413:multiculturalism 1372:history of ideas 1356: 1256:that sought to " 1025: 1010: 924: 918: 917: 903:initiatory rites 855:enkyklioi logoi, 829: 828: 827:ἐξωτερικοὶ λόγοι 799: 780: 774: 692:are found among 660: 657: 649: 592:Martinus Thomsen 448:, also known as 435: 428: 421: 75: 52: 51: 12997: 12996: 12992: 12991: 12990: 12988: 12987: 12986: 12962: 12961: 12960: 12955: 12921:UKUSA Agreement 12861:Lublin Triangle 12746:Baltic Assembly 12698: 12692: 12610: 12447: 12282: 12152:Eurolinguistics 12021: 12010:Information age 11983:Interwar period 11850: 11770: 11761: 11731: 11726: 11667:Boleskine House 11640: 11604: 11548: 11534:Bornless Ritual 11512: 11503:Obeah and wanga 11466: 11442:Magical formula 11422:English Qaballa 11380: 11326:Magick (Book 4) 11212:Collected Works 11159: 11145:James Wasserman 11130:Phyllis Seckler 11025:J. F. C. Fuller 10963: 10959:Typhonian Order 10907: 10902: 10872: 10867: 10839: 10767: 10763:Alexander Pruss 10746:Jean-Luc Marion 10701:Alvin Plantinga 10696:Dewi Z Phillips 10683: 10681: 10675: 10646:Walter Kaufmann 10636:Frithjof Schuon 10609:Rudolf Bultmann 10566: 10560: 10556:Joseph Maréchal 10546:Pavel Florensky 10541:Sergei Bulgakov 10526:Ernst Troeltsch 10509:Harald Høffding 10486: 10480: 10451:William Whewell 10439:Georg W F Hegel 10434:Karl C F Krause 10421: 10415: 10411:Johann G Herder 10401:Baron d'Holbach 10351:Augustin Calmet 10337: 10253: 10241: 10240: 10237: 10229: 10187:Problem of evil 10181: 10177:Verificationism 10143: 9851: 9797:Atheist's Wager 9780: 9642: 9576: 9504: 9480:Problem of evil 9435: 9430: 9400: 9395: 9372: 9370: 9349: 9313: 9213: 9175: 9122: 9076: 9075: 9047: 9036:Russian cosmism 9009: 9005:Western Marxism 8970:New Historicism 8935:Critical theory 8921: 8917:Wittgensteinian 8813:Foundationalism 8746: 8683: 8664:Social contract 8520:Foundationalism 8453: 8435: 8419:Illuminationism 8404:Aristotelianism 8390: 8379:Vishishtadvaita 8332: 8284: 8225: 8192: 8063: 7992:Megarian school 7987:Eretrian school 7928: 7889:Agriculturalism 7866: 7812: 7793: 7740: 7712: 7669: 7621: 7578: 7562:Incompatibilism 7531: 7503: 7455: 7427: 7350: 7339: 7334: 7304: 7299: 7288: 7269:The Pomegranate 7253: 7247: 7222: 7216: 7174: 7127: 7121: 7077: 7021: 7015: 7003:Nature religion 6979: 6974: 6935: 6886: 6881: 6858: 6856: 6852: 6837: 6826: 6745: 6743: 6739: 6728: 6708: 6707: 6703: 6677:Wayback Machine 6612: 6585: 6552:Wayback Machine 6541:Wayback Machine 6530:Wayback Machine 6518:Wayback Machine 6503:Wayback Machine 6482: 6480:Further reading 6477: 6442: 6423: 6404: 6383: 6335: 6316: 6297: 6276: 6274: 6205: 6183: 6164: 6141: 6126: 6115: 6092: 6035: 6016: 5964: 5945: 5905: 5886: 5864: 5862: 5832: 5827: 5819: 5815: 5811:, pp. 8–9. 5807: 5803: 5795: 5791: 5783: 5779: 5771: 5767: 5759: 5755: 5747: 5743: 5734: 5730: 5724:Hanegraaff 1996 5722: 5718: 5710: 5706: 5702:, pp. 3–4. 5698: 5694: 5686: 5682: 5674: 5670: 5662: 5658: 5650: 5643: 5635: 5631: 5619: 5615: 5599: 5595: 5583: 5576: 5568: 5564: 5560:, pp. 1–2. 5556: 5552: 5540: 5536: 5528: 5521: 5513: 5509: 5497: 5493: 5473: 5469: 5449: 5445: 5437: 5430: 5426:, pp. 4–5. 5422: 5418: 5410: 5408: 5401: 5375: 5371: 5361: 5359: 5355: 5348: 5340: 5336: 5328: 5319: 5310: 5306: 5298: 5294: 5285: 5281: 5272: 5268: 5260: 5251: 5243: 5234: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5211: 5199: 5195: 5183: 5179: 5168: 5164: 5158:Wayback Machine 5146: 5142: 5134: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5106: 5102: 5063: 5059: 5053:Therkelsen 2016 5051: 5047: 5037: 5032: 5028: 5020: 5011: 4999: 4995: 4988: 4972:Joscelyn Godwin 4969: 4965: 4957: 4948: 4936: 4932: 4924: 4917: 4909: 4905: 4893: 4889: 4881: 4872: 4860: 4856: 4844: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4804: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4776: 4772: 4760: 4756: 4748: 4744: 4736: 4732: 4724: 4720: 4712: 4708: 4700: 4696: 4688: 4684: 4672: 4668: 4660: 4656: 4648: 4644: 4635: 4633: 4626: 4610: 4606: 4597: 4595: 4588: 4572: 4568: 4559: 4557: 4534: 4530: 4483: 4479: 4470: 4468: 4449: 4445: 4433: 4429: 4417: 4413: 4397: 4393: 4381: 4374: 4358: 4354: 4342: 4338: 4326: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4302: 4295: 4287: 4283: 4275: 4271: 4263: 4259: 4251: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4227: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4195:, pp. 4–5. 4191: 4187: 4175: 4171: 4163: 4159: 4151: 4147: 4139: 4135: 4127: 4123: 4111:, p. 400; 4109:Hanegraaff 1996 4103: 4099: 4087:, p. 400; 4085:Hanegraaff 1996 4079: 4075: 4061:Hanegraaff 1996 4055: 4051: 4037:Hanegraaff 1996 4031: 4027: 4015:, p. 398; 4013:Hanegraaff 1996 4007: 4003: 3995: 3991: 3979:, p. 398; 3977:Hanegraaff 1996 3971: 3967: 3947: 3943: 3939:, pp. 3–4. 3927: 3923: 3919:, pp. 6–7. 3915: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3891: 3882: 3874:, p. 385; 3872:Hanegraaff 1996 3870: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3822: 3815: 3807: 3800: 3794:Hanegraaff 2012 3792: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3768: 3755: 3747: 3743: 3735: 3728: 3720: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3684: 3680: 3672: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3648: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3589:Hanegraaff 1996 3587: 3583: 3577:Hanegraaff 2012 3575: 3568: 3562:Hanegraaff 2012 3560: 3556: 3550:Hanegraaff 2012 3548: 3544: 3538:Hanegraaff 2012 3536: 3532: 3526:Hanegraaff 2012 3524: 3520: 3504: 3500: 3492: 3485: 3478: 3462: 3458: 3433: 3429: 3422: 3404: 3400: 3391: 3387: 3380: 3362: 3353: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3310: 3306: 3297: 3295: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3195: 3191: 3182: 3180: 3162:10.2307/2709731 3144:Enkyklioi Logoi 3134: 3130: 3123: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3080: 3076: 3069: 3053: 3044: 3038:Hanegraaff 1996 3036: 3029: 3017: 3013: 3005: 2996: 2980: 2976: 2970:Hanegraaff 1996 2968: 2961: 2953: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2894: 2890: 2878: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2852: 2850: 2835: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2799: 2795: 2787:Morris, Brian. 2786: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2741: 2726: 2724: 2716: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2633:Lost Continents 2613: 2609: 2605: 2560:English Qaballa 2538: 2495: 2473:Arthur Versluis 2449: 2433:English studies 2318: 2312: 2298:, Millenarian, 2249:Church of Satan 2217:modern paganism 2202:Terence McKenna 2190:Age of Aquarius 2158: 2125:Joseph Goebbels 2121:Dietrich Eckart 1983:Frithjof Schuon 1951:1789 Revolution 1938:of Éliphas Lévi 1828:Hypnotic séance 1817: 1811: 1808: 1802: 1790: 1786: 1779: 1773: 1705:problem of evil 1582:Marsilio Ficino 1547: 1527:medieval period 1499: 1389: 1384: 1367: 1358: 1354: 1342: 1227: 1211:Arthur Versluis 1160: 1127: 1019: 1012: 1008: 1000: 874:Tübingen School 814: 768: 741:or Neoplatonic 729:. But the word 690:doctrina arcana 658: 636: 600:Modern paganism 462:Western society 439: 410: 409: 310: 309:Notable figures 302: 301: 292:Typhonian Order 283: 251: 243: 242: 228:Rite of passage 171: 163: 162: 83: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12995: 12985: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12957: 12956: 12954: 12953: 12951:Westernization 12948: 12943: 12938: 12933: 12931:Visegrád Group 12928: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12898: 12893: 12888: 12883: 12878: 12873: 12871:Nordic Council 12868: 12863: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12773: 12768: 12766:Bucharest Nine 12763: 12758: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12731:Arctic Council 12728: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12708: 12702: 12700: 12694: 12693: 12691: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12679: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12643: 12638: 12637: 12636: 12626: 12620: 12618: 12612: 12611: 12609: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12597: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12575: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12529: 12528: 12527: 12526: 12525: 12515: 12514: 12513: 12508: 12507: 12506: 12496: 12495: 12494: 12484: 12483: 12482: 12457: 12455: 12449: 12448: 12446: 12445: 12444: 12443: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12422: 12421: 12409: 12408: 12407: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12366: 12365: 12360: 12350: 12349: 12348: 12341:Existentialism 12338: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12292: 12290: 12284: 12283: 12281: 12280: 12279: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12253: 12252: 12251: 12241: 12240: 12239: 12234: 12224: 12223: 12222: 12212: 12207: 12206: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12185: 12184: 12183: 12173: 12172: 12171: 12161: 12160: 12159: 12154: 12144: 12139: 12134: 12129: 12128: 12127: 12117: 12112: 12111: 12110: 12100: 12099: 12098: 12088: 12087: 12086: 12076: 12071: 12070: 12069: 12059: 12054: 12053: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12031: 12029: 12023: 12022: 12020: 12019: 12018: 12017: 12012: 12002: 12001: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11905: 11900: 11899: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11878: 11877: 11876: 11874:Late antiquity 11866: 11860: 11858: 11852: 11851: 11849: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11827: 11826: 11825: 11824: 11819: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11789: 11784: 11778: 11776: 11772: 11771: 11760: 11759: 11752: 11745: 11737: 11728: 11727: 11725: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11648: 11646: 11645:Related topics 11642: 11641: 11639: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11612: 11610: 11606: 11605: 11603: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11556: 11554: 11550: 11549: 11547: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11520: 11518: 11514: 11513: 11511: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11488:Enochian magic 11485: 11480: 11474: 11472: 11468: 11467: 11465: 11464: 11459: 11457:Stellar wisdom 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11388: 11386: 11382: 11381: 11379: 11378: 11371: 11364: 11357: 11350: 11343: 11336: 11329: 11322: 11315: 11308: 11301: 11294: 11287: 11280: 11273: 11266: 11259: 11258: 11257: 11250: 11236: 11229: 11222: 11215: 11208: 11201: 11194: 11182: 11175: 11169: 11167: 11165:Thelemic texts 11161: 11160: 11158: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11100:Victor Neuburg 11097: 11095:Nema Andahadna 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11002: 11000:William Breeze 10997: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10971: 10969: 10965: 10964: 10962: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10915: 10913: 10909: 10908: 10901: 10900: 10893: 10886: 10878: 10869: 10868: 10866: 10865: 10855: 10844: 10841: 10840: 10838: 10837: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10779: 10777: 10776:Related topics 10773: 10772: 10769: 10768: 10766: 10765: 10759: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10736:Daniel Dennett 10733: 10728: 10726:Ravi Zacharias 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10691:William L Rowe 10687: 10685: 10677: 10676: 10674: 10673: 10668: 10666:William Alston 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10622: 10621: 10616: 10614:Gabriel Marcel 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10570: 10568: 10562: 10561: 10559: 10558: 10553: 10551:Ernst Cassirer 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10517: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10490: 10488: 10482: 10481: 10479: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10446:Thomas Carlyle 10442: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10425: 10423: 10417: 10416: 10414: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10371:Baruch Spinoza 10368: 10363: 10358: 10356:René Descartes 10353: 10347: 10345: 10339: 10338: 10336: 10335: 10330: 10328:Thomas Aquinas 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10259: 10257: 10243: 10234: 10231: 10230: 10228: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10191: 10189: 10183: 10182: 10180: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10153: 10151: 10145: 10144: 10142: 10141: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10097:Possibilianism 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10053: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10006: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9973:Fundamentalism 9970: 9965: 9964: 9963: 9958: 9948: 9947: 9946: 9941: 9934:Existentialism 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9865: 9863: 9857: 9856: 9853: 9852: 9850: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9827:Noncognitivism 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9788: 9786: 9782: 9781: 9779: 9778: 9776:Transcendental 9773: 9772: 9771: 9766: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9744:Pascal's wager 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9695: 9694: 9689: 9679: 9674: 9672:Christological 9669: 9663: 9661: 9654: 9648: 9647: 9644: 9643: 9641: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9584: 9582: 9578: 9577: 9575: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9518: 9512: 9506: 9505: 9503: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9466: 9465: 9454: 9449: 9443: 9441: 9437: 9436: 9429: 9428: 9421: 9414: 9406: 9397: 9396: 9394: 9393: 9381: 9366: 9363: 9362: 9359: 9358: 9355: 9354: 9351: 9350: 9348: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9321: 9319: 9315: 9314: 9312: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9245: 9244: 9234: 9229: 9223: 9221: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9185: 9183: 9181:Middle Eastern 9177: 9176: 9174: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9132: 9130: 9124: 9123: 9121: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9099: 9097: 9088: 9078: 9077: 9074: 9073: 9069: 9061: 9060: 9057: 9056: 9053: 9052: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9045: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9017: 9015: 9011: 9010: 9008: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8945:Existentialism 8942: 8940:Deconstruction 8937: 8931: 8929: 8923: 8922: 8920: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8773:Applied ethics 8769: 8767: 8758: 8752: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8745: 8744: 8739: 8737:Nietzscheanism 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8708: 8707: 8697: 8691: 8689: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8681: 8679:Utilitarianism 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8580: 8579: 8577:Transcendental 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8544: 8543: 8542: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8515:Existentialism 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8471: 8465: 8459: 8458: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8451: 8445: 8443: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8433: 8428: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8400: 8398: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8388: 8383: 8382: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8340: 8338: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8303:Augustinianism 8300: 8294: 8292: 8286: 8285: 8283: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8246: 8244: 8237: 8231: 8230: 8227: 8226: 8224: 8223: 8218: 8216:Zoroastrianism 8213: 8208: 8202: 8200: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8190: 8189: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8138: 8137: 8136: 8131: 8121: 8120: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8073: 8071: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8061: 8059:Church Fathers 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8030: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7973: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7941: 7939: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7885: 7883: 7874: 7868: 7867: 7865: 7864: 7863: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7832: 7826: 7824: 7814: 7813: 7803: 7802: 7799: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7750: 7748: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7722: 7720: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7679: 7677: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7631: 7629: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7588: 7586: 7580: 7579: 7577: 7576: 7574:Libertarianism 7571: 7570: 7569: 7559: 7558: 7557: 7547: 7541: 7539: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7513: 7511: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7465: 7463: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7437: 7435: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7378:Metaphilosophy 7375: 7370: 7364: 7362: 7352: 7351: 7341: 7340: 7333: 7332: 7325: 7318: 7310: 7301: 7300: 7293: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7286: 7279: 7272: 7265: 7257: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7245: 7236: 7226: 7224: 7223:edited volumes 7218: 7217: 7215: 7214: 7203: 7194: 7182: 7180: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7172: 7163: 7159:Pagan Theology 7152: 7141: 7131: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7119: 7108: 7097: 7085: 7083: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7075: 7064: 7055: 7046: 7037: 7025: 7023: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7013: 7006: 6999: 6992: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6973: 6972: 6965: 6958: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6932: 6927: 6919: 6914: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6892: 6885: 6884:External links 6882: 6880: 6879: 6877:978-0195076585 6863: 6830: 6824: 6795: 6781: 6766: 6763:978-1936296279 6751: 6721: 6701: 6688: 6666: 6637: 6616: 6610: 6597: 6583: 6554: 6507: 6492: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6475: 6446: 6440: 6427: 6421: 6408: 6402: 6387: 6381: 6368: 6350:(3): 359–388. 6339: 6333: 6320: 6315:978-0195152975 6314: 6301: 6296:978-9042906303 6295: 6282: 6253:(2): 322–350. 6238: 6220:(2): 178–200. 6209: 6203: 6187: 6181: 6168: 6162: 6146: 6144:on 2014-08-19. 6119: 6113: 6096: 6090: 6077: 6048: 6039: 6033: 6020: 6014: 5997: 5979:(3): 183–188. 5968: 5962: 5949: 5943: 5930: 5909: 5903: 5890: 5884: 5871: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5823:, p. 185. 5813: 5809:Granholm 2013b 5801: 5797:Granholm 2013a 5789: 5777: 5765: 5753: 5741: 5728: 5716: 5714:, p. 184. 5704: 5692: 5680: 5676:Bergunder 2010 5668: 5656: 5641: 5629: 5613: 5609:Bergunder 2010 5607:, p. 81; 5593: 5574: 5572:, p. 198. 5562: 5550: 5544:, p. ix; 5534: 5519: 5517:, p. 179. 5507: 5491: 5487:Bergunder 2010 5485:, p. 81; 5467: 5463:Bergunder 2010 5461:, p. 81; 5453:, p. ix; 5443: 5428: 5416: 5399: 5369: 5334: 5317: 5304: 5302:, p. 251. 5292: 5279: 5266: 5249: 5232: 5219: 5209: 5193: 5177: 5162: 5140: 5128: 5116: 5110:, p. 91; 5100: 5073:(2): 213–228. 5057: 5045: 5036:, p. 136. 5026: 5009: 4993: 4986: 4963: 4946: 4930: 4915: 4903: 4897:, p. 87; 4887: 4870: 4854: 4848:, p. 72; 4838: 4826: 4814: 4798: 4786: 4770: 4754: 4742: 4730: 4718: 4706: 4694: 4682: 4676:, p. 58; 4666: 4654: 4642: 4624: 4604: 4586: 4566: 4544:(49): 79–103. 4528: 4477: 4443: 4437:, p. 25; 4427: 4421:, p. 52; 4411: 4401:, p. 53; 4391: 4372: 4362:, p. 24; 4352: 4346:, p. 13; 4336: 4320: 4308: 4293: 4289:Bergunder 2010 4281: 4269: 4257: 4245: 4233: 4221: 4209: 4197: 4185: 4169: 4157: 4153:Granholm 2013b 4145: 4133: 4121: 4097: 4083:, p. 14; 4073: 4059:, p. 13; 4049: 4035:, p. 12; 4025: 4011:, p. 11; 4001: 3989: 3975:, p. 10; 3965: 3959:, p. 14; 3957:Bergunder 2010 3951:, p. 10; 3941: 3935:, p. 10; 3921: 3909: 3897: 3880: 3864: 3852: 3840: 3828: 3813: 3811:, p. 178. 3798: 3796:, p. 251. 3786: 3774: 3753: 3741: 3726: 3714: 3702: 3690: 3686:Granholm 2013a 3678: 3676:, p. 177. 3666: 3654: 3637: 3625: 3609: 3597: 3593:air de famille 3581: 3579:, p. 221. 3566: 3564:, p. 230. 3554: 3542: 3540:, p. 107. 3530: 3518: 3508:, p. 88; 3498: 3483: 3476: 3456: 3446:: 36, note 2. 3427: 3420: 3398: 3385: 3378: 3351: 3331: 3324: 3318:. SUNY Press. 3304: 3251: 3244: 3218: 3211: 3189: 3156:(2): 179–198. 3128: 3121: 3101: 3094: 3074: 3067: 3061:. SUNY Press. 3042: 3040:, p. 385. 3027: 3011: 2994: 2974: 2972:, p. 384. 2959: 2957:, p. 194. 2947: 2935: 2888: 2882:, p. 80; 2872: 2860: 2829: 2815: 2793: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2768: 2754: 2739: 2714: 2700: 2676: 2674: 2673: 2649: 2625: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2537: 2534: 2494: 2491: 2448: 2445: 2343:Ernst Cassirer 2314:Main article: 2311: 2310:Academic study 2308: 2225:Gerald Gardner 2157: 2154: 2081:Guido von List 2073:P.D. Ouspensky 2034:Rudolf Steiner 1967:Traditionalism 1910:psychoanalysis 1819: 1818: 1793: 1791: 1784: 1772: 1769: 1674:Late Antiquity 1642:Giordano Bruno 1546: 1543: 1520:medieval Spain 1498: 1495: 1405:Late Antiquity 1388: 1387:Late Antiquity 1385: 1383: 1380: 1366: 1363: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1325: 1324: 1317: 1310: 1303: 1296: 1293: 1226: 1223: 1188:Traditionalism 1159: 1156: 1140:Rosicrucianism 1131:Antoine Faivre 1126: 1123: 1113:concepts like 1085:air de famille 1053:late antiquity 1036:Paracelsianism 1001: 999: 996: 813: 810: 766:Jacques Matter 739:Pythagoreanism 698:Thomas Stanley 661:– after 180). 635: 632: 628:Antoine Faivre 564:Rosicrucianism 528:Late Antiquity 441: 440: 438: 437: 430: 423: 415: 412: 411: 408: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 311: 308: 307: 304: 303: 300: 299: 294: 289: 284: 281:Rosicrucianism 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 252: 249: 248: 245: 244: 241: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 184: 183: 172: 170:Esoteric rites 169: 168: 165: 164: 161: 160: 158:Traditionalism 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 84: 81: 80: 77: 76: 68: 67: 63: 62: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12994: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12969: 12967: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12899: 12897: 12896:PROSUR/PROSUL 12894: 12892: 12889: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12791:Craiova Group 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12706:ABCANZ Armies 12704: 12703: 12701: 12695: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12648: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12635: 12632: 12631: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12621: 12619: 12617: 12613: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12554: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12534: 12533: 12530: 12524: 12521: 12520: 12519: 12516: 12512: 12511:Protestantism 12509: 12505: 12502: 12501: 12500: 12497: 12493: 12490: 12489: 12488: 12485: 12481: 12477: 12474: 12473: 12472: 12469: 12468: 12467: 12464: 12463: 12462: 12459: 12458: 12456: 12454: 12450: 12442: 12439: 12438: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12431:Sovereigntism 12429: 12427: 12424: 12420: 12419: 12415: 12414: 12413: 12410: 12406: 12403: 12402: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12355: 12354: 12351: 12347: 12344: 12343: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12326:Scholasticism 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12293: 12291: 12289: 12285: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12258: 12257: 12254: 12250: 12247: 12246: 12245: 12242: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12229: 12228: 12225: 12221: 12218: 12217: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12190: 12189: 12186: 12182: 12179: 12178: 12177: 12174: 12170: 12167: 12166: 12165: 12162: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12149: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12126: 12123: 12122: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12109: 12106: 12105: 12104: 12101: 12097: 12094: 12093: 12092: 12089: 12085: 12082: 12081: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12068: 12065: 12064: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12037: 12036: 12033: 12032: 12030: 12028: 12024: 12016: 12015:War on terror 12013: 12011: 12008: 12007: 12006: 12003: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11910: 11909: 11908:Modern period 11906: 11904: 11901: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11883: 11882: 11879: 11875: 11872: 11871: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11861: 11859: 11857: 11853: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11814: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11794: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11779: 11777: 11773: 11769: 11765: 11764:Western world 11758: 11753: 11751: 11746: 11744: 11739: 11738: 11735: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11677:Cake of Light 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11657:Abramelin oil 11655: 11653: 11650: 11649: 11647: 11643: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11613: 11611: 11607: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11557: 11555: 11551: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11521: 11519: 11515: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11475: 11473: 11469: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11417:Body of light 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11389: 11387: 11383: 11377: 11376: 11372: 11370: 11369: 11365: 11363: 11362: 11358: 11356: 11355: 11351: 11349: 11348: 11344: 11342: 11341: 11337: 11335: 11334: 11330: 11328: 11327: 11323: 11321: 11320: 11316: 11314: 11313: 11309: 11307: 11306: 11302: 11300: 11299: 11295: 11293: 11292: 11288: 11286: 11285: 11281: 11279: 11278: 11274: 11272: 11271: 11267: 11265: 11264: 11260: 11256: 11255: 11251: 11249: 11248: 11244: 11243: 11242: 11241: 11237: 11235: 11234: 11230: 11228: 11227: 11223: 11221: 11220: 11216: 11214: 11213: 11209: 11207: 11206: 11202: 11200: 11199: 11195: 11193: 11191: 11187: 11183: 11181: 11180: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11170: 11168: 11166: 11162: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11140:Leila Waddell 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11125:C. F. Russell 11123: 11121: 11120:Theodor Reuss 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11105:Sara Northrup 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11035:Kenneth Grant 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10995:Allan Bennett 10993: 10991: 10990:Kenneth Anger 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10972: 10970: 10968:Personalities 10966: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10916: 10914: 10912:Organizations 10910: 10906: 10899: 10894: 10892: 10887: 10885: 10880: 10879: 10876: 10864: 10856: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10845: 10842: 10836: 10835: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10780: 10778: 10774: 10764: 10761: 10760: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10706:Anthony Kenny 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10688: 10686: 10678: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10631:Mircea Eliade 10629: 10627: 10624: 10623: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10571: 10569: 10563: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10518: 10515: 10514:William James 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10494:Ernst Haeckel 10492: 10491: 10489: 10483: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10443: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10426: 10424: 10418: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10406:Immanuel Kant 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10361:Blaise Pascal 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10348: 10346: 10344: 10340: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10260: 10258: 10256: 10251: 10247: 10244: 10239: 10232: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10192: 10190: 10188: 10184: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10162:Language game 10160: 10158: 10155: 10154: 10152: 10150: 10146: 10140: 10139: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10037: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9990: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9953: 9952: 9949: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9936: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9866: 9864: 9862: 9858: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9832:Occam's razor 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9789: 9787: 9783: 9777: 9774: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9761: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9684: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9677:Consciousness 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9664: 9662: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9649: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9585: 9583: 9579: 9573: 9572:Unmoved mover 9570: 9568: 9567:Supreme Being 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9519: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9507: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9464: 9460: 9459: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9444: 9442: 9438: 9434: 9427: 9422: 9420: 9415: 9413: 9408: 9407: 9404: 9392: 9391: 9382: 9380: 9379: 9368: 9367: 9364: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9322: 9320: 9318:Miscellaneous 9316: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9243: 9240: 9239: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9220: 9216: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9186: 9184: 9182: 9178: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9133: 9131: 9129: 9125: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9100: 9098: 9096: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9071: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9044: 9043: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9014:Miscellaneous 9012: 9006: 9003: 9001: 9000:Structuralism 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8985:Postmodernism 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8975:Phenomenology 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8932: 8930: 8928: 8924: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8912:Vienna Circle 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8842:Moral realism 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8766: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8753: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8706: 8703: 8702: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8692: 8690: 8686: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8644:Phenomenology 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8584:Individualism 8582: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8549: 8548: 8545: 8541: 8538: 8537: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8472: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8460: 8450: 8449:Judeo-Islamic 8447: 8446: 8444: 8442: 8438: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8426: 8425:ʿIlm al-Kalām 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8401: 8399: 8397: 8393: 8387: 8384: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8374:Shuddhadvaita 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8346: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8335: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8308:Scholasticism 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8291: 8287: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8232: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8203: 8201: 8199: 8195: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8143: 8142: 8139: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8125: 8122: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8078: 8075: 8074: 8072: 8070: 8066: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8009: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7947: 7946: 7943: 7942: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7931: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7869: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7837: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7808: 7804: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7759:Conceptualism 7757: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7743: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7715: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7688:Particularism 7686: 7684: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7672: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7655:Functionalism 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7640:Eliminativism 7638: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7628: 7624: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7585: 7581: 7575: 7572: 7568: 7565: 7564: 7563: 7560: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7545:Compatibilism 7543: 7542: 7540: 7538: 7534: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7510: 7506: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7484:Particularism 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7458: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7434: 7430: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7331: 7326: 7324: 7319: 7317: 7312: 7311: 7308: 7298: 7297: 7291: 7285: 7284: 7280: 7278: 7277: 7273: 7271: 7270: 7266: 7264: 7263: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7250: 7243: 7242: 7237: 7234: 7233: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7219: 7212: 7211: 7207: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7177: 7170: 7169: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7156: 7153: 7150: 7149: 7145: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7134:Salomonsen's 7133: 7132: 7130: 7124: 7117: 7116: 7112: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7101: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7090: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7080: 7073: 7072: 7068: 7065: 7062: 7061: 7056: 7053: 7052: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7018: 7012: 7011: 7007: 7005: 7004: 7000: 6998: 6997: 6993: 6991: 6990: 6986: 6985: 6982: 6978: 6977:Pagan studies 6971: 6966: 6964: 6959: 6957: 6952: 6951: 6948: 6942: 6938: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6878: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6855:on 2012-05-22 6851: 6847: 6843: 6836: 6831: 6827: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6796: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6738: 6734: 6727: 6722: 6718: 6712: 6704: 6702:90-04-14187-1 6698: 6694: 6689: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6617: 6613: 6607: 6603: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6555: 6553: 6549: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6520: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6508: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6497: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6485: 6484: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6447: 6443: 6437: 6433: 6428: 6424: 6418: 6414: 6409: 6405: 6399: 6395: 6394: 6388: 6384: 6382:9788793235014 6378: 6374: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6340: 6336: 6330: 6326: 6321: 6317: 6311: 6307: 6302: 6298: 6292: 6288: 6283: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6178: 6174: 6169: 6165: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6125: 6120: 6116: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6097: 6093: 6087: 6083: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6049: 6045: 6040: 6036: 6030: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5969: 5965: 5959: 5955: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5936: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5910: 5906: 5900: 5896: 5891: 5887: 5881: 5877: 5872: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5835: 5834: 5822: 5817: 5810: 5805: 5799:, p. 31. 5798: 5793: 5786: 5781: 5775:, p. 45. 5774: 5769: 5762: 5757: 5751:, p. 44. 5750: 5745: 5738: 5732: 5725: 5720: 5713: 5708: 5701: 5696: 5689: 5684: 5677: 5672: 5665: 5664:Versluis 2007 5660: 5654:, p. 81. 5653: 5648: 5646: 5638: 5633: 5626: 5625:Versluis 2007 5623:, p. 3; 5622: 5617: 5610: 5606: 5603:, p. 3; 5602: 5597: 5591:, p. 59. 5590: 5587:, p. x; 5586: 5581: 5579: 5571: 5566: 5559: 5554: 5547: 5546:Versluis 2007 5543: 5538: 5532:, p. ix. 5531: 5526: 5524: 5516: 5511: 5504: 5501:, p. 6; 5500: 5499:Versluis 2007 5495: 5489:, p. 12. 5488: 5484: 5481:, p. 3; 5480: 5477:, p. x; 5476: 5471: 5465:, p. 11. 5464: 5460: 5457:, p. 3; 5456: 5452: 5447: 5440: 5435: 5433: 5425: 5420: 5406: 5402: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5373: 5354: 5347: 5346: 5338: 5331: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5314: 5308: 5301: 5296: 5289: 5283: 5276: 5270: 5264:, p. 44. 5263: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5247:, p. 43. 5246: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5229: 5223: 5213: 5206: 5202: 5197: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5174: 5173: 5166: 5159: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5144: 5138:, p. 42. 5137: 5132: 5125: 5120: 5114:, p. 41. 5113: 5109: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5054: 5049: 5041: 5035: 5030: 5024:, p. 41. 5023: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4989: 4987:9781594778575 4983: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4967: 4961:, p. 40. 4960: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4943: 4939: 4934: 4928:, p. 39. 4927: 4922: 4920: 4912: 4907: 4901:, p. 38. 4900: 4896: 4891: 4885:, p. 38. 4884: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4867: 4863: 4858: 4852:, p. 37. 4851: 4847: 4842: 4836:, p. 36. 4835: 4830: 4823: 4818: 4811: 4807: 4802: 4795: 4790: 4784:, p. 32. 4783: 4779: 4774: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4752:, p. 31. 4751: 4746: 4740:, p. 30. 4739: 4734: 4728:, p. 29. 4727: 4722: 4715: 4710: 4703: 4698: 4692:, p. 27. 4691: 4686: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4664:, p. 26. 4663: 4658: 4652:, p. 25. 4651: 4646: 4631: 4627: 4621: 4617: 4616: 4608: 4593: 4589: 4583: 4579: 4578: 4570: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4532: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4481: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4447: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4389:, p. 19. 4388: 4384: 4379: 4377: 4370:, p. 19. 4369: 4365: 4361: 4360:Versluis 2007 4356: 4350:, p. 18. 4349: 4345: 4340: 4334:, p. 18. 4333: 4329: 4324: 4318:, p. 15. 4317: 4312: 4305: 4300: 4298: 4291:, p. 18. 4290: 4285: 4278: 4273: 4267:, p. 89. 4266: 4261: 4255:, p. 88. 4254: 4249: 4243:, p. 93. 4242: 4237: 4230: 4225: 4219:, p. 83. 4218: 4213: 4206: 4201: 4194: 4189: 4182: 4179:, p. 5; 4178: 4173: 4166: 4161: 4154: 4149: 4143:, p. 10. 4142: 4137: 4130: 4125: 4118: 4117:Versluis 2007 4115:, p. 4; 4114: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4094: 4093:Versluis 2007 4091:, p. 4; 4090: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4070: 4069:Versluis 2007 4067:, p. 4; 4066: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4046: 4045:Versluis 2007 4043:, p. 4; 4042: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4022: 4021:Versluis 2007 4019:, p. 4; 4018: 4014: 4010: 4005: 3998: 3993: 3986: 3985:Versluis 2007 3983:, p. 4; 3982: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3962: 3958: 3955:, p. 4; 3954: 3950: 3945: 3938: 3934: 3931:, p. 3; 3930: 3925: 3918: 3913: 3906: 3901: 3894: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3878:, p. 81. 3877: 3873: 3868: 3862:, p. 12. 3861: 3856: 3849: 3844: 3837: 3836:Versluis 2007 3832: 3825: 3824:Versluis 2007 3820: 3818: 3810: 3805: 3803: 3795: 3790: 3784:, p. 10. 3783: 3778: 3772:, p. 11. 3771: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3750: 3745: 3739:, p. 79. 3738: 3733: 3731: 3723: 3718: 3711: 3706: 3699: 3694: 3687: 3682: 3675: 3670: 3663: 3658: 3652:, p. 13. 3651: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3634: 3629: 3622: 3619:, p. 6; 3618: 3613: 3607:, p. 17. 3606: 3601: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3578: 3573: 3571: 3563: 3558: 3551: 3546: 3539: 3534: 3528:, p. 78. 3527: 3522: 3515: 3512:, p. 6; 3511: 3507: 3502: 3495: 3490: 3488: 3479: 3473: 3469: 3468: 3460: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3442:(em inglês). 3441: 3437: 3431: 3423: 3421:90-04-13635-5 3417: 3413: 3409: 3402: 3395: 3389: 3381: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3335: 3327: 3325:9781438416991 3321: 3317: 3316: 3308: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3255: 3247: 3245:9781139851114 3241: 3237: 3233: 3231: 3222: 3214: 3212:9789004430570 3208: 3204: 3200: 3193: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3132: 3124: 3122:9781350130234 3118: 3114: 3113: 3105: 3097: 3095:9780226026701 3091: 3087: 3086: 3078: 3070: 3068:9781438444116 3064: 3060: 3059: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3039: 3034: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3009:, p. 80. 3008: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2991: 2990:l'estoterisme 2987: 2983: 2978: 2971: 2966: 2964: 2956: 2951: 2944: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2869: 2864: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2833: 2818: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2803:"Esotericism" 2797: 2790: 2784: 2780: 2757: 2751: 2747: 2746: 2740: 2736: 2722: 2721: 2715: 2703: 2697: 2693: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2680: 2671: 2667: 2666:0-87975-217-3 2663: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2646:Vishnu Purana 2643: 2642:0-486-22668-9 2639: 2635: 2634: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2622:Sedgwick 2004 2620: 2619: 2617: 2611: 2607: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2533: 2529: 2527: 2526:extreme metal 2523: 2522: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2510: 2505: 2504: 2498: 2490: 2488: 2481: 2476: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2458: 2453: 2452:Emic and etic 2444: 2441: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2429:Pagan studies 2426: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2394:In 1999, the 2392: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2335:Frances Yates 2332: 2322: 2317: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2296:neo-Shamanist 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2255:, as well as 2254: 2253:Temple of Set 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2172:found in the 2171: 2167: 2162: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2146:Eugen Grosche 2143: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2093:Thule Society 2090: 2086: 2082: 2076: 2075:(1878–1947). 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2010: 2005: 2004: 2003:Isis Unveiled 1999: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1985:(1907–1998). 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1946: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1833: 1832:Richard Bergh 1829: 1825: 1815: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1794:This section 1792: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1768: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1682:natural world 1679: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1594:(1447–1500). 1593: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1494: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1409:globalisation 1406: 1402: 1393: 1379: 1375: 1373: 1362: 1357: 1351: 1349: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1322: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1278:Frances Yates 1274: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1222: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1195:Mircea Eliade 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1169: 1164: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1115:reincarnation 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1089: 1087: 1086: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1023: 1018: 1011: 1005: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 968: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 945:Neoplatonists 940: 938: 932: 930: 929: 923: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 890: 885: 883: 879: 875: 870: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 835:Aulus Gellius 831: 823: 819: 809: 807: 803: 798: 793: 788: 784: 779: 775:(1791–1864), 772: 767: 763: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 662: 653: 648: 644: 641: 640:Ancient Greek 631: 629: 625: 624:Frances Yates 621: 615: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 520: 518: 515:hidden inner 514: 509: 504: 502: 498: 494: 490: 489:pseudoscience 486: 482: 478: 474: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 436: 431: 429: 424: 422: 417: 416: 414: 413: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 312: 306: 305: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 253: 247: 246: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 182: 181:Body of light 179: 178: 177: 174: 173: 167: 166: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 89: 86: 85: 79: 78: 74: 70: 69: 65: 64: 60: 59: 54: 53: 48: 44: 39: 33: 29: 22: 12941:Western Bloc 12741:AUSCANNZUKUS 12697:Contemporary 12646:Human rights 12492:Latin Church 12466:Christianity 12416: 12375:Conservatism 12220:contemporary 12119: 12057:Architecture 11993:World War II 11953:Emancipation 11948:Abolitionism 11836:Romanization 11831:Roman legacy 11812:Roman Empire 11631:Tree of Life 11539:Gnostic Mass 11447:Night of Pan 11375:White Stains 11373: 11366: 11359: 11352: 11345: 11338: 11331: 11324: 11317: 11310: 11303: 11296: 11289: 11282: 11275: 11268: 11261: 11252: 11245: 11238: 11231: 11224: 11217: 11210: 11203: 11196: 11189: 11185: 11177: 11110:Jack Parsons 10832: 10651:Martin Lings 10604:Emil Brunner 10594:Paul Tillich 10584:Martin Buber 10499:W K Clifford 10476:Afrikan Spir 10391:Thomas Chubb 10343:Early modern 10323:Adi Shankara 10236:Philosophers 10220:Natural evil 10136: 10112:Spiritualism 10087:Perennialism 10040:Metaphysical 9923: 9884:Antireligion 9759:Teleological 9682:Cosmological 9633:Baháʼí Faith 9598:Christianity 9557:Personal god 9383: 9369: 9040: 9031:Postcritique 9021:Kyoto School 8980:Posthumanism 8960:Hermeneutics 8815: / 8756:Contemporary 8732:Newtonianism 8695:Cartesianism 8654:Reductionism 8490:Conservatism 8485:Collectivism 8423: 8151:Sarvāstivadā 8129:Anekantavada 8054:Neoplatonism 8022:Epicureanism 7955:Pythagoreans 7894:Confucianism 7860:Contemporary 7850:Early modern 7754:Anti-realism 7708:Universalism 7665:Subjectivism 7461:Epistemology 7294: 7283:Nova Religio 7281: 7274: 7267: 7260: 7239: 7230: 7208: 7197: 7188: 7166: 7157: 7146: 7135: 7113: 7102: 7091: 7069: 7058: 7057:Greenwood's 7049: 7040: 7031: 7009: 7008: 7001: 6994: 6987: 6922: 6867: 6857:, retrieved 6850:the original 6845: 6841: 6799: 6784: 6769: 6754: 6744:. 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Waite 1125:Definition 1068:the occult 988:Iamblichus 984:Gnosticism 972:Patristics 937:Protagoras 928:Theaetetus 922:aporrhéton 731:esoterisch 674:esotericus 670:exotericus 659: 125 647:esôterikós 536:Gnosticism 497:literature 390:Pythagoras 385:Paracelsus 261:Élus Coëns 218:Meditation 213:Invocation 208:Initiation 188:Divination 12846:Five Eyes 12841:EU–UK TCA 12683:Democracy 12572:Old Norse 12461:Abrahamic 12418:Peritrope 12400:Tolerance 12380:Socialism 12210:Mythology 12198:Classical 12147:Languages 12125:Astrology 11973:Modernism 11787:Old World 11717:The Beast 11682:Choronzon 11621:Pentagram 11609:Symbolism 11508:Sex magic 11462:True Will 11340:Moonchild 11284:Liber 777 10741:Loyal Rue 10466:Karl Marx 10288:Gaudapada 10117:Shamanism 10082:Pantheism 10067:Nontheism 10045:Religious 10030:Mysticism 10003:Christian 9993:Religious 9944:Atheistic 9939:Christian 9822:Nonbelief 9807:Free will 9623:Mormonism 9447:Afterlife 9204:Pakistani 9166:Taiwanese 9113:Ethiopian 9086:By region 9072:By region 8887:Scientism 8882:Systemics 8742:Spinozism 8669:Socialism 8604:Modernism 8567:Objective 8475:Anarchism 8409:Averroism 8298:Christian 8250:Neotaoism 8221:Zurvanism 8211:Mithraism 8206:Mazdakism 7977:Cyrenaics 7904:Logicians 7537:Free will 7499:Solipsism 7446:Formalism 7144:Gardell's 7111:Clifton's 6923:Esoterica 6711:cite book 6705:, 2 vols. 6662:143944044 6593:1874-6691 6545:IX (2007) 6511:Esoterica 6471:219595283 6364:147626697 6267:1092-6690 6234:142996894 6193:(2013a). 5993:143913846 5855:2053-7158 5737:Esoterica 5362:25 August 5095:166044943 5087:1923-3280 4550:1514-9927 4523:170564972 4507:1565-1525 3470:. BRILL. 3414:. BRILL. 3349:(1): 5–51 3285:0031-8868 3265:Phronesis 3205:. BRILL. 3170:0022-5037 2930:260026780 2922:1743-1697 2822:12 August 2727:15 August 2480:studying. 2178:Boscastle 1971:modernity 1945:occultism 1936:Pentagram 1863:Mesmerism 1721:Amsterdam 1628:Antiquity 1559:Byzantine 1531:grimoires 1442:salvation 1431:Asclepius 1403:, during 1273:culture. 1262:causality 1250:Newtonian 1246:Cartesian 1184:Martinism 1098:universal 1048:heretical 986:. Later, 916:ἀπορρήτων 899:mythology 822:Aristotle 802:socialist 706:esoterick 702:exoterick 643:adjective 634:Etymology 576:occultism 517:tradition 513:perennial 481:mysticism 454:esoterism 365:Ibn Arabi 350:Gurdjieff 335:Dionysius 315:Blavatsky 276:Martinism 238:Sacrifice 198:Evocation 153:Theosophy 138:Mysticism 103:Astrology 12906:Schengen 12836:Eurozone 12676:Property 12671:Religion 12562:Frankish 12552:Germanic 12532:Paganism 12453:Religion 12441:European 12353:Humanism 12256:Religion 12215:Painting 12181:Internet 12132:Folklore 12103:Clothing 12074:Calendar 12050:Cyrillic 12035:Alphabet 11998:Cold War 11553:Godforms 11298:Liber OZ 10863:Category 10808:Religion 10798:Exegesis 10283:Boethius 10278:Averroes 10273:Avicenna 10255:medieval 10225:Theodicy 10072:Pandeism 9988:Humanism 9956:Thealogy 9899:Dharmism 9869:Acosmism 9861:Theology 9729:Morality 9724:Miracles 9603:Hinduism 9593:Buddhism 9552:Pandeism 9527:Demiurge 9495:Theodicy 9390:Category 9345:Yugoslav 9335:Romanian 9242:Scottish 9227:American 9156:Japanese 9136:Buddhist 9118:Africana 9108:Egyptian 8950:Feminist 8872:Rawlsian 8867:Quietism 8765:Analytic 8717:Krausism 8624:Nihilism 8589:Kokugaku 8552:Absolute 8547:Idealism 8535:Humanism 8323:Occamism 8290:European 8235:Medieval 8181:Yogacara 8141:Buddhist 8134:Syādvāda 8017:Stoicism 7982:Cynicism 7970:Sophists 7965:Atomists 7960:Eleatics 7899:Legalism 7840:Medieval 7764:Idealism 7718:Ontology 7698:Nihilism 7602:Idealism 7360:Branches 7349:Branches 7254:journals 7206:Berger's 7100:Hutton's 7089:Hutton's 7039:Orion's 6989:Paganism 6737:Archived 6673:Archived 6642:Religion 6548:Archived 6537:Archived 6526:Archived 6523:I (1999) 6514:Archived 6499:Archived 6451:Religion 6344:Religion 6271:Archived 6214:Religion 6152:(1996). 5859:Archived 5405:archived 5353:Archived 5154:Archived 4974:(2010). 4630:Archived 4592:Archived 4554:Archived 4465:Archived 2986:Esoterik 2847:Archived 2536:See also 2368:Sorbonne 2245:satanism 2229:Starhawk 2089:Kabbalah 2087:and the 2085:Wotanism 2042:Martinus 1979:UR Group 1713:Lutheran 1680:and the 1473:Porphyry 1469:Plotinus 1450:Demiurge 1144:Kabbalah 1142:and the 1111:Buddhist 1066:", and " 1028:Lutheran 961:Numenius 895:Absolute 863:Plutarch 839:rhetoric 806:Catholic 723:Esoterik 682:externus 678:internus 668:between 586:and the 552:Kabbalah 530:, where 485:religion 203:Exorcism 118:Kabbalah 58:a series 55:Part of 12751:Benelux 12656:Thought 12606:Atheism 12547:Finnish 12523:Culture 12518:Judaism 12480:Eastern 12476:Western 12471:Culture 12405:Paradox 12271:Decline 12232:Science 12108:History 12096:Studies 12079:Cuisine 12067:Periods 12027:Culture 11856:History 11822:Eastern 11817:Western 11768:culture 11687:Dianism 11585:Babalon 11580:Therion 10905:Thelema 10834:more... 10567:postwar 10250:Ancient 10138:more... 10057:New Age 9998:Secular 9968:Fideism 9919:Dualism 9889:Atheism 9879:Animism 9785:Against 9628:Sikhism 9618:Judaism 9613:Jainism 9522:Brahman 9475:Miracle 9340:Russian 9309:Spanish 9304:Slovene 9294:Maltese 9289:Italian 9269:Finland 9237:British 9219:Western 9209:Turkish 9194:Islamic 9189:Iranian 9141:Chinese 9128:Eastern 9095:African 9042:more... 8727:Marxism 8557:British 8500:Dualism 8396:Islamic 8354:Advaita 8344:Vedanta 8318:Scotism 8313:Thomism 8255:Tiantai 8198:Persian 8186:Tibetan 8176:Śūnyatā 8117:Cārvāka 8107:Ājīvika 8102:Mīmāṃsā 8082:Samkhya 7997:Academy 7950:Ionians 7924:Yangism 7881:Chinese 7872:Ancient 7835:Western 7830:Ancient 7789:Realism 7746:Reality 7736:Process 7617:Realism 7597:Dualism 7592:Atomism 7474:Fideism 7186:Adler's 7165:Davy's 7048:Hume's 6941:YouTube 6101:Western 6073:3270279 5865:27 June 5830:Sources 3293:4182081 3178:2709731 2853:21 July 2487:despite 2366:in the 2263:group. 2061:Thelema 1882:séances 1709:Ungrund 1648:by the 1563:Plethon 1512:Muslims 1507:alchemy 1485:theurgy 1481:Proclus 1454:Archons 1382:History 1271:secular 1248:, post- 1148:New Age 1119:Western 1094:Western 957:Orpheus 747:Masonic 743:theurgy 612:New Age 526:during 400:Steiner 380:Mathers 325:Crowley 148:Thelema 98:Alchemy 47:sefirot 12771:CANZUK 12661:Speech 12589:Slavic 12567:Gothic 12542:Celtic 12537:Baltic 12436:Values 12237:Values 11797:Greece 11575:Aiwass 11498:Goetia 11471:Magick 10934:O∴A∴A∴ 10853:Portal 10127:Theism 10020:Monism 9754:Reason 9704:Desire 9699:Degree 9667:Beauty 9581:God in 9537:Egoism 9490:Spirit 9299:Polish 9279:German 9274:French 9259:Danish 9249:Canada 9199:Jewish 9161:Korean 9146:Indian 8688:People 8609:Monism 8562:German 8530:Holism 8463:Modern 8441:Jewish 8364:Dvaita 8337:Indian 8260:Huayan 8112:Ajñana 8069:Indian 7934:Greco- 7919:Taoism 7909:Mohism 7855:Modern 7822:By era 7811:By era 7726:Action 7607:Monism 7527:Virtue 7509:Ethics 7244:(2005) 7235:(1998) 7213:(1999) 7202:(1994) 7171:(2007) 7162:(2003) 7155:York's 7151:(2003) 7140:(2002) 7118:(2005) 7107:(1999) 7096:(1991) 7074:(2004) 7063:(2000) 7054:(1997) 7045:(1995) 7036:(1989) 6875: 6822: 6804:Leiden 6791: 6776: 6761: 6699: 6660: 6608: 6591: 6581: 6563:Leiden 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