Eastern esotericism

294:. The term "Western" served to delimit esotericism not as a transhistorical essence of all religion, but highlighting it as a set particular to a historical current. Thus, in this sense, Asprem indicates that the term is as much opposed to "universal esotericism" as to geographically localized esotericisms: "The term is opposed not so much to "Eastern" (or "Northern" or "Southern") esotericism as to universal esotericism." Hanegraaff writes that the creation of a category of "Oriental esotericism" would have to be different from Faivre's inaugural definition: "It follows that if one were to conceive of an "Oriental esotericism" (whatever the definition), that would necessarily be something else." Karl Baier writes that the current comparative study of religions has more refined techniques and does not necessarily adopt a religionist agenda and that then the use of the comparative category "esotericism" is not precluded. According to Baier, the Faivre/Hanegraaff paradigm excludes any non-European agency, as if non-Western cultures could not actively contribute to or develop esotericism: "Yet research on modern yoga and in other fields of cross-cultural interactions between Near and Middle Eastern, South Asian and East Asian cultures, as well as African cultures and European or American esoteric currents, reveal globally entangled developments." Julian Strube also believes that esotericism was formed in a globally interwoven way and that Hanegraaff's current conceptual perspective repeats religionism and excludes non-Western developmental contexts. 1915: 2647: 382:) who could justifiably be said to be participating in a type of esotericism." He proposes a more neutral and global approach to esotericism, considering the local, native, and trans-local dimensions, in which a system becomes diffuse and varied in multiple places as it moves away from its point of origin. With the flow from trans-local to local (called "localization"), assimilation of Western concepts can occur from the internal agency of members of colonized communities. It cannot, therefore, be said that the system loses its authenticity, even though there has been an influence in a return pollination movement from Europe to Asia, with the appropriation of new esoteric categories, as in Yoga. Thus, it indicates the existence of two dimensions: "translocal esotericism" and "local esotericism," from which the affirmation of authenticity and inauthenticity is locally constructed. 2012: 583:(r. c. 1779-1765 BCE), the goddess introduces herself as follows: "The secrets of the gods are before me. Because the invocation of my name is always in your mouth, I will reveal to you, one by one, the secrets of the gods." It is likely an element of secrecy in Inanna's cult since her information was passed on orally to a small elite. Her love songs are not explicitly said to be esoteric, but this may also be suggested by the scarcity of written material. The existing cultic texts, however, although said to be "secret," do not constitute evidence in themselves that there were secret cults or ritual initiations into mysteries to the Goddess of Love, but take on a connotative function of expressing divine approval in the royal ideology. 2266: 2922:), but that the priests did not believe it, reporting that "the inner core of their law" stated that "there is no soul or life in the hereafter, and that everything ends with this life." It also stated that Buddha's life had passed through stages, and that in a materialistic phase he would have written 9 books, in an exoteric phase 4 books, and finally, in the esoteric phase he produced a single book, in which he considered the previous teachings as merely convenient. This description contributed to the spread in Europe of the "internal doctrine" of Buddhism and subsequently influenced the Western perspective on the philosophy and religion of the East in the 16th and 17th centuries. 1209: 1134:. There are also culturally Hindu spiritual lineages of direct transmission and initiation, involving a master and a pupil, going back at least to 1500-1000 B.C.. Elizabeth De Michelis considers that, despite parallels in the category of esotericism, esoteric Hindu practices are much more widely accepted and employ elements of the conventional tradition of classical Hinduism, while Western esotericism has the connotation of being a fringe set compared to orthodoxy. The category on a west–east axis appeared during the modern development of Hinduism, with processes of esotericization and cross-influence, for example in 177:, who advocated for the Eastern variant. According to Pasi: "It is therefore primarily as a reaction to an idea of "Eastern esotericism" that the idea of "Western esotericism" could develop." However, according to Strube, this is not enough to define these signifiers, as a complex network of exchanges occurred between various Eastern and Western cultures, and borders changed historically, politically, and ideologically. Therefore he defends the conceptualization of global esotericism. Different understandings of esotericism were produced globally, mainly through exchanges throughout the 19th century. Thus, 831: 1716: 772: 527: 9203: 599: 2506:, mandalas, and internal meditation for merit accumulation and ritual efficacy. In the last two decades of the Northern Song dynasty, there were Heavenly Masters who made elaborate schemes to articulate the powers of thunder, and the Thunder Rites also spread to the Southern Song dynasty, along with practices from the schools of the Golden Elixir, the Divine Empyrean, and the Heart of Heaven. The Emperor and the state would continue to sponsor Taoists seeking spiritual protection. 2386:" and physically harmonizing the Yin and Mahayana did not lead to eternal life. Thus, it viewed women not so much as consorts or sexual partners. During the late imperial period (until the Ming dynasty), they were associated with supernatural connections, healing powers, and shamanic techniques, and powerful female foundresses and priestesses emerged. The female body was also considered essential to the processes of spiritual transformation in later doctrines of internal alchemy. 9191: 2533:) was widespread among lay people. It was an oracular technique for channeling communication between the realm of deities, and the devotees who used it were not particularly Taoist, but it still exerted influence on this religion and also changed with its development. The practice became widespread in the 11th century, both among high officials and scholars and among lay people. Scriptures said to be "written by spirits" are found in the Ming 883:, is strongly linked to cosmological components, and implies a secret knowledge held by the priest that possesses it, possibly correlating it to the 21 constellations of the northern part of the sky. These constellations and those of the Zodiac were symbolized equally on the utensils of the ritual table, and a pattern of choreography by the priests indicates positions of the spatial axes and stages celestial movements, in an act to defeat the 74: 3049:", whose language reflects, according to his system, hidden spiritual realities. He points out that the remnant of this "Old Church" would be in China, or among the "Tartars" in the "Great Tartary". This, in addition to vague references to Chinese and Indians in Yogic postures, raised conjectures by late 19th century theosophists, as well as by late 20th and early 21st centuries scholars that Swedenborg was referring to Tibet or 2613: 2151: 1682: 1058: 680: 2133:). Another great systematizer of esotericism besides Kūkai, the monk Godai'in Annen formalized Tendai esotericism and considered the esoteric to encompass all reality, all places, and all times, as he considered all the Buddhas of the world and their teachings to fall under the category of "esoteric Buddhism" (unlike what his predecessors claimed). Dohan (12th-13th century) analyzed the diversity of approaches to the 2547:. These groups were not founded by monks and made a shift from institutionalized religion to personal, local religiosity. There was a network of lay people in various regions who held such a spirit-writing cult and continuously received alleged spiritual texts on self-cultivation and internal alchemy refinement. Pan Yi'an (彭伊安), a 17th-century recipient of the text that in the West came to be translated as 2340:, seven clerical orders were based on seven canons, produced between the years 150 and 500. These orders did not compete with each other and each could grant new titles to the ordained in investiture rituals, which ranged from 3 to 9 days. Each order distinguished itself as a lower or higher degree according to the period. The first effort to define an ecclesiastical and canonical hierarchy was found in the 411:

formulate more precise and theoretically refined definitions. (...) What can the cognitive science of religion tell us about the generation and transmission of "thought forms" or "cognitive styles" considered unique to Western esotericism? Is there a dynamic of "convergent cultural evolution" that sheds light on the formation of "esoteric-type" groups, movements, discourses, experiences, or idea structures?

2720:, modeled Han Confucianism after Gongyang's interpretations, promoting a systematization and influencing the production of his canon. He relied on concepts of Yin-Yang cosmology, preordinations, and interpretations of auspices that determined the historical changes and destinies of dynasties. This strand established itself as a state orthodoxy, especially after a canon by Wu and the prophetic use made by 2510:

allegedly received secret rites from the spiritual patriarch. The cult of Xu Xun had a revival later in the 13th century. Another Taoicized deity was Wen-ch'ang, God of Literature in rituals, and his supposed revelations in spirit writing indicated multiple reincarnations of him and the instability of the Song dynasty. Taoist cults and practices such as mind rectification continued to be sponsored in the

2464:) and was flexible to the cults of local gods, trying to counter the threats of esoteric Buddhism and popular religions to Taoism. Meanwhile, other conservative Taoist priests attempted to return to the ancient practices of classical rites. Du reports the emergence of rites that would be consolidated later, such as a cult of Xu Xun (292-374), called "Pure Brightness" or "Path of Loyalty and Filiality" ( 32: 2452:, there was more religious openness, but at the same time unaffiliated practitioners of Taoism, supported by local warlords, decided to reshape the Taoist systems. A proliferation of schools of Taoism emerged, with new rites, gods, and initiations into new hierarchical and revelatory traditions. Some began to question the orthodox canons in the Tang dynasty. This intensified later in the 9179: 1314:

traditional class hierarchy. It also served as protection, in which knowledge considered dangerous was not divulged. On the other hand, the alleged danger and destructive power of the veiled teaching also generated attraction: announcing the existence of a secret to outside listeners was part of a frequent strategy of esotericism, that of pseudo-simulation, precluding its disclosure.

2102:: the Lotus Mandala, which encompassed the previous two and was emblematic of non-duality and the overcoming of esoteric and exoteric. There were different levels of meaning in the scholastic classifications of the clerics, in which many of the esoteric teachings used non-esoteric teachings of the Mahayana traditions, and the esoteric and exoteric had some degree of identification. 948:'s system regarded matter as an evil principle. According to Götz König, the Zoroastrianists, likely critical of Manichaeism saw in it a heresy of esoteric interpretation that perverted the "true" understanding of the sacred texts. There is a record of accusations against the doctrine of principles elaborated by Mani, and the Manichaean textual technique elaborated a model on the 2816:(1858-1927), who made it a radical interpretation and denounced the bankruptcy of the Qing dynasty government. From the Gongyang writings, which he considered to be the true teachings of Confucius, he applied the notion that humanity moved in a linear direction to a progression of Three Eras: from the Age of Chaos to the Age of Ascending Equality, and then the final Age of 5542: 326:" - the deepest level of secret knowledge. There are nuances to the analysis: the esoteric stems from notions of secrecy, although not every dimension of secrecy refers to the esoteric, such as shameful matters, and not every secret is initiatory. Apter suggests, in turn, that secret knowledge is not necessarily fixed in certain cultures, such as the esoteric of the 1975:(1575-1634) suggests that secrets exist because they are of higher quality, impenetrable or hardly cognitively accessible, or rare. There are scriptures of the yogatantric system that state a commandment of "non-disclosure of secrets" of the mantric precepts, and dissemination of tantric scriptures or improper translations were forbidden by royal decrees. On this, 3053:, or that he knew about esoteric Buddhism from contacts and trade routes, as well as the similarity of his esoteric practices with Asian counterparts. The reception of Swedenborg's mystical works translated into Japan and the literary speculations of Western esotericism of the late 19th and early 20th centuries also influenced exponents of modern Asian Buddhism. 2472: 2258:

claiming it to be secret promoted the valuation of the knowledge and the manuscript. This culture was widely spread beyond religious specialists. A popular example was the "daybooks", with hemerological content to indicate which days were favorable and unfavorable; hemerology was a constituent part of several types of occult technical literature, as among some

1988:). (...) As for not disseminating secret teachings to unworthy , it is as the following teaches: if one performs activities for the benefit of sentient beings, through the lower vehicles, until a mind that knows such a arises that sentient beings will be tamed, and not ruined. Thus must be kept extremely secret and is therefore taught as the Secret Vehicle. 1846:, also referred to as "Esoteric Theravada", presents esoteric transmission and meditative elements similar to those of Tantrism, but was not influenced by Tantric and Sanskrit literature; it appears to have developed independently and its texts are in Pali; differently from Vajrayana, there is an absence of sexual rituals in this esoteric Buddhist category. 920:, in which they had contact with the revelation of supernatural secrets. Some other Christians, on the other hand, accused them of an alleged veiling. Contact with the religious knowledge and rites of the Persian priests impressed the Greeks, fostering both a good and a bad perspective in the imagination due to the exoticism. The term "magic" and context of 1564:

Children become progressively discriminating as they grow up and learn the culturally specific attachments and aversions of their parents. Children become increasingly aware of their mortality as they hit their heads and fall to the ground. They come to fear their mortality and then mitigate that fear by finding ways to deny it altogether.

2405:. The liturgies involved a division of space in the four cardinal directions; a center; and a direction to the Perfect Ones, which were associated with energies, stations, items, colors, gates, postures, and choreography. The officiant also invoked spirits, immortals, and the Perfected to participate in the ceremony. 2749:. Confucian scholars replaced the then-dominant form of Confucianism with another that became known as the "Old Text School," which was skeptical of the supernatural character of the previous school. By the late Han period (3rd century), the elimination of the esoteric aspects of Confucianism occurred. The 2933:

gave another description of the "internal doctrine" of Buddhism, considering crucial its distinction from the "external doctrine", referring to cultic traditions to deities, such as prayers and ceremonies, and beliefs of Heaven and Hell. In contrast, the "internal doctrine" affirmed a single eternal

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Liana Saif questions the delimitation of "East" and "West" in the matter of esotericism as generating ambiguities, especially concerning the Islamic nations, which considered themselves "West" in the eighth and ninth centuries, in relation to the East of India and China, although Europeans considered

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Against the historicist paradigm of considering esotericism as a discursive strategy exclusive to the epistemology of the West, Egil Asprem defends in a typological approach the usefulness of comparing non-Western esotericisms to verify if esotericism is a transcultural category that may have emerged

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which can, on this basis, be called 'Islamic esotericism'." In turn, this strand of Islamic study was transmitted to the Latin world in the 12th and 13th centuries, and also later in the 19th century. Helmut Zander, however, does not agree that it is possible to refer to either Neoplatonism or batin

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year that our holy patriarch Chunyang began transmitting the 'Instructions'. No one other than these seven received this transmission. The most profound teaching was no more than one or two words. It could not be put into words and letters. Then the seven questioned the Patriarch in detail. Since

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Aghor gurus and disciples believe that their state is primordial and universal. They believe that all human beings are born Aghori. Hari Baba has said on several occasions that human babies in all societies have no discrimination and that they play in their dirt as well as with the toys around them.

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In Indian esoteric movements, a secret language has several functions, such as avoiding persecution and judgment on practices that were marginal according to social norms. In addition, secrecy gained symbolic meaning with its elitism and social empowerment, in which heterodox communities opposed the

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the 2nd millennium B.C. There are lexical lists from the 4th millennium B.C. taken as "secret knowledge of the sage," and giving a taxonomy of the world of esoteric tenor. There are instances of the use of cryptography as well: in the middle of the 3rd millennium B.C., an esoteric orthography called

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According to Marco Pasi, "if esotericism is not a universal phenomenon, but is specifically rooted in and limited to Western culture, then it should not be necessary to label it as 'Western'. The moment it is labeled as 'Western', it also becomes possible to assume that there are other 'non-Western'

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Marco Pasi points out that the Western concept of esotericism emerged not in an academic context, but due to religionism in the 19th century, when the controversial distinction between Eastern and Western esotericism was first made. Initially, this dichotomy emerged in the 1880s: according to Julian

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followed Rodrigues' description that an atheistic original philosophy traced to Zoroaster would underlie Greek and Oriental philosophies as a whole, and, in a work from around 1624, regarded the cryptic texts in the East as symptom of "the birth in all nations of two kinds of sciences, one true and

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canon was considered to be the second highest in importance in the ranking. It was seen as sacred because it was supposedly formed spontaneously from primeval forces of the universe and revealed by a very high deity. A recorded example of initiation into this canon was of the two princess daughters

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One must be worthy of all the secrets (and) the battles of the gods; then, when a man is worthy, the gods themselves inform them of their secrets and battles, for the gods desire a trustworthy treasurer. The secret of the gods and their battles are not hidden from anyone, for you know that the more

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was necessarily performed. They were, however, a rhetorical way of showing that there was close communication between the monarch and the "secrets of the gods." The non-verbal erotic connection symbolically allowed for verbal mediation and this legitimized their power, in connection with the divine

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was convinced that this dichotomy of a true hidden doctrine and a false external one permeated even the Japanese vocabulary, whereby words could admit both an open public sense and an esoteric sense reserved for the initiates; he realized that the missionaries' ignorance of the hidden sense led to

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referred to were either Persian priests or Babylonian exorcists. The nocturnal healing rituals he described, involving an imaginary trial of witches and sorcerers, with the lighting of a fire and invocations to break the spell of illness, are similar to those described in the Babylonian collection

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The Mesopotamians developed an esoteric scribal tradition, such as the collections of their rites or the practice of haruspice. Their tablets were copied and transmitted "from the man who knows to the man who knows." The arts of writing and writings were a secret, as stated in a Sumerian text from

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points out that while it is not his intention "to conflate Eastern Tantra and Western Magic, although I find it heuristically useful to refer to both as forms of esotericism," he employs the "second-order (ethical) term that is applied by scholars to the subject under much more consistent scrutiny

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to be realized by an emperor-wise who establishes the cosmic order by self-cultivation of celestial principles. Confucius was also deified as an omniscient prophet who knew what was set to happen, and emperors exploited the superstitions and his alleged prophecies for their own interests. In some

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were given great importance by the Shangqing school; they had a role as divine teachers, revealers of secrets, and bestowers of esoteric teachings of the Tao, which was actively continued until the Tang dynasty. In contrast to the school of the Way of the Heavenly Masters (Tianshi), the Shangqing

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Thus, according to Lucia Dolce, a simple dichotomy between the esoteric and secret that is not esoteric is not possible, and the Taimitsu likely tried to build an alternative system of Mikkyō, based on the ideal of unity of esoteric and exoteric. There was a process of esotericization in medieval

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Looking beyond the particular to see how similar "thought forms," secret organizations, or claims to higher knowledge operate in contexts beyond the West (...), may even help uncover selection pressures and environmental factors that can help explain the emergence of esotericism in the "West" and

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and globalized way, according to each nationality or cultural region, focusing on the interactions of the concept in a more specific local or cross-cultural way beyond "Western" and "Eastern", or also relatively and openly. With this, the differences of each system are taken into account, despite

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theorizes, that it is part of the history of Western religion since antiquity; a tension that is reflected in the semantics of public versus private, open versus secret; but proposes that defining "secret" as a possibility rather than a requirement may allow consideration of esotericism in other

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uses the term "Asian esotericism" in his study of Tantra, and Olga Saraogi advocates the possibility of an "asiacentric" analysis of esotericism. Georgiana Hedesan and Tim Hudbøg consider that "Western" and "Eastern" can be used as relative designations, but that they are limiting, with specific

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During the Southern Song dynasty, it was also considered that local gods were under the control of the Tao in the scriptures transmitted in "spirit writing" rituals, for example, following the ancient cult of Xu Xun: his spirit was evoked in 1129 by the cultic leader He Zhengong, and in 1131 he

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In the Tang period (618-907), Taoist medical practices and prescriptions were well received even in Japan, through Buddhist sutras, as well as methods of divination, such as the astral cult. From the Tang dynasty on, and especially from the Song period on, a new branch of esoteric doctrines and

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period, it was accepted as the supreme rank in the clergy, considered a superior body to the others and of greater prestige. Because of this, an order was formed to perpetuate this canon, and was the subject of esoteric transmission to an elite, who were initiated into its mysteries in order to

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In any case, manifestations of esotericism are the result of a dynamic bricolage of ideas, coming from diverse places, sources, and cultures, but also among the practice's own discursive communities. This makes categorizations inconsistent and boundaries shift on the part of the very agents who

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Cantú uses "Western" and "Eastern" for convenience, and writes that it is a notion that is implied from the division of "Western", yet vague: "My point is that postulating a Western esotericism also implies the postulation of an "Eastern esotericism," which even if not declared or not analyzed,

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After Lin was captured, the sky rained down the blood that transformed into writing at the main gate of Lu's capital, and that read, 'Prepare the laws quickly, for the sage Confucius will die; Zhou will be destroyed; a comet will appear from the east. The Qin government will arise and suddenly

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Chinese manuscripts of occult knowledge also circulated - which already constituted since the 3rd and 4th centuries B.C. a separate field of knowledge and popularized a "culture of secrecy" in which, although the texts occasionally prescribed a convention of secrecy, did not necessarily occur;

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was guided by the idea that it contained secrets: "Now one must know with the help of intelligence and mind that mysterious utterances abound in the Avesta." He proposes the hypothesis that curiosity for seeking secrets led to the development of Zand (exegesis; literally, "interpretation"), as

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rite is presented not as a transmission ritual, but as a purificatory one to pacify the disturbances of a country. Ritual or mantra collections are traced to the 5th and 7th centuries, while collections of magic continue to the present. This early material is usually called "proto-tantric" in

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was a major contributor in spreading the cross-cultural study of esotericism in a more global perspective, analyzing the Western occult tradition and seeking parallels with Eastern systems. He perceived two mentalities, a more rational conscious one and an unconscious one, and claimed that in

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Others, like Helmut Zander, say that it is not because there is a well-defined technical concept of "Western esotericism" that there must exist an "Eastern esotericism", "Northern esotericism", or "Southern esotericism". There are proposals for a category open to "global esotericism" or "open

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itself condensed at the moment of the creation of the world and reflecting celestial writings. Thus, they were considered the highest sacred scriptures. Its images were supposed to evoke in the practitioner imaginative experiences about interrelationships between body, cosmos or geographical

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first translated this Sanskrit term as "hidden sayings," E. Burnouf in 1852 as "cryptic speech," and Haraprasad Shastri in 1916 as "twilight language", a term preferred by some recent scholars but also criticized by others). The translation "secret language" or "coded language" has also been

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tantras appearing in the 9th and 10th centuries, while Buddhist tantras can be more accurately dated to the level of decades and with more evidence to earlier eras. Thus, what can be asserted is that there were several connections among the Indian traditions, yet each with equally unique

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was spread, as the "Chaldean science" of astrology. The Mesopotamian thought of Assyrian and Babylonian esotericism was semiological in character, which interpreted the created things in the world as written signs of divine elocutions, which must be examined and deciphered in divination.

1161:), the practice of concordance (in the ideal of unitive wisdom of diverse traditions), the transmission of knowledge by initiation, and gnosis in their yogic practices. They were also one of the first religious groups in medieval India to make use of the vernacular language rather than 421: 2744:

were oracles and predictions derived from esoteric interpretations. They had political use for prognosticating the rise and fall of dynasties and were employed by the ruling classes. However, the failures of Emperor Wang Mang's tenure led to the discrediting of the Gongyang and the

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attempted, according to Devin Zuber, to "incorporate every conceivable aspect" of "Eastern and Western esotericisms." She also wrote that Swedenborg had a Revelation of Buddhist and Hindu esoteric teachings from Tibet. Another important book in the theosophical society context was

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in 711. Procedures guided by a preceptor are described, who performs transmissions in several stages, among which there is the giving of talismans, the performance of esoteric chanting, and the reading aloud of secret scriptures, some of them about esoteric interpretations of the

1576:(c. 1750) of the Vaiṣṇava Sahajiyā, an adapted analogy is employed: of the "river" as a "yogic channel" to which the sexual fluids and consciousness of the practitioner must travel from the mundane, to reach a celestial and beatific place called "The Place of the Hidden Moon" ( 963:

and his disciple Mazdak. They expounded a Zoroastrianism with esoteric elements, incorporating a Gnostic vision and light symbolism to advocate a philosophy of love and social reform, as interpreters of Zoroaster's message and the Avesta. Mazdak stated that the "secret sense"

523:. From the end of the second millennium BCE onward, clauses are found on the tablets identifying the content as secret knowledge that could be passed from one knower only to another knower, and that infringing this by passing it on to an uninitiated was a "taboo of the gods." 2808:(1719-1788), a classicist scholar who, in his research, rediscovered the Han exegetical tradition of the Gongyang, which was ignored by philologists of his time. His works remained in obscurity until they were recognized by Liu Fenglu (1776-1829), Song Xiangfeng (1776-1860), 1388: 280:

non-Western traditions. It is not because a system originates in a Western context and is assimilated by colonized cultures that it remains Western, according to scholars such as Egil Asprem, Julian Strube, Keith Cantú, and Liana Saif, who argue for the autonomy of the local

2918:(1556), produced by Jesuits in Japan. From a misinterpretation of the divisions of Buddhist schools and concepts of Zen Buddhism, the work claimed that the Japanese Buddhist clergy preached a "false" doctrine to the lay population (about punishment in Hell and reward in the 2934:

but non-intelligent principle, alien to the world, and yet identical to everything and to the minds of men, to which it would be possible to join in this life through meditation. Such descriptions were considered principles of "Eastern philosophy" by European interpreters.

242:. The esoteric "rhetoric of a hidden truth" also hinged on the exotic, forming in the imagination a "mystical East," and when Egypt ceased to be attractive in its exoticism, the pole of the "mystical East" shifted to India and beyond, as the "true abode of ancient wisdom." 2956:

The other method is speculative and deals philosophically with what God is, how this world was made, and everything else related to it. All this doctrine is hidden in various very obscure symbols that only a few people understand. and profess to be the greatest secret.

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until it was consolidated into writing in the second century BCE. In it, sentence by sentence and word by word, the commentary decodes linguistic clues from Confucius' sayings. Thus, the Gongyang School established itself as the source of the most strongly esoteric and

2874:, which refers to "realities" or objects of content. However, Neoplatonism was largely responsible for developing this concept of esoteric ideas: "Ancient philosophy, and especially Neoplatonism, was also important in developing a large historical body of the Islamic 1910:) of an illusionist and magician?" replied, "There are no secrets in my teachings, and the Buddha's teachings, like a crescent moon in autumn, are spotless, untainted with marks, without confusion, free from secrets and great secrets, and are transparent (or clear). 1522:

as the uncreated and primordial Word (in essence, the highest level of reality, corresponding to pure consciousness, but also encompassing all levels of words). Thus, Tantrism recognizes greater psychosomatic and contemplative applications in a science of mantras

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In several tantric sects, the phenomenon of sound production by the human body is considered to correspond to macrocosmic dimensions, as a replica of Creation processes, from the Origin, defining in Hindu theology a metaphysics of the Word and phonic and phonetic

811:. During the sacrificial rite, it is hypothesized that there were ecstatic or esoteric components in which the officiant would also consecrate themselves by an internalization in which they elevated their soul, in celestial ascent. One of the titles of the priest 310:

forms of esotericism." There is criticism, however, of the misapplication of esotericism to other contexts, such as that it has been used in religionist assumptions and has overflowed into other generalizing Western categories about non-Western cultures, such as

1197:) in Hindu sayings, but not by Buddhists. In Sanskrit literature and the testimony of the practicing tantric, an outer Indian origin is attributed to them. In India, Buddhic tantrism assimilated Hindu gods as symbols, as well as in Japan in syncretism with the 2948:

The three sects of the Chinese follow entirely this way of philosophizing. They have two kinds of doctrine. The one they consider true is secret, and only the literates understand it and teach it by employing symbols. The other, vulgar... is considered by the

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There is a conflict within the non-esoteric and esoteric schools of Buddhism when it comes to the claims that the Buddha would have hidden nothing and revealed everything and that he would have reserved secret teachings. On the other hand, it is considered in

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Canon ("Higher Canon of the Purity of the Great Cave") is documented as one of the Taoist revelations that appears to have been the product of ecstasy: between 364 and 370, a group of Perfect Ones reportedly descended to convey scriptures and instructions to

1404:. Sound is seen as a divine substance, as well as with Sanskrit, justifying meditative techniques of mantra recitation in which there is correspondence to the symbolic meanings of each letter, syllable, or word and its sacrosanct chanting in mantras. In the 2501:

There are also reports from the time of extracanonical rites of exorcism, invocation of souls, and "Rites of Thunder" performed by folk magicians outside the established traditions. There was a large influx of Tantric Buddhism, with Taoists incorporating

2579:. Taoist-style astral worship also came into vogue there from the 7th century onward, when emperors were associated with constellations. There was a spread of practical connotations of immortality and books on longevity techniques. Through the esoteric 245:

Academically, it has come to be considered in some more recent studies of esotericism, such as those of Gordan Djurdjevic and Henrik Bogdan, that there are close equivalents of Western esotericism in Asian cultures, suggesting an Indian, Chinese, or

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Many of its elements are native to India, but it is difficult to know which originate from Vedic doctrines and which from Buddhist doctrines; they likely influenced each other and drew on other non-Hindu sources. It is also difficult to trace, with

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that is unfit to know, consisting of such real and surprising types of conduct, is not capable or suitable to be the domain of people of the world and lower vehicles, and thus must be kept secret from , and thus is called the Secret Vehicle

192:

has been deeply influenced by non-Western traditions, and vice versa, especially in contemporary times. This categorization into two hemispheres was of more internal importance to the rhetoric of esoteric movements than to academic discourse.

943:

Manichaean doctrines derived many aspects from Zoroastrian terminology and thought, combining and modifying them with Judeo-Christian, Buddhist, and Gnostic ideas within an esoteric framework to explain life and death. Unlike Zoroastrianism,

793:

In the poetics of the Yasna, Martin Schwartz identifies the existence of linguistic encryption in the structuring of the verses, as in they recommend themselves "to the knower" and signal a revelatory message with a presence of esotericism.

337:

Esotericism, as a broad term in its ethical perspective, is a comparative category to worldviews or connected practices that are widespread in diverse cultures throughout history and around the world. However, in a second strict meaning,

1826:), and reports of transmission by orality, which left no material evidence. However, not all scholarly strands consider that esoteric Buddhism falls within the category of tantrism, or that all esoteric Buddhism would be tantric. The 3034:

as containing: "many precious remains of the debris of the most ancient and excellent philosophy taught by the first Patriarchs of the world to their descendants, since corrupted and almost entirely obscured by the course of time."

1550:

considers, however, the scarcity of primary sources, and believes that historical information about them may be fictions of other traditions to disparage them. The only surviving sect today that is derived from the Kāpālikas is the

2022:, 13th century): one of the most secret mandalas that Kūkai may also have brought from China. Used in rituals to convert negative aspects into positive ones. At the center Kongōsatta is the enlightened mind, and around it are the 1849:

One of the most distinctive features of esoteric Buddhism compared to esoteric Hinduism occurs in the symbolic assignment of the male/female polarity: in erotocentric Buddhist practice, the feminine is seen passively as "wisdom"

2829:

them as eastern. In turn, there was a cultural crossover from Buddhism, Hinduism, and Zoroastrianism ("Eastern" on the part of Muslims) that influenced Islamic religious and esoteric practices. Moreover, Islamic cultures from

1935:

mystery, seen by the Mahayana, in that ordinary cognition and conceptualization have no access to the extraordinary reality of awakened beings. Third and fourth-century Chinese texts already made the distinction from previous

530:

Mesopotamian seal from the first millennium B.C., showing a sage dressed as a fish and a worshiper in front of him, as well as celestial representations such as the winged solar disk symbol, a crescent moon, and a cluster of

8255:

The Mahávansi, the Rájá-ratnácari, and the Rájá-vali: Forming the Sacred and Historical Books of Ceylon : Also, a Collection of Tracts Illustrative of the Doctrines and Literature of Buddhism : Translated from the

2960:

Until I entered China, our Fathers of China knew practically nothing about this and about the speculative doctrine. They knew only about the civil and popular doctrine because there was no one to explain and enlighten

483:, there were gods entrusted with the divine secrets and they passed on the knowledge to royalty individuals, who in turn passed it on to classes of scholars and scribes. Guardians of heavenly and earthly secrets included 1165:

to transmit esoteric ideas, but they equally made use of rhetorical strategies in a "secret language," such as employing paradoxes in the poems to indicate a reversal of the ordinary world, in an "upside-down language"

997:") is also another independent text from the same century within the Zoroastrian tradition, involving medical conceptions, numerology, and astrology to cosmic speculations, in contexts that may denote esoteric meaning. 255:

some similarities in matters of the occult and the possibility of a secrecy system, as in secret knowledge, elitism, theories about spirit and matter, a supposed universal knowledge, and hierarchical rites of passage.

2646: 2090:, but the Taimitsu tradition also developed some contributions to East Asian tantrism, such as their scholastic study of the concept of "esoteric" and its reformulation, seeking to categorize the esoteric teachings ( 1534:

Meditative methods of visualizing deities were also inherited by Tantrism. In Buddhism, instructions for visualization precede the esoteric strands and are not unique to it, because they are also found in Shaivism.

2670:" emerged. By the 2nd century B.C., there were interpretative schools that were consolidated by a mainly oral tradition, such as the Gongyang School that claimed to hold the direct secret knowledge transmitted by 127:

classification), while others propose a globalizing perspective. Still, it has been employed by scholars who recognize the category, used to denote comparable secret studies and practices, mainly in traditions of

2940:, in the early decades of the 17th century, described the Chinese doctrines of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism from these perspectives and considered that the "external doctrines" would have been conceived by 2287:, there was also the unofficial private transmission of other texts at this time, such as those on spiritual transcendence, alchemy, stargazing, immortality, and the Tao. Many experts in these techniques and the 2591:, the Chinese administration system was imported, including the creation of a special Yin and Yang Bureau (Inyôryô), which used Yin-Yang cosmology and astrology by officials, to divine fortune. These methods of 2445:

elements, and it was believed that contemplating them could lead to immortality and the inherent truth of the formless Dao. "True form" could also have been a response to competing medieval Buddhist doctrines.

9076: 1480:, the sound is produced. The sound that is thus created takes the form in letters and words. Letters and words form mantras; therefore, mantras embody, as it were, the power of Shakti, which is the power of 233:

The perspective can also vary according to the occultists' agenda, one example being Italian neo-pagan esoteric movements in the 20th century that, inspired by the "traditionalist Roman school", considered

5515: 2335:

Their ordination rituals were also highly formalized and esoteric. There was no single investiture to the Taoist priesthood, as there was more than one body of scriptures. By the end of the period of the

2067:, formed by the Tendai and Shingon traditions transmitted from China and whose practices emphasized the transformation of the practitioner into an enlightened being, in contrast to a "mixed esotericism" ( 931:

and Christianity in the East, as in the Christian transmission to Iranian Zoroastrians. According to this, Christ was presented several times as having already been prophesied by Zoroaster, as being the

7403:

Harper, Donald (2010). "The Textual Form of Knowledge: Occult Miscellanies in Ancient and Medieval Chinese Manuscripts, Fourth Century B.C. to Tenth Century A.D.". In Bretelle-Establet, Florence (ed.).

2883:

with the current Western category of "esotericism," and suggests that the dimension of the "secret" is a possibility, but not necessarily present in those other systems that can be called esotericisms.

2052:

lineages, while Tōmitsu was into the Ono and Hirosawa lineages. At the apex of Japanese Tantrism (11th to 14th centuries), the two competing Taimitsu traditions of Ennin and Enchin were referred to as

2079:

and visualizations, as well as aiming more at healing and the hither of supernatural powers rather than enlightenment. However, this paradigm is questioned, as this pair was conceived only in the mid

398:

in Iran - both situations being asserted to be emic esoteric innovations avowedly opposed to Western thought; or else the emergence of new emic demarcations of esotericism by Eastern scholars, as by

4280:

Kaczynski, Richard (2012-09-05). "Continuing Knowledge from Generation unto Generation: The Social and Literary Background of Aleister Crowley's Magick". In Bogdan, Henrik; Starr, Martin P. (eds.).

1044:("Path of Enlightenment" or "Beatific Knowledge"), founded by Behramshah Nowroji Shroff, was influenced by the Theosophical Society and claimed to possess the esoteric knowledge of Zoroastrianism. 370:

than it is used as a self-referential (emic) designation," with a reason for comparison just as Aleister Crowley did with regard to the similarities he saw between Eastern and Western traditions.

2976:

in the 17th and 18th centuries that there was a great sedimentation of the category of esotericism in a comparative manner in relation to Persian, Arabic, Indian and Chinese texts and practices.

2238:). For a long time these practices were passed on in private groups and were considered revelations, and mantic texts from this time can be considered precursors of Taoist theserae or talismans ( 1555:, who are similar to their predecessors and usually dwell in mortuary camps. According to Ronald L. Barrett, they lean to both the "left-hand path" and the "right-hand path," and their mortuary 115:", secret, or occult. Its demarcation as a field, however, is difficult, as it varies depending on the boundaries of geographical and cultural notions of Western and Eastern (such as concerning 3010:'s concept of "perennial philosophy", that there would be a universal source present in all religious traditions, and took an interest in Chinese systems in his correspondence with the Jesuit 1145:

Gordan Djurdevic considers Yoga as analogous to magic in the search for powers (considered sacred), a cultivation of imagination (corresponding to meditation), and containing the principle of

823:

describes in his inscriptions his vision of the "final destination" according to such a special ritual context, in a deeply esoteric account of an encounter in Paradise with his female double

9096: 2984:

would reference the "esoteric doctrine of Buddha or Foë". This discourse about the presence of esotericism in the East had then become current, found in several works and authors, such as

1324:

The fivefold classification presented in the tantras is remarkably comprehensive, embracing objects of every conceivable kind; it includes the infamous set of "five Ms" (fish, meat, wine,

586:

The Babylonian myths did not undergo any changes until after 900 B.C., and the scholars produced specialized and esoteric knowledge on top of the existing one. In Babylonian, the priest

3554:

Strube, Julian (2021). "Towards the Study of Esotericism without the 'Western': Esotericism from the Perspective of a Global Religious History". In Aspem; Egil; Strube, Julian (eds.).

2485:" in 1688 and 1692 by members of the Taoist Jingming dao community (school of "Pure Brightness"), who claimed to have received it from the spirit Xu Xun through intermediaries such as 1384:

priests, as initiates of the rituals of esoteric secrets. Public riddle rituals or riddle competitions were held at sacrifices, and verse riddles were also popular in private circles.

936:, what may have been locally associated in speculations about the three sons of Zoroaster and their relations to the "Universal Divine Time" (Zurvan), in a Zurvanic tetrad before the 854:

James Russell speculates that the Zoroastrians believed in special knowledge about the end of the cosmic battle of Good and Evil, which, in addition to coming from the reading of the

3737: 2587:

Buddhist doctrines, Chinese practices, and objects such as talismans and magic, rituals for the protection of residences, and other Taoist-inspired beliefs were brought over. In the

1360:

are identified with the triads female/masculine/union, Amitābha/Akṣobhya/Vairocana, and so on, and thus are implicitly assigned to the groups of water, fire, and space, respectively.

2944:

and sages "for the people and adapted to their needs (...) for the political administration and peaceful welfare of the people," as opposed to what he called speculative doctrines:

334:, which in turn have influenced the attribution of esotericism into "esoteric Orientalism," often demeaning Eastern religious beliefs and practices as superstitious or irrational. 2682:. Interpreters of Gongyang considered that Confucius was driven to disguise his message in "esoteric language embodying ultimate principles" ("esoteric sayings and great dogmas, " 1546:, imitating him in transgressive rituals, such as smearing their bodies with ashes from cremation grounds, orgiastic practices, human sacrifices, consumption of meat and alcohol. 860:

by a specialized class, would also include the employment of mystical techniques by spiritually advanced believers, such as ecstasy by wine or psychotropic substances (supposedly

913:

as the original Being who would preexist the two principles and who possesses a tetradic trait. This underlying design was, however, in covert form, not gaining popular support.

290:

and Wouter Hanegraaff defined esotericism as a specifically Western phenomenon, intending to overcome the religionist paradigm of an "esoteric core" common to all religions or a

3093:

identified what they called the "esoteric Buddhism" of Nepal, Tibet and China as a distinct and non-atheistic doctrine, as it affirmed an intelligent first principle called the

1643:, who was the first European translator of the Upanishads and also considered them a source of hidden knowledge, believing in a "doctrina orientalis" according to categories of 693: 566:

The monarch took on a social role as a medium of prophecy, often through the metaphor of the "sacred marriage". There is no evidence that the narratives about Sumerian rites of

815:

was Ohrmazd mowbed, which for the Denkard, according to Prods Oktor Skjaervo, was "applied to people who revealed themselves as having the ability to see into the other world (

2768:

The characteristic of this early Han Confucianism, which became heterodox, was the esoteric combined with a political nature, as a utopian Confucian messianism: the idea of a

2852:

Esoteric Islam developed along with Western philosophy as well as native Arabic practices. There was a cross-fertilization of notions of "esotericism," with the Arabic terms

2571:

Taoist methods were influential in the culture of esotericism in Japan, being adapted by Yin-Yang diviners and esoteric Buddhist monks. Talismans and magic were also used in

590:

reported to the Greeks that the Babylonian myths were allegories, and that from their dissemination in a Hellenistic context the notion of an ancient legendary wisdom of the

4494: 2626: 1611:

which considered that the Indians possessed a polytheistic religion of the masses, while a monotheistic aspect was reserved for an elite. Furthermore, in accordance with a

9061: 2358:

in night visions. He and his associates transcribed them, and their records were passed down to a small number of heirs, until they were compiled into a critical edition,

1328:, sexual intercourse) and even a set of five "bodily fluids" (feces, urine, blood, semen, flesh). In addition, it includes sets of doctrinal principles, such as the five 1297:, among other Anuttara Yoga texts (later, between the 8th and 11th centuries). Many of its elements and statements are considered subversive, such as the behavior of the 1538:

One of the tantric groups best known for scandalous practices was the Kāpālikas, active in Medieval India, between the 7th and 8th centuries. Their name is derived from

717:

texts, with scholars considering that there was a hierarchy of religious knowledge, as evidenced in some passages that refer to a deep reading dimension. In the article

2110:(14th century), the secret meaning of the esoteric is found in multiple combinations of esoteric and non-esoteric elements, and the exoteric and esoteric are the same ( 987:

commentators, with a search for parallelism between texts and a possible reinterpretation of every word in divine scripture as containing a latent cryptic meaning. The

570:(marriage between a deity and the king) or theogamy (marriage between gods) occurred literally, or that a sexual ritual consecration of the monarch with a priestess in 2953:

to be false in the ordinary sense. They make use of it for divine as well as for civil and fabulous worship, and thus lead the people to good and keep them from evil.

1874:, although they may have reconciled this with the claim that he had not withheld them either. There was a transition in the degree of secrecy and transparency between 3735:

Baroni, Francesco (2013). «Occultism and Christianity in twentieth-century Italy: Tommaso Palamidessi's Christian magic». In: Bogdan, Henrik; Djurdjevic, Gordan, ed.

1840:

paradise and other Buddhist lands where even more sublime esoteric techniques could be developed. Both were developments of Mahayana and were not mutually exclusive.

1305:, a language "with intent," which is intentionally obscure to the uninitiated, being one of the main methods of Indian discourses, not unique to Buddhist traditions. 729:(literally "secret") as greater esoteric knowledge, reserved for members and initiated of a higher religious rank. Dan Sheffield also considers, from analysis of the 2187:

has a rich history of continuously developing esoteric practices over the centuries, along with the integration of various techniques from other traditions, such as

1878:

and late Buddhism, at first emphasizing the transparency of the Buddha's teachings in comparison to the Vedic secrecy of the Brahmins. There are scriptures from the

1818:

Some point out that hidden Buddhist teachings may date back as far as the third century, according to evidence of tantric systems such as the Three Mysteries in the

1695: 1071: 5938: 3039:

in 1720 would affirm what is today called "esoteric distinction" as being a universal phenomenon, present not only in the West but also in several Eastern peoples.

2201:

compilation (ca. 400) or in the canonical collection of sacred texts of 1444. Its association with esotericism was popularized in the West during the 20th century.

3014:, who was sent on the first French mission to China. Bouvet, in his letters, also considered Chinese religion from a Western esoteric perspective as if it were a " 2313:

methods, publicly transmitted by the state, these Taoist methods were taught in a secretive manner and sometimes associated with political contestation. Often the

181:

often use the term "esoteric" to categorize practices that reserve "certain kinds of salvific knowledge for a selected elite of initiated disciples," according to

1003:(16th-17th centuries), asserting that the end of the Islamic millennium was near, declared an era with Persian superiority and founded the Abadi order, combining 330:

and Dogon, and is perhaps always fluid and changeable according to contexts. As for the East, European perspectives on religion have been influenced by trends in

3179: 2164: 1149:(search for union). He also points to the category of esotericism according to Antoine Faivre's definitions as a cross-cultural phenomenon and applicable to the 547:

44:30-31): "totality of the sources of wisdom, the secrets of the art of incantations, the sources of the planes of heaven and earth, the secrets of the Lalgar (

8231: 6260:

Yamabe, Nobuyoshi (2021-10-21). "Concentration and Visualization Techniques in Buddhist Meditation". In Farias, Miguel; Brazier, David; Lalljee, Mansur (eds.).

797:

The main idea that scholars speculate is strongly rooted in the Avestan ritual is that of an opening of an esoteric path, through which priests could meet with

7546: 1902:

O Exalted One! How is ? Are there any secrets in what has been taught by the Exalted One? Please do not keep secret in the form of 'intentional statements' (

53: 8477: 4091:

Cantú, Keith (2021). "'Don't Take Any Wooden Nickels': Western Esotericism, Yoga, and the Discourse of Authenticity". In Aspem, Egil; Strube, Julian (eds.).

3818: 3526:

Granholm, Kennet (2013). "Locating the West: problematizing the Western in Western esotericism and occultism". In Bogdan, Henrik; Djurdjevic, Gordan (eds.).

3246: 2595:

spread to the aristocracy in the 10th century, for personal fortunes and spells of protection against bad luck and dangers, resulting in the practice called

3259: 2413:("internal alchemy") was developed, whose main characteristic was internal meditation expressed in alchemical language, in addition to the symbolism of the 4118:

Saif, Liana (2021). "'That I Did Love the Moor to Live with Him': Islam in/and the Study of 'Western Esotericism'". In Aspem, Egil; Strube, Julian (eds.).

1658:

in favor of Tantra, comparing it to European occult doctrines and, in a manifestation of their own agency, publicized it with the term "Indian occultism".

960: 4932:

Panaino, Antonio. "A Sasanian Esoteric Ritual: Remarks about the Symbolic Ascent to Paradise of the High Priest Kirdēr". In Geller, Fl. Badalanova (ed.).

2686:) for reasons of an unrealized kingship in his lifetime or because of a lack of power or effectiveness in establishing the Way from his state office. The 1785:

offerings, and conditions the establishment of mandala within a pavilion as secret, forbidding disciples to speak of it to anyone who had not been given

1142:. According to Richard Kaczynski, "One can generalize that in both Indian and Western esotericism there is a tendency to sublimate the religious quest." 318:'s have been criticized for inducing the creation of mystifications considered "esoteric" in a non-Western context: that of the African religion of the 9081: 1572:, involving sexual rituals, although to some extent there were exoteric expressions in devotional movements as well. As an example, in verses from the 1906:). O Exalted One! How is ? Are the Buddha's teachings similar to an illusory woman, a magical creation, created by the magical (diagrammatic) device ( 342:, it originates from strict historical currents in the interaction of different cultures, or as a Euro-American phenomenon, from Western esotericism. 6595: 2129:

was the first to propose the idea of a doctrine above the conventions of distinguishing esoteric from exoteric, called the "great perfect teaching" (

1914: 2539:. In the early 17th century, spirit-writing altars (also called "phoenix halls") multiplied in private domestic settings, by small groups headed by 2040:

schools. To distinguish between them, Shingon was referred to as "Eastern Esotericism" (Tōmitsu), due to the location of one of its main temples in

357:

found in India, China, Japan, Tibet, Korea, and Vietnam, calling it "esoteric Buddhism"; and to other non-sectarian practices, such as those of the

275:

esotericism," considering that rigid definitions of esotericism do not apply to all cultures and at all times. Thus, Zander writes, for example, as

9141: 1568:

In Bengal, from the 17th to the 19th centuries there was a development of esoteric tantric groups with yogic practices, such as the Karthābaja and

5268: 5369: 2328:, was more elaborate than earlier secular counterparts, and one of the earliest descriptions of a grant of magical texts appears in the works of 1832:(1st century BCE-2nd century) can be considered proto-esoteric in its content and also a precursor of the Pure Land lineage. Although Tantra and 1218:

painting (18th century), depicting celestial cosmic aspects on the body and the movement of the kundalini as naja snakes wrapped around the yogi.

5208:"The Esoteric Legacy of the Magi of Bethlehem in the Framework of the Iranian Speculations about Jesus, Zoroaster and His Three Posthumous Sons" 2890:" ("islamic esotericism") was coined within the traditionalist school, with a perennialist focus, reducing esoteric Islam almost exclusively to 2787:, this creature serves as an advertisement for political changes and the continuation of Confucian secret teaching even after Confucius' death. 365:) in Indian rituals and theories comparable to statements of Western esoteric systems, as well as practices of magic, alchemy, and divination. 306:, which could be studied historically, but which, according to Hanegraaff, corresponds to the reservoir of traditionally "rejected knowledge." 3577:

Burns, Dylan (2021). "Receptions of Revelations: A Future for the Study of Esotericism and Antiquity". In Aspem, Egil; Strube, Julian (eds.).

3079:

A posthumous essay by Michel-Ange-André Le Roux Deshauterayes described in its first part the "esoteric doctrine" of Buddhism; it was read by

1746:("secret"). The mere equation of these terms, however, presents problems. In general, the terms "tantric Buddhism," "esoteric Buddhism," and " 6849: 1301:, but these writings have also been interpreted as rejecting literal meaning and assuming a symbolic narrative, as through a coded language: 644:

may have had an esoteric aspect traced to the mythical sage Adapa and which extended to later local esoteric and Gnostic traditions, such as

3757:

Transformations and Transfer of Tantra in Asia and Beyond: Positive Orientalism and Reinterpretation of Tantra in the Western Left-Hand Path

754:, however, limited the Zand to closed priestly circles, aiming at preserving moral order and preventing desecration by heretics: "Keep this 9116: 6043:""I Am Afraid of Telling You This, Lest You'd Be Scared Shitless!": The Myth of Secrecy and the Study of the Esoteric Traditions of Bengal" 431:, god of groundwater and wisdom, with fish flowing from his shoulders and an eagle descending in front of him. Seal of Adda (ca. 2300 BCE, 1488:

According to these systems, the resonance emitted in the pronunciation of the letters and their combinations resonates in the creation of

1372:," and its sounds and characters, from consonants and vowels to syllables and words, acquiring an occult and secretive background. In the 9136: 4068:

Asprem, Egil; Strube, Julian (2021). "Esotericism's Expanding Horizon: Why This Book Came to Be". In Aspem, Egil; Strube, Julian (eds.).

1734:"Esoteric Buddhism" is a modernly created designation, but corresponds in part to the East Asian phenomenon through the indigenous terms 725:

Zoroastrianism, although open, possessed an informal categorization that included the notion of hidden knowledge. He identifies the term

2417:. They employed a synthesis of various traditions, plus ancient correlative cosmology and terms from the tradition of external alchemy ( 1412:(male, and female) is considered to participate in cosmic evolution and creation in an analogy to human reproduction: the cosmic sound, 1189:

and also by a reintegration of the mundane into the salvational path, such as the ritual employment of sexuality and dualism to achieve

2792:

destroy the literary arts. But although the written records will then be dispersed, the teachings of Confucius will not be interrupted.

1815:("Sorcerer's Basket") and served as inspiration for other surviving collections, which have an affinity to Siddha literature as well. 40: 3851:

Zander, Helmut (2021). "What Is Esotericism? Does It Exist? How Can It Be Understood?". In Mühlematter, Yves; Zander, Helmut (eds.).

2903: 2291:

were sponsored by the royalties, and were called "masters of recipes" or "magicians", "masters of technique" or "masters of the Tao (

5212:

Apocryphal and Esoteric Sources in the Development of Christianity and Judaism: The Eastern Mediterranean, the Near East, and Beyond

4563:

Lapinkivi, Pirjo (2008). "The Sumerian Sacred Marriage and Its Aftermath in Later Sources". In Nissinen, Martti; Uro, Risto (eds.).

2870:

is the only one of the two terms that appear in the Koran, referring to "meanings and ideas" or discursive concepts, in contrast to

8450: 4749: 3257:

Granholm, Kennet (13 january 2016). «Contemporary esotericism». In: Woodhead, Linda; Partridge, Christopher; Kawanami, Hiroko, ed.

1862:); in esoteric Hinduism, the reverse is true: the feminine symbolizing power and activity, and the masculine wisdom and passivity. 1542:("skull"), because they used a human skull as a begging bowl. They were followers of Shiva and revered the angry form of this god, 9091: 8797: 8347: 4836: 3876:

Urban, Hugh B. (1997). "Elitism and Esotericism: Strategies of Secrecy and Power in South Indian Tantra and French Freemasonry".

3693: 2277:(163 BC). It represents the ascension to Heaven; the cloth may have served some ritual purpose for the afterlife and immortality. 5802: 3206: 2086:

Historians have traditionally considered the Tōmitsu branch as the "orthodox" one of Japanese tantrism, due to the relevance of

374:

creates a category that has no intrinsic existence apart from various disconnected movements, whether Islamic, Hindu, Buddhist,

3969: 2564:

The practice became popular in various syncretisms and new sectarian groups in the 19th century. With the establishment of the

1767:, mantras, and the caveat of secrecy. The earliest Dharma scriptures that describe ritual performances such as fire sacrifice ( 1253:

text from the 12th century states that the doctrines of the Vedas, Sastras, and Puranas can be revealed, but that those of the

1242:

literature as well as political sources on an ideology of kingship, as seen in the earliest tantric system of Ekākṣara-uṣṇīṣa-

8455: 8313: 8215: 8191: 8090: 8011: 7975: 7945: 7881: 7852: 7823: 7590: 7296: 7269: 7237: 7205: 7173: 7146: 7119: 7002: 6894: 6867: 6832: 6805: 6778: 6745: 6718: 6685: 6549: 6520: 6495: 6469: 6429: 6381: 6339: 6271: 6244: 6217: 6190: 6163: 6136: 6100: 5782: 5772: 5737: 5708: 5676: 5646: 5570: 5525: 5495: 5466: 5437: 5408: 5379: 5352: 5323: 5248: 5219: 5154: 5058: 4987: 4960: 4913: 4881: 4848: 4793: 4759: 4732: 4685: 4574: 4525: 4477: 4445: 4291: 4010: 3998: 3981: 3798: 3764: 3714: 3611: 3475: 3388: 3315: 3216: 3189: 1608: 1153:

Siddhas, who share the components of the doctrine of correspondences (macrocosm-microcosm), living nature (in the concept of

6567:"A Study into a Transreligious Quest for the Ultimate Truth: Indian, Muslim, and European Interpretations of the Upanishads" 3527: 3503: 2812:(1792-1841) and Wei Yuan (1794-1857). These interpretive trends led to practical use in political reformism, culminating in 1944:) and defended it as superior and profound. Vajrayana, on the other hand, considers what they call the "Secret Vehicle" (in 1756:

meaning "diamond" or "ray", regarding the unchanging and indestructible state of awakening - are also used interchangeably.

1559:

serves to sever attachments and aversions, foregrounding primordiality in return for an uneducated and undomesticated view:

238:

a "degeneration from the East" that would have nothing in common with the Western esoteric tradition, which they considered

9238: 4979:

Mani's Pictures: The Didactic Images of the Manichaeans from Sasanian Mesopotamia to Uygur Central Asia and Tang-Ming China

1759:

According to Ronald M. Davidson, the minimum requirements that define esoteric Buddhism are an entrance ritual, a mandala,

3692:

Hanegraaff, Wouter J. (2009-08-21). "The Pagan Who Came from the East: George Gemistos Plethon and Platonic Orientalism".

1424:, which is transmitted to the vibrations of human activity and speech and is concentrated at the original point of sound, 8652: 6233:

Flood, Gavin (2021-10-21). "Hinduism and Meditation: Tantra". In Farias, Miguel; Brazier, David; Lalljee, Mansur (eds.).

5927: 2696:") is his earliest surviving explanation, originally having been transmitted orally for about three centuries before the 2667: 1640: 9156: 9151: 8394: 6656: 3860: 1019:, were divinely revealed. The work was composed in an artificial language and accompanied by Persian commentaries, and 4546:"Sacred Marriage and the Transfer of Divine Knowledge: Alliances between the Gods and the King in Ancient Mesopotamia" 1492:

in various effects, such as the unification of the practitioner in return to Brahman. The energy centers of the body (

535:

Knowledge of exorcism and divination was also monopolized. The exorcist's function is nominally designated as secret (

9146: 9121: 9041: 7915: 7783: 7748: 7686: 7652: 7619: 7524: 7488: 7461: 7434: 7387: 7360: 7082: 6578: 5858: 5834: 5397:"Scripture versus Contemporary (Interpretive) Needs: Towards a Mapping of the Hermeneutic Contours of Zoroastrianism" 5137: 4633: 4606: 3046: 2804:

in nature, they sought to rescue the classical texts that were no longer orthodox after Wang Mang. It was started by

2011: 8303: 7555: 2560:

our holy Patriarch spared no mercy in clarifying, compiled for days and months. Eventually, they composed a volume.

2425:) that mediated absolute reality to the mundane. The primordial state to which internal alchemy attempts to return, 2044:, while the tendai esoteric practice (Mikkyō) was referred to as Taimitsu. In turn, Taimitsu was sudivided into the 266:

system, and Djurdjevic recognizes the spread of the study of Eastern esotericism as an important legacy of Crowley.

8205: 2666:

beyond the content of historical chronicle, including expanded meanings that would constitute strands of "esoteric

204:

on, an exoticism was associated with the origin of the major teachings, as of the origin of Platonic philosophy in

6011:

According to Holly Gayley, Kvaerne (1977), pp. 37–38 reviewed the translations of this term: Kvaerne, Per (1977).

4119: 4092: 4077:. Supplements to Method & Theory in the Study of Religion. Vol. 17. Leiden; Boston: Brill. pp. 4, 9. 4069: 3830: 3578: 3555: 3237: 2758: 2477: 2337: 2221: 1828: 1186: 983:

that shared the paradigm of "omnisignificance" according to James Kugel, analogous to the rabbinic traditions of

362: 1182: 6180: 1884: 921: 258:

Henrik Bodgan and Gordan Djurdjevic consider "Eastern esotericism" to be present alongside Western elements of

250:"esotericism" in general. A large part of esotericism scholars argues that it is preferable to analyze it in a 4142: 2265: 1601:("The Great Secret"), with his personal interpretation. As in his other comparative work on Hindu traditions, 9131: 7427:

Books of Fate and Popular Culture in Early China: The Daybook Manuscripts of the Warring States, Qin, and Han

4346:"Boundary Work in Japanese Religious Studies: Anesaki Masaharu on Religious Freedom and Academic Concealment" 3137:

repudiated the Theosophists' claims of the existence of an "esoteric Buddhism" or esoteric Indian doctrines.

480: 3378: 9228: 8305:

Theosophy Or Psychological Religion: The Gifford Lectures Delivered Before the University of London in 1892

3341: 3097:; they noted that there was an internal categorization of texts called Tantra/Upadesha as an esoteric one. 2490: 2282: 916:

A Judeo-Christian tradition viewed the "Magi of the East" in a positive light, due to the narrative of the

6416:(1st ed.). Berkeley and Delhi: University of California Press/Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 106–133. 2777:, he appeared as a giant figure with nine heads. One example is the passage in his biography in which the 2002: 1452:, that is, the nasal sound represented by a semicircle and here put apparently for unmanifest sound. From 840:(13th century, southern China). In the Chinese version of Manichaeism, it is written, for example, in the 8340: 8003:

The Cult of Emptiness: The Western Discovery of Buddhist Thought and the Invention of Oriental Philosophy

6976:

Birds as Ornithologists: Scholarship Between Faith and Reason: Intra- and Inter-disciplinary Perspectives

3502:

Bogdan, Henrik; Djurdjevic, Gordan (2013). "Introduction". In Bogdan, Henrik; Djurdjevic, Gordan (eds.).

2217: 1243: 622:

was given to legendary cultural heroes, descended from humans, who received divine wisdom and taught the

81: 7841:"Philosophical Hermeneutics and Political Reform: A Study of Kang Youwei's Use of Gongyang Confucianism" 750:

has seven walls, and they called the farthest one the sacred word and Zand." A decree from the reign of

85: 9169: 4027: 2753:

ceased to be authoritative interpretations of hidden meanings of the classics and was banned in 282 by

2725: 1871: 1843: 1671: 5345:

History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750

2660:

From the 4th to 3rd centuries BCE, master-disciple lineages that interpreted Confucian texts like the

2568:

in 1949, these communities were seen as "reactionary secret societies," and it was largely abolished.

2094:) in a taxonomy. Moreover, they accomplished the creation of a third hermeneutic category between the 1376:, one finds speculations about the mystical efficacy of ritual language and speech, as with the sound 1208: 361:. One finds, for example, the analogical thinking system of external and internal correspondences (as 9233: 9066: 8983: 7087:

Religious Traditions: A New Journal in the Study of Religion / Journal of Studies in the Bhagavadgita

4786:

Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari Lecture Series at the University of Oxford

3853:

Occult Roots of Religious Studies: On the Influence of Non-Hegemonic Currents of Academia Around 1900

3003: 2937: 2526: 2482: 2106:

Japan, with constant alternations between esoteric and exoteric in ritual programs. As stated in the

1190: 386:

analyze the phenomenon. Examples that bring difficulty are the use of the occult in modern Japan, in

3655:"The Chaldean Oracles of Zoroaster, Hekate's Couch, and Platonic Orientalism in Psellos and Plethon" 2914:

The earliest Western source to distinguish between exoteric and esoteric Buddhist doctrines was the

2906:

were incorporated within "Western esotericism" and analyzed according to these limiting categories.

968:) was necessary knowledge for their faith, probably referring to the esoteric senses of the Avesta. 9126: 7226:"Reconsidering the taxonomy of the esoteric: Hermeneutical and ritual practices of the Lotus Sutra" 4601:. Congress of the International Organization for the Study of the Old Testament. Jerusalém: BRILL. 4390: 4127:. Supplements to Method & Theory in the Study of Religion. Vol. 17. Leiden; Boston: Brill. 4100:. Supplements to Method & Theory in the Study of Religion. Vol. 17. Leiden; Boston: Brill. 3586:. Supplements to Method & Theory in the Study of Religion. Vol. 17. Leiden; Boston: Brill. 3563:. Supplements to Method & Theory in the Study of Religion. Vol. 17. Leiden; Boston: Brill. 2662: 2631: 2242:). Several esotericizing devices can be identified, such as presenting in the text nomenclature as 2169: 1700: 1076: 698: 6645:"Introduction: Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia: Some Methodological Considerations" 6376:(1st ed.). Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. pp. 1–28. 6326:(1st ed.). Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. xi–xiii, 1–16. 2440:

emblems mixed with text, considered the esoteric manifestation of sacred scriptures or the cosmic

2317:

spread esoteric counterparts to the classical texts, which were collectively called "apocryphal" (

1976: 9111: 8285: 4701: 3855:. Beiträge zur Nichthegemonialen Innovation. Vol. 4. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Oldenbourg. 2395: 2377: 1719: 1275: 45: 8207:

Schopenhauer's Encounter with Indian Thought: Representation and Will and Their Indian Parallels

6421: 6016: 3231:

Page Jr., Hugh R.; Finley, Stephen C. (2021). «“What Can the Whole World Be Hiding?”: Exploring

230:. Such a concept in the Western imagination has been called "Platonic Orientalism" by scholars. 107:

is a term used by some scholars that loosely encompasses religious beliefs and practices of the

8425: 8374: 8333: 5753:

Cummings, Cathleen A. (2003). "Tantra in India". In Huntington, John C.; Bangdel, Dina (eds.).

3090: 2985: 2925: 2297:)." They were closely associated with mantic practices, and in the early 2nd century B.C., the 2118:, they are presented by the encyclopedist as the "secret within the exoteric-esoteric system" ( 1875: 1870:(or non-Mahayana) scriptures that the Buddha did not reveal everything by keeping silent about 1852: 1481: 387: 303: 93: 7965: 7869: 7840: 7771: 7674: 7636: 7508: 7451: 7257: 7225: 7193: 7136: 7107: 6991:"The Terms "Esoteric Teaching" ("Esoteric Buddhism") and "Tantra" in Chinese Buddhist Sources" 6566: 6537: 6461: 6409: 6299: 6207: 6153: 6120: 6090: 5725: 5666: 5483: 5454: 5425: 5396: 5340: 5311: 5236: 5207: 5125: 5046: 4977: 4948: 4934:

Knowledge to die for: Transmission of Prohibited and Esoteric Knowledge through Space and Time

4781: 4594: 4513: 4433: 3752: 3654: 3301: 830: 119:) and the definition of esotericism, with some scholars arguing it cannot be a concept beyond 9268: 8880: 8702: 8491: 8440: 8250: 8080: 7935: 7905: 7607: 7478: 7422: 7377: 7348: 7286: 7163: 6990: 6859: 6795: 6762: 6735: 6702: 6644: 6319: 5696: 4901: 4865: 4720: 4673: 4623: 4465: 3970:"The Great Beast as a Tantric Hero: The Role of Yoga and Tantra in Aleister Crowley's Magick" 3788: 3601: 3465: 3265: 3069: 3024:," with the belief that the Chinese would possess eternal wisdom of Creation from before the 2797: 1652:

From the 1880s onwards, scholars from South Asia, mostly Bengalis, intervened in the journal

1615:

tendency, he traced a monotheistic "esoteric truth" to the Indian work, and affirmed the god

989: 842: 802: 302:

studying thoughts of Western and Eastern cultures he found the same shared substratum of the

8236:

The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia

6822: 6673: 6369: 5269:"From Manichaeism to Zoroastrianism: On the History of the Teaching of the 'Two Principles'" 1428:

Thus, importance is assigned to oral instructions by a guru, such as of mantra formulas and

1266: 9223: 8956: 8865: 8571: 4904:. In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj; Pendleton, Elizabeth (eds.). 3380:

India and the Occult: The Influence of South Asian Spirituality on Modern Western Occultism

3130: 2981: 2980:

wrote an influential work in 1651 in which he referred to "occult paganism" among Indians.

2930: 2259: 890: 291: 162: 9014: 6538:"Rivers to the Sky: Transformation, Metaphor, and Worldview in Bengali Tantric Traditions" 4165: 2965: 1715: 850:: "(His) body fully exhibiting the Great Light has the esoteric meaning of the Unlimited." 8: 9086: 8919: 8732: 8692: 8435: 8286:«Friedrich Max Müller vs. Madame Blavatsky: A Chronicle of a (Very) Strange Relationship» 8158: 5296: 3080: 2740:

were claimed to complement the classics and to contain their esoteric meaning, while the

2621: 2449: 2159: 2059:

Some scholars of Japanese Buddhist history have also distinguished a "pure esotericism" (

1971:

There is a degree of secrecy among the tantras, in classes and hierarchical systems, and

1690: 1066: 688: 641: 630:, reported by Berossus under the name Oannes, and seen as esoteric wisdom by the Greeks. 571: 189: 170: 120: 112: 20: 8290:

Theosophical Appropriations: Esotericism, Kabbalah, and the Transformation of Traditions

7675:"Ritual Movements, Deity Cults, and the Transformation of Daoism in Song and Yuan Times" 1723: 1464:

possesses the qualities of the highest Śakti and is itself made of three parts, namely,

1287: 771: 526: 9046: 8968: 8742: 8712: 8687: 8679: 8664: 8514: 8061: 7740: 7039: 6941: 6625: 6596:"Religious Comparativism, Esotericism, and the Global Occult: A Methodological Outline" 6435: 5988: 5980: 5900: 5617: 5182: 5155:"Extra-Ordinary People: Mystai and Magoi, Magicians and Orphics in the Derveni Papyrus" 5103: 4235: 3950: 3901: 3437: 3208:

Turning Confusion into Clarity: A Guide to the Foundation Practices of Tibetan Buddhism

3042: 2993: 2919: 2774: 2679: 2134: 1781:

of Atigupta (Atikuta), which describes an arrangement of figures, ritual consecration,

1569: 1023:

considered that those who were not Zoroastrian abadis did not understand that the Zend-

640:

Adapa, the esoteric secret of the entire scribal tradition." J. van Dijk suggests that

350: 281: 166: 1940:

doctrines, considered "exoteric" and simple, while they called the Mahayana esoteric (

598: 9248: 9243: 9183: 8963: 8951: 8902: 8774: 8707: 8697: 8669: 8632: 8620: 8588: 8309: 8211: 8134: 8130: 8086: 8065: 8053: 8007: 7971: 7941: 7911: 7877: 7848: 7819: 7779: 7732: 7682: 7648: 7615: 7586: 7520: 7484: 7457: 7430: 7423:"Daybooks: A Type of Popular Hemerological Manual of the Warring States, Qin and Han" 7405: 7383: 7356: 7292: 7265: 7233: 7201: 7169: 7142: 7115: 7031: 6998: 6933: 6890: 6886:

Esoteric Theravada: The Story of the Forgotten Meditation Tradition of Southeast Asia

6863: 6828: 6801: 6774: 6741: 6714: 6681: 6652: 6629: 6617: 6574: 6545: 6516: 6491: 6465: 6439: 6425: 6387: 6377: 6345: 6335: 6291: 6267: 6240: 6213: 6186: 6159: 6132: 6096: 6064: 5992: 5972: 5892: 5854: 5830: 5806: 5778: 5733: 5704: 5672: 5642: 5609: 5566: 5521: 5491: 5462: 5433: 5404: 5375: 5348: 5319: 5288: 5244: 5215: 5186: 5174: 5133: 5095: 5054: 5027: 4983: 4956: 4909: 4877: 4844: 4789: 4755: 4728: 4681: 4629: 4602: 4570: 4521: 4473: 4441: 4287: 4239: 4187: 4047: 4006: 3977: 3954: 3942: 3893: 3856: 3794: 3760: 3710: 3674: 3607: 3471: 3429: 3384: 3353: 3311: 3212: 3185: 2754: 2717: 2006: 1945: 1889: 1607:("The Meeting Point of the Two Oceans", c. 1655), Dara was influenced by the ancient 1506:

largely refer to this distribution of letters. Importance is also given to the Word (

909:(deities), may be evidence of a nod by Achaemenid monarchs to the esoteric belief in 898: 856: 520: 456: 452: 395: 366: 267: 182: 178: 7744: 7407:

Looking at it from Asia: The Processes that Shaped the Sources of History of Science

5559:

Faure, Bernard (2018-06-26). "Japanese Tantra, the Tachikawa-ryū and Ryōbu Shintō".

1918: 188:

Depending on the definitions, most Western esotericism could be considered Eastern.

8890: 8846: 8792: 8782: 8727: 8637: 8615: 8583: 8180:"Why Mrs. Blake Cried: Swedenborg, Blake, and the Sexual Basis of Spiritual Vision" 8126: 8045: 7722: 6923: 6855: 6607: 6417: 6327: 6054: 5964: 5923: 5884: 5599: 5280: 5166: 5087: 5019: 4654: 4566:

Sacred Marriages: The Divine-Human Sexual Metaphor from Sumer to Early Christianity

4550:

Sacred Marriages: The Divine-Human Sexual Metaphor from Sumer to Early Christianity

4227: 4212: 4182: 4177: 4039: 3932: 3885: 3702: 3666: 3421: 3119: 3102: 3098: 3016: 2989: 2977: 2973: 2584: 2355: 2350: 2053: 2037: 2032:

Japanese esoteric Buddhism (Himitsu-bukkyō or Mikkyō) was created according to the

1645: 1603: 1364:

Language and vocalization also acquired mystical connotations, as in the notion of

1032: 548: 399: 263: 259: 251: 223: 218: 165:. There was also in 1890 a conflict within the Theosophical Society itself between 8269: 8179: 7815:

Confucian Concord: Reform, Utopia and Global Teleology in Kang Youwei's Datong Shu

6571:

The Occult Nineteenth Century: Roots, Developments, and Impact on the Modern World

3999:"The Roar of Awakening: The Eros of Esalen and the Western Transmission of Tantra" 3937: 3920: 2426: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9202: 9195: 8973: 8929: 8762: 8757: 8737: 8717: 8659: 8625: 8549: 8539: 8501: 8462: 8415: 8360: 8001: 7813: 7580: 6884: 6600:

Interdisciplinary Journal for Religion and Transformation in Contemporary Society

6486: 6261: 6234: 5803:"He dances, she shakes: the possessed mood of nonduality in Buddhist tantric sex" 5636: 5560: 4564: 4518:

Assyrian and Babylonian Scholarly Text Catalogues: Medicine, Magic and Divination

4318:"Japanese Religions and the Global Occult: An Introduction and Literature Review" 4281: 4260:"A Web of Relations: Interpreting Indian Yoga and Tantra as Forms of Esotericism" 3235:

Esotericisms in the American Soul-Blues Continuum». In: Aspem, Egil; Strube, ed.

3007: 2372: 2270: 1654: 1369: 1012: 722: 432: 161:" ("western esotericism") while rejecting the "false Eastern esotericism" of the 137: 9009: 7937:

Confucianism and Sacred Space: The Confucius Temple from Imperial China to Today

7138:

The Weaving of Mantra: Kûkai and the Construction of Esoteric Buddhist Discourse

4949:"Aspects of the 'Interiorization' of the Sacrifice in the Zoroastrian Tradition" 3603:

Inhaling Spirit: Harmonialism, Orientalism, and the Western Roots of Modern Yoga

3086: 3064:

before the Jewish one was proposed by James Parsons and assimilated in Scottish

2712:, Confucianism was consolidated as the main religion, but with several strands. 1185:

and Yogic traditions whose system is mainly characterized by correspondences of

846:(year 731), a didactic exposition to the faithful regarding a representation of 97: 9106: 8997: 8907: 8722: 8593: 6928: 6911: 6771:

Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia: Networks of Masters, Texts, Icons

6612: 5604: 5587: 3670: 3241:(em inglês). Col: Supplements to Method & Theory in the Study of Religion. 3011: 2688: 2489:, among others. This text was disseminated in the West with the translation by 2342: 2306: 1623:, who would have made a revelation before Muhammad on par with the doctrine of 1547: 1041: 945: 928: 847: 714: 428: 345:

However, it has become common to attribute Eastern esotericism to doctrines of

315: 287: 7870:"The Way of the Unadorned King: The Politics of Tung Chung-shu's Hermeneutics" 6349: 6331: 5853:. Bollingen Series, Vol. LVI (2ª ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. 5023: 4723:. In Toorn, Karel van der; Becking, Bob; Horst, Pieter Willem van der (eds.). 3706: 3628: 3425: 2332:, who received esoteric alchemical works from his master around the year 300. 2083:, and uses of doxographies and taxonomies such as these may be anachronistic. 88:(17th century). The erotic union symbolizes, respectively, the non-duality of 9217: 8826: 8642: 8600: 8544: 8430: 8389: 8356: 8138: 8057: 7736: 7035: 6937: 6621: 6068: 5976: 5896: 5613: 5292: 5284: 5178: 5099: 5031: 4191: 4051: 4043: 3946: 3897: 3889: 3678: 3433: 3357: 3114: 2854: 2765:

books. There were other proscriptions over the centuries in later dynasties.

2713: 2298: 2229: 2099: 1953: 1584: 1515: 1436: 917: 580: 339: 327: 205: 124: 116: 108: 8325: 7063: 5007: 4003:

Hidden Intercourse: Eros and Sexuality in the History of Western Esotericism

3921:"Hidden or Forbidden, Elected or Rejected: Sufism as 'Islamic Esotericism'?" 3263:. «Esotericism and Secrecy». In: Urban, Hugh B.; Johnson, Paul Christopher. 3134: 2796:

At the end of the 18th century, esoteric interpretations resurfaced as the "

2544: 2486: 2204:

Much of the Taoist religion was derived from native Chinese cosmologies and

1306: 89: 9101: 9071: 8978: 8946: 8875: 8752: 8747: 8561: 8554: 8467: 8399: 7874:

Classics and Interpretations: The Hermeneutic Traditions in Chinese Culture

7845:

Classics and Interpretations: The Hermeneutic Traditions in Chinese Culture

7316: 6209:

Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism

6155:

Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism

3154: 2895: 2864:

Islam referring to veiled or secret teachings. According to Mark Sedgwick,

2805: 2588: 2522: 2515: 2511: 2457: 2453: 2436:, 真形圖) that were transmitted privately and used in rituals. They contained 2421:), but considered the arrangements of these cosmic emblems to be "images" ( 2401: 2365: 2310: 2213: 2064: 1932: 1612: 1597: 1556: 976: 927:

There was also an esoteric legacy from the Magi in the interaction between

631: 623: 603: 567: 319: 235: 197: 174: 73: 7727: 6978:. Hamburgo: Department of Indian and Tibetan Studies, Universität Hamburg. 5543:

Masters of Magical Powers: The Nāth Yogis in the Light of Esoteric Notions

4499:

Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary

4369:"Beyond the West: Towards a New Comparativism in the Study of Esotericism" 2481:, published in the 17th century. It was obtained through the practice of " 1960:

found in tantras. Meanwhile, they attribute the "exoteric" or "external" (

1416:, is considered the primordial vibration resulting from the sexual act of 1015:

ideas with Zoroastrian texts. Followers believed that his new scriptures,

901:

period in which four days were now dedicated to the "Creator," supposedly

9207: 9051: 8934: 8831: 8566: 8472: 8445: 3065: 3036: 3021: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2728:

and the supremacy of Confucianism alone." In the 2nd-Ist centuries BCE, C

2709: 2702: 2697: 2228:), Earth and Humanity; but also with augury prediction present since the 2209: 2072: 2023: 1588: 1392: 1229: 1135: 1020: 1000: 937: 902: 835: 798: 440: 331: 276: 212:

mysteries," the mystical and occult representing "Eastern wisdom". Thus,

201: 7379:

Making Transcendents: Ascetics and Social Memory in Early Medieval China

7043: 7019: 6945: 5984: 5952: 5827:

The Twilight Language: Explorations in Buddhist Meditation and Symbolism

5621: 4658: 3441: 3405: 2576: 2195:". There are thousands of Taoist texts of an esoteric nature, as in the 2075:, which was more devoted to ritual recitations of daranis and rarely to 1956:

and others from the 11th century, equivalent to the Sanskrit expression

1639:) mentioned in the Quran. Dara influenced the Western reception through 1595:

into another language outside the Indian sphere, in the book of c. 1657

443:, associated with reserved knowledge. One finds, for example, the words 8939: 8384: 8049: 6059: 6042: 5968: 5107: 5075: 3905: 3094: 3074:

The Philosophical Principles of Natural and Revealed Religion (1748-49)

3061: 3025: 2830: 2769: 2592: 2205: 2188: 2095: 2080: 1879: 1806: 1500:) according to their lotus petals, and the esoteric initiations called 1373: 1317: 1293: 1127: 894: 656: 213: 141: 7710: 5904: 5872: 5401:

Shoshannat Yaakov: Jewish and Iranian Studies in Honor of Yaakov Elman

1856:), while the masculine is considered in the dynamic role of "method" ( 1380:. The cryptic aspect of Vedic riddles was also professionally held by 84:("All Good," the Primordial Buddha) and his female aspect of consort, 8814: 8804: 8420: 8379: 8033: 7548:

The Cavern-Mystery Transmission: A Taoist Ordination Rite of A.D. 711

4409: 4144:

Genealogies of Shamanism: Struggles for Power, Charisma and Authority

3125: 3045:

refers to an "Old Church" originating from lost teachings about the "

2801: 2721: 2671: 2494: 2437: 2274: 1972: 1837: 1833: 1787: 1747: 1667: 1496:) are also associated as reservoirs of latent letters and syllables ( 1401: 1246:("The Universal Emperor of the Buddha's Uṣṇīṣa a Single Syllable"). 1213: 933: 910: 807: 751: 645: 606:

in ritual clothing, in front of a sacred tree, accompanied by winged

496: 311: 298: 227: 9004: 6971: 6015:. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. Cited in Gayley, Holly (1 june 2018). 5091: 4813: 4345: 4317: 4259: 3305: 1998: 9190: 8912: 8895: 8841: 8836: 8821: 8809: 8787: 8610: 8578: 8509: 8484: 8114: 5888: 5314:. In Trompf, Garry W.; Mikkelsen, Gunner B.; Johnston, Jay (eds.). 5170: 4368: 4231: 4213:"Dogon Restudied: A Field Evaluation of the Work of Marcel Griaule" 4028:"Review Essay The Serpent of Love Biting Its Western Esoteric Tail" 3057: 2899: 2866: 2860: 2675: 1937: 1867: 1543: 1511: 1434:, which are symbolic. It is described in the opening verses of the 1365: 1258: 1254: 1233: 1224: 1193:. The erotocentric rites are sometimes referred to as "left hand" ( 1162: 1123: 1092: 734: 587: 354: 346: 247: 239: 133: 129: 8271:

Foĕ Kouĕ Ki, ou Relation des royaumes bouddhiques par Chy̆ Fă Hian

7907:

Popular Religious Movements and Heterodox Sects in Chinese History

7260:. In Orzech, Charles; Sørensen, Henrik H.; Payne, Richard (eds.). 7110:. In Orzech, Charles; Sørensen, Henrik H.; Payne, Richard (eds.). 6414:

Tantra: Sex, Secrecy, Politics, and Power in the Study of Religion

6391: 6292:"Buddhist Meditation in Tibet. Exoteric and Esoteric Orientations" 5728:. In Orzech, Charles; Sørensen, Henrik H.; Payne, Richard (eds.). 5699:. In Orzech, Charles; Sørensen, Henrik H.; Payne, Richard (eds.). 5453:

Sheffield, Daniel J.; Vevaina, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw (2015-03-23).

4545: 4166:"Griaule's Legacy: Rethinking "la parole claire" in Dogon Studies" 3406:"Occultist Identity Formations Between Theosophy and Socialism in 3101:

in 1832 also focused on this esoteric Buddhist doctrine. In 1827,

2468:), and therapeutic rites of the Zhang family of Heavenly Masters. 2087: 1531:) of sounds to deities, physical elements, and abstract concepts. 758:

secret, but teach the Zand to no one except your offspring." Thus

662: 271:

localities such as European, Indian, and African being preferred.

8992: 8858: 8853: 4906:

The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: adaptation and expansion

3050: 3030: 2846: 2834: 2535: 2360: 2329: 2293: 2234: 2197: 2192: 1923: 1727: 1616: 1409: 1381: 1281: 1238: 884: 865: 743: 636: 618: 591: 209: 77: 6848:

McGovern, Nathan (2017). "Esoteric Buddhism in Southeast Asia".

6013:

An Anthology of Buddhist Tantric Songs: A Study of the Caryāgīti

5774:

Indian Esoteric Buddhism: Social History of the Tantric Movement

5668:

Indian Esoteric Buddhism: Social History of the Tantric Movement

5371:

Minds and Sociocultures: Zoroastrianism and the Indian religions

5047:"Zoroastrian and Taoist Ritual: Cosmology and Sacred Numerology" 4841:

The Zoroastrian Flame: Exploring Religion, History and Tradition

4427: 4425: 4423: 1430: 31: 8885: 8870: 8529: 7196:. In Orzech, Charles; Sørensen, Henrik; Payne, Richard (eds.). 6767:, Borobudur, and the Origins of Esoteric Buddhism in Indonesia" 6513:

Aghor medicine: pollution, death, and healing in northern India

6374:

Aghor Medicine: Pollution, Death, and Healing in Northern India

5486:. In Stausberg, Michael; Vevaina, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw (eds.). 5457:. In Stausberg, Michael; Vevaina, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw (eds.). 5128:. In Stausberg, Michael; Vevaina, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw (eds.). 4872:. In Stausberg, Michael; Vevaina, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw (eds.). 2894:. This view was greatly influential in the academic studies of 2891: 2838: 2580: 2572: 2551:, describes his process of initially composing the first part: 2418: 2410: 2184: 2049: 2033: 1904:ābhiprāyikaṃ vacanam: dgongs pa'i tshig = bsam pa can gyi tshig 1624: 1552: 1502: 1493: 1445: 1421: 1298: 1198: 1174: 1154: 1131: 1024: 1004: 984: 956: 906: 820: 812: 779: 778:

Daenas (10th century), associated with the Zoroastrian cult in

775: 738: 576: 492: 391: 375: 154: 7711:"The Cult of Spirit-Writing in the Qing: The Daoist Dimension" 7634: 4782:"The King in the Mirror of the Zand: Secrecy in Sasanian Iran" 4678:

Seeing with Different Eyes: Essays in Astrology and Divination

1507: 952:

in which new elements were assigned to the names of the gods.

9056: 9021: 8924: 8647: 8534: 8519: 6294:. In Farias, Miguel; Brazier, David; Lalljee, Mansur (eds.). 4595:"Old Testament mythology in its ancient Near Eastern context" 4470:

Ancient Philosophy: Textual Paths and Historical Explorations

4420: 3790:

Innovation in Esotericism from the Renaissance to the Present

3260:

Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations

2779: 2652: 2565: 2503: 2302: 2126: 2045: 2041: 1858: 1773: 1752: 1628: 1417: 1178: 861: 787: 783: 755: 627: 508: 504: 379: 2471: 2460:(850-933), who established a model for rituals to the dead ( 1836:

esotericism had different goals, the latter aimed to attain

1387: 713:

An esoteric dimension is suggested in the interpretation of

8524: 8166:

Pacific World: Journal of the Institute of Buddhist Studies

6703:"Some Observations on an Uṣṇīṣa Abhiṣeka Rite in Atikūṭa's 6410:"India's Darkest Heart: Tantra in the Literary Imagination" 5697:"Sources and Inspirations: Esoteric Buddhism in South Asia" 5517:

A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism

4839:. In Stewart, Sarah; Williams, Alan; Hintze, Almut (eds.). 2842: 2716:(195-105 BCE), a dominant intellectual during the reign of 2225: 1620: 1150: 1146: 1139: 608: 560: 556: 488: 484: 424: 420: 358: 8115:"The Buddha of the North: Swedenborg and Transpacific Zen" 7162:

Orzech, Charles; Sørensen, Henrik; Payne, Richard (2011).

6643:

Orzech, Charles; Sørensen, Henrik; Payne, Richard (2011).

2324:

Taoist scriptural transmission, in part stemming from the

924:

was derived from the Persian word for Zoroastrian "Magi".

7342: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7334: 6711:

Transformations and Transfer of Tantra in Asia and Beyond

6678:

Transformations and Transfer of Tantra in Asia and Beyond

6542:

Transformations and Transfer of Tantra in Asia and Beyond

5805:. Montreal: McGill University. p. 21. Archived from 2898:. Because of this, Islamic philosophies such as those of 2429:

or Pure Yang, can be represented by the "Golden Elixir".

2321:), with prophetic messages accessible only to initiates. 2288: 1202: 555:)". "Sources" is a metaphor for the underground water of 500: 4625:

The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran

4569:. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. 4539: 4537: 1631:. He identified the Indian corpus as the "hidden book" ( 8274:(in French). Impr. royale. 1836. pp. XXVIII e 323. 8034:"The Emergence of "Esoteric" as a Comparative Category" 5953:"The Concept of Metalanguage and its Indian Background" 4552:. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. 4001:. In Hanegraaff, Wouter J.; Kripal, Jeffrey J. (eds.). 3205:

Rinpoche, Yongey Mingyur; Tworkov, Helen (2014-07-08).

2785:

A Confucian Letter Explaining the Secrets of the Annals

2724:. In 136 BCE, Emperor Wu decreed "the abolition of the 2432:

There are medieval diagrams called "true form charts" (

2382: 1377: 8292:. Beer Sheva: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Press 7554:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Archived from 7331: 7194:"Taimitsu: The Esoteric Buddhism of the Tendai School" 7108:"Taimitsu: The Esoteric Buddhism of the Tendai School" 6182:

Vāc: The Concept of the Word in Selected Hindu Tantras

5430:

The Literature of Pre-Islamic Iran: Companion Volume I

3307:

The Wiley Blackwell Companion to the Study of Religion

2380:

as of lesser importance, considering that "mixing the

2305:

with cosmological knowledge and divination around the

2191:, meditation, body movements, medicine, and "internal 2028:

representing the four human illusions, of non-duality.

1952:), a term consolidated in Tibetan texts attributed to 1931:

Another considered dimension of the secret is that of

1130:

elements of Hindu mysticism, connected primarily with

1095:

terms are considered close to the notion of esoteric:

9167: 6298:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 5119: 5117: 5008:"On mysticism and esotericism among the Zoroastrians" 4534: 767:

people know more, the more powerful the gods will be.

634:

boasted claiming that he had grasped "the art of the

563:, as an analogy of the origin of esoteric knowledge. 7410:. Dordrecht; Heidelberg; London; New York: Springer. 7317:"Daoist Alchemy in the West: The Esoteric Paradigms" 6324:

The Kāpālikas and Kālāmukhas: Two Lost Śaivite Sects

4902:"Kirdēr and the Re-organisation of Persian Mazdeism" 4468:. In Perilli, Lorenzo; Taormina, Daniela P. (eds.). 2114:). In the exegesis of the esoteric liturgies of the 1894:

16 II,100), and also from the Mahayana, such as the

543:(1st millennium BCE), about which one reads is the ( 7876:. New Brunswick; New York: Transaction Publishers. 7847:. New Brunswick; New York: Transaction Publishers. 7807: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7161: 7083:"The Shingon Buddhist Doctrine of Interpenetration" 6642: 6460:. Vol. 1. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 6451: 6449: 1742:(秘密), which may be translations of the Indian term 439:There was a well-established concept of secrecy in 123:(which may raise questions about an unsuitable non- 8258:. Parbury, Allen, and Company. pp. XX–XXVIII. 7064:"The Secret Five Bodhisattvas (Gohimitsu Bosatsu)" 5824: 5114: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4253: 4251: 4249: 2456:period. There were innovations such as the one by 2054:Sanmon (Mountain branch) and Jimon (Temple branch) 222:as transmitting "ancient Assyrian doctrines," and 7904:Seiwert, Hubert Michael; Xisha, Ma (2003-01-01). 6965: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6827:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 3; 23; 36. 6363: 6361: 6359: 6313: 6311: 6309: 5796: 5794: 5766: 5764: 5660: 5658: 4275: 4273: 4136: 4134: 3787:Hedesan, Georgiana D.; Rudbøg, Tim (2021-05-10). 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3083:in 1826, who was greatly influenced by the work. 1460:, that is, the point representing anusvāra. This 1126:esotericism" in comparison to the alchemical and 897:suggest that a change in the calendar during the 626:sciences. Chief among them was the mythical sage 9215: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7792: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7698: 7346: 6506: 6504: 6446: 6285: 6283: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5690: 5688: 5509: 5507: 5452: 5428:. In Emmerick, Ronald E.; Macuch, Maria (eds.). 5338: 4543: 4459: 4457: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3501: 1261:agamas (i.e., the tantras) must be kept secret. 8152: 8150: 8148: 8027: 8025: 8023: 7769: 7635:Skar, Lowell; Pregadio, Fabrizio (2000-01-01). 7187: 7185: 6515:. University of California Press. p. 161. 5825:Bucknell, Roderick; Stuart-Fox, Martin (1986). 5488:The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism 5459:The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism 5130:The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism 5076:"Further on the Calendar of Zoroastrian Feasts" 5001: 4999: 4895: 4893: 4874:The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism 4588: 4586: 4472:. Taylor & Francis. p. 53, 55–56, 65. 4315: 4300: 4266:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 21–33. 4246: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3204: 2364:, around the year 500. By the beginning of the 879:The recitation of the most important hymn, the 157:accepted the authenticity of what they called " 8108: 8106: 8104: 8102: 7929: 7927: 7310: 7308: 7262:Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia 7251: 7249: 7219: 7217: 7198:Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia 7165:Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia 7112:Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia 6952: 6800:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 40; 44. 6649:Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia 6403: 6401: 6356: 6306: 6185:. Albany: State University of New York Press. 5791: 5761: 5755:The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art 5730:Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia 5701:Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia 5655: 5310:Trompf, Garry W.; Milani, Milad (2018-10-03). 4807: 4805: 4674:"Chaldean Divination and the Ascent to Heaven" 4339: 4337: 4335: 4270: 4131: 4063: 4061: 3972:. In Bogdan, Henrik; Starr, Martin P. (eds.). 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3701:. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 33–50. 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3459: 3457: 3324: 3266:The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Secrecy 3181:The Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols and Motifs 1320:is also of importance to tantric terminology: 786:, while the one on the right is thought to be 8355: 8341: 8082:The Dao of Translation: An East-West Dialogue 7890: 7695: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7540: 7538: 7536: 7502: 7500: 6501: 6280: 6206:Wilke, Annette; Moebus, Oliver (2011-01-28). 6152:Wilke, Annette; Moebus, Oliver (2011-01-28). 6114: 6112: 5813: 5685: 5554: 5552: 5504: 5339:Gignoux, Ph.; Litvinsky, B. A. (1996-01-01). 5262: 5260: 5123: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4751:The Mythology of Kingship in Neo-Assyrian Art 4725:Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible 4454: 4159: 4157: 4086: 4084: 3786: 3595: 3593: 3572: 3570: 3512: 3295: 3068:circles, with a major diffuser of this being 2783:is captured on a hunt: in the Han apocryphal 1040:In the early 20th century, a movement called 782:. The figure on the left is considered to be 8145: 8020: 7995: 7993: 7991: 7989: 7987: 7959: 7957: 7903: 7477:Karetzky, Patricia Eichenbaum (2013-12-19). 7228:. In Schard, Benhard; Teeuwen, Mark (eds.). 7182: 6912:"Inner Asian Contributions to the Vajrayāna" 6084: 6082: 6080: 6078: 5588:"Inner Asian Contributions to the Vajrayāna" 5395:Vevaina, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw (2012-09-03). 5309: 4996: 4890: 4583: 4493:Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992-05-01). 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4067: 3812: 3810: 3773: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 2003:Pure Land Buddhism § Japanese Pure Land 479:("guarded"). According to the traditions of 8099: 7924: 7608:"Longevity Techniques and Chinese Medicine" 7578: 7305: 7246: 7230:The Culture of Secrecy in Japanese Religion 7214: 7024:The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art 6569:. In Pokorny, Lukas; Winter, Franz (eds.). 6398: 6205: 6151: 5152: 4802: 4332: 4316:Gaitanidis, Ioannis; Stein, Justin (2019). 4058: 3837: 3536: 3484: 3454: 2620:It has been suggested that this section be 2158:It has been suggested that this section be 1805:may have been alternatively referred to as 1689:It has been suggested that this section be 1065:It has been suggested that this section be 687:It has been suggested that this section be 8348: 8334: 8184:Esoterica: The Journal of Esoteric Studies 7811: 7661: 7605: 7533: 7497: 7291:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 24. 6773:. Singapura: ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. 6760: 6740:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 42. 6455: 6109: 5549: 5257: 5153:Edmonds III, Radcliffe G. (January 2008). 4927: 4925: 4768: 4718: 4676:. In Curry, Patrick; Voss, Angela (eds.). 4548:. In Nissinen, Martti; Uro, Risto (eds.). 4492: 4257: 4154: 4121:New Approaches to the Study of Esotericism 4094:New Approaches to the Study of Esotericism 4081: 4071:New Approaches to the Study of Esotericism 3967: 3918: 3691: 3590: 3580:New Approaches to the Study of Esotericism 3567: 3557:New Approaches to the Study of Esotericism 3376: 3339: 3238:New Approaches to the Study of Esotericism 2909: 2281:In addition to the official system of the 1777:) are from the sixth century, such as the 1228:developments. In addition to Buddhist and 7984: 7954: 7726: 7255: 7080: 6927: 6611: 6422:10.1525/california/9780520230620.003.0004 6092:Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound 6075: 6058: 5800: 5777:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 170. 5603: 5481: 5399:. In Secunda, Shai; Fine, Steven (eds.). 4818:Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities 4671: 4562: 4464:Marciano, M. Laura Gemelli (2017-12-12). 4279: 4181: 4140: 4104: 3936: 3807: 3272: 2972:In general, it was with the emergence of 2969:secret, and the other false and public." 2543:, devoted to the worship of the immortal 2369:achieve individual spiritual perfection. 2212:(206 BCE-220), in correlative schemes of 1348:("wisdom", "means", "enlightened mind"). 905:, in places previously occupied by other 284:in creating innovations on the material. 8078: 7579:Despeux, Catherine; Kohn, Livia (2003). 7476: 7284: 6993:. In Bentor, Yael; Shahar, Meir (eds.). 6969: 6851:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion 6847: 6820: 6793: 6733: 6700: 6458:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism 6317: 5877:Journal of the American Oriental Society 5861:. p. 250 (see also pp. 249–253, 410–411) 5770: 5757:. Serindia Publications. pp. 23–28. 5752: 5723: 5694: 5664: 5513: 5367: 5044: 4863: 4463: 4431: 4283:Aleister Crowley and Western Esotericism 3974:Aleister Crowley and Western Esotericism 3750: 3525: 2645: 2470: 2264: 2010: 1913: 1714: 1386: 1207: 829: 770: 597: 525: 419: 72: 56:of all important aspects of the article. 7375: 6510: 6367: 6289: 5870: 5394: 5341:"Religions and religious movements – I" 5241:Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide 5205: 5005: 4975: 4946: 4922: 4899: 4648: 4592: 4438:Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide 4025: 2301:tradition flourished, which associated 1979:(11th century) provides an explanation: 1264:Tantras considered fundamental are the 1157:), transmutation (as the "reversal" of 872:) and mantric recitations (in Avestan: 9216: 8301: 8156: 8031: 7450:Tseng, Lillian Lan-ying (2011-07-25). 7420: 7402: 6988: 6909: 6882: 6860:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.617 6593: 6564: 6490:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 212–213. 6259: 6178: 5726:"Buddhist Tantras and Chinese Culture" 5585: 5423: 4936:. Berlin: Max Planck Institute, Topoi. 4834: 4811: 4520:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. 4511: 4366: 4343: 3996: 3850: 3626: 3553: 3463: 3403: 2823: 2678:, which ended up reaching the founder 2269:Section of the funerary banner of the 1896:Mahāparinirvāṇamahāsūtra tatagatagarba 805:of the afterlife and the condition of 551:) and the non-canonical incantations ( 147: 52:Please consider expanding the lead to 8329: 8248: 8203: 8112: 8006:. Rorschach; Kyoto: UniversityMedia. 7933: 7449: 7347:Csikszentmihalyi, Mark (2000-01-01). 7314: 7223: 7191: 7105: 6995:Chinese and Tibetan Esoteric Buddhism 6535: 6407: 6232: 6118: 6040: 5950: 5873:"Intentional Language in the Tantras" 5558: 5546:. The University of British Columbia. 5514:Michelis, Elizabeth De (2005-12-08). 5266: 5073: 4779: 4621: 4407: 4211:Beek, Walter E. A. van (April 1991). 4163: 4090: 3875: 3652: 3599: 3576: 3299: 2624:out into another article titled 2162:out into another article titled 1693:out into another article titled 1273:(compiled in the 5th-6th centuries), 1069:out into another article titled 691:out into another article titled 499:(who kept the secrets of the sky god 16:Esoteric beliefs in the Eastern world 8426:Post-classical history (Middle Ages) 8238:. Parbury, Allen, and Company. 1831. 7672: 7544: 7506: 7349:"Han Cosmology and Mantic Practices" 6671: 6536:Hayes, Glen Alexander (2012-01-27). 6088: 5634: 4747: 4501:. London: University of Texas Press. 4210: 4117: 3925:Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations 3816: 3629:"Chaldean and Neo-Platonic Theology" 3340:Hanegraaff, Wouter J. (2016-01-19). 3177: 2650:Confucius identifying an auspicious 2606: 2555:From what I remember, it was in the 2475:Illustration of the alchemical text 2144: 1675: 1051: 1047: 864:), as well as silent meditation (in 721:(1969), Shaul Shaked considers that 673: 559:, associated with the god of wisdom 25: 7999: 7963: 7812:Brusadelli, Federico (2020-09-25). 7751:from the original on 8 October 2017 7708: 7376:Campany, Robert Ford (2009-02-18). 7256:Dolce, Lucia; Mano, Shinya (2011). 7134: 7017: 6487:The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism 5482:Sheffield, Daniel J. (2015-04-27). 5210:. In Dorfmann-Lazarev, Igor (ed.). 5124:Frenschkowski, Marco (2015-04-27). 4931: 4814:"Esoteric Trends in Zoroastrianism" 2886:Due to Orientalism, the concept of 1801:critical literature. Some of these 1771:) and offering to the sacred fire ( 1641:Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron 1476:. From the division of this higher 459:, respectively, meaning "secret"), 13: 8395:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 7967:Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy 6701:Davidson, Ronald M. (2012-01-27). 6212:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 284. 6158:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 387. 6017:«Revisiting the "Secret Consort" ( 5234: 4432:Johnston, Sarah Iles, ed. (2004). 3342:"The Globalization of Esotericism" 3060:" was found in a Chinese or Asian 2929:mistakes. In a Catechism of 1586, 2056:, with a distinct set of rituals. 1591:made the first translation of the 14: 9280: 8288:. In: Chajes, Julie; Huss, Boaz. 7867: 7770:Shin'Ichirô, Masuo (2000-01-01). 6761:Kandahjaya, Hudaya (2016-09-05). 6296:The Oxford Handbook of Meditation 6263:The Oxford Handbook of Meditation 6236:The Oxford Handbook of Meditation 6041:Lorea, Carola Erika (June 2018). 5239:. In Johnston, Sarah Iles (ed.). 5237:"Sin, Pollution and Purity. Iran" 4976:Gulácsi, Zsuzsanna (2016-04-18). 4680:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 3997:Kripal, Jeffrey J. (2008-12-31). 3968:Djurdjevic, Gordan (2012-09-05). 3738:Occultism in a Global Perspective 3529:Occultism in a Global Perspective 3505:Occultism in a Global Perspective 2656:during a hunt with the king of Lu 1968:) to other non-mantric vehicles. 1332:(factors of existence), the four 1236:literature, the tantras used the 719:Esoteric trends in Zoroastrianism 669: 519:was invented and used for secret 406:independently in several places: 19:For its Western counterpart, see 9201: 9189: 9177: 8295: 8278: 8262: 8242: 8224: 8197: 8178:Schuchard, Marsha Keith (2000). 8172: 8131:10.1163/107992610x12598215383242 8079:Robinson, Douglas (2015-06-12). 8072: 7934:Huang, Chin-shing (2020-12-01). 7861: 7838: 7832: 7763: 7628: 7599: 7585:. Cambridge: Three Pines Press. 7572: 7470: 7443: 7414: 7396: 7369: 7278: 7155: 7128: 7099: 7074: 7056: 7011: 6982: 6903: 6876: 6841: 6814: 6787: 6754: 6727: 6694: 6665: 6636: 6587: 6558: 6529: 6478: 6253: 6226: 6199: 5635:Bell, Christopher (2020-07-16). 5006:Russell, James R. (1993-03-01). 4653:(Thesis). University of Exeter. 4599:Congress Volume: Jerusalem, 1986 4544:Pongratz-Leisten, Beate (2008). 4514:"The Exorcist's Manual (KAR 44)" 3919:Sorgenfrei, Simon (2018-04-03). 3532:. Abingdon; New York: Routledge. 3508:. Abingdon; New York: Routledge. 2611: 2149: 1680: 1056: 955:In the 6th century, the sect of 678: 314:. For instance, studies such as 208:or of ancient knowledge to the " 30: 7545:Benn, Charles D. (2019-03-31). 7453:Picturing Heaven in Early China 6320:"Chapter I: Four Śaivite Sects" 6172: 6145: 6129:The Upanisads: A Complete Guide 6034: 6005: 5951:Staal, Frits (September 1975). 5944: 5917: 5864: 5843: 5746: 5717: 5628: 5579: 5534: 5475: 5446: 5417: 5388: 5361: 5332: 5303: 5228: 5206:Panaino, Antonio (2021-06-17). 5199: 5146: 5067: 5049:. In Stausberg, Michael (ed.). 5045:Windfuhr, Gernot (2018-08-14). 5038: 4969: 4951:. In Stausberg, Michael (ed.). 4947:Panaino, Antonio (2018-08-14). 4940: 4900:Panaino, Antonio (2016-08-30). 4864:Schwartz, Martin (2015-04-27). 4857: 4828: 4748:Ataç, Mehmet-Ali (2010-02-08). 4741: 4712: 4694: 4672:Uzdavinys, Algis (2009-05-05). 4665: 4651:Babylon in the Greek Imaginaire 4642: 4622:Green, Tamara M. (2015-09-01). 4615: 4556: 4505: 4486: 4401: 4383: 4360: 4204: 4026:Saraogi, Olga Serbaeva (2010). 4019: 3990: 3961: 3912: 3869: 3753:"The Serpent Rises in the West" 3744: 3741:. Abingdon; New York: Routledge 3729: 3685: 3646: 3620: 2602: 2549:The Secret of the Golden Flower 2518:dynasties, with state support. 2478:The Secret of the Golden Flower 2338:Northern and Southern dynasties 1336:(Buddha bodies), and the triad 1201:, and in Tibet with the native 1122:Several scholars use the term " 216:, for example, referred to the 44:may be too short to adequately 8308:. Cambridge University Press. 8210:. University of Hawaii Press. 8159:"Swedenborg: A Modern Buddha?" 8157:Hickey, Wakoh Shannon (2008). 7964:Cua, Antonio S. (2013-11-05). 7606:Engelhardt, Ute (2000-01-01). 7382:. University of Hawaii Press. 5932:Journal of Conscious Evolution 5641:. Cambridge University Press. 5455:"Primary Sources: New Persian" 5368:Shepherd, Kevin R. D. (1995). 5051:Zoroastrian Rituals in Context 4953:Zoroastrian Rituals in Context 4754:. Cambridge University Press. 4727:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 4408:Busby, Jesse (12 March 2015). 4183:10.4000/etudesafricaines.14901 3819:"What is Islamic Esotericism?" 3627:Viglas, Katelis (2016-12-27). 3397: 3370: 3251: 3225: 3198: 3171: 3147: 2705:method of reading the Annals. 1527:), connecting the vibrations ( 1514:doctrines, such as the one by 922:magic in the Greco-Roman world 415: 378:, or non-sectarian (e.g., the 54:provide an accessible overview 1: 8204:Cross, Stephen (2013-06-30). 8032:Strube, Julian (2023-07-20). 7940:. Columbia University Press. 7141:. Columbia University Press. 6594:Strube, Julian (2023-08-01). 6456:Lochtefeld, James G. (2001). 6290:Halkias, Georgios T. (2021). 5851:Yoga: Immortality and Freedom 5343:. In Litvinsky, B. A. (ed.). 4516:. In Steinert, Ulrike (ed.). 4141:Boekhoven, Jeroen W. (2011). 3938:10.1080/09596410.2018.1437945 3404:Strube, Julian (2017-09-28). 3377:Djurdjevic, G. (2014-05-21). 3140: 2378:rituals of sexual intercourse 2246:(方, "recipes" or "methods"), 1882:that deny secrecy, as in the 694:Esotericism in Zoroastrianism 136:, and also in other systems, 8192:Archived on January 29, 2022 7507:Benn, Charles (2000-01-01). 7456:. Harvard University Press. 6565:Winter, Franz (2021-01-09). 6318:Lorenzen, David N. (2020) . 6095:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. 5957:Journal of Indian Philosophy 5771:Davidson, Ronald M. (2004). 5724:Keyworth, George A. (2011). 5695:Davidson, Ronald M. (2011). 5671:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. 5665:Davidson, Ronald M. (2004). 5424:Macuch, Maria (2008-10-31). 5312:"From "Zurvanism" to Mazdak" 5243:. Harvard University Press. 4835:Hintze, Almut (2016-02-16). 4784:. In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.). 4512:Geller, M. J. (2018-06-11). 4440:. Harvard University Press. 4164:Apter, Andrew (2005-01-01). 3247:Archived on August 18, 2022. 3028:. In 1700, he described the 2974:orientalist academic studies 2845:were considered "the East" ( 2493:in 1920, with commentary by 1921:of a Thousand Arms, Tibetan 1635:) and "mother of the book" ( 1587:of the 17th century, Prince 959:arose from the teachings of 838:painting of the Buddha Jesus 827:, "in the form of a woman". 467:("hidden," "covered"), and ( 292:perennial universalist truth 7: 9239:Religion in the Middle East 7673:Skar, Lowell (2000-01-01). 7288:Esoteric Pure Land Buddhism 7285:Proffitt, Aaron P. (2023). 7224:Dolce, Lucia (2015-04-22). 7135:Abé, Ryûichi (1999-06-28). 6883:Crosby, Kate (2020-12-22). 6824:Esoteric Pure Land Buddhism 6821:Proffitt, Aaron P. (2023). 6797:Esoteric Pure Land Buddhism 6794:Proffitt, Aaron P. (2023). 6737:Esoteric Pure Land Buddhism 6734:Proffitt, Aaron P. (2023). 6672:Keul, István (2012-01-27). 6368:Barrett, Ronald L. (2008). 6266:. Oxford University Press. 6239:. Oxford University Press. 6119:Cohen, Signe (2017-09-27). 5540:Djurdjevic, Gordan (2005). 5484:"Primary Sources: Gujarati" 4780:Zeini, Arash (2021-02-01). 4597:. In Emerton, J. A. (ed.). 4286:. Oxford University Press. 4258:Djurdjevic, Gordan (2014). 4170:Cahiers d'études africaines 3976:. Oxford University Press. 3755:. In István, Kennet (ed.). 3606:. Oxford University Press. 3470:. Oxford University Press. 3178:Beer, Robert (1999-10-12). 2837:), while cultures from the 2761:ordered the burning of the 2736:) scriptures appeared: the 2627:Esotericism in Confucianism 2346:scriptures (ca. year 400). 2220:) of the natural world, in 1661: 226:attributed their origin to 10: 9285: 9062:Asia and the Pacific Group 7421:Lexian, Liu (2017-11-06). 7081:Snodgrass, Adrian (1984). 6929:10.1163/000000097124991558 6889:. Shambhala Publications. 6613:10.30965/23642807-bja10080 5605:10.1163/000000097124991558 5267:König, Götz (2020-07-29). 4719:Greenfield, J. C. (1999). 4649:Squires, R. (2021-01-25). 4434:"Mesopotamia. Esotericism" 3671:10.1163/157005906777811925 3211:. Shambhala Publications. 2726:Hundred Schools of Thought 2566:People's Republic of China 2189:communication with spirits 1996: 1844:Southern Esoteric Buddhism 1829:Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra 1672:Southern Esoteric Buddhism 1665: 1368:having been considered a " 1177:is considered a sprout of 200:, and then again from the 18: 9067:Asia Cooperation Dialogue 9032: 8798:Southern/Eastern/Northern 8773: 8678: 8500: 8451:Asian and Pacific Theatre 8408: 8367: 7910:. Leiden; Boston: BRILL. 7715:Journal of Daoist Studies 6997:. Leiden; Boston: BRILL. 6989:Jianfu, Lü (2017-03-27). 6974:. In Almogi, Orna (ed.). 6769:. In Acri, Andrea (ed.). 6709:. In Keul, István (ed.). 6676:. In Keul, István (ed.). 6540:. In Keul, István (ed.). 6332:10.1525/9780520324947-003 5490:. John Wiley & Sons. 5461:. John Wiley & Sons. 5432:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 5132:. John Wiley & Sons. 5024:10.1080/00210869308701787 4876:. John Wiley & Sons. 4843:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 3707:10.1017/9789048510597.004 3426:10.1163/15685276-12341481 3310:. John Wiley & Sons. 3245:. Leiden; Boston: Brill. 2140: 2137:esotericism of his time. 1649:and Western esotericism. 1408:, the sexual polarity of 1107:("spiritual knowledge"), 651:It is probable that the " 353:and Yoga; to branches of 297:According to Hanegraaff, 8284:Lubelsky, Isaac (2016). 8232:"M. Rémusat on Buddhism" 7872:. In Tu, Ching-I (ed.). 7843:. In Tu, Ching-I (ed.). 7774:. In Kohn, Livia (ed.). 7677:. In Kohn, Livia (ed.). 7643:. In Kohn, Livia (ed.). 7610:. In Kohn, Livia (ed.). 7515:. In Kohn, Livia (ed.). 7351:. In Kohn, Livia (ed.). 7018:Lee, Sherman E. (1962). 6970:Wangchuk, Dorji (2020). 6408:Urban, Hugh B. (2007) . 5829:. London: Curzon Press. 5801:Samuelson, Anna (2012). 5285:10.13154/er.11.2020.8573 5235:C., J. K. (2004-11-30). 4416:. University of Alabama. 4044:10.1163/156852710X487600 3890:10.1163/1568527972629894 3105:discussed the "esoteric 2833:were called "the West" ( 2663:Spring and Autumn Annals 1992: 1091:Linguistically, several 1031:) interpretation of the 995:Selections from Zadspram 975:presented evidence of a 971:In the 9th century, the 8302:Müller, F. Max (1892). 7509:"Daoist Ordination and 7068:Cleveland Museum of Art 5849:Eliade, Mircea (1970). 5565:. White, David Gordon. 5374:. Philosophical Press. 4593:Lambert, W. G. (1988). 3751:Granholm (2012-01-27). 3600:Foxen, Anya P. (2020). 3464:Strube, Julian (2022). 2910:Early Western reception 2888:"l'ésoterisme islamique 2525:, the practice called " 2222:macrocosm and microcosm 2216:and the "Five Phases" ( 1696:Esotericism in Buddhism 1440:Tantra (11th century): 1187:macrocosm and microcosm 1119:("hidden perception"). 1072:Esotericism in Hinduism 521:mythological narratives 388:new religious movements 363:macrocosm and microcosm 159:l'ésotérisme occidental 8478:Middle Eastern Theatre 8456:Middle Eastern Theatre 8375:Cradle of civilization 8249:Upham, Edward (1833). 6765:Saṅ Hyaṅ Kamahāyānikan 6179:Padoux, André (1990). 6021:) in Tibetan Buddhism» 4812:Shaked, Shaul (1969). 4344:Morrow, Avery (2018). 3091:Brian Houghton Hodgson 2986:Johann Friedrich Cotta 2963: 2926:Melchior Nunes Barreto 2916:Sumario de los errores 2794: 2657: 2562: 2498: 2466:Jingming zhongxiao dao 2278: 2029: 1990: 1928: 1912: 1731: 1730:). Nepal, 17th century 1722:embracing his consort 1609:Islamic historiography 1566: 1486: 1396: 1362: 1219: 979:interpretation of the 851: 790: 769: 613: 532: 481:Mesopotamian religions 436: 413: 304:collective unconscious 101: 8703:Vietnamese philosophy 8441:Industrial Revolution 8119:Religion and the Arts 8113:Zuber, Devin (2010). 7728:10.1353/dao.2015.0005 7709:Lai, Chi-Tim (2015). 7480:Chinese Religious Art 7192:Dolce, Lucia (2011). 7106:Dolce, Lucia (2011). 6972:"Secrecy in Buddhism" 6910:Gibson, Todd (1997). 6713:. Walter de Gruyter. 6680:. Walter de Gruyter. 6544:. Walter de Gruyter. 6511:Barrett, Ron (2008). 6484:Flood, Gavin (2008). 6440:10.1525/j.ctt1pp4mm.9 6089:Beck, Guy L. (1995). 5586:Gibson, Todd (1997). 4367:Asprem, Egil (2014). 3759:. Walter de Gruyter. 3695:Hermes in the Academy 3653:Burns, Dylan (2006). 3070:Andrew Michael Ramsay 2946: 2789: 2649: 2553: 2474: 2268: 2260:Mawangdui manuscripts 2165:Esotericism in Taoism 2014: 1981: 1917: 1900: 1885:Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta 1824:Guhyakādhipatinirdeśa 1718: 1619:as being the prophet 1561: 1442: 1395:(Nepal, 17th century) 1390: 1322: 1211: 990:Wizīdagīhā ī Zādspram 843:Manichaean Compendium 833: 774: 764: 601: 529: 511:, king of the gods). 423: 408: 394:, or the doctrine of 322:, in what he called " 76: 6916:Indo-Iranian Journal 6125:and sacred language" 5871:Bharati, A. (1961). 5592:Indo-Iranian Journal 5426:"Pahlavi Literature" 5074:Boyce, Mary (2005). 4837:"A Zoroastrian View" 4702:"wall panel; relief" 4495:"fish-garbed figure" 4264:India and the Occult 4220:Current Anthropology 3817:Saif, Liana (2019). 3300:Baier, Karl (2021). 3131:Alfred Percy Sinnett 3056:Notions that a "pre- 3047:pure correspondences 2982:Johann Jakob Brucker 2878:discourse including 2208:, mainly during the 2120:kenmitsu chū himitsu 1908:yantra: 'khrul 'khor 1872:unanswered questions 1518:(c. 950–1016), with 1115:("secret rituals"), 891:Henrik Samuel Nyberg 642:purification rituals 487:/Ea, god of wisdom, 179:scholars of religion 169:, who advocated for 163:Theosophical Society 9229:Eastern esotericism 8733:Buddhist philosophy 8693:Japanese philosophy 8436:Early modern period 7483:. Lexington Books. 7315:Irwin, Lee (2004). 6573:. Springer Nature. 5273:Entangled Religions 5159:Classical Philology 4866:"Dimensions of the 3829:(1). Archived from 3793:. Springer Nature. 3000:(1756) and others. 2824:Islamic esotericism 2694:Gongyang Commentary 2450:An Lushan rebellion 801:, gaining an early 572:sacred prostitution 507:(who kept those of 190:Western esotericism 148:Concept demarcation 121:Western esotericism 105:Eastern esotericism 21:Western esotericism 9117:EAEU Customs Union 9047:Arab Customs Union 8969:Oriental Orthodoxy 8743:Islamic philosophy 8713:Iranian philosophy 8688:Chinese philosophy 8050:10.1558/imre.23260 6060:10.3390/rel9060172 5969:10.1007/BF02629150 5928:"Three, Two, Five" 5809:on 14 August 2022. 5638:Tibetan Demonology 5562:Tantra in Practice 5299:on 14 August 2022. 4706:The British Museum 4395:The British Museum 4322:Japanese Religions 3833:on 11 August 2022. 3159:www.britannica.com 3043:Emanuel Swedenborg 2994:Friedrich Schlegel 2966:Niccolò Longobardo 2658: 2499: 2279: 2254:(禁, "forbidden"). 2030: 2020:Gohimitsu Bosatsu" 1986:gsang ba'i theg pa 1950:gsang ba'i theg pa 1929: 1732: 1397: 1220: 1027:was the esoteric ( 961:Zardusht Khorragan 852: 791: 614: 602:Symbolic scene of 533: 437: 167:William Quan Judge 102: 9165: 9164: 8964:Eastern Orthodoxy 8708:Indian philosophy 8698:Korean philosophy 8492:Post–Cold War era 8315:978-1-108-07326-4 8217:978-0-8248-3908-6 8092:978-1-317-53981-0 8038:Implicit Religion 8013:978-3-906000-09-1 8000:App, Urs (2012). 7977:978-1-135-36755-8 7947:978-0-231-55289-9 7883:978-1-4128-1976-3 7854:978-1-4128-1976-3 7839:Wong, Young-tsu. 7825:978-90-04-43471-4 7772:"Daoism in Japan" 7592:978-1-931483-01-8 7298:978-0-8248-9381-1 7271:978-90-04-18491-6 7239:978-1-134-16874-3 7207:978-90-04-18491-6 7175:978-90-04-18491-6 7148:978-0-231-52887-0 7121:978-90-04-18491-6 7020:"The Secret Five" 7004:978-90-04-34050-3 6896:978-1-61180-794-3 6869:978-0-19-934037-8 6834:978-0-8248-9381-1 6807:978-0-8248-9381-1 6780:978-981-4695-08-4 6747:978-0-8248-9381-1 6720:978-3-11-025811-0 6687:978-3-11-025811-0 6551:978-3-11-025811-0 6522:978-0-520-25218-9 6496:978-0-470-99868-7 6471:978-0-8239-3179-8 6431:978-0-520-23656-1 6383:978-0-520-94101-4 6341:978-0-520-32494-7 6273:978-0-19-253637-2 6246:978-0-19-253637-2 6219:978-3-11-024003-0 6192:978-81-7030-343-5 6165:978-3-11-024003-0 6138:978-1-317-63696-0 6102:978-81-208-1261-1 5941:on 21 March 2020. 5924:Guenther, Herbert 5784:978-81-208-1991-7 5739:978-90-04-18491-6 5710:978-90-04-18491-6 5678:978-81-208-1991-7 5648:978-1-108-71267-5 5572:978-0-691-19045-7 5527:978-0-8264-8772-8 5520:. A&C Black. 5497:978-1-118-78627-7 5468:978-1-118-78550-8 5439:978-0-85772-356-7 5410:978-90-04-23545-8 5381:978-0-9525089-0-8 5354:978-92-3-103211-0 5325:978-1-317-20184-7 5316:The Gnostic World 5250:978-0-674-01517-3 5221:978-90-04-44592-5 5060:978-90-474-1250-2 4989:978-90-04-30894-7 4962:978-90-474-1250-2 4915:978-1-78570-210-5 4883:978-1-118-78627-7 4850:978-0-85772-815-9 4795:978-90-04-46066-9 4761:978-0-521-51790-4 4734:978-0-8028-2491-2 4687:978-1-4438-1088-3 4576:978-1-57506-118-4 4527:978-1-5015-0491-4 4479:978-1-351-71603-1 4447:978-0-674-01517-3 4293:978-0-19-999606-3 4012:978-90-474-4358-2 3983:978-0-19-999606-3 3800:978-3-030-67906-4 3766:978-3-11-025811-0 3716:978-90-485-1059-7 3613:978-0-19-008273-4 3477:978-0-19-762711-2 3390:978-1-137-40499-2 3317:978-1-119-09276-6 3218:978-0-8348-2975-6 3191:978-1-57062-416-2 3126:Esoteric Buddhism 2755:Emperor Wu of Jin 2644: 2643: 2639: 2409:practices called 2250:(密, "secret") or 2182: 2181: 2177: 2007:Buddhism in Japan 1713: 1712: 1708: 1627:("Unity") in the 1570:Vaiṣṇava Sahajiyā 1249:The foundational 1089: 1088: 1084: 1048:Indian traditions 731:Wizirgerd ï Denïg 711: 710: 706: 541:Exorcist's Manual 396:Ruhollah Khomeini 367:Richard Kaczynski 268:Jeffrey J. Kripal 183:Wouter Hanegraaff 171:Western occultism 71: 70: 9276: 9234:Religion in Asia 9206: 9205: 9194: 9193: 9182: 9181: 9180: 9173: 8984:Eastern Churches 8728:Hindu philosophy 8350: 8343: 8336: 8327: 8326: 8320: 8319: 8299: 8293: 8282: 8276: 8275: 8266: 8260: 8259: 8246: 8240: 8239: 8228: 8222: 8221: 8201: 8195: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8163: 8154: 8143: 8142: 8110: 8097: 8096: 8076: 8070: 8069: 8044:(3–4): 353–383. 8029: 8018: 8017: 7997: 7982: 7981: 7961: 7952: 7951: 7931: 7922: 7921: 7901: 7888: 7887: 7868:Queen, Sarah A. 7865: 7859: 7858: 7836: 7830: 7829: 7809: 7790: 7789: 7767: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7756: 7730: 7706: 7693: 7692: 7670: 7659: 7658: 7637:"Inner Alchemy ( 7632: 7626: 7625: 7603: 7597: 7596: 7576: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7566: 7560: 7553: 7542: 7531: 7530: 7504: 7495: 7494: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7447: 7441: 7440: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7373: 7367: 7366: 7344: 7329: 7328: 7312: 7303: 7302: 7282: 7276: 7275: 7258:"Godai'in Annen" 7253: 7244: 7243: 7221: 7212: 7211: 7189: 7180: 7179: 7159: 7153: 7152: 7132: 7126: 7125: 7103: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7093: 7078: 7072: 7071: 7060: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7050: 7015: 7009: 7008: 6986: 6980: 6979: 6967: 6950: 6949: 6931: 6907: 6901: 6900: 6880: 6874: 6873: 6845: 6839: 6838: 6818: 6812: 6811: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6758: 6752: 6751: 6731: 6725: 6724: 6698: 6692: 6691: 6669: 6663: 6662: 6640: 6634: 6633: 6615: 6606:(aop): 106–129. 6591: 6585: 6584: 6562: 6556: 6555: 6533: 6527: 6526: 6508: 6499: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6453: 6444: 6443: 6405: 6396: 6395: 6365: 6354: 6353: 6315: 6304: 6303: 6287: 6278: 6277: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6203: 6197: 6196: 6176: 6170: 6169: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6116: 6107: 6106: 6086: 6073: 6072: 6062: 6038: 6032: 6009: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5999: 5963:(3/4): 315–354. 5948: 5942: 5926:(maio de 2018). 5921: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5911: 5868: 5862: 5847: 5841: 5840: 5822: 5811: 5810: 5798: 5789: 5788: 5768: 5759: 5758: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5692: 5683: 5682: 5662: 5653: 5652: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5607: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5556: 5547: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5511: 5502: 5501: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5295:. Archived from 5264: 5255: 5254: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5193: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5121: 5112: 5111: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5042: 5036: 5035: 5003: 4994: 4993: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4929: 4920: 4919: 4897: 4888: 4887: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4809: 4800: 4799: 4777: 4766: 4765: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4590: 4581: 4580: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4541: 4532: 4531: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4461: 4452: 4451: 4429: 4418: 4417: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4341: 4330: 4329: 4313: 4298: 4297: 4277: 4268: 4267: 4255: 4244: 4243: 4217: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4198: 4185: 4161: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4138: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4115: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4088: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4065: 4056: 4055: 4023: 4017: 4016: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3940: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3848: 3835: 3834: 3814: 3805: 3804: 3784: 3771: 3770: 3748: 3742: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3723: 3700: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3633: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3597: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3574: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3551: 3534: 3533: 3523: 3510: 3509: 3499: 3482: 3481: 3461: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3448: 3420:(5–6): 568–595. 3401: 3395: 3394: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3364: 3337: 3322: 3321: 3297: 3270: 3255: 3249: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3165: 3151: 3120:Helena Blavatsky 3103:Henry Colebrooke 3099:Horace H. Wilson 3017:prisca theologia 2978:Abraham Rogerius 2931:priest Valignano 2775:apocryphal texts 2635: 2615: 2614: 2607: 2173: 2153: 2152: 2145: 2100:Diamond Mandalas 1794:Amoghapāśahṛdaya 1704: 1684: 1683: 1676: 1646:prisca theologia 1604:Majma-ul-Bahrain 1251:Kulārṇava Tantra 1080: 1060: 1059: 1052: 1017:Dasatir-i-Asmani 702: 682: 681: 674: 400:Masaharu Anesaki 324:la parole claire 260:Aleister Crowley 219:Chaldean Oracles 196:For example, in 185:'s description. 138:ethnic religions 92:(or Method) and 66: 63: 57: 34: 26: 9284: 9283: 9279: 9278: 9277: 9275: 9274: 9273: 9214: 9213: 9212: 9200: 9188: 9178: 9176: 9168: 9166: 9161: 9034: 9028: 8769: 8738:Jain philosophy 8718:Buddhist ethics 8674: 8496: 8463:Interwar period 8416:Ancient history 8404: 8363: 8354: 8324: 8323: 8316: 8300: 8296: 8283: 8279: 8268: 8267: 8263: 8247: 8243: 8230: 8229: 8225: 8218: 8202: 8198: 8177: 8173: 8161: 8155: 8146: 8111: 8100: 8093: 8077: 8073: 8030: 8021: 8014: 7998: 7985: 7978: 7962: 7955: 7948: 7932: 7925: 7918: 7902: 7891: 7884: 7866: 7862: 7855: 7837: 7833: 7826: 7810: 7793: 7786: 7776:Daoism Handbook 7768: 7764: 7754: 7752: 7707: 7696: 7689: 7679:Daoism Handbook 7671: 7662: 7655: 7645:Daoism Handbook 7633: 7629: 7622: 7612:Daoism Handbook 7604: 7600: 7593: 7582:Women in Daoism 7577: 7573: 7564: 7562: 7558: 7551: 7543: 7534: 7527: 7517:Daoism Handbook 7505: 7498: 7491: 7475: 7471: 7464: 7448: 7444: 7437: 7419: 7415: 7401: 7397: 7390: 7374: 7370: 7363: 7353:Daoism Handbook 7345: 7332: 7313: 7306: 7299: 7283: 7279: 7272: 7254: 7247: 7240: 7222: 7215: 7208: 7190: 7183: 7176: 7160: 7156: 7149: 7133: 7129: 7122: 7104: 7100: 7091: 7089: 7079: 7075: 7062: 7061: 7057: 7048: 7046: 7016: 7012: 7005: 6987: 6983: 6968: 6953: 6908: 6904: 6897: 6881: 6877: 6870: 6846: 6842: 6835: 6819: 6815: 6808: 6792: 6788: 6781: 6759: 6755: 6748: 6732: 6728: 6721: 6705:Dhāraṇīsaṃgraha 6699: 6695: 6688: 6670: 6666: 6659: 6641: 6637: 6592: 6588: 6581: 6563: 6559: 6552: 6534: 6530: 6523: 6509: 6502: 6483: 6479: 6472: 6454: 6447: 6432: 6406: 6399: 6384: 6366: 6357: 6342: 6316: 6307: 6288: 6281: 6274: 6258: 6254: 6247: 6231: 6227: 6220: 6204: 6200: 6193: 6177: 6173: 6166: 6150: 6146: 6139: 6117: 6110: 6103: 6087: 6076: 6039: 6035: 6010: 6006: 5997: 5995: 5949: 5945: 5922: 5918: 5909: 5907: 5869: 5865: 5848: 5844: 5837: 5823: 5814: 5799: 5792: 5785: 5769: 5762: 5751: 5747: 5740: 5722: 5718: 5711: 5693: 5686: 5679: 5663: 5656: 5649: 5633: 5629: 5584: 5580: 5573: 5557: 5550: 5539: 5535: 5528: 5512: 5505: 5498: 5480: 5476: 5469: 5451: 5447: 5440: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5393: 5389: 5382: 5366: 5362: 5355: 5337: 5333: 5326: 5308: 5304: 5265: 5258: 5251: 5233: 5229: 5222: 5204: 5200: 5191: 5189: 5151: 5147: 5140: 5122: 5115: 5092:10.2307/4300681 5072: 5068: 5061: 5043: 5039: 5012:Iranian Studies 5004: 4997: 4990: 4974: 4970: 4963: 4945: 4941: 4930: 4923: 4916: 4908:. Oxbow Books. 4898: 4891: 4884: 4862: 4858: 4851: 4833: 4829: 4810: 4803: 4796: 4778: 4769: 4762: 4746: 4742: 4735: 4717: 4713: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4688: 4670: 4666: 4647: 4643: 4636: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4591: 4584: 4577: 4561: 4557: 4542: 4535: 4528: 4510: 4506: 4491: 4487: 4480: 4466:"East and West" 4462: 4455: 4448: 4430: 4421: 4406: 4402: 4391:"cylinder seal" 4389: 4388: 4384: 4373:Correspondences 4365: 4361: 4350:Correspondences 4342: 4333: 4314: 4301: 4294: 4278: 4271: 4256: 4247: 4215: 4209: 4205: 4196: 4194: 4176:(177): 95–129. 4162: 4155: 4147: 4139: 4132: 4124: 4116: 4105: 4097: 4089: 4082: 4074: 4066: 4059: 4024: 4020: 4013: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3966: 3962: 3917: 3913: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3849: 3838: 3823:Correspondences 3815: 3808: 3801: 3785: 3774: 3767: 3749: 3745: 3734: 3730: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3698: 3690: 3686: 3651: 3647: 3631: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3598: 3591: 3583: 3575: 3568: 3560: 3552: 3537: 3524: 3513: 3500: 3485: 3478: 3462: 3455: 3446: 3444: 3402: 3398: 3391: 3375: 3371: 3362: 3360: 3346:Correspondences 3338: 3325: 3318: 3298: 3273: 3256: 3252: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3203: 3199: 3192: 3176: 3172: 3163: 3161: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3008:Agostino Steuco 2990:Michael Hißmann 2912: 2826: 2798:New Text School 2640: 2616: 2612: 2605: 2491:Richard Wilhelm 2396:Ruizong of Tang 2373:Women in Taoism 2273:in her tomb at 2271:Marquise of Dai 2178: 2154: 2150: 2143: 2108:Keiran Shūyōshū 2081:Tokugawa period 2016:The Secret Five 2009: 1995: 1792:whereas in the 1779:Dhāraṇīsaṃgraha 1709: 1685: 1681: 1674: 1664: 1655:The Theosophist 1391:Chakras in the 1370:sacred language 1279:(8th century), 1103:("unworldly"), 1099:("spiritual"), 1085: 1061: 1057: 1050: 1013:Illuminationist 707: 683: 679: 672: 433:Akkadian Empire 418: 153:Strube, French 150: 117:Islamic nations 67: 61: 58: 51: 39:This article's 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9282: 9272: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9211: 9210: 9198: 9186: 9163: 9162: 9160: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9107:Easternization 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9038: 9036: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9026: 9025: 9024: 9019: 9018: 9017: 9012: 9002: 9001: 9000: 8990: 8989: 8988: 8987: 8986: 8981: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8960: 8959: 8944: 8943: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8917: 8916: 8915: 8910: 8908:Zoroastrianism 8900: 8899: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8863: 8862: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8850: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8819: 8818: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8801: 8800: 8779: 8777: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8767: 8766: 8765: 8760: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8723:Islamic ethics 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8684: 8682: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8656: 8655: 8650: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8629: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8597: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8576: 8575: 8574: 8564: 8559: 8558: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8506: 8504: 8498: 8497: 8495: 8494: 8489: 8488: 8487: 8482: 8481: 8480: 8475: 8465: 8460: 8459: 8458: 8453: 8443: 8438: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8412: 8410: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8371: 8369: 8365: 8364: 8353: 8352: 8345: 8338: 8330: 8322: 8321: 8314: 8294: 8277: 8261: 8251:"Introduction" 8241: 8223: 8216: 8196: 8171: 8144: 8098: 8091: 8071: 8019: 8012: 7983: 7976: 7953: 7946: 7923: 7916: 7889: 7882: 7860: 7853: 7831: 7824: 7791: 7784: 7762: 7721:(1): 112–133. 7694: 7687: 7660: 7653: 7627: 7620: 7598: 7591: 7571: 7532: 7525: 7496: 7489: 7469: 7462: 7442: 7435: 7413: 7395: 7388: 7368: 7361: 7330: 7304: 7297: 7277: 7270: 7245: 7238: 7213: 7206: 7181: 7174: 7154: 7147: 7127: 7120: 7098: 7073: 7055: 7030:(7): 159–166. 7010: 7003: 6981: 6951: 6902: 6895: 6875: 6868: 6840: 6833: 6813: 6806: 6786: 6779: 6753: 6746: 6726: 6719: 6693: 6686: 6664: 6658:978-9004184916 6657: 6635: 6586: 6579: 6557: 6550: 6528: 6521: 6500: 6477: 6470: 6445: 6430: 6397: 6382: 6370:"Introduction" 6355: 6340: 6305: 6279: 6272: 6252: 6245: 6225: 6218: 6198: 6191: 6171: 6164: 6144: 6137: 6108: 6101: 6074: 6033: 6004: 5943: 5916: 5889:10.2307/595657 5883:(3): 261–270. 5863: 5842: 5835: 5812: 5790: 5783: 5760: 5745: 5738: 5716: 5709: 5684: 5677: 5654: 5647: 5627: 5578: 5571: 5548: 5533: 5526: 5503: 5496: 5474: 5467: 5445: 5438: 5416: 5409: 5387: 5380: 5360: 5353: 5331: 5324: 5302: 5256: 5249: 5227: 5220: 5198: 5171:10.1086/590092 5145: 5138: 5126:"Christianity" 5113: 5066: 5059: 5037: 5018:(1–2): 73–94. 4995: 4988: 4968: 4961: 4939: 4921: 4914: 4889: 4882: 4856: 4849: 4827: 4801: 4794: 4767: 4760: 4740: 4733: 4711: 4693: 4686: 4664: 4641: 4634: 4614: 4607: 4582: 4575: 4555: 4533: 4526: 4504: 4485: 4478: 4453: 4446: 4419: 4400: 4382: 4359: 4331: 4299: 4292: 4269: 4245: 4232:10.1086/203932 4226:(2): 139–167. 4203: 4153: 4130: 4103: 4080: 4057: 4038:(2): 231–250. 4018: 4011: 3989: 3982: 3960: 3931:(2): 145–165. 3911: 3868: 3862:978-3110664270 3861: 3836: 3806: 3799: 3772: 3765: 3743: 3728: 3715: 3684: 3665:(2): 158–179. 3645: 3619: 3612: 3589: 3566: 3535: 3511: 3483: 3476: 3453: 3396: 3389: 3369: 3323: 3316: 3271: 3250: 3224: 3217: 3197: 3190: 3170: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3012:Joachim Bouvet 3006:advocated for 2938:João Rodrigues 2911: 2908: 2825: 2822: 2703:eschatological 2689:Gongyang Zhuan 2642: 2641: 2619: 2617: 2610: 2604: 2601: 2527:spirit writing 2483:spirit writing 2307:Yellow Emperor 2206:mantic systems 2180: 2179: 2157: 2155: 2148: 2142: 2139: 1994: 1991: 1927:(14th century) 1919:Avalokiteśvara 1711: 1710: 1688: 1686: 1679: 1663: 1660: 1578:guptacandrapur 1548:David Lorenzen 1117:siddha darśana 1105:alaukika jñāna 1087: 1086: 1064: 1062: 1055: 1049: 1046: 817:mēnōy-wēnišnīh 709: 708: 686: 684: 677: 671: 670:Zoroastrianism 668: 427:, guardian of 417: 414: 316:Marcel Griaule 288:Antoine Faivre 149: 146: 100:and Emptiness. 69: 68: 48:the key points 38: 36: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9281: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9185: 9175: 9174: 9171: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9039: 9037: 9031: 9023: 9020: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9007: 9006: 9003: 8999: 8996: 8995: 8994: 8991: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8976: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8958: 8955: 8954: 8953: 8950: 8949: 8948: 8945: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8927: 8926: 8923: 8922: 8921: 8918: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8905: 8904: 8901: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8868: 8867: 8864: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8824: 8823: 8820: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8799: 8796: 8795: 8794: 8791: 8790: 8789: 8786: 8785: 8784: 8781: 8780: 8778: 8776: 8772: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8755: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8685: 8683: 8681: 8677: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8645: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8613: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8581: 8580: 8577: 8573: 8570: 8569: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8512: 8511: 8508: 8507: 8505: 8503: 8499: 8493: 8490: 8486: 8483: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8448: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8433: 8432: 8431:Modern period 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8413: 8411: 8407: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8357:Eastern world 8351: 8346: 8344: 8339: 8337: 8332: 8331: 8328: 8317: 8311: 8307: 8306: 8298: 8291: 8287: 8281: 8273: 8272: 8265: 8257: 8252: 8245: 8237: 8233: 8227: 8219: 8213: 8209: 8208: 8200: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8175: 8167: 8160: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8125:(1–2): 1–33. 8124: 8120: 8116: 8109: 8107: 8105: 8103: 8094: 8088: 8085:. Routledge. 8084: 8083: 8075: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8028: 8026: 8024: 8015: 8009: 8005: 8004: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7990: 7988: 7979: 7973: 7970:. Routledge. 7969: 7968: 7960: 7958: 7949: 7943: 7939: 7938: 7930: 7928: 7919: 7917:90-04-13146-9 7913: 7909: 7908: 7900: 7898: 7896: 7894: 7885: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7864: 7856: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7835: 7827: 7821: 7817: 7816: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7787: 7785:90-04-11208-1 7781: 7777: 7773: 7766: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7705: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7690: 7688:90-04-11208-1 7684: 7680: 7676: 7669: 7667: 7665: 7656: 7654:90-04-11208-1 7650: 7646: 7642: 7640: 7631: 7623: 7621:90-04-11208-1 7617: 7613: 7609: 7602: 7594: 7588: 7584: 7583: 7575: 7561:on 2022-08-17 7557: 7550: 7549: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7528: 7526:90-04-11208-1 7522: 7518: 7514: 7512: 7503: 7501: 7492: 7490:9780739180600 7486: 7482: 7481: 7473: 7465: 7463:9780674060692 7459: 7455: 7454: 7446: 7438: 7436:9789004349315 7432: 7428: 7424: 7417: 7409: 7408: 7399: 7391: 7389:9780824863494 7385: 7381: 7380: 7372: 7364: 7362:90-04-11208-1 7358: 7354: 7350: 7343: 7341: 7339: 7337: 7335: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7311: 7309: 7300: 7294: 7290: 7289: 7281: 7273: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7252: 7250: 7241: 7235: 7232:. Routledge. 7231: 7227: 7220: 7218: 7209: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7188: 7186: 7177: 7171: 7167: 7166: 7158: 7150: 7144: 7140: 7139: 7131: 7123: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7102: 7088: 7084: 7077: 7070:. 2018-10-31. 7069: 7065: 7059: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7014: 7006: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6985: 6977: 6973: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6906: 6898: 6892: 6888: 6887: 6879: 6871: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6852: 6844: 6836: 6830: 6826: 6825: 6817: 6809: 6803: 6799: 6798: 6790: 6782: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6766: 6757: 6749: 6743: 6739: 6738: 6730: 6722: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6706: 6697: 6689: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6668: 6660: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6639: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6590: 6582: 6580:9783030553180 6576: 6572: 6568: 6561: 6553: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6532: 6524: 6518: 6514: 6507: 6505: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6488: 6481: 6473: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6452: 6450: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6404: 6402: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6286: 6284: 6275: 6269: 6265: 6264: 6256: 6248: 6242: 6238: 6237: 6229: 6221: 6215: 6211: 6210: 6202: 6194: 6188: 6184: 6183: 6175: 6167: 6161: 6157: 6156: 6148: 6140: 6134: 6131:. Routledge. 6130: 6126: 6124: 6115: 6113: 6104: 6098: 6094: 6093: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6070: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6037: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6020: 6014: 6008: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5947: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5920: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5867: 5860: 5859:0-691-01764-6 5856: 5852: 5846: 5838: 5836:0-312-82540-4 5832: 5828: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5808: 5804: 5797: 5795: 5786: 5780: 5776: 5775: 5767: 5765: 5756: 5749: 5741: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5720: 5712: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5691: 5689: 5680: 5674: 5670: 5669: 5661: 5659: 5650: 5644: 5640: 5639: 5631: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5582: 5574: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5555: 5553: 5545: 5544: 5537: 5529: 5523: 5519: 5518: 5510: 5508: 5499: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5478: 5470: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5449: 5441: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5420: 5412: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5391: 5383: 5377: 5373: 5372: 5364: 5356: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5335: 5327: 5321: 5318:. Routledge. 5317: 5313: 5306: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5263: 5261: 5252: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5223: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5202: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5149: 5141: 5139:9781118786277 5135: 5131: 5127: 5120: 5118: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5062: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5041: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5002: 5000: 4991: 4985: 4981: 4980: 4972: 4964: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4943: 4935: 4928: 4926: 4917: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4896: 4894: 4885: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4869: 4860: 4852: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4808: 4806: 4797: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4763: 4757: 4753: 4752: 4744: 4736: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4707: 4703: 4697: 4689: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4668: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4645: 4637: 4635:9789004301429 4631: 4627: 4626: 4618: 4610: 4608:90-04-08499-1 4604: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4587: 4578: 4572: 4568: 4567: 4559: 4551: 4547: 4540: 4538: 4529: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4508: 4500: 4496: 4489: 4481: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4458: 4449: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4363: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4295: 4289: 4285: 4284: 4276: 4274: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4214: 4207: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4172:(in French). 4171: 4167: 4160: 4158: 4146: 4145: 4137: 4135: 4123: 4122: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4096: 4095: 4087: 4085: 4073: 4072: 4064: 4062: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4022: 4014: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3993: 3985: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3864: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3811: 3802: 3796: 3792: 3791: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3768: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3740: 3739: 3732: 3718: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3697: 3696: 3688: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3630: 3623: 3615: 3609: 3605: 3604: 3596: 3594: 3582: 3581: 3573: 3571: 3559: 3558: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3531: 3530: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3507: 3506: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3479: 3473: 3469: 3468: 3467:Global Tantra 3460: 3458: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3409: 3408:fin-de-siècle 3400: 3392: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3373: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3319: 3313: 3309: 3308: 3303: 3302:"Esotericism" 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3268: 3267: 3262: 3261: 3254: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3239: 3234: 3228: 3220: 3214: 3210: 3209: 3201: 3193: 3187: 3184:. Shambhala. 3183: 3182: 3174: 3160: 3156: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3121: 3117: 3116: 3115:Isis Unveiled 3110: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3082: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3038: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3018: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2952: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2868: 2863: 2862: 2857: 2856: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2793: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2714:Dong Zhongshu 2711: 2706: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2664: 2655: 2654: 2648: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2609: 2608: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2567: 2561: 2558: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2505: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2479: 2473: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2427:Non-Existence 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2404: 2403: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2345: 2344: 2339: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2285: 2284:Five Classics 2276: 2272: 2267: 2263: 2261: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2236: 2232:(such as the 2231: 2230:Shang dynasty 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2147: 2146: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2131:ichidai engyō 2128: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2112:kenmitsu funi 2109: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2092:emmitsu itchi 2089: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2027: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1989: 1987: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1954:Padmasambhava 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1926: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1892: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1863: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1854: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1720:Chacrasamvara 1717: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1678: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1659: 1657: 1656: 1650: 1648: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1585:Mughal Empire 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1565: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1525:mantra-śāstra 1521: 1517: 1516:Abhinavagupta 1513: 1509: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1441: 1439: 1438: 1437:Śāradā-tilaka 1433: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1289: 1284: 1283: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1217: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1113:gupta sādhana 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1054: 1053: 1045: 1043: 1042:Ilm-e Kshnoom 1038: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 996: 992: 991: 986: 982: 978: 977:hermeneutical 974: 969: 967: 962: 958: 953: 951: 947: 941: 939: 935: 930: 925: 923: 919: 918:Biblical Magi 914: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 886: 882: 877: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 858: 849: 845: 844: 839: 837: 832: 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 809: 804: 803:mental vision 800: 795: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 768: 763: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 705: 700: 696: 695: 690: 685: 676: 675: 667: 665: 664: 658: 654: 649: 647: 643: 639: 638: 633: 629: 625: 621: 620: 612:(865-860 BCE) 611: 610: 605: 600: 596: 593: 589: 584: 582: 581:Ibal-pi-el II 579:'s oracle to 578: 573: 569: 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 528: 524: 522: 518: 512: 510: 506: 502: 498: 495:, as well as 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 434: 430: 426: 422: 412: 407: 403: 402:(1873-1949). 401: 397: 393: 389: 383: 381: 377: 371: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 343: 341: 335: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 307: 305: 300: 295: 293: 289: 285: 283: 278: 272: 269: 265: 261: 256: 253: 252:transcultural 249: 243: 241: 237: 231: 229: 225: 221: 220: 215: 211: 207: 206:Ancient Egypt 203: 199: 194: 191: 186: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 145: 143: 139: 135: 131: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 109:Eastern world 106: 99: 96:; or also of 95: 91: 87: 86:Samantabhadrī 83: 82:Samantabhadra 79: 75: 65: 55: 49: 47: 42: 37: 33: 28: 27: 22: 9269:Confucianism 9102:Eastern Bloc 9072:Asia Council 9033:Contemporary 8979:Latin Church 8947:Christianity 8876:Confucianism 8748:Collectivism 8605: 8562:Architecture 8468:World War II 8304: 8297: 8289: 8280: 8270: 8264: 8254: 8244: 8235: 8226: 8206: 8199: 8190:. p. 45-93. 8187: 8183: 8174: 8165: 8122: 8118: 8081: 8074: 8041: 8037: 8002: 7966: 7936: 7906: 7873: 7863: 7844: 7834: 7814: 7775: 7765: 7753:. Retrieved 7718: 7714: 7678: 7644: 7638: 7630: 7611: 7601: 7581: 7574: 7563:. Retrieved 7556:the original 7547: 7516: 7510: 7479: 7472: 7452: 7445: 7426: 7416: 7406: 7398: 7378: 7371: 7352: 7324: 7320: 7287: 7280: 7261: 7229: 7197: 7164: 7157: 7137: 7130: 7111: 7101: 7090:. Retrieved 7086: 7076: 7067: 7058: 7047:. Retrieved 7027: 7023: 7013: 6994: 6984: 6975: 6922:(1): 37–57. 6919: 6915: 6905: 6885: 6878: 6850: 6843: 6823: 6816: 6796: 6789: 6770: 6764: 6756: 6736: 6729: 6710: 6704: 6696: 6677: 6674:"Introdução" 6667: 6648: 6638: 6603: 6599: 6589: 6570: 6560: 6541: 6531: 6512: 6485: 6480: 6457: 6413: 6373: 6323: 6295: 6262: 6255: 6235: 6228: 6208: 6201: 6181: 6174: 6154: 6147: 6128: 6122: 6091: 6050: 6046: 6036: 6028: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6007: 5996:. Retrieved 5960: 5956: 5946: 5934: 5931: 5919: 5908:. Retrieved 5880: 5876: 5866: 5850: 5845: 5826: 5807:the original 5773: 5754: 5748: 5729: 5719: 5700: 5667: 5637: 5630: 5598:(1): 37–57. 5595: 5591: 5581: 5561: 5541: 5536: 5516: 5487: 5477: 5458: 5448: 5429: 5419: 5400: 5390: 5370: 5363: 5344: 5334: 5315: 5305: 5297:the original 5276: 5272: 5240: 5230: 5211: 5201: 5190:. Retrieved 5165:(1): 16–39. 5162: 5158: 5148: 5129: 5083: 5079: 5069: 5050: 5040: 5015: 5011: 4978: 4971: 4952: 4942: 4933: 4905: 4873: 4867: 4859: 4840: 4830: 4821: 4817: 4785: 4750: 4743: 4724: 4714: 4705: 4696: 4677: 4667: 4659:10871/124550 4650: 4644: 4624: 4617: 4598: 4565: 4558: 4549: 4517: 4507: 4498: 4488: 4469: 4437: 4413: 4403: 4394: 4385: 4376: 4372: 4362: 4353: 4349: 4328:(1 & 2). 4325: 4321: 4282: 4263: 4223: 4219: 4206: 4195:. Retrieved 4173: 4169: 4143: 4120: 4093: 4070: 4035: 4031: 4021: 4002: 3992: 3973: 3963: 3928: 3924: 3914: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3852: 3831:the original 3826: 3822: 3789: 3756: 3746: 3736: 3731: 3720:. 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Retrieved 3158: 3149: 3124: 3113: 3112:In the book 3111: 3106: 3087:Abel Rémusat 3085: 3081:Schopenhauer 3078: 3073: 3072:in his book 3055: 3041: 3029: 3015: 3002: 2998:Encyclopédie 2997: 2971: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2947: 2941: 2936: 2924: 2915: 2913: 2896:Henry Corbin 2887: 2885: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2851: 2827: 2806:Zhuang Cunyu 2802:Philological 2795: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2767: 2762: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2707: 2693: 2687: 2684:weiyan dayi" 2683: 2680:Gongyang Gao 2661: 2659: 2651: 2636: 2625: 2603:Confucianism 2596: 2589:Heian period 2570: 2563: 2556: 2554: 2548: 2540: 2534: 2530: 2520: 2508: 2500: 2476: 2465: 2461: 2458:Du Guangting 2447: 2441: 2433: 2431: 2422: 2414: 2407: 2402:Tao Te Ching 2400: 2390: 2388: 2381: 2371: 2359: 2348: 2341: 2334: 2325: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2292: 2283: 2280: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2233: 2214:Yin and Yang 2203: 2196: 2183: 2174: 2163: 2130: 2124: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2091: 2085: 2076: 2068: 2065:Heian period 2060: 2058: 2031: 2025:bodhisattvas 2024: 2019: 2015: 1985: 1982: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1949: 1941: 1930: 1922: 1907: 1903: 1901: 1895: 1890: 1883: 1864: 1857: 1851: 1848: 1842: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1758: 1751: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1733: 1705: 1694: 1653: 1651: 1644: 1637:umm al-kitāb 1636: 1633:kitāb maknūn 1632: 1613:perennialist 1602: 1598:Sirr-i-Akbar 1596: 1592: 1582: 1577: 1574:Amtarasāvalī 1573: 1567: 1562: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1501: 1497: 1490:nāda-brahman 1489: 1487: 1482:Parameshvara 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1443: 1435: 1429: 1425: 1414:nāda-brahman 1413: 1406:Śakta Tantra 1405: 1398: 1363: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1323: 1316: 1312: 1302: 1292: 1286: 1280: 1276:Cakrasaṃvara 1274: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1250: 1248: 1237: 1230:Pancharatran 1221: 1212: 1194: 1172: 1167: 1159:ulṭa sādhana 1158: 1144: 1121: 1116: 1112: 1111:("hidden"), 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1090: 1081: 1070: 1039: 1033: 1028: 1016: 1008: 999: 994: 988: 980: 972: 970: 965: 954: 949: 942: 926: 915: 889: 881:Ahuna Vairya 880: 878: 873: 870:tušnā-maitiš 869: 855: 853: 841: 834: 824: 816: 806: 796: 792: 765: 759: 747: 746:6.215: "the 730: 726: 718: 712: 703: 692: 661: 652: 650: 635: 632:Ashurbanipal 624:antediluvian 617: 615: 607: 604:Ashurbanipal 585: 565: 552: 544: 540: 536: 534: 516: 513: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 448: 444: 438: 409: 404: 390:such as the 384: 372: 349:, as in the 344: 336: 323: 308: 296: 286: 273: 257: 244: 236:Christianity 232: 217: 198:Neoplatonism 195: 187: 175:Annie Besant 158: 151: 111:said to be " 104: 103: 62:January 2024 59: 43: 41:lead section 9224:Esotericism 9052:Arab League 9035:integration 8974:Catholicism 8832:Vaishnavism 8606:Esotericism 8473:Pacific War 8446:World War I 8390:Indic world 8385:Sinic world 8368:Foundations 4414:Ancient Art 4150:. 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