607:
an obvious parallel with the attacks on Whig constitutional history in the opening decades of the century. For, as P. B. M. Blaas has shown, those earlier attacks were part and parcel of a more general onslaught in the name of an autonomous, professional and scientific history, on popular, partisan and moralising historiography. Similarly, ... For post-WWII champions of the newly professionalized history of science the targets were quite different. Above all, they were out to establish a critical distance between the history of science and the teaching and promotion of the sciences. In particular, they were suspicious of the grand celebratory and didactic narratives of scientific discovery and progress that had proliferated in the inter-war years.
5545:
7242:
6258:
1070:, p. 95. Bentley however argues against Blaas' conclusion: Blaas' historiography is mostly focused on parliamentary history, which "pre-dates significant changes in whig typologies... sometimes by several decades the case of imperial historiography"; in contrast to what Blaas' assumes, there was no strong connection between whig historians and the Liberal party; new pre-1914 archival information also is now available.
612:
the 17th century 'science' has very different meaning. Chemistry, for example, was then inextricably mixed up with alchemy. Before the 17th century dissecting out such a thing as 'science' in anything like the modern sense of the term involves profound distortions." The science historians' rejection of whiggishness has been criticised by some scientists for failing to appreciate "the temporal depth of scientific research".
529:(1831–1891) was one of the leaders of the Whig school of the history of education, along with G. A. N. Lowndes. In 1898, Quick explained the value of studying the history of educational reform, arguing that the great accomplishments of the past were cumulative and comprised the building blocks that “would raise us to a higher standing-point from which we may see much that will make the right road clearer to us”.
7252:
544:(1978) discerns new methods in the work of J. H. Round, F. W. Maitland and A. F. Pollard; Bentley believes that their work "contained the origins of much twentieth-century thinking in England". Marwick also positively mentions Gardiner, Seeley, Lord Acton, and T. F. Tout as transforming the teaching and study of history at British universities into a recognisable modern form.
513:. This view of events was substantially challenged: Maitland discovered in 1893 that the early "parliaments" had "no hint of operating as a representative body but resembled instead a meeting of the King's Council, called to meet the king's purposes; it passed no 'legislation', but rather considered petitions or 'bills' as though acting as an ultimate court of justice".
628:, when viewed by economists trained in a mathematical framework becomes "an important milestone on the road to the mathematization of economics" in a story told by the victorious. Yet "those who do not agree that such mathematization is a good thing could argue that the mathematical developments... represent a regression rather than a progression". The introduction of
561:
an avatar of social harmony". He, however, notes that whig history has not died "outside the academy" and lives on partially in criticism of history as something published in "a row of small-minded monographs written by authors calling themselves 'doctor', whose life-experience and sense of
English culture extended no further than taking cups of tea in the
5014:
606:
By the mid-1970s, it had become commonplace among historians of science to employ the terms "Whig" and "Whiggish", often accompanied by one or more of "hagiographic", "internalist", "triumphalist", even "positivist", to denigrate grand narratives of scientific progress. At one level there is, indeed,
560:
Bentley also speculates that 19th-century
British historiography took the form of an indirect social history which "attempted to embrace society by absorbing it into the history of the state", a project gravely disrupted by the First World War and renewed questions on "the pretensions of the state as
674:
criticized conception of history which assumed a necessarily progressive or teleological course, though he did not employ the term "Whig history". "The danger affects both the content of the tradition and its receivers. The same threat hangs over both: that of becoming a tool of the ruling classes.
582:
is "riddled with
Whiggish history". Like other whig histories, whig history of science tends to divide historical actors into "good guys" who are on the side of truth (as is now known), and "bad guys" who opposed the emergence of these truths because of ignorance or bias. Science is seen as emerging
499:
Stubbs was a true believer who concealed his biases, even from himself, behind the façade of a dispassionate historian translating original documents into magisterial prose. His rhetorical gifts often obscured his combination of high church
Anglicanism, whig history, and civic responsibility. In the
207:
Butterfield instead advances a view of history stressing the accidental and contingent nature of events rather than some kind of inevitable and structural shift. Moreover, he called upon historians "to evoke a certain sensibility towards the past, the sensibility which studies the past 'for the sake
611:
More recently, some scholars have argued that Whig history is essential to the history of science. At one level, "the very term 'the history of science' has itself profoundly
Whiggish implications. One may be reasonably clear what 'science' means in the 19th century and most of the 18th century. In
139:
in 1928 gave a
Raleigh lecture, he implied that the "whig historians" really were Whigs (i.e. associated with the Whig party or its Liberal successor) and had written centrist histories that were "good history despite their enthusiasm for Gladstonian or Liberal Unionist causes"; on introduction the
398:
in 1827, which "greatly exaggerated the importance of 'parliaments' or of bodies thought were parliaments" while tending "to interpret all political struggles in terms of the parliamentary situation in
Britain the nineteenth century, in terms, that is, of Whig reformers fighting the good fight
131:
Butterfield's usage of the term was not in relation to the
British or American Whig parties or Whiggism, but rather took aim at "the nineteenth-century school of historiography that praised all progress and habitually associated Protestantism with liberal views of liberty". The terms "whig" and
1710:, p. 2. "The conventional stories of the past that appear in the introductory chapters of science textbooks are certainly a form of Whiggism. Historians take great delight in exposing the artificially constructed nature of these stories, and some scientists find the results uncomfortable".
364:
In
Britain, whig history is a view of British history that sees it as a "steady evolution of British parliamentary institutions, benevolently watched over by Whig aristocrats, and steadily spreading social progress and prosperity". It described a "continuity of institutions and practices since
413:(1754–1761), Hume challenged whig views of the past and the whig historians in turn attacked Hume; but they could not dent his history. In the early 19th century, some whig historians came to incorporate Hume's views, dominant for the previous fifty years. These historians were members of the
555:
Accelerated by the sceptical power of a new breed of historian epitomized in the brilliance of F. W. Maitland, whiggery had begun its turn downwards (we are told) and met its
Waterloo on the Somme ... win thrusts—on the one hand cultural despair in face of a dead civilization, on the other a
187:
Whig history is also criticised as having an overly dualist view with heroes on the side of liberty and freedom against traditionalist villains opposing the inevitability of progress. It also casts an overly negative view of opposing parties to heroes described, taking such parties "to have
687:
The interpretive schemes that dominated Canadian historical writing through the middle decades of the twentieth century were built on the assumption that history had a discernible direction and flow. Canada was moving towards a goal in the nineteenth century; whether this endpoint was the
365:
Anglo-Saxon times that lent to English history a special pedigree, one that instilled a distinctive temper in the English nation (as whigs liked to call it) and an approach to the world issued in law and lent legal precedent a role in preserving or extending the freedoms of Englishmen".
1722:, p. 301. "The history of science—as composed by both ex-scientists and general historians—has largely consisted of Whig history, in which the scientific winners write the account in such a way as to make their triumph an inevitable outcome of the righteous logic of their cause".
203:
He also felt that whig history viewed the world in terms of a morality play: that " inconclusive unless he can give a verdict; and studying Protestant and Catholic in the 16th century he feels that loose threads are still left hanging unless he can show which party was in the right".
180:", tempting the historian to go no further to investigate the causes of historical change. The focus on the present as the goal of historical change leads the historian to a special kind of "abridgement", selecting only those events that seem important from the present point of view.
355:
takes the theory underlying whig history to be centrally concerned with social progress and reaction, with the progressives shown as victors and benefactors. According to Victor Feske, there is too much readiness to accept Butterfield's classic formulation from 1931 as definitive.
595:. This kind of evaluation ignores historical background and the evidence that was available at a particular time: Did Aristarchus have evidence to support his idea that the Sun was at the center? Were there good reasons to reject Ptolemy's system before the sixteenth century?
183:
He also criticised it for modernising the past: "the result is that to many of us seem much more modern than they really were, and even when we have corrected this impression by closer study we find it difficult to keep in mind the differences between their world and ours".
1625:, p. 71. Bentley speculates that "for men such as Stubbs, the attraction of law and constitutional practice lay in their ability to reflect the lives of thousands of anonymous people and thus provide access to those who could never be reached via direct oral testimony".
4308:
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166:
Butterfield's purpose with writing his 1931 book was to criticise oversimplified narratives (or "abridgements") which interpreted past events in terms of the present for the purposes of achieving "drama and apparent moral clarity". Butterfield especially noted:
227:
Butterfield's formulation has subsequently received much attention and the kind of historical writing he argued against in generalized terms is no longer academically respectable. Despite its polemical success, Butterfield's celebrated book was criticized by
5749:
219:, Butterfield would note of the Whig interpretation that "whatever it may have done to our history, it has had a wonderful effect on our politics....In every Englishman there is hidden something of a whig that seems to tug at the heart-strings".
4354:
4342:
1550:
Indeed, he concluded, 'the great thinkers would raise us to a higher standing-point from which we may see much that will make the right road clearer to us, and lead us to press forward in it with good heart and hope' (Quick 1868/1902, p.
175:
Butterfield argued that this approach to history compromised the work of the historian in several ways. The emphasis on the inevitability of progress leads to the mistaken belief that the progressive sequence of events becomes "a line of
459:
was published in a series of volumes from 1848 to 1855. It proved an immediate success, replacing Hume's history and becoming the new orthodoxy. As if to introduce a linear progressive view of history, the first chapter of Macaulay's
4739:
504:
Stubb's history began with an imagined Anglo-Saxon past into which representative parliamentary institutions emerged and fought for control with the absolutist crown in various stages (including overreaches in during the
4981:
339:
to relate ... If they could not have found the grandeur that they developed had they been writing half a century earlier, neither could they have supported their optimism had they lived to endure the barbarisms of
5744:
688:
construction of a transcontinental, commercial, and political union, the development of parliamentary government, or the preservation and resurrection of French Canada, it was certainly a Good Thing. Thus the
517:, writing in 1920, also shot through much of Stubbs' ideas on the representative and law-making powers of early English parliaments, pulling the emergence of a semi-independent House of Commons to the 1620s.
257:(1961) gave the book the backhanded compliment of being "a remarkable book in many ways" noting that "though it denounced the whig interpretation over some 130 pages, it did not... name a single whig except
4330:
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598:
The writing of Whig history of science is especially found in the writings of scientists and general historians, while this whiggish tendency is commonly opposed by professional historians of science.
188:
contributed nothing to the making of the present" and at worst converting them into a "dummy that acts as a better foil to the grand whig virtues". Butterfield illustrated this by criticising views of
666:, implied that history progressed from a "primitive communism", through slave societies, feudal societies, capitalism, and finally to socialism and communism. However, contemporary Marxists, such as
5900:
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and reactionary ones ... Whig history was, in short, an extremely biased view of the past: eager to hand out moral judgements, and distorted by teleology, anachronism and present-mindedness.
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is "now universally recognised as the first practitioner of the modern discipline of history", using "medieval law as a tool to prise open the mind of medieval men". Blaas, in
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371:'s history of England, published in 1723, became "the classic Whig history" for the first half of the eighteenth century. Rapin claimed that the English had preserved their
85:
to refer to historiography that focuses on the successful chains of theories and experiments that led to present-day theories, while ignoring failed theories and dead ends.
236:
It was fiercely partisan and righteously judgemental, dividing the personnel of the past into the good and the bad. And it did so on the basis of the marked preference for
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determination to make history say something different for the post-war generation—worked between them to put whig susceptibilities between a rock and a hard place.
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that presents history as a journey from an oppressive and benighted past to a "glorious present". The present described is generally one with modern forms of
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455:
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of the past', which delights in the concrete and the complex, which 'goes out to meet the past', which searches for 'unlikenesses between past and present
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152:, argued that whig history itself had lost all vitality by 1914. Subsequent generations of academic historians have rejected Whig history because of its
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The history of our country during the last hundred and sixty years is eminently the history of physical, of moral, and of intellectual improvement.
643:
Burrow views Marxist history, with its " anticipated terminus from which it derives its moral and political point", as "characteristically whig".
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487:(1825–1901), the constitutional historian and influential teacher of a generation of historians, was the author of the extremely influential
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6707:
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which "are inclined to write sometimes as though Protestantism in itself was somehow constituted to assist " and misconceptions that the
379:. However, Rapin's history lost its place as the standard history of England in the late 18th century and early 19th century to that of
58:
view of the historical process". When the term is used in contexts other than British history, "whig history" (lowercase) is preferred.
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Retrospectives on modern macroeconomics are generally whiggish histories. For example, the popularisation of mathematical models by
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476:. According to Ernst Breisach, "his style captivated the public as did his good sense of the past and firm whiggish convictions".
331:
supplied the critical theatre of enquiry when considering the origins of modern England. When they wrote about the history of the
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425:(1773–1840) in opposition until 1830 and so "needed a new historical philosophy". Fox himself intended to write a history of the
200:
was created by Whigs opposed by Tories rather than created by compromise and interplay mediated by then-political contingencies.
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491:(published between 1873–78) and became a crucial figure in the later survival and respectability of whig history. According to
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886:
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422:
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While Macaulay was a popular and celebrated historian of the whig school, his work did not feature in Butterfield's 1931
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655:, to whom is often ascribed a teleological view of history with an inexorable trajectory in the direction of progress.
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James A. Hijiya points out the persistence of whiggish history in history textbooks. In the debate over Britishness,
675:
In every era the attempt must be made anew to wrest tradition away from a conformism that is about to overpower it."
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as "slight, confused, repetitive and superficial". However, of the English tradition more broadly, Cannadine wrote:
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It is part and parcel of the whig interpretation of history that it studies the past with reference to the present.
153:
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analyses Butterfield's whig theory as referring to a canon of 19th-century historians in and of England (such as
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to lose; they were not simply overwhelmed by superior force, they were justly chastised by the God of History.
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Political history was the usual venue for whig history in Great Britain, but it also appears in other areas.
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According to its critics, a whig interpretation of history requires human heroes and villains in the story.
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From Belloc to Churchill: Private Scholars, Public Culture, and the Crisis of British Liberalism, 1900–1939
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Marxists have had varied views on Whig history. The traditional inheritance of Hegel, interpreted through
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Church of England, Stubbs saw the original model for the development and maintenance of English liberties.
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would be criticized because his astronomical system placed the Earth at the center of the universe while
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551:, however, did substantial damage to whig history's fundamental assumption of progress and improvement:
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62:
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132:"whiggish" are now used broadly, becoming "universal descriptors for all progressive narratives".
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35:
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Alder, Ken. "The History of Science, or, an Oxymoronic Theory of Relativistic Objectivity". In
780:
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Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate Over Science and Religion
663:
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entered the field, utilising Fox and Mackintosh's work and manuscript collections. Macaulay's
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The Anti-Politics Machine: "Development," Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho
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42:
praising Britain's adoption of constitutional monarchy and the historical development of the
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Discipline and Power: The University, History, and the Making of an English Elite, 1870–1930
636:: people who disagree on the reality of agents making decisions in the manner assumed (e.g.
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from "a series of victories over pre-scientific thinking". From this whiggish perspective,
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1789:"Whiggism in the History of Science and the Study of the Life and Work of Charles Babbage"
8:
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praised the whig approach on the grounds that "ordered freedom and evolutionary progress
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then sought to write a Whig history of the Glorious Revolution, published in 1834 as the
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Modernizing England's Past: English Historiography in the Age of Modernism, 1870-1970
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335:, as so many of them did, they approached their story from the standpoint of having
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term was mostly approbatory, unlike Butterfield's later use, since Fisher applauded
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The Scientific Revolution: An Introduction to the History and Philosophy of Science
874:
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670:, have aggressively challenged those assumptions as deterministic and ahistorical.
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2024:
1896:
1682:
1648:
1526:
1463:
1410:
716:
671:
548:
229:
136:
93:
47:
4721:
2144:"Ella Thea Smith and the Lost History of American High School Biology Textbooks"
7001:
6692:
6111:
5739:
5735:
5386:
5004:
4943:
4783:
4254:
4088:
3876:
3864:
3550:
3435:
3111:
3096:
3086:
2988:
2890:
2504:
2020:
1757:
1386:
825:
810:
790:
740:
712:
633:
621:
514:
484:
387:
312:
300:
288:
272:
27:
6941:
2690:
2159:
1968:
156:
and teleological assumption that history is driving toward some sort of goal.
7271:
7081:
7033:
6475:
6101:
4264:
3588:
3569:
3513:
3467:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3299:
3294:
3171:
3164:
2807:
2698:
2656:
2549:
2446:
2167:
2091:
1999:
1846:
1765:
1733:
1018:
845:
795:
368:
352:
280:
189:
144:'s "instructive and illuminating" history. By the time Butterfield wrote his
46:. The term has also been applied widely in historical disciplines outside of
39:
2594:
2143:
1687:. Department of Science & Technology Studies, University of Wollongong.
5199:
4846:
4668:
4511:
4367:
3816:
3774:
3440:
3325:
3279:
3267:
3210:
3176:
2770:
2748:
2722:
2437:
2424:
2420:
2175:
1814:
820:
763:
720:
592:
391:
296:
241:
97:
74:
55:
1734:"Whigs and Stories: Herbert Butterfield and the Historiography of Science"
1589:, pp. 77–78. Contra Butterfield, who mentions Acton et al negatively.
1531:. Foundations and Futures of Education. Taylor & Francis. p. 28.
148:, he may have been beating a dead horse: P. B. M. Blaas, in his 1978 book
7200:
5482:
5124:
5100:
4470:
4458:
4380:
3956:
3769:
3573:
3309:
3257:
3232:
3215:
3154:
2589:. Studies in Modern History. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 30–47.
1459:
492:
328:
304:
284:
193:
6372:
100:, which has sometimes been criticized as destructive to its recipients.
7038:
6045:
5688:
5258:
3920:
3508:
3262:
3220:
3206:
3074:
3059:
2833:
2557:
2099:
2067:
1395:
380:
320:
308:
292:
262:
248:
237:
2454:
1983:
1948:
5965:
5089:
4966:
4796:
4279:
3610:
3289:
3284:
3247:
3242:
3106:
3049:
3034:
2903:
2413:
Anthropology and development: challenges for the twenty-first century
2209:
1838:
1008:
805:
2541:
2425:"Nineteenth-Century Social Reform: A Tory Interpretation of History"
2083:
6640:
5383:
3304:
3252:
449:
Hume still dominated English historiography, but this changed when
324:
117:
78:
54:) to describe "any subjection of history to what is essentially a
3091:
3069:
3019:
2923:
2859:
584:
376:
315:. The theory identifies the common factors and Bentley comments:
2052:
1953:(2nd ed.). United States: Mariner Books. pp. 198–199.
692:
were quite literally on the wrong track. They lost because they
591:
would be praised because he placed the Sun at the center of the
81:
towards enlightenment. The term is also used extensively in the
77:) to histories that present the past as the inexorable march of
3524:
3101:
3014:
1415:. ACLS Humanities E-Book. University of Chicago Press. p.
112:
used the term "Whig history" in his short but influential book
509:) before uniting in "nation, church, peers and people" in the
61:
In the British context, whig historians emphasize the rise of
4159:
4056:
3917:
3039:
1360:
747:
been among the hallmarks of modern British history, and they
2729:
A Liberal Descent: Victorian historians and the English past
1440:
1412:
Historiography: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Third Edition
1193:
1181:
1097:
3044:
1338:
1336:
215:
A decade later however, if under wartime pressure from the
125:
1348:
1321:
640:) "would not necessarily rejoice in present ascendancy".
602:
describes the changing attitude to whiggishness this way:
2644:
South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences
1676:"The Problem of 'Whig History' in the History of Science"
1169:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1109:
1085:
1073:
5507:
2528:
Mayr, Ernst (1990). "When is Historiography Whiggish?".
2510:
The New Nature of History: Knowledge, Evidence, Language
1924:
Democracy or Capitalism: Renewing Historical Materialism
1701:
1580:
1333:
1234:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1208:
727:. This is in line with what Barrow and Tipler call the "
6801:
Professionalization and institutionalization of history
973:
951:
949:
936:
934:
932:
919:
917:
700:
651:
One very common example of Whig history is the work of
2471:. Wiley Blackwell Companions to World History. Wiley.
1604:
1297:
1049:
319:
Carlyle apart, the so-called Whigs were predominantly
7093:
Heroic theory of invention and scientific development
2587:
Herbert Butterfield and the Interpretation of History
2115:"'Bursting with Skeletons': Britishness after Empire"
1878:
1876:
1861:
1616:
1568:
1556:
1506:
1494:
1482:
1389:
The History of England from the Accession of James II
1285:
1273:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1205:
1061:
1025:
159:
5941:
Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe
2673:
Wilson, Adrian; Ashplant, T. G. (11 February 2009).
2567:"Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Political Thought"
1713:
1628:
1592:
946:
929:
914:
904:
902:
900:
898:
2623:. By Macaulay, Thomas Babington. Penguin Classics.
2583:"Butterfield's Critique of the Whig Interpretation"
2348:"Two Cheers for the Whig Interpretation of History"
985:
734:
261:, who was no historian, or a single historian save
5901:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
5759:
3541:
2844:
2774:
2726:
2368:
2341:(2nd ed.). London: Penguin Books. p. 41.
1873:
1309:
1246:
1121:
1037:
6559:
2777:The Crisis of Reason: European Thought, 1848–1914
2396:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 2.
2119:Britishness: Perspectives on the British Question
895:
867:Blackburn, Simon (2008). "Whig view of history".
7269:
1926:. United States: Verso Books. pp. 108–181.
568:
7125:
3368:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought
961:
2672:
2576:(3 ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 735.
1518:
1458:
1199:
6949:Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church
6819:Western European colonialism and colonization
5368:
2875:
2254:(1st ed.). University of Chicago Press.
1468:. Stanford University Press. pp. 87–88.
1402:
5279:
2618:
2410:
2019:
1366:
1354:
1327:
979:
444:
439:History of the Revolution in England in 1688
433:'s reign. A fragment was published in 1808.
429:of 1688, but only managed the first year of
5382:
2795:
2303:
2247:
1707:
1650:Herbert Butterfield: Historian as Dissenter
1187:
1175:
1163:
1151:
1139:
1115:
1103:
1091:
1079:
1003:
399:against Tory defenders of the status quo".
116:(1931). It takes its name from the British
73:. The term is often applied generally (and
5375:
5361:
2882:
2868:
2675:"Whig History and Present-centred History"
2619:Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1979) . Introduction.
2494:
2464:
2251:Making Modern Science: A Historical Survey
2248:Bowler, Peter J; Morus, Iwan Rhys (2005).
2117:. In Gamble, Andrew; Wright, Tony (eds.).
1452:
6004:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
2733:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2655:
2468:A Companion to Western Historical Thought
2436:
2315:
2142:Ladouceur, Ronald P. (1 September 2008).
2141:
1528:The Struggle for the History of Education
1524:
1240:
1228:
1013:. University of New South Wales Library.
866:
762:(1997) challenged a whiggish view of the
394:was the first whig historian, publishing
375:against the absolutist tendencies of the
7223:Historical geographic information system
3989:
2781:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
2366:
2112:
1946:
1815:"Whigs, prigs and historians of science"
1812:
1673:
1646:
1408:
1378:
991:
2834:James A. Hijiya, "Why the West Is Lost"
2564:
2503:
2226:
2201:
1894:
1731:
1634:
1622:
1610:
1598:
1586:
1574:
1562:
1512:
1500:
1488:
1446:
1342:
1303:
1291:
1279:
1267:
1067:
1055:
955:
940:
723:principle of convergence in history to
359:
7270:
6863:English historical school of economics
4915:Historical Series of the Bank of Italy
2969:
2769:
2747:
2721:
2580:
2345:
2275:
2205:Modern Historiography: An Introduction
2065:
1653:. Yale University Press. p. 205.
1565:, p. 77. Quotation marks omitted.
1394:. Vol. 1. p. 14 – via
1216:
1043:
923:
908:
683:Regarding Canada, Allan Greer argues:
678:
532:
520:
128:, advocates of the power of the king.
7179:
7124:
7059:Revisionist school of Islamic studies
6898:Historical reliability of the Gospels
6756:
6283:
5356:
5345:
3988:
3731:
3495:
3134:
2968:
2863:
2492:
2389:
2121:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 15.
1981:
1786:
1719:
1315:
88:Whig history laid the groundwork for
7251:
5346:
4876:More Irish than the Irish themselves
2640:"The whig interpretation of history"
2637:
2527:
2419:
2411:Gardner, Katy; Lewis, David (2015).
2346:Cronon, William (1 September 2012).
2336:
2030:The Anthropic Cosmological Principle
1921:
1882:
1867:
1255:
1127:
1031:
967:
879:10.1093/acref/9780199541430.001.0001
708:The Anthropic Cosmological Principle
701:In the emergence of intelligent life
240:and progressive causes, rather than
38:: it was originally a term for the
5946:Functionalism–intentionalism debate
3135:
1813:Harrison, Edward (September 1987).
1379:Macaulay, Thomas Babington (1848).
873:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
870:The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy
832:The End of History and the Last Man
311:) that in fact excludes few except
222:
13:
6959:Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II
4903:Fourth Italian War of Independence
2889:
2828:The Whig Interpretation of History
2799:The Whig Interpretation of History
2715:
2465:Kramer, Lloyd; Maza, Sara (2002).
2319:G. M. Trevelyan: A Life in History
2311:. New York: WW Norton and Company.
2309:The Whig Interpretation of History
1010:The Whig Interpretation of History
161:The Whig Interpretation of History
114:The Whig Interpretation of History
14:
7324:
2819:
2354:. American Historical Association
2148:Journal of the History of Biology
1984:"1837–38: Rebellion Reconsidered"
1787:Hyman, Anthony (1 October 1996).
489:Constitutional History of England
479:
396:Constitutional History of England
7250:
7241:
7240:
6757:
6257:
6256:
6098:Palestinian expulsion and flight
4610:5000-year civilization assertion
4186:Nadir of American race relations
2839:2003 article "Catholic Whiggery"
735:In general history and biography
646:
626:Foundations of Economic Analysis
563:Institute of Historical Research
92:and the resulting deployment of
7087:Protestant Ethic and Capitalism
5961:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
5896:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising
5703:Causes of the Armenian genocide
4012:Pyramid construction techniques
3579:Comparative historical research
3496:
3197:Library and information science
2530:Journal of the History of Ideas
2135:
2106:
2059:
2013:
1975:
1940:
1915:
1888:
1806:
1780:
1725:
1667:
1640:
1372:
839:The Better Angels of Our Nature
615:
7099:Gunpowder and gun transmission
7049:Religionsgeschichtliche Schule
6858:Historical school of economics
6795:Nationalism in the Middle Ages
6233:Gunpowder and gun transmission
6107:Zionism as settler colonialism
5112:Limpieza de sangre controversy
4079:Metropolitan-hinterland thesis
2375:. Cambridge University Press.
2337:Carr, Edward Hallett (1990) .
2233:. Cambridge University Press.
2072:The William and Mary Quarterly
1988:The Canadian Historical Review
1674:Schuster, John Andrew (1995).
997:
860:
474:Whig Interpretation of History
103:
1:
6908:Opposition to Papal supremacy
6284:
4096:Indigenous population history
2796:Butterfield, Herbert (1931).
2322:. W. W. Norton. p. 208.
1982:Greer, Allan (6 April 2016).
1922:Wood, Ellen Meiksins (2016).
1732:Jardine, Nick (1 June 2003).
853:
719:identify whiggishness with a
653:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
573:
569:Later instances and criticism
402:
6824:Desacralization of knowledge
5095:Carlism in the Francoist era
5063:Holodomor in modern politics
3732:
2802:. London: G. Bell and Sons.
2585:. In Sewell, Keith C (ed.).
1901:. Harvard University Press.
578:It has been argued that the
120:, advocates of the power of
7:
7216:Historiographic metafiction
7180:
7126:Organizations, publications
6915:Proto-orthodox Christianity
5865:German resistance to Nazism
5721:Persian famine of 1917–1919
5131:Islamic revolution of Spain
5058:Holodomor genocide question
4934:Revisionism of Risorgimento
4928:Rerum italicarum scriptores
4909:Historiae Patriae Monumenta
4676:Self-Strengthening Movement
3826:decolonization of knowledge
2755:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
773:
632:similarly carries implicit
10:
7329:
7013:Wissenschaft des Judentums
6990:Criticism of Protestantism
5870:Nazi foreign policy debate
5301:Second colonial occupation
5048:Soviet famine of 1930–1933
4686:Tibetan sovereignty debate
4230:Progressive-era historians
3665:Nationalization of history
3616:Historical-critical method
2638:Torr, Christopher (2000).
2202:Bentley, Michael (2005) .
2194:
1758:10.1177/007327530304100201
1200:Wilson & Ashplant 2009
768:Pulitzer Prize for History
542:Continuity and Anachronism
150:Continuity and Anachronism
16:Approach to historiography
7235:
7186:
7175:
7131:
7120:
7069:
6873:
6832:
6763:
6752:
6608:
6294:
6290:
6279:
6251:
6220:
6184:
6078:
6032:
6018:Second Sino-Japanese War
5996:
5926:
5878:
5840:
5800:
5676:
5498:
5417:
5393:
5352:
5341:
5317:
5215:
5182:
5073:
4997:
4954:
4895:
4860:
4832:
4823:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
4767:
4694:
4600:
4528:
4242:
4171:
4104:
4066:
3999:
3995:
3984:
3809:
3742:
3738:
3727:
3504:
3491:
3318:
3185:
3147:
3143:
3130:
3007:
2981:
2977:
2964:
2897:
2691:10.1017/S0018246X00011961
2316:Cannadine, David (1993).
2227:Bentley, Michael (2006).
2160:10.1007/s10739-007-9139-3
2066:Hijiya, James A. (1994).
1947:Benjamin, Walter (1968).
580:historiography of science
538:Frederic William Maitland
451:Thomas Babington Macaulay
445:Thomas Babington Macaulay
63:constitutional government
6773:Crisis of historiography
5936:Auschwitz bombing debate
5622:Indian Rebellion of 1857
5473:Late Bronze Age collapse
5407:List of military museums
5010:Pre-Revolutionary Russia
4982:Polish People's Republic
4817:Sybel-Ficker controversy
4181:African-American history
4154:Colonial Spanish America
3943:Second Thirty Years' War
2815:at the Internet Archive.
2657:10.4102/sajems.v3i1.2598
2581:Sewell, Keith C (2005).
2495:Kramer & Maza (2002)
2367:Ferguson, James (1990).
2113:Marquand, David (2009).
1898:Does History Make Sense?
1647:McIntire, C. T. (2004).
1525:McCulloch, Gary (2011).
1005:Butterfield, Sir Herbert
980:Gardner & Lewis 2015
327:, thinkers for whom the
5886:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
5745:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
5296:Porter–MacKenzie debate
5053:Causes of the Holodomor
4590:Problem of two emperors
4538:Catilinarian conspiracy
3765:Historical significance
3626:Indiscipline of history
3601:Historical anthropology
2595:10.1057/9780230000933_3
2565:Scruton, Roger (2007).
2352:Perspectives on History
2035:Oxford University Press
1895:Pinkard, Terry (2017).
1708:Bowler & Morus 2005
96:around the world after
36:constitutional monarchy
6980:Protestant Reformation
6954:Second Vatican Council
6932:Succession to Muhammad
6927:Criticism of the Quran
6678:Religious perspectives
6412:Klemens von Metternich
6009:"Battle for Australia"
5891:Soviet offensive plans
5860:Broad vs. narrow front
5699:Late Ottoman genocides
4632:Century of humiliation
4413:Goguryeo controversies
4391:2,500-year celebration
4049:Double genocide theory
3836:Historical negationism
3660:Ancestral civilisation
3648:Historical materialism
3606:Historical determinism
3556:History of mentalities
2679:The Historical Journal
2621:The History of England
2390:Feske, Victor (1996).
2279:A History of Histories
2068:"Why the West Is Lost"
2037:. pp. 9–11, 135.
781:Chronological snobbery
698:
664:historical materialism
609:
558:
502:
470:
410:The History of England
350:
246:
173:
108:The British historian
7104:Torsion mangonel myth
7007:Modern Jewish history
7002:Jesuit historiography
6995:Protestant work ethic
6975:Hesychast controversy
6840:Industrial Revolution
6790:Library of Alexandria
6708:The Lord of the Rings
6358:Constantine the Great
6238:Torsion mangonel myth
6170:Sri Lankan Civil War
5249:Storm over the gentry
5150:Colonies or Provinces
4681:Sprouts of capitalism
3755:Historic preservation
3750:Change and continuity
2666:10520/AJA10158812_263
2276:Burrow, John (2008).
1449:, pp. 23 et seq.
1409:Breisach, E. (2007).
685:
630:rational expectations
604:
553:
497:
466:
369:Paul Rapin de Thoyras
317:
234:
169:
7303:Religion and science
7191:Commemorative plaque
6407:Juan Manuel de Rosas
5855:"Blitzkrieg" concept
5726:Powder keg of Europe
5601:Franco-Prussian War
5271:Winter of Discontent
5254:Suffragette Campaign
4921:Italiani brava gente
4887:Revolutionary period
4709:Frankish Interregnum
4642:"Chineseness" debate
4575:Byzantine succession
4560:Fall of Western Rome
4501:Executed Renaissance
3990:By country or region
3934:Age of Enlightenment
3908:Vaticinium ex eventu
3855:Modernisation theory
3689:Quantitative history
3065:Historical documents
2438:10.1093/past/31.1.39
2305:Butterfield, Herbert
786:Classical liberalism
638:behavioral economics
373:ancient constitution
360:British whig history
333:English constitution
277:James Anthony Froude
265:, who was no whig".
198:British constitution
90:modernization theory
26:) is an approach to
7308:Theories of history
7020:Schools of thought
6985:Proto-Protestantism
6854:School of Thoughts
6736:William Shakespeare
6721:Robert Falcon Scott
6626:Friedrich Nietzsche
6464:Cult of personality
6449:Neville Chamberlain
6309:Alexander the Great
6191:Russo-Georgian War
6164:Sovereignty dispute
6143:Iranian Revolution
5973:"Polish death camp"
5950:In relation to the
5659:Myth of English aid
5650:War of the Pacific
5427:Albigensian Crusade
4852:Indigenous Aryanism
4548:Constantinian shift
4084:Residential schools
3841:Historian's fallacy
3760:Historic recurrence
3258:Numismatics (Money)
3030:Archaeological site
2954:theories of history
2846:"Catholic Whiggery"
2574:text-translator.com
1831:1987Natur.329..213H
1750:2003HisSc..41..125J
766:. The book won the
729:anthropic principle
679:In Canadian history
668:Ellen Meiksins Wood
533:End of whig history
527:Robert Hebert Quick
521:Robert Hebert Quick
511:Glorious Revolution
427:Glorious Revolution
146:Whig Interpretation
110:Herbert Butterfield
71:scientific progress
24:Whig historiography
7211:Historical realism
7206:Historical fiction
7151:History institutes
7141:Historical society
7136:Heritage registers
7024:Biblical criticism
6937:Islamic golden age
6888:Early Christianity
6768:Bears in antiquity
6656:Medieval Christian
6454:Pedro II of Brazil
6402:José de San Martín
6206:Syrian revolution
6118:Malayan Emergency
6093:1948 Palestine war
5826:Spanish Civil War
5776:War guilt question
5585:American Civil War
5565:Invasion of Russia
5541:New Russian School
5325:Colonial Australia
5041:October Revolution
4804:Strukturgeschichte
4740:Location of Alésia
4659:Hua–Yi distinction
4580:Moscow, third Rome
4196:Reconstruction era
4017:Black Egypt Thesis
3939:European Civil War
3895:Translatio imperii
3850:Invented tradition
2971:Historical sources
2753:Whigs and Liberals
2429:Past & Present
1738:History of Science
751:command respect".
662:' articulation of
462:History of England
456:History of England
124:, who opposed the
83:history of science
52:history of science
44:Westminster system
7265:
7264:
7231:
7230:
7171:
7170:
7116:
7115:
7112:
7111:
7029:Catholic theology
6883:Avestan geography
6748:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6731:Søren Kierkegaard
6604:
6603:
6515:Warren G. Harding
6275:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6074:
6073:
5952:Armenian genocide
5815:Polish–Soviet War
5810:Burning of Smyrna
5796:
5795:
5786:Reichstag inquiry
5709:Patriotic consent
5580:
5579:
5555:War in the Vendée
5519:French Revolution
5501:century conflicts
5490:Peloponnesian War
5451:Eighty Years' War
5337:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5313:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5242:Westminster Stone
4939:Southern question
4778:Alltagsgeschichte
4728:Legendary Saracen
4430:Early settlements
4238:
4237:
4218:Political history
4203:Consensus history
3980:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3962:Continuity thesis
3901:Translatio studii
3787:Theory of history
3723:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3677:Subaltern Studies
3562:Nouvelle histoire
3487:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3399:Medieval churches
3386:Geistesgeschichte
3330:Paleoanthropology
3238:Encyclopaedistics
3126:
3125:
3122:
3121:
2994:Secondary sources
2604:978-0-230-00093-3
2520:978-0-925065-61-2
2478:978-0-631-21714-5
2403:978-0-8078-4601-8
2329:978-0-393-03528-5
2289:978-0-307-26852-5
2261:978-0-226-06861-9
2240:978-0-521-84178-8
2219:978-1-134-63192-6
2128:978-1-4051-9269-9
2044:978-0-19-282147-8
1908:978-0-674-97880-5
1870:, pp. 56–57.
1825:(6136): 213–214.
1793:The Babbage Pages
1694:978-0-86418-337-8
1660:978-0-300-09807-5
1538:978-1-136-81124-1
1475:978-0-8047-2383-1
1426:978-0-226-07283-8
1382:"Chapter I"
1369:, pp. 25–26.
1367:Trevor-Roper 1979
1355:Trevor-Roper 1979
1345:, pp. 74–75.
1328:Trevor-Roper 1979
1190:, pp. 68–69.
1106:, pp. 24–25.
888:978-0-19-954143-0
816:Philosophic Whigs
725:liberal democracy
507:English Civil War
419:Charles James Fox
67:personal freedoms
32:liberal democracy
7320:
7283:1930s neologisms
7254:
7253:
7244:
7243:
7196:Documentary film
7177:
7176:
7156:History journals
7122:
7121:
7095:
6967:
6903:Primacy of Peter
6850:Great Depression
6830:
6829:
6803:
6781:
6754:
6753:
6702:J. R. R. Tolkien
6557:
6556:
6552:
6540:
6528:
6510:Ulysses S. Grant
6505:Thomas Jefferson
6496:
6472:
6435:
6398:
6386:
6354:
6342:
6334:Chiang Ching-kuo
6324:Cato the Younger
6314:Amin al-Husseini
6292:
6291:
6281:
6280:
6260:
6259:
6243:War and genocide
6067:
6053:Résistancialisme
6040:Battle of France
6022:Nanjing Massacre
5876:
5875:
5757:
5756:
5753:
5717:
5667:
5549:
5532:
5505:
5504:
5432:Catharism debate
5418:pre-18th century
5400:Military history
5377:
5370:
5363:
5354:
5353:
5347:By war, conflict
5343:
5342:
5291:Cambridge School
5277:
5276:
5175:
5163:
5139:
5120:
5030:
5018:
4990:
4812:
4790:Historikerstreit
4760:
4748:
4736:
4717:
4703:Cordon sanitaire
4649:New Qing History
4637:Conquest dynasty
4628:
4543:Christianization
4526:
4525:
4445:
4358:
4346:
4334:
4312:
4300:
4292:Byzantine Empire
4147:Iquicha Royalism
4136:
4102:
4101:
4025:
3997:
3996:
3986:
3985:
3929:Age of Discovery
3918:Periodization of
3915:
3914:
3889:Transhistoricity
3884:Thirty-year rule
3795:
3783:
3740:
3739:
3729:
3728:
3709:Great Man theory
3672:People's history
3634:
3539:
3538:
3531:Three-age system
3493:
3492:
3193:Archival science
3145:
3144:
3132:
3131:
2999:Tertiary sources
2979:
2978:
2966:
2965:
2915:by area of study
2884:
2877:
2870:
2861:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2811:
2792:
2780:
2766:
2744:
2732:
2710:
2669:
2659:
2634:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2577:
2571:
2561:
2524:
2513:. Lyceum Books.
2498:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2461:
2440:
2416:
2407:
2386:
2374:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2342:
2339:What Is History?
2333:
2312:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2244:
2223:
2188:
2187:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2033:(1st ed.).
2025:Tipler, Frank J.
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1839:10.1038/329213a0
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1680:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1393:
1384:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1188:Butterfield 1965
1185:
1179:
1176:Butterfield 1965
1173:
1167:
1164:Butterfield 1965
1161:
1155:
1152:Butterfield 1965
1149:
1143:
1140:Butterfield 1965
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1116:Butterfield 1965
1113:
1107:
1104:Butterfield 1965
1101:
1095:
1092:Butterfield 1965
1089:
1083:
1080:Butterfield 1965
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1034:, p. 52–53.
1029:
1023:
1022:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
944:
938:
927:
921:
912:
906:
893:
892:
864:
801:Great man theory
756:Edward J. Larson
600:Nicholas Jardine
435:James Mackintosh
421:(1749–1806) and
323:, predominantly
254:What Is History?
223:Subsequent views
217:Second World War
211:
7328:
7327:
7323:
7322:
7321:
7319:
7318:
7317:
7293:Linear theories
7268:
7267:
7266:
7261:
7260:
7227:
7182:
7167:
7127:
7108:
7091:
7074:
7065:
6961:
6869:
6845:Great Recession
6828:
6799:
6775:
6759:
6740:
6631:H. P. Lovecraft
6600:
6562:
6555:
6546:
6534:
6522:
6490:
6466:
6439:Muammar Gaddafi
6429:
6417:Leonid Brezhnev
6392:
6380:
6363:Gregory Palamas
6348:
6346:Chiang Kai Shek
6336:
6296:
6286:
6267:
6266:
6247:
6228:Conflict thesis
6216:
6180:
6070:
6061:
6028:
5992:
5922:
5874:
5836:
5802:Interwar period
5792:
5762:
5755:
5747:
5731:Schlieffen Plan
5711:
5672:
5661:
5576:
5543:
5526:
5511:
5500:
5494:
5478:Dorian invasion
5463:Fall of Babylon
5419:
5413:
5412:
5389:
5381:
5348:
5329:
5305:
5282:
5275:
5237:Kingdom of Alba
5218:
5211:
5178:
5169:
5157:
5155:Spanish decline
5133:
5114:
5069:
5024:
5012:
4993:
4984:
4950:
4891:
4856:
4842:Greater Magadha
4828:
4806:
4763:
4754:
4742:
4730:
4711:
4690:
4664:Four Barbarians
4622:
4596:
4524:
4481:Götaland theory
4449:Lusotropicalism
4439:
4420:North Macedonia
4352:
4340:
4328:
4306:
4294:
4234:
4213:Frontier thesis
4208:Cyclical theory
4191:Neoabolitionism
4167:
4130:
4100:
4062:
4039:Greater Morocco
4019:
3991:
3968:
3919:
3913:
3805:
3789:
3777:
3734:
3715:
3628:
3543:
3537:
3519:Historical eras
3500:
3479:
3314:
3211:Writing systems
3181:
3139:
3137:Fields of study
3118:
3112:Service records
3097:Religious texts
3003:
2989:Primary sources
2973:
2960:
2959:
2893:
2888:
2843:
2822:
2789:
2763:
2741:
2718:
2716:Further reading
2713:
2631:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2569:
2542:10.2307/2709517
2521:
2505:Marwick, Arthur
2483:
2481:
2479:
2404:
2383:
2357:
2355:
2330:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2241:
2220:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2111:
2107:
2084:10.2307/2946864
2064:
2060:
2045:
2021:Barrow, John D.
2018:
2014:
2004:
2002:
1980:
1976:
1961:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1811:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1785:
1781:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1523:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1407:
1403:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1002:
998:
990:
986:
978:
974:
966:
962:
954:
947:
939:
930:
922:
915:
907:
896:
889:
865:
861:
856:
851:
776:
737:
717:Frank J. Tipler
703:
681:
672:Walter Benjamin
649:
618:
576:
571:
549:First World War
535:
523:
482:
447:
405:
362:
269:Michael Bentley
230:David Cannadine
225:
209:
164:
137:H. A. L. Fisher
106:
94:development aid
48:British history
17:
12:
11:
5:
7326:
7316:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7288:Historiography
7285:
7280:
7263:
7262:
7259:
7258:
7248:
7237:
7236:
7233:
7232:
7229:
7228:
7226:
7225:
7220:
7219:
7218:
7213:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7173:
7172:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7165:
7164:
7163:
7153:
7148:
7138:
7132:
7129:
7128:
7118:
7117:
7114:
7113:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7089:
7084:
7078:
7076:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7063:
7062:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7018:
7017:
7016:
7004:
6999:
6998:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6977:
6972:
6971:
6970:
6969:
6968:
6946:
6945:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6912:
6911:
6910:
6900:
6895:
6885:
6879:
6877:
6871:
6870:
6868:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6860:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6836:
6834:
6827:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6809:
6804:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6770:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6750:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6712:
6711:
6699:
6698:
6697:
6696:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6675:
6670:
6660:
6659:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6621:Charles Darwin
6618:
6612:
6610:
6606:
6605:
6602:
6601:
6599:
6598:
6593:
6591:United Kingdom
6588:
6583:
6581:Modern Germany
6578:
6573:
6567:
6565:
6554:
6553:
6541:
6529:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6500:Thomas Aquinas
6497:
6485:
6480:
6479:
6478:
6473:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6387:
6375:
6370:
6368:Horatio Nelson
6365:
6360:
6355:
6343:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6300:
6298:
6288:
6287:
6277:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6253:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6224:
6222:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6213:
6212:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6200:Responsibility
6197:
6188:
6186:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6176:
6168:
6167:
6166:
6156:
6151:
6150:
6149:
6141:
6140:
6139:
6131:
6126:
6125:
6124:
6116:
6115:
6114:
6112:New Historians
6109:
6104:
6090:
6084:
6082:
6076:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6056:
6049:
6042:
6036:
6034:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6025:
6024:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6000:
5998:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5978:Responsibility
5975:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5958:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5932:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5913:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5882:
5880:
5873:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5846:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5824:
5823:
5822:
5812:
5806:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5789:
5788:
5783:
5773:
5767:
5765:
5754:
5742:
5736:Spirit of 1914
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5706:
5696:
5693:Fischer thesis
5682:
5680:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5656:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5636:
5634:Paraguayan War
5631:
5630:
5629:
5619:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5599:
5598:
5597:
5592:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5560:Napoleonic era
5557:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5538:
5533:
5524:Pre-revolution
5515:
5513:
5509:Coalition Wars
5502:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5423:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5403:
5395:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5387:historiography
5380:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5357:
5350:
5349:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5287:
5285:
5274:
5273:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5229:
5223:
5221:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5205:Decline thesis
5202:
5195:Ottoman Empire
5192:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5164:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5121:
5109:
5104:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5022:Skeptic School
5007:
5005:Anti-Normanism
5001:
4999:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4962:Golden Liberty
4958:
4956:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4944:Neo-Bourbonism
4936:
4931:
4924:
4917:
4912:
4905:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4872:
4866:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4838:
4836:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4819:
4814:
4800:
4793:
4786:
4784:Borussian myth
4781:
4773:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4749:
4737:
4725:
4718:
4706:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4666:
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4634:
4629:
4617:
4612:
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4598:
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4463:
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4410:
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4395:
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4361:
4360:
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4335:
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4313:
4289:
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4283:
4282:
4274:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4255:Dealbanisation
4246:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4215:
4210:
4205:
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4177:
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4166:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4125:
4119:May Revolution
4110:
4108:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4089:Staples thesis
4086:
4081:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4043:
4042:
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4028:
4027:
4026:
4014:
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3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3954:
3945:
3936:
3931:
3925:
3923:
3921:modern history
3912:
3911:
3904:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3867:
3865:Paradigm shift
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3804:
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3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3581:
3576:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3558:
3551:Annales school
3547:
3545:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3521:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3489:
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3470:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3414:Constitutional
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3350:
3337:
3332:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3290:Postage stamps
3287:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3218:
3213:
3204:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3141:
3140:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3087:Oral tradition
3084:
3083:
3082:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3005:
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3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2985:
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2962:
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2950:
2943:
2936:
2928:
2927:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2891:Historiography
2887:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2836:
2831:
2821:
2820:External links
2818:
2817:
2816:
2793:
2788:978-0300083903
2787:
2767:
2762:978-0198201397
2761:
2745:
2740:978-0521240796
2739:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2670:
2635:
2630:978-0140431339
2629:
2616:
2603:
2578:
2562:
2536:(2): 301–309.
2525:
2519:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2477:
2462:
2417:
2415:. Pluto Press.
2408:
2402:
2387:
2381:
2364:
2343:
2334:
2328:
2313:
2301:
2288:
2282:. Allen Lane.
2273:
2260:
2245:
2239:
2224:
2218:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2154:(3): 435–471.
2134:
2127:
2105:
2058:
2043:
2012:
1974:
1960:978-1328470232
1959:
1939:
1933:978-1784782443
1932:
1914:
1907:
1887:
1872:
1860:
1805:
1779:
1744:(2): 127–128.
1724:
1712:
1700:
1693:
1666:
1659:
1639:
1627:
1615:
1613:, p. 104.
1603:
1591:
1579:
1567:
1555:
1537:
1517:
1505:
1493:
1481:
1474:
1460:Reba N. Soffer
1451:
1439:
1425:
1401:
1371:
1359:
1347:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1306:, p. 735.
1296:
1284:
1272:
1260:
1245:
1243:, p. 197.
1241:Cannadine 1993
1233:
1231:, p. 203.
1229:Cannadine 1993
1221:
1219:, p. 474.
1204:
1192:
1180:
1168:
1156:
1144:
1132:
1120:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1072:
1060:
1058:, p. 171.
1048:
1036:
1024:
996:
984:
972:
960:
945:
928:
926:, p. 473.
913:
894:
887:
858:
857:
855:
852:
850:
849:
842:
835:
828:
826:Predestination
823:
818:
813:
811:Moral progress
808:
803:
798:
793:
791:End of history
788:
783:
777:
775:
772:
741:David Marquand
736:
733:
713:John D. Barrow
702:
699:
690:rebels of 1837
680:
677:
648:
645:
634:hindsight bias
622:Paul Samuelson
617:
614:
575:
572:
570:
567:
534:
531:
522:
519:
515:Albert Pollard
485:William Stubbs
481:
480:William Stubbs
478:
446:
443:
404:
401:
388:Arthur Marwick
361:
358:
313:Thomas Carlyle
301:S. R. Gardiner
289:W. E. H. Lecky
273:William Stubbs
224:
221:
163:
158:
105:
102:
40:metanarratives
28:historiography
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7325:
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7311:
7309:
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7130:
7123:
7119:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7094:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7082:Merton thesis
7080:
7079:
7077:
7072:
7068:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7034:Panbabylonism
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7021:
7019:
7015:
7014:
7010:
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7008:
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6694:
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6689:
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6680:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6665:
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6661:
6657:
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6629:
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6614:
6613:
6611:
6607:
6597:
6596:United States
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
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6582:
6579:
6577:
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6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6494:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6477:
6476:Bolivarianism
6474:
6470:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6460:
6459:Simon Bolivar
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6433:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6396:
6391:
6390:Joseph Stalin
6388:
6384:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6352:
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6335:
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6330:
6327:
6325:
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6211:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6185:Post-Cold War
6183:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6159:Falklands War
6157:
6155:
6154:Iran–Iraq War
6152:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6102:Ongoing Nakba
6099:
6096:
6095:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6081:
6077:
6065:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6054:
6050:
6048:
6047:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6033:Western Front
6031:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6015:
6014:Bengal famine
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5995:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5928:The Holocaust
5925:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5879:Eastern Front
5877:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5843:
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5821:
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5813:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
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5758:
5751:
5746:
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5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5715:
5710:
5707:
5704:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5675:
5665:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5611:
5610:Paris Commune
5608:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5595:Turning point
5593:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5547:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5530:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5503:
5499:18th and 19th
5497:
5491:
5488:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5445:
5444:Islamic views
5442:
5441:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5416:
5409:
5408:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5385:
5378:
5373:
5371:
5366:
5364:
5359:
5358:
5355:
5351:
5344:
5340:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5278:
5272:
5269:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5214:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5181:
5173:
5168:
5167:Ser de España
5165:
5161:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5137:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5072:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5028:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4988:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4805:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4758:
4753:
4750:
4746:
4741:
4738:
4734:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4626:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4585:Ottoman claim
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4565:Prosopography
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4519:
4518:Trưng sisters
4516:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4438:
4435:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4356:
4351:
4348:
4344:
4339:
4336:
4332:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4310:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4265:Habsburg myth
4263:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4173:United States
4170:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4134:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4106:Latin America
4103:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4023:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3987:
3983:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3793:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3726:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3699:Transnational
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3589:Decoloniality
3587:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3570:Historiometry
3568:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3540:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3514:Periodization
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3300:Sigillography
3298:
3296:
3295:Prosopography
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3172:Local history
3170:
3166:
3165:Human history
3163:
3162:
3161:
3160:World history
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2873:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2853:. April 2003.
2852:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2823:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2772:
2771:Burrow, J. W.
2768:
2764:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2749:Burrow, J. W.
2746:
2742:
2736:
2731:
2730:
2724:
2723:Burrow, J. W.
2720:
2719:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2606:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2491:
2490:
2480:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2431:(31): 39–61.
2430:
2426:
2422:
2421:Hart, Jenifer
2418:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2382:9780521373821
2378:
2373:
2372:
2365:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2263:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1950:Illuminations
1943:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1891:
1885:, p. 57.
1884:
1879:
1877:
1869:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1716:
1709:
1704:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1677:
1670:
1662:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1643:
1636:
1631:
1624:
1619:
1612:
1607:
1600:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1577:, p. 96.
1576:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1552:
1540:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1515:, p. 37.
1514:
1509:
1503:, p. 33.
1502:
1497:
1491:, p. 32.
1490:
1485:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1448:
1443:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1383:
1375:
1368:
1363:
1357:, p. 12.
1356:
1351:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1330:, p. 10.
1329:
1324:
1317:
1312:
1305:
1300:
1294:, p. 67.
1293:
1288:
1282:, p. 66.
1281:
1276:
1270:, p. 65.
1269:
1264:
1258:, p. 41.
1257:
1252:
1250:
1242:
1237:
1230:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1202:, p. 10.
1201:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1178:, p. 65.
1177:
1172:
1166:, p. 41.
1165:
1160:
1154:, p. 37.
1153:
1148:
1142:, p. 35.
1141:
1136:
1130:, p. 39.
1129:
1124:
1118:, p. 34.
1117:
1112:
1105:
1100:
1094:, p. 12.
1093:
1088:
1082:, p. 11.
1081:
1076:
1069:
1064:
1057:
1052:
1045:
1040:
1033:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1000:
993:
992:Ferguson 1990
988:
981:
976:
969:
964:
958:, p. 20.
957:
952:
950:
943:, p. 74.
942:
937:
935:
933:
925:
920:
918:
910:
905:
903:
901:
899:
890:
884:
880:
876:
872:
871:
863:
859:
848:
847:
846:The Moral Arc
843:
841:
840:
836:
834:
833:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
796:Ethnocentrism
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
778:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
752:
750:
746:
742:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
709:
697:
695:
691:
684:
676:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
647:In philosophy
644:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
613:
608:
603:
601:
596:
594:
590:
586:
581:
566:
564:
557:
552:
550:
545:
543:
539:
530:
528:
518:
516:
512:
508:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
477:
475:
469:
465:
463:
458:
457:
452:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
411:
400:
397:
393:
389:
386:According to
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
357:
354:
353:Roger Scruton
349:
347:
346:Passchendaele
343:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:E. A. Freeman
278:
274:
270:
266:
264:
260:
256:
255:
250:
245:
243:
239:
233:
231:
220:
218:
213:
205:
201:
199:
195:
191:
190:Martin Luther
185:
181:
179:
172:
168:
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
133:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
101:
99:
95:
91:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
57:
53:
50:(e.g. in the
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
7278:Whig history
7011:
6813:The Simpsons
6811:
6758:Other topics
6706:
6683:Christianity
6673:Resurrection
6304:Adolf Hitler
6133:Six-Day War
6129:Algerian War
6100: /
6059:Vichy France
6051:
6044:
5954: /
5842:World War II
5738: /
5405:
5398:
5200:Ghaza thesis
5123:
5099:
5085:White legend
5083: /
5081:Black legend
5036:Soviet Union
4926:
4919:
4907:
4870:Great Famine
4847:Indocentrism
4821:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4776:
4722:Grand Siècle
4720:
4701:
4669:Sinocentrism
4530:Ancient Rome
4510:
4368:Aryan Kartli
4366:
4158:
4121: /
4055:
3952:19th century
3950: /
3941: /
3906:
3899:
3898: /
3893:
3869:
3843: /
3817:Black legend
3775:Historiology
3703:
3572: /
3560:
3523:
3461:Quantitative
3384:
3380:Intellectual
3346: /
3342: /
3328: /
3326:Anthropology
3280:Phaleristics
3273:preservation
3268:Oral history
3209: /
3195: /
3177:Microhistory
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2922:
2913: /
2909:
2902:
2850:
2827:
2813:1963 edition
2798:
2776:
2752:
2728:
2682:
2678:
2650:(1): 52–58.
2647:
2643:
2620:
2608:. Retrieved
2586:
2573:
2533:
2529:
2509:
2482:. Retrieved
2467:
2458:
2428:
2412:
2392:
2370:
2356:. Retrieved
2351:
2338:
2318:
2308:
2293:. Retrieved
2278:
2265:. Retrieved
2250:
2229:
2204:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2118:
2108:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2028:
2015:
2003:. Retrieved
1991:
1987:
1977:
1949:
1942:
1923:
1917:
1897:
1890:
1863:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1796:. Retrieved
1792:
1782:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1715:
1703:
1683:
1669:
1649:
1642:
1637:, p. 8.
1635:Bentley 2006
1630:
1623:Bentley 2005
1618:
1611:Bentley 2006
1606:
1601:, p. 7.
1599:Bentley 2006
1594:
1587:Marwick 2001
1582:
1575:Bentley 2006
1570:
1563:Marwick 2001
1558:
1549:
1542:. Retrieved
1527:
1520:
1513:Bentley 2006
1508:
1501:Bentley 2006
1496:
1489:Bentley 2006
1484:
1464:
1454:
1447:Bentley 2006
1442:
1430:. Retrieved
1411:
1404:
1388:
1374:
1362:
1350:
1343:Marwick 2001
1323:
1318:, p. 2.
1311:
1304:Scruton 2007
1299:
1292:Bentley 2005
1287:
1280:Bentley 2005
1275:
1268:Bentley 2005
1263:
1236:
1224:
1195:
1183:
1171:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1099:
1087:
1075:
1068:Bentley 2006
1063:
1056:Bentley 2006
1051:
1039:
1027:
1009:
999:
987:
975:
963:
956:Bentley 2006
941:Marwick 2001
869:
862:
844:
837:
830:
821:Precursorism
764:Scopes trial
759:
758:in his book
753:
748:
744:
738:
721:teleological
706:
704:
693:
686:
682:
657:
650:
642:
625:
619:
616:In economics
610:
605:
597:
593:Solar System
577:
559:
554:
546:
541:
536:
524:
503:
498:
488:
483:
473:
471:
467:
461:
454:
448:
438:
423:Lord Holland
414:
408:
406:
395:
392:Henry Hallam
385:
367:
363:
351:
318:
297:J. R. Seeley
267:
252:
247:
242:conservative
235:
226:
214:
206:
202:
186:
182:
174:
170:
165:
160:
149:
145:
134:
130:
113:
107:
98:World War II
87:
75:pejoratively
60:
56:teleological
23:
20:Whig history
19:
18:
7201:Hagiography
6962: [
6922:Early Islam
6776: [
6668:Historicity
6646:Historicity
6636:Jane Austen
6616:The Beatles
6586:Netherlands
6547: [
6544:Zhuge Liang
6535: [
6523: [
6520:Yuan Shikai
6491: [
6488:Sun Yat Tse
6467: [
6430: [
6393: [
6381: [
6378:Jiang Zemin
6349: [
6337: [
6329:Che Guevara
6062: [
5997:Pacific War
5781:Article 231
5771:Reparations
5748: [
5712: [
5689:Color books
5678:World War I
5662: [
5639:War of 1812
5544: [
5527: [
5512:(1792–1815)
5483:Sea Peoples
5468:Gallic Wars
5170: [
5158: [
5145:Revisionist
5134: [
5125:Reconquista
5115: [
5107:Inquisition
5101:Convivencia
5025: [
5013: [
4985: [
4882:Revisionism
4807: [
4755: [
4743: [
4731: [
4712: [
4654:Golden ages
4623: [
4620:Wunu School
4615:Archaeology
4488:Switzerland
4471:Kosovo Myth
4459:Great Union
4440: [
4425:Philippines
4408:Nationalist
4381:Ages of Man
4353: [
4341: [
4329: [
4307: [
4295: [
4131: [
4128:Revisionist
4020: [
3957:Renaissance
3822:Coloniality
3790: [
3778: [
3770:Historicity
3694:Revisionist
3684:Pop history
3655:Nationalist
3629: [
3574:Cliometrics
3542:Approaches,
3498:Methodology
3394:Linguistics
3344:Environment
3310:Vexillology
3233:Diplomatics
3216:Chorography
3155:Big History
3107:War diaries
3080:Illuminated
3075:Manuscripts
3060:Hieroglyphs
2940:historicity
1217:Burrow 2008
1044:Sewell 2005
924:Burrow 2008
909:Cronon 2012
589:Aristarchus
493:Reba Soffer
390:, however,
329:Reformation
305:C. H. Firth
285:J. R. Green
194:Reformation
104:Terminology
7272:Categories
7256:Multimedia
7075:Technology
7039:Urreligion
6942:Kharijites
6893:Background
6561:Historical
6532:Zhou Enlai
6427:Mao Zedong
6422:Louis Riel
6195:Background
6046:Guilty Men
5988:Uniqueness
5911:Background
5906:Winter War
5830:Background
5763:Versailles
5617:Great Game
5264:Ricardians
5259:Tudor myth
4977:Partitions
4570:Succession
3860:Narratives
3845:Presentism
3801:Philosophy
3621:Humanistic
3509:Case study
3441:Indigenous
3419:Diplomatic
3363:Capitalism
3263:Onomastics
3221:Chronology
3050:Facsimiles
3035:Chronicles
2933:historians
2904:Historians
2078:(2): 284.
1969:1179424430
1720:Alder 2002
1396:Wikisource
1316:Feske 1996
854:References
754:Historian
574:In science
464:proposes:
403:David Hume
381:David Hume
309:J. B. Bury
293:Lord Acton
249:E. H. Carr
154:presentist
122:Parliament
7044:Perennial
6833:Economics
6785:Feudalism
6571:Australia
6319:Aurangzeb
6295:Political
6285:By person
5966:Pius Wars
5761:Treaty of
5420:conflicts
5227:Poor Laws
5090:Hispanism
4967:Sarmatism
4797:Sonderweg
4555:Expansion
4280:Litvinism
4114:Argentina
3948:Long 18th
3831:Dark Ages
3611:Historism
3409:Political
3348:Geography
3285:Philology
3248:Genealogy
3243:Epigraphy
3186:By source
3025:Artifacts
2808:217470144
2707:159748098
2699:1469-5103
2685:(1): 10.
2550:0022-5037
2447:0031-2746
2307:(1965) .
2210:Routledge
2168:1573-0387
2092:0043-5597
2000:1710-1093
1883:Torr 2000
1868:Torr 2000
1847:1476-4687
1774:160281821
1766:0073-2753
1256:Carr 1990
1128:Hart 1965
1032:Torr 2000
1019:218992532
968:Mayr 1990
806:Meliorism
770:in 1998.
415:New Whigs
342:the Somme
337:Good News
321:Christian
178:causation
7313:Whiggism
7298:Progress
7246:Category
7161:template
6875:Religion
6726:Socrates
6641:Muhammed
6563:rankings
6444:Napoleon
6262:Category
6080:Cold War
5983:Slovakia
5570:Waterloo
5439:Crusades
5384:Military
5232:Scotland
5190:Kemalist
4512:Nam tiến
4507:Vietnam
4497:Ukraine
4455:Romania
4437:Portugal
4363:Georgia
4338:Medieval
4287:Bulgaria
4276:Belarus
4261:Austria
4067:Americas
4035:Morocco
4031:Ethiopia
3810:Specific
3733:Concepts
3638:Leninist
3596:Feminist
3584:Critical
3431:Feminism
3404:Military
3358:Business
3353:Economic
3335:Cultural
3319:By topic
3305:Toponymy
3253:Heraldry
3201:template
3148:By scale
3070:Logbooks
3055:Features
3020:Archives
2826:Text of
2773:(2000).
2751:(1988).
2725:(1981).
2610:25 April
2507:(2001).
2484:25 April
2423:(1965).
2358:25 April
2295:25 April
2267:25 April
2184:25320197
2176:19244720
2053:87028148
2027:(1986).
2005:25 April
1994:(1): 3.
1798:25 April
1544:25 April
1462:(1994).
1432:25 April
1007:(1981).
774:See also
711:(1986),
431:James II
325:Anglican
192:and the
142:Macaulay
79:progress
7181:Related
7071:Science
6716:Madonna
6688:Judaism
6651:Judaism
6483:Saladin
6373:Hypatia
6297:leaders
6221:Related
6174:Origins
6137:Origins
6088:Origins
5644:Origins
5590:Origins
5456:Origins
5318:Oceania
5281:British
5219:Kingdom
4862:Ireland
4769:Germany
4477:Sweden
4350:New Age
4326:Ancient
4322:Europe
4318:Croatia
4250:Albania
4243:Eurasia
4045:Rwanda
3743:General
3643:Marxist
3544:schools
3373:Thought
3340:Ecology
3102:Scrolls
3040:Codices
3008:Sources
2947:history
2924:History
2851:Angelus
2558:2709517
2195:Sources
2100:2946864
1855:4347987
1827:Bibcode
1746:Bibcode
585:Ptolemy
417:around
377:Stuarts
238:liberal
6807:Salons
6609:Others
6576:Canada
6210:Causes
6147:Causes
6122:Causes
5916:Spirit
5850:Causes
5820:Causes
5685:Causes
5654:Causes
5627:Causes
5605:Causes
5536:Causes
5283:Empire
5217:United
5183:Turkey
4998:Russia
4972:Deluge
4955:Poland
4695:France
4493:Taiwan
4466:Serbia
4272:Balhae
4123:Causes
4074:Canada
4008:Egypt
4001:Africa
3525:Tarikh
3446:Labour
3436:Gender
3426:Social
3226:dating
3092:Papyri
3015:Annals
2806:
2785:
2759:
2737:
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1819:Nature
1772:
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660:Engels
126:Tories
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6693:Islam
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3468:Urban
3456:Rural
3451:LGBTQ
3207:Books
3045:Deeds
2982:Types
2703:S2CID
2570:(PDF)
2554:JSTOR
2451:JSTOR
2180:S2CID
2096:JSTOR
1851:S2CID
1770:S2CID
1679:(PDF)
1551:526).
263:Acton
135:When
118:Whigs
7145:list
5740:1917
4752:Lyon
4223:Eras
4142:Peru
3877:list
3824:and
3704:Whig
2911:list
2804:OCLC
2783:ISBN
2757:ISBN
2735:ISBN
2695:ISSN
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2172:PMID
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2088:ISSN
2049:LCCN
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2007:2021
1996:ISSN
1965:OCLC
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1928:ISBN
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1800:2021
1762:ISSN
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